Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.orthobullets.com/spine/2072/spinal-cord-tumors

  Primary central nervous system (CNS) tumor of the spine is classified as intradural extramedullary, intradural intramedullary, and extradural. […] Primary CNS tumors most common intracranially, 2-4% occur in the spine, and 850-1,700 diagnosed in the United States annually. […] Intradural extramedullary tumors account for 60-70% of all primary CNS spinal cord tumors. […] Intradural intramedullary tumors account for 20-30% of all intradural tumors in adults and 50% in children.

• #2 Descriptive epidemiology of primary spinal cord tumors – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18084720/

  There is little population-based data available on primary spinal cord tumors. Many of the existing statistics are not current or were obtained from surgical series. Historically, population-based data were collected only for malignant tumors, and only recently have data begun to be collected on non-malignant tumors. The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence of both non-malignant and malignant primary spinal cord tumors and to estimate the survival rates for primary malignant spinal cord tumors. […] The overall incidence of spinal cord tumors was 0.74 per 100,000 person-years, with an incidence of 0.77/100,000 in females and 0.70/100,000 in males. The incidence rate was lowest in children (0.26) and peaked in the 75-84 year age group (1.80). Rates were higher in non-Hispanic whites (0.79) than in Hispanics (0.61) or non-Hispanic blacks (0.45). The 1-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates following diagnosis of a primary malignant spinal cord tumor were 85%, 71%, and 64%, respectively (SEER; n = 1,220).

• #3

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11060-007-9507-z

  There is little population-based data available on primary spinal cord tumors. […] The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence of both non-malignant and malignant primary spinal cord tumors and to estimate the survival rates for primary malignant spinal cord tumors. […] Of the spinal cord tumors identified (CBTRUS; n = 3,226), 69% were non-malignant. The overall incidence of spinal cord tumors was 0.74 per 100,000 person-years, with an incidence of 0.77/100,000 in females and 0.70/100,000 in males. […] The 1-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates following diagnosis of a primary malignant spinal cord tumor were 85%, 71%, and 64%, respectively (SEER; n = 1,220).

• #4 Clinical Pathology Glossary: Spinal Cord Tumors | ditki medical & biological sciences

  https://ditki.com/course/pathology/glossary/pathophysiologic-disorder/spinal-cord-tumors

  Primary spinal cord tumors are 10% as common as primary brain tumors but metastases to the vertebrae (the spine) are extremely common: at autopsy, the majority of patients with lung, breast, and prostate tumors have vertebral mets. […] Ependymomas comprise ~ 50% of intramedullary spinal cord tumors. […] Metastases (most common) include breast, prostate, lung, and GI. […] Metastases (less common) include renal cell, myeloma, lymphoma, and thyroid.

• #5 Spinal Cord Neoplasms: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/779872-overview

  Metastatic lesions that involve the spinal cord affect about 5-10% of patients with cancer. Approximately 15% of all primary CNS lesions arise from the spinal cord, with an estimated incidence rate of 0.5-2.5 cases per 100,000 population. […] A slight male predominance exists for primary spinal cord tumors. Symptomatic hemangiomas occur most frequently in teenaged girls and typically involve the thoracic spine. […] The incidence of primary spinal cord tumors peaks in people aged 30-50 years. People older than 50 years are more likely to experience back pain secondary to a metastatic tumor. […] Pain is the most common early complaint of adult patients with spinal cord neoplasms, followed by the insidious progression of spinal cord dysfunction.

• #6

  https://www.orthobullets.com/spine/2072/spinal-cord-tumors

  Primary central nervous system (CNS) tumor of the spine is classified as intradural extramedullary, intradural intramedullary, and extradural. […] Primary CNS tumors most common intracranially, 2-4% occur in the spine, and 850-1,700 diagnosed in the United States annually. […] Intradural extramedullary tumors account for 60-70% of all primary CNS spinal cord tumors. […] Intradural intramedullary tumors account for 20-30% of all intradural tumors in adults and 50% in children.

• #7 Intradural extramedullary spinal tumors | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/intradural-extramedullary-spinal-tumours-1?lang=us

  The majority (70-80%) of spinal canal tumors are intradural extramedullary. […] Leptomeningeal metastases are frequently seen (5-15%) in the setting of solid tumors (most commonly melanoma, small cell lung cancer, and breast cancer) and hematologic malignancies. […] In children, the most common intradural extramedullary neoplasms are drop metastases from primary brain tumors (most commonly medulloblastoma). In adults, the most common drop metastases are from glioblastoma.

• #8 Spinal Cord Tumor | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/spinal-cord-tumor/overview

  Spinal cord tumors are rare and account for 2% to 4% of all central nervous system tumors. […] Most subtypes affect adults in their third or fourth decade of life. […] Intramedullary spinal cord tumors account for 8% to 10% of all primary spinal cord tumors. […] Extramedullary spinal cord tumors account for 42% to 67% of all primary spinal cord tumors.

• #9 Descriptive epidemiology of primary spinal cord tumors – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18084720/

  There is little population-based data available on primary spinal cord tumors. Many of the existing statistics are not current or were obtained from surgical series. Historically, population-based data were collected only for malignant tumors, and only recently have data begun to be collected on non-malignant tumors. The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence of both non-malignant and malignant primary spinal cord tumors and to estimate the survival rates for primary malignant spinal cord tumors. […] The overall incidence of spinal cord tumors was 0.74 per 100,000 person-years, with an incidence of 0.77/100,000 in females and 0.70/100,000 in males. The incidence rate was lowest in children (0.26) and peaked in the 75-84 year age group (1.80). Rates were higher in non-Hispanic whites (0.79) than in Hispanics (0.61) or non-Hispanic blacks (0.45). The 1-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates following diagnosis of a primary malignant spinal cord tumor were 85%, 71%, and 64%, respectively (SEER; n = 1,220).

• #10 Spinal Cord Neoplasms: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/779872-overview

  Metastatic lesions that involve the spinal cord affect about 5-10% of patients with cancer. Approximately 15% of all primary CNS lesions arise from the spinal cord, with an estimated incidence rate of 0.5-2.5 cases per 100,000 population. […] A slight male predominance exists for primary spinal cord tumors. Symptomatic hemangiomas occur most frequently in teenaged girls and typically involve the thoracic spine. […] The incidence of primary spinal cord tumors peaks in people aged 30-50 years. People older than 50 years are more likely to experience back pain secondary to a metastatic tumor. […] Pain is the most common early complaint of adult patients with spinal cord neoplasms, followed by the insidious progression of spinal cord dysfunction.

