Materiały źródłowe

• #1 What are the Signs and Symptoms of High Blood Pressure? | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/know-your-risk-factors-for-high-blood-pressure/what-are-the-symptoms-of-high-blood-pressure

  High blood pressure is often called the “silent killer” because there are usually no signs or symptoms. […] High blood pressure needs to be diagnosed in a health care setting. […] Measuring your blood pressure is the only way to find out if you have high blood pressure. An average based on two or more readings taken on two or more occasions by a health care professional is recommended for a proper diagnosis. […] To diagnose high blood pressure, also known as hypertension, you need to have your blood pressure checked in a health care setting. […] If you are 20 or older and your blood pressure is normal (less than 120/80 mm Hg), you should have your blood pressure checked once a year during regular health care visits. […] If your blood pressure readings are suddenly higher than 180/120, wait five minutes and test again. If your readings are still very high, contact your health care professional immediately. You could be having a hypertensive crisis.

• #1 Hypertension – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/hypertension/hypertension

  Hypertension is sustained elevation of resting systolic blood pressure ( 130 mm Hg), diastolic blood pressure ( 80 mm Hg), or both. Diagnosis is by sphygmomanometry. Tests may be done to determine cause, assess organ damage, and identify other cardiovascular risk factors. […] Hypertension is diagnosed by sphygmomanometry. History, physical examination, and other tests help identify etiology and determine whether target organs are damaged. […] Multiple measurements of BP are needed to confirm hypertension because of the inherent variability of blood pressure. Blood pressure typically fluctuates with time of day; in classic diurnal variation, BP is higher by day (especially in the morning) and lower by night. […] The blood pressure used for formal diagnosis should be an average of 2 or 3 measurements taken in the office at different times under these conditions: Patient seated in a chair (not examination table) for 5 minutes, feet on floor, back supported.

• #1 High Blood Pressure – Diagnosis | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/high-blood-pressure/diagnosis

  Everyone whos age 3 or older should have their blood pressure checked by a healthcare provider at least once a year. Your provider measures your blood pressure to see if its in a healthy range. Regular checks can also show how well treatment for high blood pressure is working. […] Your provider may diagnose high blood pressure if your blood pressure readings are consistently high. You may also need tests to look for medical conditions that cause high blood pressure or to see if high blood pressure has affected your organs. […] You will need two or more blood pressure readings at separate medical appointments to diagnose high blood pressure.

• #1 Hypertension in adults: diagnosis and management – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547161/

  If clinic blood pressure is between 140/90 mmHg and 180/120 mmHg, offer ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) to confirm the diagnosis of hypertension. […] If ABPM is unsuitable or the person is unable to tolerate it, offer home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) to confirm the diagnosis of hypertension. […] Confirm diagnosis of hypertension in people with a clinic blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or higher and ABPM daytime average or HBPM average of 135/85 mmHg or higher. […] If hypertension is not diagnosed but there is evidence of target organ damage, consider carrying out investigations for alternative causes of the target organ damage. […] If hypertension is not diagnosed, measure the person’s clinic blood pressure at least every 5 years subsequently, and consider measuring it more frequently if the person’s clinic blood pressure is close to 140/90 mmHg.

• #1 Hypertension: New Guidelines from the International Society of Hypertension | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0615/p763.html

  When BP is measured at home, hypertension is diagnosed if readings are consistently 135/85 mm Hg or greater. With 24-hour ambulatory monitoring, hypertension is diagnosed based on one of three criteria: 24-hour average BP of 130/80 mm Hg or greater, daytime average BP of 135/85 mm Hg or greater, or nighttime average BP of 120/70 mm Hg or greater. […] After diagnosing hypertension, further assessment is recommended to identify cardiovascular risk factors and signs of hypertension-mediated organ damage. […] Secondary hypertension affects up to 10% of people with hypertension. Secondary causes should be considered in patients 30 years or younger, especially without comorbidities, and any patient with resistant hypertension, sudden deterioration in control, severe BP elevations, or clinical signs of a cause for the secondary hypertension.

• #1 Diagnosis | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/blood-heart-circulation/high-blood-pressure/diagnosis.html

  Blood pressure measurements fall into these categories: Normal: A reading below 120/80 mm Hg is considered healthy. Elevated: A systolic pressure ranging from 120 to 129 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure below 80 mm Hg may mean you have prehypertension. Stage 1: A stage 1 hypertension reading includes a systolic pressure of 130 to 139 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure between 80 to 89 mm Hg. Stage 2: A systolic pressure of 140 mm Hg or higher and a diastolic pressure of 90 mm Hg or higher may indicate a more severe form of hypertension. Hypertensive crises: If you have a blood pressure reading above 180/120 mm Hg, you should seek immediate medical attention. Blood pressure this high can lead to stroke, organ damage, or other serious complications. […] In addition to a blood pressure reading, doctors may recommend one or more tests, including: Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring […] We may conduct advanced diagnostic tests and screenings to determine if another underlying condition, such as sleep apnea or kidney disease, is causing the hypertension or to see if the hypertension is affecting certain organs.

• #1 Assessment of hypertension – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1071

  Hypertension is a common disorder that affects a large proportion of the community. It is usually asymptomatic and is detected on routine examination or after the occurrence of a complication such as a heart attack or stroke. […] The 2017 ACC/AHA guidelines for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults defines hypertension as any systolic blood pressure measurement of 130 mmHg or any diastolic blood pressure measurement of 80 mmHg. […] The 2017 ACC/AHA guidelines definition represents a more aggressive approach to diagnosis and treatment of hypertension compared with Joint National Committee (JNC) 7 and JNC 8 recommendations, where blood pressure in the range of 120-139 mmHg/80-89 mmHg is considered pre-hypertension and blood pressure 140/90 mmHg is considered elevated.

• #1 Elevated blood pressure – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prehypertension/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376708

  A blood pressure test is done to diagnose elevated blood pressure. A blood pressure test may be done as a part of a routine health checkup or as a screening for high blood pressure (hypertension). […] Elevated blood pressure is a measurement of 120 to 129 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) and a bottom number below (not above) 80 mm Hg. […] A diagnosis of elevated blood pressure is based on the average of two or more blood pressure readings. The measurements should be taken on separate occasions in the same way. […] A longer blood pressure monitoring test can be done to check blood pressure at regular times over six or 24 hours. This is called ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. […] If you have elevated or high blood pressure, your health care provider may do blood and urine tests to check for conditions that can cause it. […] Treatment for stage 1 or stage 2 hypertension usually includes blood pressure medications and healthy lifestyle changes.