• #11 Spinal Cord Neoplasms: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/779872-overview

  Metastatic lesions that involve the spinal cord affect about 5-10% of patients with cancer. Approximately 15% of all primary CNS lesions arise from the spinal cord, with an estimated incidence rate of 0.5-2.5 cases per 100,000 population. […] A slight male predominance exists for primary spinal cord tumors. Symptomatic hemangiomas occur most frequently in teenaged girls and typically involve the thoracic spine. […] The incidence of primary spinal cord tumors peaks in people aged 30-50 years. People older than 50 years are more likely to experience back pain secondary to a metastatic tumor. […] Pain is the most common early complaint of adult patients with spinal cord neoplasms, followed by the insidious progression of spinal cord dysfunction.

• #12 Descriptive epidemiology of primary spinal cord tumors – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18084720/

  There is little population-based data available on primary spinal cord tumors. Many of the existing statistics are not current or were obtained from surgical series. Historically, population-based data were collected only for malignant tumors, and only recently have data begun to be collected on non-malignant tumors. The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence of both non-malignant and malignant primary spinal cord tumors and to estimate the survival rates for primary malignant spinal cord tumors. […] The overall incidence of spinal cord tumors was 0.74 per 100,000 person-years, with an incidence of 0.77/100,000 in females and 0.70/100,000 in males. The incidence rate was lowest in children (0.26) and peaked in the 75-84 year age group (1.80). Rates were higher in non-Hispanic whites (0.79) than in Hispanics (0.61) or non-Hispanic blacks (0.45). The 1-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates following diagnosis of a primary malignant spinal cord tumor were 85%, 71%, and 64%, respectively (SEER; n = 1,220).

• #13 The epidemiology of spinal schwannoma in the United States between 2006 and 2014 in: Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine Volume 32 Issue 5 (2019) Journals

  https://thejns.org/spine/view/journals/j-neurosurg-spine/32/5/article-p661.xml

  Spinal schwannoma remains the third most common intradural spinal tumor following spinal meningioma and ependymoma. […] This article describes the epidemiology of spinal schwannoma in the United States from January 1, 2006, through December 31, 2014. […] There were 6989 spinal schwannoma cases between the years 2006 and 2014. The yearly incidence eminently increased between 2010 and 2014. Total incidence rate was 0.24 (95% CI 0.230.24) per 100,000 persons. The peak adjusted incidence rate was seen in patients who ranged in age from 65 to 74 years. Spinal schwannomas were less common in females than they were in males (incidence rate ratio = 0.85; p 0.001), and they were less common in blacks than they were in whites (IRR = 0.52; p 0.001) and American Indians/Alaska Natives (IRR = 0.50; p 0.001) compared to whites. There was no statistically significant difference in incidence rate between whites and Asian or Pacific Islanders (IRR = 0.92; p = 0.16).

• #14

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11060-007-9507-z

  There is little population-based data available on primary spinal cord tumors. […] The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence of both non-malignant and malignant primary spinal cord tumors and to estimate the survival rates for primary malignant spinal cord tumors. […] Of the spinal cord tumors identified (CBTRUS; n = 3,226), 69% were non-malignant. The overall incidence of spinal cord tumors was 0.74 per 100,000 person-years, with an incidence of 0.77/100,000 in females and 0.70/100,000 in males. […] The 1-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates following diagnosis of a primary malignant spinal cord tumor were 85%, 71%, and 64%, respectively (SEER; n = 1,220).

• #15 Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/251133-overview

  Spinal tumors occur with an incidence of 0.97 per 100,000 persons in the United States. […] In adults, intramedullary spinal tumors comprise 5-10% of all spinal tumors and are the most common spinal tumor in children. The most commonly encountered intramedullary spinal tumors are ependymomas, astrocytomas, and hemangioblastomas. Collectively, spinal ependymomas and astrocytomas account for 80-90% of intramedullary spinal tumors, with ependymomas occurring roughly twice as frequently as astrocytomas. […] Astrocytoma accounts for 6-8% of all spinal cord tumors and is primarily low grade. It occurs in both adult and pediatric populations, with the most common presenting symptoms being back pain, sensory dysfunction, or motor dysfunction. […] Ependymoma is a common primary neoplasm of the spinal cord and filum terminale. It is the most common primary glial neoplasm of the spinal cord, constituting 50-60% of intramedullary cord neoplasms.

• #16 Incidence and Survival of Patients With Malignant Primary Spinal Cord Tumors: A Population-Based Analysis

  https://www.e-neurospine.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.14245/ns.2347300.650

  Epidemiological studies on spinal cord tumors are rare, and studies on primary intramedullary tumors are even rarer. […] We aimed to study the incidence and survival of patients with primary spinal cord malignant and borderline malignant tumors based on data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database and provide information for revealing the epidemiology and exploring the prognosis of patients with primary intramedullary tumors. […] The age-adjusted incidence rates of primary spinal cord ependymoma was 0.18 per 100,000. […] The incidence rate was highest in Caucasian. […] The incidence of astrocytoma was highest among people aged 0-19 years, the incidence of ependymoma was highest among people aged 40-59 years, and the incidence of lymphoma was highest among people aged 60 years or older.

• #17 Incidence and Survival of Patients With Malignant Primary Spinal Cord Tumors: A Population-Based Analysis

  https://www.e-neurospine.org/journal/view.php?number=1572

  Epidemiological studies on spinal cord tumors are rare, and studies on primary intramedullary tumors are even rarer. […] We aimed to study the incidence and survival of patients with primary spinal cord malignant and borderline malignant tumors based on data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database and provide information for revealing the epidemiology and exploring the prognosis of patients with primary intramedullary tumors. […] The age-adjusted incidence rates of primary spinal cord ependymoma was 0.18 per 100,000. […] The incidence rate for females was significantly lower than that for males. […] The incidence rate was highest in Caucasian. […] The 5-year observed survival and relative survival rates for the whole cohort were 82.80% and 86.00%, respectively.

• #18 Epidemiological features of spinal intradural tumors, a single-center clinical study in Beijing, China | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-024-07741-2

  Spinal intradural tumors are rare and heterogeneous in histological type, aggressiveness, and symptomatology, and there is a lack of data about them. This study investigated the epidemiological features of spinal intradural tumors. […] This study included 1321 patients [aged 47.1914.90 years, 603 (45.65%) males] with spinal intradural tumors. The most common histological subtype was schwannoma [n=511 (38.68%)], followed by spinal meningioma [n=184 (13.93%)] and ependymoma [n=101 (7.65%)]. […] According to the results of our single-center study, the most common spinal intradural tumor in Northern China is schwannoma, followed by spinal meningioma and ependymoma. […] The rarity and diversity of spinal tumors pose a major problem in understanding their epidemiological features. Indeed, there is a lack of epidemiological data regarding primary tumors at this site.