• #1 What is the evidence base for diagnosing hypertension and for subsequent blood pressure treatment targets in the prevention of cardiovascular disease? | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-015-0502-5

  However, since the advent of both ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and self-measured blood pressure (SMBP), it has been recognised that measurements outside of a clinic environment are better correlated with long-term outcomes. […] ABPM is widely regarded as the gold standard for BP measurement. […] There is also strong evidence for the prognostic accuracy of SMBP over clinic BP. […] Current diagnostic thresholds for out-of-office measurement are based on work by Head et al., which compared 8,575 ABPM measurements to contemporaneous clinic readings taken by trained staff. […] A strong argument for using out-of-office measures arises from the concept of masked hypertension, where patients have a normal or controlled clinic BP but an elevated out-of-office measurement. […] The cost-effectiveness of routine out-of-office measurement in the diagnosis of hypertension was assessed in a modelling exercise undertaken as part of the development of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) hypertension guideline.

• #1 Diagnosing High Blood Pressure | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/high-blood-pressure/diagnosis

  To measure your blood pressure, your doctor places an inflatable cuff around your arm, which measures the systolic pressure and the diastolic pressure. […] High blood pressure is defined as 140/90 mmHg or higher. […] Depending on the degree of hypertension and other medical conditions, you may be diagnosed right away if your levels are consistently high. […] Your doctor may prescribe a device you can use at home to check your blood pressure, or provide a 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitor that records readings several times an hour. […] Damage to the retina, the light-sensitive tissue that lines the back of the eyes, can be a sign of hypertension, because chronic high blood pressure can increase pressure in the tiny blood vessels behind the eyes. […] Your doctor conducts blood tests to look for evidence of underlying conditions that are related to high blood pressure.

• #1 Hypertension in adults: diagnosis and management – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547161/

  For guidance on the early identification and management of chronic kidney disease, see NICE’s guideline on chronic kidney disease. […] Use a formal estimation of cardiovascular risk to discuss prognosis and healthcare options with people with hypertension, both for raised blood pressure and other modifiable risk factors. […] For all people with hypertension offer to test for the presence of protein in the urine by sending a urine sample for estimation of the albumin:creatinine ratio and test for haematuria using a reagent strip. […] When using ABPM to confirm a diagnosis of hypertension, ensure that at least 2 measurements per hour are taken during the person’s usual waking hours. […] When using HBPM to confirm a diagnosis of hypertension, ensure that for each blood pressure recording, 2 consecutive measurements are taken, at least 1 minute apart and with the person seated.

• #1 Hypertension: pathophysiology and diagnosis – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/hypertension-pathophysiology-and-diagnosis

  A patient is diagnosed with hypertension if the average of the daytime blood pressure readings is greater than 135/85 mmHg. […] Home blood pressure monitoring involves the patient taking blood pressure readings in the morning and evening for 7 days at home and recording the results. […] A patient is diagnosed with hypertension if this average is at least 135/85 mmHg.

• #1 How many at-home checks does it take to diagnose high blood pressure? | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/news/2018/10/05/how-many-at-home-checks-does-it-take-to-diagnose-high-blood-pressure

  A routine visit to the doctor’s office typically results in a single blood pressure measurement. […] But for people on the verge of being diagnosed with high blood pressure, or hypertension, visits usually involve several additional checks at the office, along with a recommendation of having more taken at home. […] Home blood pressure monitoring is a common approach after a patient has been screened at a clinic but before the person receives an official hypertension diagnosis. […] „Using the average of morning and evening readings, a minimum of three days are needed to reliably estimate out-of-office blood pressure and confirm a diagnosis of hypertension,” the researchers wrote in their report. […] If they only took one in the morning and one in the evening, the study showed three days was the ideal time frame to help confirm a diagnosis of high blood pressure.

• #1 Hypertension: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/241381-overview

  High blood pressure (BP), or hypertension, is defined by two levels by the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guidelines: (1) elevated BP, with a systolic pressure (SBP) between 120 and 129 mm Hg and diastolic pressure (DBP) less than 80 mm Hg, and (2) stage 1 hypertension, with an SBP of 130 to 139 mm Hg or a DBP of 80 to 89 mm Hg. […] Hypertension is the most common primary diagnosis in the United States. It affects approximately 86 million adults (20 years) in the United States and is a major risk factor for stroke, myocardial infarction, vascular disease, and chronic kidney disease. […] The evaluation of hypertension involves accurately measuring the patients BP, performing a focused medical history and physical examination, and obtaining results of routine laboratory studies. A 12-lead electrocardiogram should also be obtained. These steps can help determine the following: presence of end-organ disease, possible causes of hypertension, cardiovascular risk factors, baseline values for judging biochemical effects of therapy.

• #1 Hypertension Workup: Approach Considerations, Baseline Laboratory Evaluation, Radiologic Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/241381-workup

  In general, the evaluation of hypertension primarily involves accurately measuring the patients blood pressure (BP), performing a focused medical history and physical examination, and obtaining the results of routine laboratory studies. A 12-lead electrocardiogram should also be obtained. These steps can help determine the following: […] Presence of end-organ disease […] Possible causes of hypertension […] Cardiovascular risk factors […] Baseline values for judging the biochemical effects of therapy. […] Initial laboratory tests may include urinalysis; fasting blood glucose or A1c; hematocrit; serum sodium, potassium, creatinine (estimated or measured glomerular filtration rate [GFR]), and calcium levels; and a lipid profile following a 9- to 12-hour fast (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol, and triglycerides). An increase in cardiovascular risk is associated with a decreased GFR level and with albuminuria.