• #19 The epidemiology of spinal schwannoma in the United States between 2006 and 2014 in: Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine Volume 32 Issue 5 (2019) Journals

  https://thejns.org/spine/view/journals/j-neurosurg-spine/32/5/article-p661.xml

  Spinal schwannoma remains the third most common intradural spinal tumor following spinal meningioma and ependymoma. […] This article describes the epidemiology of spinal schwannoma in the United States from January 1, 2006, through December 31, 2014. […] There were 6989 spinal schwannoma cases between the years 2006 and 2014. The yearly incidence eminently increased between 2010 and 2014. Total incidence rate was 0.24 (95% CI 0.230.24) per 100,000 persons. The peak adjusted incidence rate was seen in patients who ranged in age from 65 to 74 years. Spinal schwannomas were less common in females than they were in males (incidence rate ratio = 0.85; p 0.001), and they were less common in blacks than they were in whites (IRR = 0.52; p 0.001) and American Indians/Alaska Natives (IRR = 0.50; p 0.001) compared to whites. There was no statistically significant difference in incidence rate between whites and Asian or Pacific Islanders (IRR = 0.92; p = 0.16).

• #20 Epidemiological features of spinal intradural tumors, a single-center clinical study in Beijing, China | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-024-07741-2

  Spinal intradural tumors are rare and heterogeneous in histological type, aggressiveness, and symptomatology, and there is a lack of data about them. This study investigated the epidemiological features of spinal intradural tumors. […] This study included 1321 patients [aged 47.1914.90 years, 603 (45.65%) males] with spinal intradural tumors. The most common histological subtype was schwannoma [n=511 (38.68%)], followed by spinal meningioma [n=184 (13.93%)] and ependymoma [n=101 (7.65%)]. […] According to the results of our single-center study, the most common spinal intradural tumor in Northern China is schwannoma, followed by spinal meningioma and ependymoma. […] The rarity and diversity of spinal tumors pose a major problem in understanding their epidemiological features. Indeed, there is a lack of epidemiological data regarding primary tumors at this site.

• #21 Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/251133-overview

  Spinal tumors occur with an incidence of 0.97 per 100,000 persons in the United States. […] In adults, intramedullary spinal tumors comprise 5-10% of all spinal tumors and are the most common spinal tumor in children. The most commonly encountered intramedullary spinal tumors are ependymomas, astrocytomas, and hemangioblastomas. Collectively, spinal ependymomas and astrocytomas account for 80-90% of intramedullary spinal tumors, with ependymomas occurring roughly twice as frequently as astrocytomas. […] Astrocytoma accounts for 6-8% of all spinal cord tumors and is primarily low grade. It occurs in both adult and pediatric populations, with the most common presenting symptoms being back pain, sensory dysfunction, or motor dysfunction. […] Ependymoma is a common primary neoplasm of the spinal cord and filum terminale. It is the most common primary glial neoplasm of the spinal cord, constituting 50-60% of intramedullary cord neoplasms.

• #22 Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/251133-overview

  In children, astrocytomas are the most common tumor type, accounting for around 60% of all intramedullary spinal tumors, and the mean age of presentation is 5-10 years. […] Intramedullary spinal tumors can arise anywhere in the spinal cord, from the cervicomedullary junction to the filum terminale. Spinal ependymomas are found most frequently in the cervical cord, presumably because it contains more neural tissue than the thoracic or lumbar segments. […] Hemangioblastomas and astrocytomas most commonly arise in the thoracic cord, followed by the cervical cord.

• #23 Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/251133-overview

  Spinal tumors occur with an incidence of 0.97 per 100,000 persons in the United States. […] In adults, intramedullary spinal tumors comprise 5-10% of all spinal tumors and are the most common spinal tumor in children. The most commonly encountered intramedullary spinal tumors are ependymomas, astrocytomas, and hemangioblastomas. Collectively, spinal ependymomas and astrocytomas account for 80-90% of intramedullary spinal tumors, with ependymomas occurring roughly twice as frequently as astrocytomas. […] Astrocytoma accounts for 6-8% of all spinal cord tumors and is primarily low grade. It occurs in both adult and pediatric populations, with the most common presenting symptoms being back pain, sensory dysfunction, or motor dysfunction. […] Ependymoma is a common primary neoplasm of the spinal cord and filum terminale. It is the most common primary glial neoplasm of the spinal cord, constituting 50-60% of intramedullary cord neoplasms.

• #24 Incidence and Survival of Patients With Malignant Primary Spinal Cord Tumors: A Population-Based Analysis

  https://www.e-neurospine.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.14245/ns.2347300.650

  Epidemiological studies on spinal cord tumors are rare, and studies on primary intramedullary tumors are even rarer. […] We aimed to study the incidence and survival of patients with primary spinal cord malignant and borderline malignant tumors based on data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database and provide information for revealing the epidemiology and exploring the prognosis of patients with primary intramedullary tumors. […] The age-adjusted incidence rates of primary spinal cord ependymoma was 0.18 per 100,000. […] The incidence rate was highest in Caucasian. […] The incidence of astrocytoma was highest among people aged 0-19 years, the incidence of ependymoma was highest among people aged 40-59 years, and the incidence of lymphoma was highest among people aged 60 years or older.

• #25 Epidemiology for Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors in Children – ISPN Guide

  https://ispn.guide/tumors-of-the-nervous-system-in-children/spinal-tumors-in-children/intramedullary-spinal-cord-tumors-in-children-homepage-2/epidemiology-for-intramedullary-spinal-cord-tumors-in-children/

  Epidemiology for Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors in Children […] Incidence: 170 180 IMSCTs arise in North America each year. This lesion represents roughly 4% of tumors that arise in the CNS of children (3). […] Even distribution: There is a relatively even distribution of IMSCTs across the ages of childhood and adolescence (10). […] Even distribution: In the series of Constantini and colleagues, 58% were male and 42% were female (10). […] No predilection apparent: Data are not available to determine whether there is a geographic predilection for IMSCTs. In the United States there does not seem to be one. […] Risk factors: No particular risk factors with regard to environmental or infectious pathogens have been described. […] A spinal cord tumor in a child with NF1 is likely an astrocytoma. […] Children with NF2 have an increased incidence of spinal cord ependymomas in particular but astrocytomas and gangliogliomas are also seen. […] The stromal cells lying between the vascular channels of these tumors consistently have lost heterozygosity of the VHL gene and thus it is felt that these cells are implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease (38).