• #1 Hypertension Workup: Approach Considerations, Baseline Laboratory Evaluation, Radiologic Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/241381-workup

  Other studies may be obtained on the basis of clinical findings or in individuals with suspected secondary hypertension and/or evidence of target-organ disease, such as complete blood cell (CBC) count, chest radiography, uric acid level, and urine microalbumin. […] Secondary causes of hypertension should be considered in patients with severely elevated BP hypertension resistant to medication or recurrence of elevated BP that was previously well-controlled on a medication regimen acute onset, diastolic hypertension and end-organ damage that is out of proportion to the length of disease. […] Measurement of the ratio of aldosterone to plasma renin activity (PRA) is performed to detect evidence of primary hyperaldosteronism. A ratio of more than 20-30 is suggestive of this condition. […] If pheochromocytoma is suspected, urinary catecholamines and fractionated metanephrines are the tests of choice.

• #1 Hypertension – Diagnosis and Management – Province of British Columbia

  https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/health/practitioner-professional-resources/bc-guidelines/hypertension

  Indications for a secondary cause of hypertension include severe or refractory hypertension, an acute rise over previously stable values, age 30 years without family history, and/or no nocturnal fall in blood pressure during a 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring period. […] Diagnosis of hypertension algorithm. […] Administer a Cardiovascular Risk Assessment using one of the several assessment tools available, including the Framingham Risk Score, Qrisk risk calculator, Absolute CVD Risk/Benefit Calculator. […] Once a diagnosis has been confirmed, conduct a patient-centred discussion to agree upon desirable BP readings and an individualized treatment plan. […] AOBP less than 135/85 is the desirable blood pressure reading for an adult with no comorbid conditions, diabetes, chronic kidney disease or other target organ damage.

• #1 New research identifies flaws in hypertension diagnoses | KPWHRI

  https://kpwashingtonresearch.org/index.php/news-and-events/recent-news/news-2020/new-research-identifies-flaws-hypertension-diagnoses

  The survey also shows that some health care professionals are not following evidence-based guidelines, potentially leading to under and overdiagnosis of hypertension. […] Most physicians and advanced practitioners thought the threshold for high blood pressure for 24-hour ambulatory or home blood pressure monitoring was >140/90 mm Hg, which does not reflect the updated new ACC/AHA (issued in 2017) or prior hypertension guidelines. […] According to the guidelines, hypertension should be defined as ≥130/80 mm Hg. […] In a second study, Dr. Green and colleagues examined how different protocols for using an automated office blood pressure (AOBP) monitor affected the ability to diagnose hypertension. […] These findings indicate AOBP readings might not be the optimal way to rule in or rule out a new diagnosis of hypertension.

• #1 Diagnosis and Tests for High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) | American Geriatrics Society | HealthInAging.org

  https://www.healthinaging.org/a-z-topic/high-blood-pressure-hypertension/tests

  Accurate measurement of blood pressure is the most important part of diagnosing hypertension in older adults. Blood pressure can vary. Thats why the diagnosis of hypertension requires at least 3 blood pressure readings taken on two separate visits to the healthcare professional. […] Many people get nervous and their blood pressure increases when they see a healthcare provider. This is called „white-coat” hypertension. If this happens, the healthcare provider may ask a person to measure their blood pressure at home several times and report the results. […] Once a person has high blood pressure, the healthcare provider will: […] If a person has high blood pressure, a healthcare provider may check for: […] Secondary hypertension. Renovascular disease (narrow arteries to the kidneys) is the most common form of secondary hypertension among older adults.

• #1 What is the evidence base for diagnosing hypertension and for subsequent blood pressure treatment targets in the prevention of cardiovascular disease? | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-015-0502-5

  Recent work examining the effectiveness of BP targets in a treated hypertension population of 398,419 has shown the presence of a J-shaped curve, where the highest rate of mortality came from lower and higher BP than the reference standard of 130139/6079 mmHg. […] NICE reviewed three systematic reviews and 27 prognostic studies to develop their current treatment threshold recommendations. […] The cut-off points for ABPM were set lower than those for clinic BP. […] The treatment target recommendations for ABPM and SMBP from the NICE guidelines are largely based on this work. […] Due to its diagnostic accuracy, ABPM seems set to assume greater prominence for the new diagnosis of hypertension it is already in place in the NICE and arguably the ESH guidelines and there are strong recommendations for the USA and Canada to follow suit. […] There is strong evidence for the use of out-of-office measurements to diagnose and manage patients with white coat and masked hypertension, with important implications for the appropriate targeting of treatment.

• #1 Assessment of hypertension – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1071

  For the diagnosis of elevated blood pressure or hypertension to be made, the European guidelines recommend confirmation with out-of-office measurements or at least one repeat office measurement at a subsequent visit. […] The UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence states that a diagnosis of hypertension is confirmed in those with: a clinic blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg, and daytime ambulatory blood pressure monitoring average or home blood pressure monitoring average of 135/85 mmHg. […] Approximately 15% of patients with hypertension have resistant hypertension.

• #1 Diagnosing High Blood Pressure | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/blood-heart-circulation/resistant-hypertension/diagnosis.html

  Sometimes, your blood can push too forcefully against your arteries as your heart pumps. If that happens, it could be a sign of high blood pressure or hypertension. You should see a specialist as hypertension can cause heart and blood vessel problems, and be difficult to control. […] We primarily provide care for resistant hypertension through the Hypertension Center. […] Precise diagnosis to identify the type and root causes of your hypertension, including advanced home monitoring devices to track your blood pressure over a longer period of time. […] To determine why your blood pressure is high and how to treat it, we monitor how it can vary throughout your day. […] Screening: for signs of kidney dysfunction contributing to high blood pressure including blood and urine tests. […] Blood and urine studies: for signs of disorders of the endocrine system, including primary and secondary forms of hyperaldosteronism, thyroid disease, hypercortisolism, pheochromocytoma, and hyperparathyroidism.

• #1 High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Ranges

  https://www.medicinenet.com/high_blood_pressure_hypertension/article.htm

  Chronic, poorly-controlled hypertension causes damage to the arteries in the body, from the largest, the aorta, to the smallest arterioles that supply blood to every organ in the body. Over time, the risk of damage to every organ increases. Hypertension is one of the major risk factors that can lead to heart attack, congestive heart failure, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, eye, and kidney damage among others. […] It is difficult to prevent hypertension since the cause is uncertain. That said, living a healthy lifestyle, eating well, sleeping well, exercising routinely, avoiding tobacco, and limiting alcohol, may decrease the risk of developing high blood pressure.

• #2 High Blood Pressure Testing: Blood Pressure Numbers and Other Exams

  https://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/high-blood-pressure-tests

  High blood pressure usually has no symptoms. The only sure way to tell that you have it is to measure it with a device called a sphygmomanometer. […] Tests may be ordered by your health care provider to check for causes of high blood pressure and to assess any organ damage from high blood pressure or its treatment. These tests may include the following: […] Any of the following may be performed to detect damage to the heart or blood vessels: […] Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a noninvasive test that detects the electrical activity of the heart and records it on paper. ECG is helpful for evaluating for damage of the heart muscle, such as heart attack, and/or thickening/hypertrophy of the heart wall/muscle, common complications of high blood pressure. […] Echocardiogram is an ultrasound examination of the heart taken through the chest. […] Doppler ultrasound is used to check blood flow through arteries at pulse points in your arms, legs, hands, and feet. This is an accurate way to detect peripheral vascular disease, a common finding in people with high blood pressure.

• #2 Hypertension – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/hypertension/hypertension

  Hypertension is usually asymptomatic until complications develop in target organs. Even severe hypertension (typically defined as systolic blood pressure 180 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure 120 mm Hg) can be asymptomatic (hypertensive urgency). […] The higher the blood pressure, and the more severe the retinal changes and other evidence of target-organ involvement, the worse the prognosis. Systolic BP predicts fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events better than diastolic BP. Effective control of hypertension prevents most complications and prolongs life.

• #2 Elevated blood pressure – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prehypertension/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376708

  A blood pressure test is done to diagnose elevated blood pressure. A blood pressure test may be done as a part of a routine health checkup or as a screening for high blood pressure (hypertension). […] Elevated blood pressure is a measurement of 120 to 129 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) and a bottom number below (not above) 80 mm Hg. […] A diagnosis of elevated blood pressure is based on the average of two or more blood pressure readings. The measurements should be taken on separate occasions in the same way. […] A longer blood pressure monitoring test can be done to check blood pressure at regular times over six or 24 hours. This is called ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. […] If you have elevated or high blood pressure, your health care provider may do blood and urine tests to check for conditions that can cause it. […] Treatment for stage 1 or stage 2 hypertension usually includes blood pressure medications and healthy lifestyle changes.

• #2 Hypertension: New Guidelines from the International Society of Hypertension | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0615/p763.html

  Use an average threshold of 140/90 mm Hg for office diagnosis of hypertension, but 135/85 mm Hg for home and 130/80 mm Hg for 24-hour ambulatory monitoring. […] Because blood pressure (BP) readings vary by measurement technique, diagnostic criteria are specific to the technique. In health care settings that include the physician’s office, hypertension is diagnosed when BP is 140/90 mm Hg or greater, ideally using an electronic device and following standard protocols for measurement, including repeat measurements. […] The ISH recommends categorizing grade 1 hypertension for BP levels less than 160/100 mm Hg and grade 2 hypertension for any higher BP levels. Hypertension should only be diagnosed from a single BP reading if the measurement is 180/110 mm Hg or higher with evidence of cardiovascular disease requiring immediate treatment.

• #2 Hypertension in adults: diagnosis and management – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547161/

  If clinic blood pressure is between 140/90 mmHg and 180/120 mmHg, offer ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) to confirm the diagnosis of hypertension. […] If ABPM is unsuitable or the person is unable to tolerate it, offer home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) to confirm the diagnosis of hypertension. […] Confirm diagnosis of hypertension in people with a clinic blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or higher and ABPM daytime average or HBPM average of 135/85 mmHg or higher. […] If hypertension is not diagnosed but there is evidence of target organ damage, consider carrying out investigations for alternative causes of the target organ damage. […] If hypertension is not diagnosed, measure the person’s clinic blood pressure at least every 5 years subsequently, and consider measuring it more frequently if the person’s clinic blood pressure is close to 140/90 mmHg.

• #2 High Blood Pressure

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/heart-and-vascular-care/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/

  Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against your artery walls. High Blood Pressure (HBP), also known as hypertension, means the pressure in your arteries is higher than it should be. […] Hypertension can be identified as primary (without a known cause) or secondary (having an underlying condition as its cause). […] The best way to diagnose HBP is to have it measured. A blood pressure reading, given in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg), has two numbers. […] Blood pressure measurements fall into four general categories. The American Heart Associations guidelines are as follows: Normal Blood Pressure: A reading of less than 120 (systolic) and 80 (diastolic). Elevated Blood Pressure: A reading ranging from 120 to 129 (systolic) and below 80 (diastolic). Stage 1 Hypertension: A reading ranging from 130 to 139 (systolic) or 80 to 89 (diastolic). Stage 2 Hypertension: A reading ranging from 140 or higher (systolic) or 90 (diastolic). Hypertensive Crisis (consult your doctor immediately): A reading higher than 180 (systolic) and/or 120 (diastolic).

• #2 New guidelines for high blood pressure diagnosis and treatment – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/new-guidelines-for-high-blood-pressure-diagnosis-and-treatment

  If you haven’t talked to your doctor lately about your blood pressure, it may be time for a check-up. The definition of high blood pressure (hypertension) changed in November 2017, when the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association released new guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of the condition. High blood pressure used to be diagnosed at a measurement of 140/90 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) or higher. Now these authorities state that if your blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg or higher, you have hypertension. […] A normal blood pressure measurement is the same as it was before: less than 120/80 mm Hg. What if your blood pressure is in between normal and the new hypertension threshold? That’s considered „elevated,” something that should be watched and addressed with exercise, a healthy diet low in salt, limited alcohol intake (no more than one drink per day for women, one or two drinks per day for men), and weight loss as needed. The new guidelines are based on evidence that having a systolic (top) measurement from 130 to 139 and a diastolic (bottom) measurement from 80 to 89 doubles the risk for having a heart attack, stroke, or other complications.