• #26 Epidemiology of spinal cord and column tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7705531/

  The spine is a frequent location for metastatic disease. […] Breast, lung, and prostate cancer are the leading contributors to spinal metastases. […] The global extent of disease, the spinal burden, neurologic status, and life expectancy help to categorize patients as to their candidacy for treatment options. […] Efficient identification and workup of those with spinal metastases will expedite the treatment cascade and improve quality of life. […] The hallmark symptom for spinal metastases is back pain, with 80% to 95% of patients having this symptom. […] In its most severe form, metastatic disease can cause spinal cord compression. […] The most common location for spinal metastasis is the thoracic spine (60%-80%), followed by the lumbar spine (15%-30%) and lastly the cervical spine (10%).

• #27 Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/251133-overview

  In children, astrocytomas are the most common tumor type, accounting for around 60% of all intramedullary spinal tumors, and the mean age of presentation is 5-10 years. […] Intramedullary spinal tumors can arise anywhere in the spinal cord, from the cervicomedullary junction to the filum terminale. Spinal ependymomas are found most frequently in the cervical cord, presumably because it contains more neural tissue than the thoracic or lumbar segments. […] Hemangioblastomas and astrocytomas most commonly arise in the thoracic cord, followed by the cervical cord.

• #28 Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/251133-overview

  In children, astrocytomas are the most common tumor type, accounting for around 60% of all intramedullary spinal tumors, and the mean age of presentation is 5-10 years. […] Intramedullary spinal tumors can arise anywhere in the spinal cord, from the cervicomedullary junction to the filum terminale. Spinal ependymomas are found most frequently in the cervical cord, presumably because it contains more neural tissue than the thoracic or lumbar segments. […] Hemangioblastomas and astrocytomas most commonly arise in the thoracic cord, followed by the cervical cord.

• #29 Spinal Cord Neoplasms: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/779872-overview

  Metastatic lesions that involve the spinal cord affect about 5-10% of patients with cancer. Approximately 15% of all primary CNS lesions arise from the spinal cord, with an estimated incidence rate of 0.5-2.5 cases per 100,000 population. […] A slight male predominance exists for primary spinal cord tumors. Symptomatic hemangiomas occur most frequently in teenaged girls and typically involve the thoracic spine. […] The incidence of primary spinal cord tumors peaks in people aged 30-50 years. People older than 50 years are more likely to experience back pain secondary to a metastatic tumor. […] Pain is the most common early complaint of adult patients with spinal cord neoplasms, followed by the insidious progression of spinal cord dysfunction.

• #30 Epidemiology of spinal cord and column tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7705531/

  The spine is a frequent location for metastatic disease. […] Breast, lung, and prostate cancer are the leading contributors to spinal metastases. […] The global extent of disease, the spinal burden, neurologic status, and life expectancy help to categorize patients as to their candidacy for treatment options. […] Efficient identification and workup of those with spinal metastases will expedite the treatment cascade and improve quality of life. […] The hallmark symptom for spinal metastases is back pain, with 80% to 95% of patients having this symptom. […] In its most severe form, metastatic disease can cause spinal cord compression. […] The most common location for spinal metastasis is the thoracic spine (60%-80%), followed by the lumbar spine (15%-30%) and lastly the cervical spine (10%).

• #31 Epidemiology of spinal cord and column tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7705531/

  Upward of 95% of spinal metastases are extradural in nature. […] The presence of bone metastasis can significantly reduce the quality of life and bring about limited or loss of mobility and loss of functional independence. […] The increasing identification of cancer patients with spinal metastasis as a result of increasing survival rates for primary tumor is a testament to the effectiveness of modern systemic treatments. […] Identifying cancer patients with spinal metastases is critical because survival rates are lower for those with the advancing disease process of spinal metastases, and furthermore, those with epidural spinal cord compression. […] Although nearly all tumors can metastasize to bone, the top 3 primary sites are breast, lung, and prostate cancers. […] The pathogenesis of bone metastasis was described by Paget in 1889, broadly describing microenvironments favorable to secondary site seeding of a primary tumor.

• #32 Overview of Spinal Cord Tumor Epidemiology | CoLab

  https://colab.ws/articles/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-800945-1.00004-5

  Spinal cord tumors (SCT) encompass a diverse group of neoplasms that usually arise from tissues within the spinal cord parenchyma or in the region of the spinal canal. Primary SCT comprise 0.5% of newly diagnosed tumors and 5-12% of all primary central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms. Extramedullary SCT are most commonly diagnosed in adults (85%), with schwannomas and meningiomas accounting for 55-60% of this group. Intramedullary tumors are less frequent (10-12%), and most often consist of ependymomas and astrocytomas. Intramedullary spinal cord metastases (ISCM) are a rare complication of systemic cancer, usually arising from a primary tumor of the lung or breast, or melanoma. ISCM affect between 0.5% and 2% of all patients with cancer and represent only 8.5% of all CNS metastases.

• #33 Intradural extramedullary spinal tumors | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/intradural-extramedullary-spinal-tumours-1?lang=us

  The majority (70-80%) of spinal canal tumors are intradural extramedullary. […] Leptomeningeal metastases are frequently seen (5-15%) in the setting of solid tumors (most commonly melanoma, small cell lung cancer, and breast cancer) and hematologic malignancies. […] In children, the most common intradural extramedullary neoplasms are drop metastases from primary brain tumors (most commonly medulloblastoma). In adults, the most common drop metastases are from glioblastoma.

• #34 Intradural extramedullary spinal tumors | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/intradural-extramedullary-spinal-tumours-1?lang=us

  The majority (70-80%) of spinal canal tumors are intradural extramedullary. […] Leptomeningeal metastases are frequently seen (5-15%) in the setting of solid tumors (most commonly melanoma, small cell lung cancer, and breast cancer) and hematologic malignancies. […] In children, the most common intradural extramedullary neoplasms are drop metastases from primary brain tumors (most commonly medulloblastoma). In adults, the most common drop metastases are from glioblastoma.