• #2 Options for the diagnosis of high blood pressure in primary care: a systematic review and economic model | Journal of Human Hypertension

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41371-020-0357-x

  Ambulatory BP is the most accurate method to diagnose hypertension, and is generally used as the reference standard when investigating the accuracy of Home BP and Clinic BP. […] Despite Ambulatory BP being the most expensive method, its use is cost-effective due to its diagnostic accuracy. […] Compared with the 2011 hypertension guideline, sensitivity and specificity increased for Home BP, and specificity increased for Clinic BP. […] Ambulatory BP remains the most cost-effective method of diagnosing hypertension in all age and sex subgroups.

• #2 High Blood Pressure (Hypertension): Diagnosis & Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/high-blood-pressure-hypertension/treatment

  How is High Blood Pressure Diagnosed? Diagnosis After asking questions about your medical history, your doctor will measure your blood pressure with a cuff. They will inflate an inflatable cuff around your arm until it fits tightly. Then, they will be able to use a pressure-measuring gauge to measure your blood pressure. […] Your doctor may perform additional tests to confirm a hypertension diagnosis and investigate possible underlying causes for the condition. […] These tests for hypertension diagnosis include: Lab tests. Cholesterol tests and urinalysis can help diagnose underlying causes of hypertension. […] Ambulatory monitoring. Your doctor will have you wear a device for 24 hours, and it will measure your blood pressure at regular intervals. This can give more insight into changes in blood pressure throughout the day and during sleep. […] Electrocardiogram (ECG). In a short test in which a technician places nodes on the chest, an ECG uses electrical signals to provide an image of the heart.

• #2 Hypertension: pathophysiology and diagnosis – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/hypertension-pathophysiology-and-diagnosis

  A patient is diagnosed with hypertension if the average of the daytime blood pressure readings is greater than 135/85 mmHg. […] Home blood pressure monitoring involves the patient taking blood pressure readings in the morning and evening for 7 days at home and recording the results. […] A patient is diagnosed with hypertension if this average is at least 135/85 mmHg.

• #2 How many at-home checks does it take to diagnose high blood pressure? | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/news/2018/10/05/how-many-at-home-checks-does-it-take-to-diagnose-high-blood-pressure

  The guidelines from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology, which defined hypertension as a measurement of 130/80 rather than the previous 140/90, emphasized having patients monitor their own blood pressure as part of „hypertension diagnosis, treatment and management.” […] „They were looking at a younger cohort that’s healthier (but) if you walk into any clinic where you see patients with high blood pressure, they’re going to be older and sicker” and have a combination of chronic conditions, said Whelton, an epidemiology professor at Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine in New Orleans. […] „We take terrible measurements of blood pressure. But whether it’s in the office or at home, it can be done well.” […] „Those are the key issues to avoiding predictable errors.” […] Bello said it’s also important that patients use equipment that has been validated for clinical accuracy.

• #2 Hypertension Workup: Approach Considerations, Baseline Laboratory Evaluation, Radiologic Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/241381-workup

  In general, the evaluation of hypertension primarily involves accurately measuring the patients blood pressure (BP), performing a focused medical history and physical examination, and obtaining the results of routine laboratory studies. A 12-lead electrocardiogram should also be obtained. These steps can help determine the following: […] Presence of end-organ disease […] Possible causes of hypertension […] Cardiovascular risk factors […] Baseline values for judging the biochemical effects of therapy. […] Initial laboratory tests may include urinalysis; fasting blood glucose or A1c; hematocrit; serum sodium, potassium, creatinine (estimated or measured glomerular filtration rate [GFR]), and calcium levels; and a lipid profile following a 9- to 12-hour fast (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol, and triglycerides). An increase in cardiovascular risk is associated with a decreased GFR level and with albuminuria.

• #2 High blood pressure tests: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia ImageLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/19232.htm

  Routine lab tests are recommended before beginning treatment of high blood pressure to determine organ or tissue damage or other risk factors. […] These lab tests include urinalysis, blood cell count, blood chemistry (potassium, sodium, creatinine, fasting glucose, total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol), and an ECG (electrocardiogram). […] Additional tests may be recommended based on your condition.

• #2 Hypertension information. High blood pressure symptoms – Patient

  https://patient.info/doctor/hypertension

  Confirm diagnosis of hypertension in people with: A clinic blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg or higher; and An ABPM daytime average or HBPM average of 135/85 mm Hg or higher. […] If hypertension is not diagnosed but there is evidence of target organ damage, consider carrying out investigations for alternative causes of the target organ damage (eg, chronic kidney disease or chronic heart failure). […] Measure blood pressure at least annually in an adult with type 2 diabetes without previously diagnosed hypertension or renal disease. Offer and reinforce preventative lifestyle advice. […] Use a formal estimation of cardiovascular risk to discuss prognosis and healthcare options with people with hypertension, both for raised blood pressure and other modifiable risk factors. […] Test for proteinuria by estimation of the albumin:creatinine ratio and for haematuria using a reagent strip. […] Consider the need for specialist investigations in people with signs and symptoms suggesting a secondary cause of hypertension.

• #2 Hypertension – Diagnosis and Management – Province of British Columbia

  https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/health/practitioner-professional-resources/bc-guidelines/hypertension

  Indications for a secondary cause of hypertension include severe or refractory hypertension, an acute rise over previously stable values, age 30 years without family history, and/or no nocturnal fall in blood pressure during a 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring period. […] Diagnosis of hypertension algorithm. […] Administer a Cardiovascular Risk Assessment using one of the several assessment tools available, including the Framingham Risk Score, Qrisk risk calculator, Absolute CVD Risk/Benefit Calculator. […] Once a diagnosis has been confirmed, conduct a patient-centred discussion to agree upon desirable BP readings and an individualized treatment plan. […] AOBP less than 135/85 is the desirable blood pressure reading for an adult with no comorbid conditions, diabetes, chronic kidney disease or other target organ damage.

• #2 Hypertension Workup: Approach Considerations, Baseline Laboratory Evaluation, Radiologic Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/241381-workup

  Electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine levels are used to identify renal impairment. […] If the patients history suggests renal artery stenosis and if a corrective procedure is considered, further noninvasive radiologic investigations (eg, computed tomographic angiography [CTA], magnetic resonance angiography [MRA]) or invasive renal angiography can be performed. […] The main indication for echocardiography is evaluation for end-organ damage in a patient with borderline-high blood pressure (BP). Therefore, the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) despite normal or borderline-high BP measurements requires antihypertensive therapy.