• #35 Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression: Unraveling the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges | Anticancer Research

  https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/38/9/4987

  Malignant spinal cord compression (MSCC) is one of the most devastating complications of cancer. […] It occurs in up to 5% of all patients with cancer; however, it is a feature of advanced cancer, most commonly seen in patients with cancers of the breast, lung and prostate, which comprise 60% of cases. […] Furthermore, MSCC represents the initial manifestation of malignancy in up to 20% of cases. […] The incidence is likely to increase alongside with improved cancer survival rates. […] More than 20,000 MSCC new cases are diagnosed annually in the USA. […] The true incidence of MSCC is unknown and probably underestimated by at least 15%, as the detection rate depends on admission to hospital, and correct diagnosis. […] It is likely that the incidence of MSCC will increase in the future due to improved cancer treatments resulting in better survival and outcomes.

• #36 Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression: Unraveling the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges | Anticancer Research

  https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/38/9/4987

  Malignant spinal cord compression (MSCC) is one of the most devastating complications of cancer. […] It occurs in up to 5% of all patients with cancer; however, it is a feature of advanced cancer, most commonly seen in patients with cancers of the breast, lung and prostate, which comprise 60% of cases. […] Furthermore, MSCC represents the initial manifestation of malignancy in up to 20% of cases. […] The incidence is likely to increase alongside with improved cancer survival rates. […] More than 20,000 MSCC new cases are diagnosed annually in the USA. […] The true incidence of MSCC is unknown and probably underestimated by at least 15%, as the detection rate depends on admission to hospital, and correct diagnosis. […] It is likely that the incidence of MSCC will increase in the future due to improved cancer treatments resulting in better survival and outcomes.

• #37 Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression: Unraveling the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges | Anticancer Research

  https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/38/9/4987

  Malignant spinal cord compression (MSCC) is one of the most devastating complications of cancer. […] It occurs in up to 5% of all patients with cancer; however, it is a feature of advanced cancer, most commonly seen in patients with cancers of the breast, lung and prostate, which comprise 60% of cases. […] Furthermore, MSCC represents the initial manifestation of malignancy in up to 20% of cases. […] The incidence is likely to increase alongside with improved cancer survival rates. […] More than 20,000 MSCC new cases are diagnosed annually in the USA. […] The true incidence of MSCC is unknown and probably underestimated by at least 15%, as the detection rate depends on admission to hospital, and correct diagnosis. […] It is likely that the incidence of MSCC will increase in the future due to improved cancer treatments resulting in better survival and outcomes.

• #38 Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression: Unraveling the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges | Anticancer Research

  https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/38/9/4987

  The median age of MSCC diagnosis is 65 years. […] It is reported that approximately 80% of those patients had an established diagnosis of cancer whereas 20% presented with MSCC as the first presentation of malignancy. […] Lung, breast and prostate cancers account for over 60% of MSCC cases. […] The majority of MSCC patients die within the first year following diagnosis. […] Overall, patients with shorter life expectancies are offered higher doses of radiation in abbreviated courses, while those with less extensive disease are managed with lower doses over a prolonged period of time. […] Pre-radiation neurological status represents the most important predictive factor of outcome.

• #39 Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression: Unraveling the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges | Anticancer Research

  https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/38/9/4987

  Malignant spinal cord compression (MSCC) is one of the most devastating complications of cancer. […] It occurs in up to 5% of all patients with cancer; however, it is a feature of advanced cancer, most commonly seen in patients with cancers of the breast, lung and prostate, which comprise 60% of cases. […] Furthermore, MSCC represents the initial manifestation of malignancy in up to 20% of cases. […] The incidence is likely to increase alongside with improved cancer survival rates. […] More than 20,000 MSCC new cases are diagnosed annually in the USA. […] The true incidence of MSCC is unknown and probably underestimated by at least 15%, as the detection rate depends on admission to hospital, and correct diagnosis. […] It is likely that the incidence of MSCC will increase in the future due to improved cancer treatments resulting in better survival and outcomes.

• #40 Key Statistics for Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/brain-spinal-cord-tumors-adults/about/key-statistics.html

  The American Cancer Societys estimates for brain and spinal cord tumors in the United States for 2025 include both adults and children. […] About 24,820 malignant tumors of the brain or spinal cord (14,040 in males and 10,780 in females) will be diagnosed. These numbers would be much higher if benign (non-cancer) tumors were also included. […] About 18,330 people (10,170 males and 8,160 females) will die from brain and spinal cord tumors. […] Overall, the chance that a person will develop a malignant tumor of the brain or spinal cord in their lifetime is less than 1%. The risk of developing any type of brain or spinal cord tumor is slightly higher for women than for men, although the risk of developing a malignant tumor is slightly higher for men than for women. […] Survival rates for brain and spinal cord tumors vary widely, depending on the type of tumor (and other factors). Rates for some of the more common types of brain and spinal cord tumors are discussed in Survival Rates for Selected Adult Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors.

• #41 Descriptive epidemiology of primary spinal cord tumors – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18084720/

  There is little population-based data available on primary spinal cord tumors. Many of the existing statistics are not current or were obtained from surgical series. Historically, population-based data were collected only for malignant tumors, and only recently have data begun to be collected on non-malignant tumors. The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence of both non-malignant and malignant primary spinal cord tumors and to estimate the survival rates for primary malignant spinal cord tumors. […] The overall incidence of spinal cord tumors was 0.74 per 100,000 person-years, with an incidence of 0.77/100,000 in females and 0.70/100,000 in males. The incidence rate was lowest in children (0.26) and peaked in the 75-84 year age group (1.80). Rates were higher in non-Hispanic whites (0.79) than in Hispanics (0.61) or non-Hispanic blacks (0.45). The 1-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates following diagnosis of a primary malignant spinal cord tumor were 85%, 71%, and 64%, respectively (SEER; n = 1,220).

• #42

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11060-007-9507-z

  There is little population-based data available on primary spinal cord tumors. […] The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence of both non-malignant and malignant primary spinal cord tumors and to estimate the survival rates for primary malignant spinal cord tumors. […] Of the spinal cord tumors identified (CBTRUS; n = 3,226), 69% were non-malignant. The overall incidence of spinal cord tumors was 0.74 per 100,000 person-years, with an incidence of 0.77/100,000 in females and 0.70/100,000 in males. […] The 1-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates following diagnosis of a primary malignant spinal cord tumor were 85%, 71%, and 64%, respectively (SEER; n = 1,220).

• #43 Incidence and Survival of Patients With Malignant Primary Spinal Cord Tumors: A Population-Based Analysis

  https://www.e-neurospine.org/journal/view.php?number=1572

  Epidemiological studies on spinal cord tumors are rare, and studies on primary intramedullary tumors are even rarer. […] We aimed to study the incidence and survival of patients with primary spinal cord malignant and borderline malignant tumors based on data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database and provide information for revealing the epidemiology and exploring the prognosis of patients with primary intramedullary tumors. […] The age-adjusted incidence rates of primary spinal cord ependymoma was 0.18 per 100,000. […] The incidence rate for females was significantly lower than that for males. […] The incidence rate was highest in Caucasian. […] The 5-year observed survival and relative survival rates for the whole cohort were 82.80% and 86.00%, respectively.

• #44 Survival statistics for brain and spinal cord tumours | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/brain-and-spinal-cord/prognosis-and-survival/survival-statistics

  Survival statistics for brain and spinal cord tumours are very general estimates and must be interpreted very carefully. Because these statistics are based on the experience of groups of people, they cannot be used to predict a particular persons chances of survival. […] Statistics are not always available for all types of brain and spinal cord tumours, often because they are rare or hard to classify. […] In Canada, the 5-year net survival for all brain and central nervous system tumours is 22%. This means that about 22% of people diagnosed with brain and central nervous system tumours will survive at least 5 years. […] Survival varies with each grade and particular type or subtype of brain and spinal cord tumour. The following factors can also affect survival for brain and spinal cord tumours. However, survival rates for brain tumours will vary widely, depending on the type of tumour, its grade and the location in the brain. […] Survival rates for those 65 or older are usually lower. […] Median survival ranges from 724 weeks. […] Survival varies depending on the site of the primary tumour.

• #45 Survival statistics for brain and spinal cord tumours | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/brain-and-spinal-cord/prognosis-and-survival/survival-statistics

  Survival statistics for brain and spinal cord tumours are very general estimates and must be interpreted very carefully. Because these statistics are based on the experience of groups of people, they cannot be used to predict a particular persons chances of survival. […] Statistics are not always available for all types of brain and spinal cord tumours, often because they are rare or hard to classify. […] In Canada, the 5-year net survival for all brain and central nervous system tumours is 22%. This means that about 22% of people diagnosed with brain and central nervous system tumours will survive at least 5 years. […] Survival varies with each grade and particular type or subtype of brain and spinal cord tumour. The following factors can also affect survival for brain and spinal cord tumours. However, survival rates for brain tumours will vary widely, depending on the type of tumour, its grade and the location in the brain. […] Survival rates for those 65 or older are usually lower. […] Median survival ranges from 724 weeks. […] Survival varies depending on the site of the primary tumour.

• #46 Adult intradural intramedullary astrocytomas: a multicenter analysis – Khalid – Journal of Spine Surgery

  https://jss.amegroups.org/article/view/4400/4880

  Thus, there continues to be a need for recent clinical studies incorporating larger patient cohorts in order to more adequately assess the epidemiological and survival risk factors associated with these neoplasms in the hope of optimizing outcomes and treatment. […] Overall survival at 1 year, 3 years, 5 years and 10 years, were found to be 85.5%, 71.0%, 64.1%, and 55.0% respectively. […] Age at diagnosis (P=0.001), tumors of grade IV (P=0.000), invasive tumor extension (P=0.047), biopsy alone (P=0.016) and sub-total resection (P=0.029) were each associated with decreased survival and worse long-term prognosis. […] The overall survival seen in this study is consistent with what previous literature has reported. […] Spinal cord neoplasms are relatively uncommon, accounting for approximately 1,700-2,700 of the more than 17,000 newly diagnosed primary CNS lesions in the United States each year.

• #47 Adult intradural intramedullary astrocytomas: a multicenter analysis – Khalid – Journal of Spine Surgery

  https://jss.amegroups.org/article/view/4400/4880

  Thus, there continues to be a need for recent clinical studies incorporating larger patient cohorts in order to more adequately assess the epidemiological and survival risk factors associated with these neoplasms in the hope of optimizing outcomes and treatment. […] Overall survival at 1 year, 3 years, 5 years and 10 years, were found to be 85.5%, 71.0%, 64.1%, and 55.0% respectively. […] Age at diagnosis (P=0.001), tumors of grade IV (P=0.000), invasive tumor extension (P=0.047), biopsy alone (P=0.016) and sub-total resection (P=0.029) were each associated with decreased survival and worse long-term prognosis. […] The overall survival seen in this study is consistent with what previous literature has reported. […] Spinal cord neoplasms are relatively uncommon, accounting for approximately 1,700-2,700 of the more than 17,000 newly diagnosed primary CNS lesions in the United States each year.

• #48 Adult intradural intramedullary astrocytomas: a multicenter analysis – Khalid – Journal of Spine Surgery

  https://jss.amegroups.org/article/view/4400/4880

  Age also seems to have a significant role in the prognosis of intramedullary astrocytoma patients with older individuals showing worse outcomes compared to their younger counterparts. […] This analysis reinforces many of the conclusions drawn from smaller data sets and emphasizes the need for prospective studies to provide additional insight into the survival risk factors in patients with these unique types of CNS neoplasms.

• #49 Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression: Unraveling the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges | Anticancer Research

  https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/38/9/4987

  The median age of MSCC diagnosis is 65 years. […] It is reported that approximately 80% of those patients had an established diagnosis of cancer whereas 20% presented with MSCC as the first presentation of malignancy. […] Lung, breast and prostate cancers account for over 60% of MSCC cases. […] The majority of MSCC patients die within the first year following diagnosis. […] Overall, patients with shorter life expectancies are offered higher doses of radiation in abbreviated courses, while those with less extensive disease are managed with lower doses over a prolonged period of time. […] Pre-radiation neurological status represents the most important predictive factor of outcome.

• #50 Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression: Unraveling the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges | Anticancer Research

  https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/38/9/4987

  The median age of MSCC diagnosis is 65 years. […] It is reported that approximately 80% of those patients had an established diagnosis of cancer whereas 20% presented with MSCC as the first presentation of malignancy. […] Lung, breast and prostate cancers account for over 60% of MSCC cases. […] The majority of MSCC patients die within the first year following diagnosis. […] Overall, patients with shorter life expectancies are offered higher doses of radiation in abbreviated courses, while those with less extensive disease are managed with lower doses over a prolonged period of time. […] Pre-radiation neurological status represents the most important predictive factor of outcome.