• #2 Assessment of hypertension – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1071

  For the diagnosis of elevated blood pressure or hypertension to be made, the European guidelines recommend confirmation with out-of-office measurements or at least one repeat office measurement at a subsequent visit. […] The UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence states that a diagnosis of hypertension is confirmed in those with: a clinic blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg, and daytime ambulatory blood pressure monitoring average or home blood pressure monitoring average of 135/85 mmHg. […] Approximately 15% of patients with hypertension have resistant hypertension.

• #2 Diagnosing Secondary Hypertension | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0101/p67.html

  Excess catecholamine levels play a role in causing white-coat hypertension and hypertension in pheochromocytoma. […] Coarctation of the aorta is a congenital narrowing of the aortic lumen, most often occurring just distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery. […] Cushing’s syndrome can cause hypertension via the mineralocorticoid effects of excess glucocorticoids and is best screened for with a dexamethasone-suppression test. […] Many prescription and nonprescription drugs can cause or exacerbate hypertension. […] Excess consumption of dietary sodium is linked to chronic hypertension. […] Elevated erythropoietin levels can be endogenous or exogenous and can elevate blood pressure either via a polycythemia/hyperviscosity mechanism or by direct pressor effects. […] Hypothyroidism can cause decreased cardiac output with a compensatory increase in vascular tone, resulting in a more prominent rise in diastolic blood pressure than in systolic blood pressure. […] Hyperparathyroidism is a potentially reversible cause of hypertension. […] Pheochromocytoma is another endocrine cause of hypertension. […] Acromegaly is a rare endocrine cause of hypertension.

• #2 What is the evidence base for diagnosing hypertension and for subsequent blood pressure treatment targets in the prevention of cardiovascular disease? | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-015-0502-5

  However, since the advent of both ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and self-measured blood pressure (SMBP), it has been recognised that measurements outside of a clinic environment are better correlated with long-term outcomes. […] ABPM is widely regarded as the gold standard for BP measurement. […] There is also strong evidence for the prognostic accuracy of SMBP over clinic BP. […] Current diagnostic thresholds for out-of-office measurement are based on work by Head et al., which compared 8,575 ABPM measurements to contemporaneous clinic readings taken by trained staff. […] A strong argument for using out-of-office measures arises from the concept of masked hypertension, where patients have a normal or controlled clinic BP but an elevated out-of-office measurement. […] The cost-effectiveness of routine out-of-office measurement in the diagnosis of hypertension was assessed in a modelling exercise undertaken as part of the development of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) hypertension guideline.

• #2 Diagnosing High Blood Pressure | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/blood-heart-circulation/resistant-hypertension/diagnosis.html

  24-hour urine studies: for offering precise measurement of dietary sodium intake, and evaluation of hormones to detect endocrine tumors or disorders that may be the underlying cause of hypertension. […] Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring: a device worn for 24-48 hours on the upper arm to record blood pressure at home during the day and night to classify different forms of elevated blood pressure including paroxysmal, labile, white-coat, masked, and nocturnal hypertension. […] Captopril Suppression Test: offering biochemical confirmation of excess aldosterone production, a hormone that causes high blood pressure. […] Genetic testing: for familiar causes of monogenic hypertension include glucocorticoid-remediable hyperaldosteronism and syndromes of apparent mineralocorticoid excess.

• #2 High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) – Symptoms, Causes and Treatment | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/high-blood-pressure-hypertension

  The patient should monitor the blood pressure at home as it will help check if the treatment is working or detect if the symptoms of high blood pressure are worsening. […] If lifestyle changes, including good diet and exercise, do not help lower the blood pressure, the doctor will prescribe medicine to lower the blood pressure. The blood pressure treatment goal should be less than 130/80 mm Hg if the patient is a healthy adult aged 65 or older. It also applies to the patient younger than 65 but has a 10 percent higher risk of having cardiovascular disease within ten years. This treatment goal is also suitable for the patient with chronic diseases such as kidney disease, diabetes, or coronary artery disease. […] Resistant hypertension is when the blood pressure remains extremely high, even using three different drug types to treat high blood pressure. One of the drugs for the treatment tends to be a diuretic. […] It is essential to take the prescribed high blood pressure medications as directed by the doctor. Don’t change the treatment without the doctor’s guidance.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension

  Reducing hypertension prevents heart attack, stroke and kidney damage, as well as other health problems. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) supports countries to reduce hypertension as a public health problem. […] In 2021, WHO released a new guideline for on the pharmacological treatment of hypertension in adults. […] The publication provides evidence-based recommendations for the initiation of treatment of hypertension, and recommended intervals for follow-up. […] The document also includes target blood pressure to be achieved for control, and information on who, in the health-care system, can initiate treatment.

• #2 Hypertension – Diagnosis and Management – Province of British Columbia

  https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/health/practitioner-professional-resources/bc-guidelines/hypertension

  Health behaviour modification is recommended as a first line intervention for those in the high normal group and those with stage I and II hypertension with 15% 10-year CVD risk. […] Pharmacologic management should be considered in addition to lifestyle management if average BP is 135/85 with target organ damage or CVD risk 15%. […] Follow-up with an eGFR to monitor kidney function and monitor for adherence to medications. […] Periodically, consider discontinuing or reducing antihypertensive medications to assess the appropriate level of pharmacologic management. […] Implement self-management strategies to assist the patient in managing their BP including measurement of their BP at home, committing to healthy behaviours and appropriate use of medications. […] For patients with diabetes, reaching a desirable MOBP reading of 130/80 is recommended. […] For those diagnosed with chronic kidney disease a BP reading of AOBP 135/85 is recommended as a desired level. […] For adults aged 60 and above desirable BP reading of AOBP 145/85 is recommended.

• #3 Hypertension in adults: diagnosis and management – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547161/

  This guideline covers identifying and treating primary hypertension (high blood pressure) in people aged 18 and over, including people with type 2 diabetes. It aims to reduce the risk of cardiovascular problems such as heart attacks and strokes by helping healthcare professionals to diagnose hypertension accurately and treat it effectively. […] The recommendations on measuring blood pressure and diagnosing hypertension in this guideline apply to all adults, including those with type 2 diabetes. […] When considering a diagnosis of hypertension, measure blood pressure in both arms: If the difference in readings between arms is more than 15 mmHg, repeat the measurements. […] If blood pressure measured in the clinic is 140/90 mmHg or higher: Take a second measurement during the consultation.