• #51 Spinal Tumors | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/spinal-tumors/

  The annual incidence of primary spinal cord tumors is estimated to be 4,100 cases with the majority seen in adults. […] Although the exact incidence is unknown, metastatic disease to the central nervous system is approximately tenfold more common than benign disease. […] Although there is limited evidence regarding risk factors for developing spinal cord tumors, it is thought that exposure to chemicals, radiation, certain infections, and hereditary conditions such as neurofibromatosis and von Hippel-Lindau may increase risk. […] Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database of the National Cancer Institute provides valuable epidemiologic information, especially for the relatively rare occurrence of primary spinal tumors.

• #52 Spinal Cord Tumor | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/spinal-cord-tumor

  People with certain inherited genetic diseases, such as neurofibromatosis type 2 or Von Hipple-Lindau disease (a condition that affects how your cells grow, divide and die), have a higher risk of developing spinal cord tumors. […] No outside factors have been shown to cause spinal cord tumors. […] Patients will also continue to get surveillance imaging (MRIs) to ensure their tumor does not grow back; as the time from end of treatment increases, these scans will be spaced further apart.

• #53 Spinal Cord Tumor | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/spinal-cord-tumor

  People with certain inherited genetic diseases, such as neurofibromatosis type 2 or Von Hipple-Lindau disease (a condition that affects how your cells grow, divide and die), have a higher risk of developing spinal cord tumors. […] No outside factors have been shown to cause spinal cord tumors. […] Patients will also continue to get surveillance imaging (MRIs) to ensure their tumor does not grow back; as the time from end of treatment increases, these scans will be spaced further apart.

• #54 Epidemiology for Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors in Children – ISPN Guide

  https://ispn.guide/tumors-of-the-nervous-system-in-children/spinal-tumors-in-children/intramedullary-spinal-cord-tumors-in-children-homepage-2/epidemiology-for-intramedullary-spinal-cord-tumors-in-children/

  Epidemiology for Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors in Children […] Incidence: 170 180 IMSCTs arise in North America each year. This lesion represents roughly 4% of tumors that arise in the CNS of children (3). […] Even distribution: There is a relatively even distribution of IMSCTs across the ages of childhood and adolescence (10). […] Even distribution: In the series of Constantini and colleagues, 58% were male and 42% were female (10). […] No predilection apparent: Data are not available to determine whether there is a geographic predilection for IMSCTs. In the United States there does not seem to be one. […] Risk factors: No particular risk factors with regard to environmental or infectious pathogens have been described. […] A spinal cord tumor in a child with NF1 is likely an astrocytoma. […] Children with NF2 have an increased incidence of spinal cord ependymomas in particular but astrocytomas and gangliogliomas are also seen. […] The stromal cells lying between the vascular channels of these tumors consistently have lost heterozygosity of the VHL gene and thus it is felt that these cells are implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease (38).

• #55 Active surveillance for brain and spinal cord tumours | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/brain-and-spinal-cord/treatment/active-surveillance

  Active surveillance may be a treatment option for some types of low-grade brain or spinal cord tumours. This means that your healthcare team watches your tumour closely rather than giving treatment right away. They will use tests and exams to check if the tumour is progressing or your condition is getting worse. Treatment is given when you develop symptoms or the tumour changes. […] There is no evidence so far that people wont live as long when they get active surveillance compared to other treatments. There is no evidence that active surveillance has other negative effects if or when you start treatment.

• #56 Active surveillance for brain and spinal cord tumours | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/brain-and-spinal-cord/treatment/active-surveillance

  Active surveillance may be a treatment option for some types of low-grade brain or spinal cord tumours. This means that your healthcare team watches your tumour closely rather than giving treatment right away. They will use tests and exams to check if the tumour is progressing or your condition is getting worse. Treatment is given when you develop symptoms or the tumour changes. […] There is no evidence so far that people wont live as long when they get active surveillance compared to other treatments. There is no evidence that active surveillance has other negative effects if or when you start treatment.

• #57 Spinal Cord Tumor | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/spinal-cord-tumor

  People with certain inherited genetic diseases, such as neurofibromatosis type 2 or Von Hipple-Lindau disease (a condition that affects how your cells grow, divide and die), have a higher risk of developing spinal cord tumors. […] No outside factors have been shown to cause spinal cord tumors. […] Patients will also continue to get surveillance imaging (MRIs) to ensure their tumor does not grow back; as the time from end of treatment increases, these scans will be spaced further apart.

• #58 Descriptive Epidemiology of Malignant and Nonmalignant Primary Spinal Cord, Spinal Meninges, and Cauda Equina Tumors, United States, 2004–2007

  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/33798

  BACKGROUND Primary tumors of the spinal cord, spinal meninges, and cauda equina are relatively rare, and a paucity of population-based data exist on tumors in these sites. This study intends to augment the current literature by examining incidence of these tumors on a national level. […] Data from central cancer registries in the National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR) and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) programs for 20042007 (covering 99.2% of US population) and 19992007 (covering 89.4% of US population) were analyzed. […] There were 2576 cases of malignant primary spinal tumors and 9136 cases of nonmalignant primary spinal tumors in 20042007. The incidence of malignant and nonmalignant primary spinal tumors combined differed by age, sex, race, and ethnicity. Results of trend analyses indicated that malignant primary spinal tumors have been stable throughout the 19992007 period. […] This large population-based study adds new insights into the descriptive epidemiology of primary spinal cord, spinal meninges, and cauda equina tumors by providing in-depth analyses of the incidence of these tumors on a national level.

• #59 The epidemiology of spinal schwannoma in the United States between 2006 and 2014 in: Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine Volume 32 Issue 5 (2019) Journals

  https://thejns.org/spine/view/journals/j-neurosurg-spine/32/5/article-p661.xml

  Spinal schwannoma remains the third most common intradural spinal tumor following spinal meningioma and ependymoma. […] This article describes the epidemiology of spinal schwannoma in the United States from January 1, 2006, through December 31, 2014. […] There were 6989 spinal schwannoma cases between the years 2006 and 2014. The yearly incidence eminently increased between 2010 and 2014. Total incidence rate was 0.24 (95% CI 0.230.24) per 100,000 persons. The peak adjusted incidence rate was seen in patients who ranged in age from 65 to 74 years. Spinal schwannomas were less common in females than they were in males (incidence rate ratio = 0.85; p 0.001), and they were less common in blacks than they were in whites (IRR = 0.52; p 0.001) and American Indians/Alaska Natives (IRR = 0.50; p 0.001) compared to whites. There was no statistically significant difference in incidence rate between whites and Asian or Pacific Islanders (IRR = 0.92; p = 0.16).