• #3 Hypertension | Cardiovascular Health | AMA

  https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/hypertension

  Nearly half of adults in the U.S. (122.4 million) have hypertension but only about 1 in 4 adults (25.7%) with hypertension have their condition under control. […] Controlling hypertension is the single most impactful intervention for preventing death from heart attacks and strokes. […] The AMA has made hypertension control one of its main priorities. […] When blood-pressure cuffs are too small, it can lead to higher BP about 40% of the time, which leads to improper treatment. Change is needed.

• #3 What are the Signs and Symptoms of High Blood Pressure? | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/know-your-risk-factors-for-high-blood-pressure/what-are-the-symptoms-of-high-blood-pressure

  High blood pressure is often called the “silent killer” because there are usually no signs or symptoms. […] High blood pressure needs to be diagnosed in a health care setting. […] Measuring your blood pressure is the only way to find out if you have high blood pressure. An average based on two or more readings taken on two or more occasions by a health care professional is recommended for a proper diagnosis. […] To diagnose high blood pressure, also known as hypertension, you need to have your blood pressure checked in a health care setting. […] If you are 20 or older and your blood pressure is normal (less than 120/80 mm Hg), you should have your blood pressure checked once a year during regular health care visits. […] If your blood pressure readings are suddenly higher than 180/120, wait five minutes and test again. If your readings are still very high, contact your health care professional immediately. You could be having a hypertensive crisis.

• #3 Diagnosing High Blood Pressure | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/blood-heart-circulation/resistant-hypertension/diagnosis.html

  24-hour urine studies: for offering precise measurement of dietary sodium intake, and evaluation of hormones to detect endocrine tumors or disorders that may be the underlying cause of hypertension. […] Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring: a device worn for 24-48 hours on the upper arm to record blood pressure at home during the day and night to classify different forms of elevated blood pressure including paroxysmal, labile, white-coat, masked, and nocturnal hypertension. […] Captopril Suppression Test: offering biochemical confirmation of excess aldosterone production, a hormone that causes high blood pressure. […] Genetic testing: for familiar causes of monogenic hypertension include glucocorticoid-remediable hyperaldosteronism and syndromes of apparent mineralocorticoid excess.

• #3 Diagnosing Secondary Hypertension | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0101/p67.html

  Secondary hypertension is elevated blood pressure that results from an underlying, identifiable, often correctable cause. […] Routine urinalysis, complete blood cell count, blood chemistry profile (potassium, sodium, creatinine, fasting glucose, fasting lipid levels), and a 12-lead electrocardiogram are recommended for all patients with hypertension. […] The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC-VI) defines four goals for the evaluation of the patient with elevated blood pressure: detection and confirmation of hypertension; detection of target organ disease (e.g., renal damage, congestive heart failure); identification of other risk factors for cardiovascular disorders (e.g., diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia); and detection of secondary causes of hypertension.

• #3 High Blood Pressure (Hypertension): Causes and Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/high-blood-pressure-hypertension

  High blood pressure, or hypertension, occurs when the force of blood pushing through your vessels is consistently too high. […] Early detection is important. Regular blood pressure readings can help you and a doctor notice any changes. If your blood pressure is elevated, a doctor may have you check your blood pressure over a few weeks to see if the number stays elevated or falls back to typical levels. […] Diagnosing hypertension is as simple as taking a blood pressure reading. Most doctors offices check blood pressure as part of a routine visit. If you dont receive a blood pressure reading at your next appointment, feel free to request one. […] If your blood pressure remains high, a doctor will likely conduct more tests to rule out underlying conditions. These tests can include: cholesterol screening and other blood tests, test of your hearts electrical activity with an electrocardiogram (EKG, sometimes referred to as an ECG), ultrasound of your heart or kidneys, home blood pressure monitor to monitor your blood pressure over a 24-hour period at home. […] If a doctor diagnoses you with primary hypertension, lifestyle changes may help reduce your high blood pressure. If lifestyle changes alone arent enough, or if they stop being effective, they may prescribe medication.

• #3 Diagnosing Secondary Hypertension | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0101/p67.html

  Physicians can use the mnemonic ABCDE to help determine secondary causes in the patient with elevated blood pressure. […] A blood pressure cuff that is too small, tight-fitting sleeves that are not removed, or a brachial artery that is noncompressible because of calcification can cause falsely elevated readings. […] Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a repetitive mechanical obstruction of the upper airway during sleep, is an independent risk factor for hypertension. […] Primary hyperaldosteronism is defined as overproduction of aldosterone independent of its usual regulator, the renin-angiotensin system. […] Renovascular hypertension is defined as hypertension resulting from compromised arterial supply to the kidneys. […] Renal parenchymal disease can be a cause or consequence of hypertension.

• #3 Diagnosing High Blood Pressure | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/blood-heart-circulation/resistant-hypertension/diagnosis.html

  Sometimes, your blood can push too forcefully against your arteries as your heart pumps. If that happens, it could be a sign of high blood pressure or hypertension. You should see a specialist as hypertension can cause heart and blood vessel problems, and be difficult to control. […] We primarily provide care for resistant hypertension through the Hypertension Center. […] Precise diagnosis to identify the type and root causes of your hypertension, including advanced home monitoring devices to track your blood pressure over a longer period of time. […] To determine why your blood pressure is high and how to treat it, we monitor how it can vary throughout your day. […] Screening: for signs of kidney dysfunction contributing to high blood pressure including blood and urine tests. […] Blood and urine studies: for signs of disorders of the endocrine system, including primary and secondary forms of hyperaldosteronism, thyroid disease, hypercortisolism, pheochromocytoma, and hyperparathyroidism.

• #3 High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Ranges

  https://www.medicinenet.com/high_blood_pressure_hypertension/article.htm

  Chronic, poorly-controlled hypertension causes damage to the arteries in the body, from the largest, the aorta, to the smallest arterioles that supply blood to every organ in the body. Over time, the risk of damage to every organ increases. Hypertension is one of the major risk factors that can lead to heart attack, congestive heart failure, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, eye, and kidney damage among others. […] It is difficult to prevent hypertension since the cause is uncertain. That said, living a healthy lifestyle, eating well, sleeping well, exercising routinely, avoiding tobacco, and limiting alcohol, may decrease the risk of developing high blood pressure.

• #3 Blood Pressure UK

  https://www.bloodpressureuk.org/your-blood-pressure/getting-diagnosed/just-been-diagnosed/

  If you have been diagnosed with high blood pressure, the next step is to start getting it under control. […] Your doctor might talk to you about a target blood pressure level, for example under 140/90mmHg. […] Your doctor might also do some further tests such as blood and urine tests to see if you have any health problems which could be causing your high blood pressure, such as kidney or hormone problems. […] You might see a number of health professionals who can find out whats going on and help you get your blood pressure under control. […] Once you have your blood pressure under control, your risk of health problems in the future is much lower. […] If you take medications, its likely that you will need to keep taking them in the long term, but with lifestyle changes its possible to lower the amount of medicines you need and even stop taking them altogether. […] For most people, high blood pressure can be brought under control, often quite easily, and doesnt need to have a negative impact on your life. […] High blood pressure doesnt need to have a negative impact on your life.

• #4 Hypertension in adults: diagnosis and management – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547161/

  This guideline covers identifying and treating primary hypertension (high blood pressure) in people aged 18 and over, including people with type 2 diabetes. It aims to reduce the risk of cardiovascular problems such as heart attacks and strokes by helping healthcare professionals to diagnose hypertension accurately and treat it effectively. […] The recommendations on measuring blood pressure and diagnosing hypertension in this guideline apply to all adults, including those with type 2 diabetes. […] When considering a diagnosis of hypertension, measure blood pressure in both arms: If the difference in readings between arms is more than 15 mmHg, repeat the measurements. […] If blood pressure measured in the clinic is 140/90 mmHg or higher: Take a second measurement during the consultation.

• #4 Hypertension: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/241381-overview

  Hypertension can be primary, which may develop as a result of environmental or genetic causes, or secondary, which has multiple etiologies, including renal, vascular, and endocrine causes. Primary or essential hypertension accounts for 90-95% of adult cases, and a small percentage of patients (2-10%) have a secondary cause. […] The most common hypertensive emergency is a rapid unexplained rise in BP in patients with chronic essential hypertension. Most patients who develop hypertensive emergencies have a history of inadequate hypertensive treatment or an abrupt discontinuation of their medications.

• #4 Diagnosing High Blood Pressure | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/blood-heart-circulation/resistant-hypertension/diagnosis.html

  24-hour urine studies: for offering precise measurement of dietary sodium intake, and evaluation of hormones to detect endocrine tumors or disorders that may be the underlying cause of hypertension. […] Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring: a device worn for 24-48 hours on the upper arm to record blood pressure at home during the day and night to classify different forms of elevated blood pressure including paroxysmal, labile, white-coat, masked, and nocturnal hypertension. […] Captopril Suppression Test: offering biochemical confirmation of excess aldosterone production, a hormone that causes high blood pressure. […] Genetic testing: for familiar causes of monogenic hypertension include glucocorticoid-remediable hyperaldosteronism and syndromes of apparent mineralocorticoid excess.

• #4 High blood pressure (hypertension) | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/high-blood-pressure-hypertension

  In some people, lifestyle changes may not be enough. You may also need medicines to help reduce your blood pressure levels to within the normal range. […] There are many complications of ongoing high blood pressure. These include heart disease and heart attacks, stroke, heart failure, eye conditions that can affect your sight, chronic kidney disease. […] Treating high blood pressure helps prevent complications. […] Having a healthy lifestyle helps reduce your chances of getting high blood pressure.

• #4 Essential Blood Tests to Diagnose High Blood Pressure – MyHealth

  https://redcliffelabs.com/myhealth/lab-test/essential-blood-tests-to-diagnose-high-blood-pressure/

  Monitoring lipid levels helps assess heart conditions like high blood pressure. […] High blood pressure and high blood sugar levels differ, but these two may increase cardiovascular risk. […] If you have hypertension, your healthcare provider may recommend a regular KFT test. […] Abnormal thyroid function can contribute to changes in blood pressure. […] If you have recently been diagnosed with hypertension, then routine health checkups are only an effective way to control high blood pressure.

• #5 Diagnosing Secondary Hypertension | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0101/p67.html

  Physicians can use the mnemonic ABCDE to help determine secondary causes in the patient with elevated blood pressure. […] A blood pressure cuff that is too small, tight-fitting sleeves that are not removed, or a brachial artery that is noncompressible because of calcification can cause falsely elevated readings. […] Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a repetitive mechanical obstruction of the upper airway during sleep, is an independent risk factor for hypertension. […] Primary hyperaldosteronism is defined as overproduction of aldosterone independent of its usual regulator, the renin-angiotensin system. […] Renovascular hypertension is defined as hypertension resulting from compromised arterial supply to the kidneys. […] Renal parenchymal disease can be a cause or consequence of hypertension.

• #6 Diagnosing Secondary Hypertension | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0101/p67.html

  Excess catecholamine levels play a role in causing white-coat hypertension and hypertension in pheochromocytoma. […] Coarctation of the aorta is a congenital narrowing of the aortic lumen, most often occurring just distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery. […] Cushing’s syndrome can cause hypertension via the mineralocorticoid effects of excess glucocorticoids and is best screened for with a dexamethasone-suppression test. […] Many prescription and nonprescription drugs can cause or exacerbate hypertension. […] Excess consumption of dietary sodium is linked to chronic hypertension. […] Elevated erythropoietin levels can be endogenous or exogenous and can elevate blood pressure either via a polycythemia/hyperviscosity mechanism or by direct pressor effects. […] Hypothyroidism can cause decreased cardiac output with a compensatory increase in vascular tone, resulting in a more prominent rise in diastolic blood pressure than in systolic blood pressure. […] Hyperparathyroidism is a potentially reversible cause of hypertension. […] Pheochromocytoma is another endocrine cause of hypertension. […] Acromegaly is a rare endocrine cause of hypertension.

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