• #60 Epidemiological characteristics of primary spinal osseous tumors in Eastern China | World Journal of Surgical Oncology | Full Text

  https://wjso.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12957-017-1136-1

  Primary spinal osseous tumors are rare, yet they represent a difficult treatment paradigm because of the complexities of tumor resection and significant resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The geographic distribution of primary spinal osseous tumors throughout the world appears to be quite variable, with a very low incidence reported in Asian countries. […] Data on 1209 cases of primary spinal osseous malignant and benign tumor cases diagnosed during the 20-year period of 1995 through 2015 in eastern China were analyzed. […] In 780 cases (64.5%), the lesion was benign and in 429 (35.5%) was malignant. The commonest primary malignant tumors were chordoma (9.8% of all cases) followed by plasma cell myeloma (8.5% of all cases). The most common benign tumor was hemangioma (28.1% of all cases) followed by giant cell tumor of bone (15.7% of all cases) and osteoblastoma (4.4% of all cases).

• #61 The frequency of various spinal cord tumors (SCTs) in surgically treated patients at Shiraz Shahid Chamran Hospital from 2012 to 2022 | Egyptian Journal of Neurosurgery | Full Text

  https://ejns.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41984-023-00244-7

  The male-to-female incidence rate ratio of SCT is variable from North America to Asia, and in Asian regions, the incidence rate in men is higher than in women. […] The current report, together with other epidemiological studies in this field, has the potential to reveal the probable role of environmental, genetic, and hormonal factors in the etiology of SCTs and may help find an approach for prognosis, prevention, or early identification of patients with SCTs.

• #62 Pediatric Spinal Cord Tumors | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/pediatric-spinal-cord-tumors/

  Spinal cord tumors are rare central nervous system (CNS) tumors that involve the primary spinal cord, spinal meninges, or cauda equina. Unlike in adults, spinal cord tumors in children are usually primary tumors, not metastases. […] Compared to adults, spinal cord tumors in pediatrics have lower incidences and have different histologic features, sites of origin, and responses to treatment. Although CNS tumors are the most common solid tumor in the United States, spinal cord tumors account for 1-2% of all childhood CNS tumors. Due to their rarity, comprehensive epidemiologic studies have been challenging in children. […] In children and adolescents (age 0-19), the incidence of primary tumors of the CNS is 6.13 per 100,000. In the overall population, the 5- and 10-year survival rate after being diagnosed with a tumor of the spinal cord proper or cauda equina is 93.0% and 91.2%, respectively. There are not well reported survival rates for the pediatric population. The average age of diagnosis for pediatric spinal cord tumors is 9.8 years and has a higher incidence in Caucasians. Patients will also frequently have premorbid or comorbid conditions.

• #63 Pediatric Spinal Cord Tumors | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/pediatric-spinal-cord-tumors/

  Spinal cord tumors are rare central nervous system (CNS) tumors that involve the primary spinal cord, spinal meninges, or cauda equina. Unlike in adults, spinal cord tumors in children are usually primary tumors, not metastases. […] Compared to adults, spinal cord tumors in pediatrics have lower incidences and have different histologic features, sites of origin, and responses to treatment. Although CNS tumors are the most common solid tumor in the United States, spinal cord tumors account for 1-2% of all childhood CNS tumors. Due to their rarity, comprehensive epidemiologic studies have been challenging in children. […] In children and adolescents (age 0-19), the incidence of primary tumors of the CNS is 6.13 per 100,000. In the overall population, the 5- and 10-year survival rate after being diagnosed with a tumor of the spinal cord proper or cauda equina is 93.0% and 91.2%, respectively. There are not well reported survival rates for the pediatric population. The average age of diagnosis for pediatric spinal cord tumors is 9.8 years and has a higher incidence in Caucasians. Patients will also frequently have premorbid or comorbid conditions.

• #64 Pediatric Spinal Cord Tumors | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/pediatric-spinal-cord-tumors/

  Glial tumors, which include astrocytomas and ependymomas, are by far the most common pediatric spinal cord tumors and most of these tumors are malignant. Metastatic tumors are very rare in children and may occur as drop metastases from brain tumors, unlike in adults, where most common spinal cord tumors are metastatic. […] Survival depends on the histology and grade of the spinal cord tumor. For example, high-grade intramedullary astrocytomas have a dismal prognosis; median survival rate is reported to be 13 months in children despite aggressive treatment. On the other hand, the prognostic outlook for low-grade ependymoma is relatively favorable. […] A recent scoping review had highlighted that pediatric spinal cord tumor only compromised 3.5% of the clinical trials since 1989 and none of them was specific to primary pediatric spinal cord tumors, concerning for underrepresentation. Future trials dedicated on pediatric spinal cord tumor would be essential to further advance our knowledge in pediatric spinal cord tumors.

• #65 Pediatric Spinal Cord Tumors | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/pediatric-spinal-cord-tumors/

  Glial tumors, which include astrocytomas and ependymomas, are by far the most common pediatric spinal cord tumors and most of these tumors are malignant. Metastatic tumors are very rare in children and may occur as drop metastases from brain tumors, unlike in adults, where most common spinal cord tumors are metastatic. […] Survival depends on the histology and grade of the spinal cord tumor. For example, high-grade intramedullary astrocytomas have a dismal prognosis; median survival rate is reported to be 13 months in children despite aggressive treatment. On the other hand, the prognostic outlook for low-grade ependymoma is relatively favorable. […] A recent scoping review had highlighted that pediatric spinal cord tumor only compromised 3.5% of the clinical trials since 1989 and none of them was specific to primary pediatric spinal cord tumors, concerning for underrepresentation. Future trials dedicated on pediatric spinal cord tumor would be essential to further advance our knowledge in pediatric spinal cord tumors.

• #66 Epidemiology and surgical outcomes of pediatric intradural spinal tumors: results from a retrospective series of patients operated in the first two decades of life | Spinal Cord

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41393-024-01052-y

  Due to the rarity of intradural spinal tumors (ISTs) in individuals under 20, comprehensive studies are lacking. This study aims to compare the clinical data of intramedullary and extramedullary IST cases in patients under 20 years of age with those of adult cases and to identify functional predictors that affect surgical outcomes. […] This study highlights significant differences in IST epidemiology and pathology between minors and adults, emphasizing the need for early MRI to prevent paralysis progression and improve outcomes. Understanding these differences is crucial for effective diagnosis and treatment during the first two decades of life.

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