Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension

  An estimated 1.28 billion adults aged 30-79 years worldwide have hypertension, most (two-thirds) living in low- and middle-income countries. […] An estimated 46% of adults with hypertension are unaware that they have the condition. […] Less than half of adults (42%) with hypertension are diagnosed and treated. […] Approximately 1 in 5 adults (21%) with hypertension have it under control. […] Hypertension is a major cause of premature death worldwide. […] One of the global targets for noncommunicable diseases is to reduce the prevalence of hypertension by 33% between 2010 and 2030. […] The prevalence of hypertension varies across regions and country income groups. The WHO African Region has the highest prevalence of hypertension (27%) while the WHO Region of the Americas has the lowest prevalence of hypertension (18%).

• #2 The global epidemiology of hypertension

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7998524/

  Hypertension is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease and premature death worldwide. Owing to widespread use of antihypertensive medications, global mean blood pressure (BP) has remained constant or decreased slightly over the past four decades. By contrast, the prevalence of hypertension has increased, especially in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Estimates suggest that in 2010, 31.1% of adults (1.39 billion) worldwide had hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension among adults was higher in LMICs (31.5%, 1.04 billion people) than in high-income countries (HICs; 28.5%, 349 million people). […] Despite the increasing prevalence, the proportions of hypertension awareness, treatment and BP control are low, particularly in LMICs, and few comprehensive assessments of the economic impact of hypertension exist. Future studies are warranted to test implementation strategies for hypertension prevention and control, especially in low-income populations, and to accurately assess the prevalence and financial burden of hypertension worldwide.

• #3 The global epidemiology of hypertension

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7998524/

  Hypertension is the leading preventable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality worldwide. In 2010, 31.1% of the global adult population (1.39 billion people) had hypertension, defined as systolic BP 140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP 90 mmHg. The prevalence of hypertension is rising globally owing to ageing of the population and increases in exposure to lifestyle risk factors including unhealthy diets. […] These disparities in hypertension prevalence trends suggest that health care systems in LMICs could be facing a rapidly increasing burden of hypertension and BP-related cardiovascular diseases, in some cases in addition to a substantial burden of infectious diseases. […] Based on an analysis of data from 135 population-based studies that included 968,419 adults from 90 countries, we estimated that in 2010 the global age-standardized prevalence of hypertension was 31.1%. The age-standardized prevalence of hypertension was slightly higher in men (31.9%) than in women (30.1%) and was lower in HICs (28.5%) than in LMICs (31.5%). […] The reasons for these disparities in hypertension prevalence across regions are not fully understood but are likely influenced by differences in the prevalence of risk factors for hypertension, including unhealthy diet, lack of physical activity and obesity.

• #4

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension

  The number of adults with hypertension increased from 594 million in 1975 to 1.13 billion in 2015, with the increase seen largely in low- and middle-income countries. This increase is due mainly to a rise in hypertension risk factors in those populations. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) supports countries to reduce hypertension as a public health problem. […] In 2021, WHO released a new guideline for on the pharmacological treatment of hypertension in adults. […] To support governments in strengthening the prevention and control of cardiovascular disease, WHO and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S. CDC) launched the Global Hearts Initiative in September 2016, which includes the HEARTS technical package. […] Since implementation of the programme in 2017 in 31 countries low- and middle-income countries, 7.5 million people have been put on protocol-based hypertension treatment through person-centred models of care.

• #5

  https://journals.lww.com/jhypertension/abstract/2023/01001/rag_saca_2__epidemiology_of_hypertension_in_south.392.aspx

  Hypertension is the one of major risk factor contributes to the burden of heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, disability and premature death. According to 2019 WHO fact sheet, an estimated 1.13 billion people worldwide have hypertension while only 21% of people have it under control. Further, more than one million deaths are related to hypertension. It is projected that 1.56 billion adults (29.2%) have hypertension globally by 2025 and 75% of them will be Asians and Africans. […] Hypertension prevalence in south East Asia is 25% and is slightly higher than the global prevalence (22%). According to the data from May-Measurement-Month 2018, the prevalence of hypertension in South Asia was 29.3% and only 46% of them aware about their hypertension while 43% was on medication. However, only 23.9% of them had controlled blood pressure either with medication, life style modification or both.

• #6 High Blood Pressure Facts | High Blood Pressure | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/high-blood-pressure/data-research/facts-stats/index.html

  Blood pressure is the pressure that occurs when blood pushes against the walls of your arteries. […] Having high blood pressure puts you at risk for heart disease and stroke, which are leading causes of death in the United States. […] In 2022, high blood pressure was a primary or contributing cause of 685,875 deaths in the United States. […] Nearly half of adults have high blood pressure (48.1%, 119.9 million). This is defined as a systolic blood pressure greater than 130 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure greater than 80 mm Hg or are taking medication for high blood pressure. […] About half of adults (45%) with uncontrolled high blood pressure have a blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or higher. This includes 37 million U.S. adults. […] High blood pressure costs the United States about $131 billion each year, averaged over 12 years from 2003 to 2014. […] High blood pressure is more common in some areas of the United States. […] High blood pressure increases the risk for heart disease and stroke, two leading causes of death for Americans.

• #7 Global epidemiology, health burden and effective interventions for elevated blood pressure and hypertension

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8162166/

  High blood pressure is one of the most important risk factors for ischaemic heart disease, stroke, other cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease and dementia. […] Given these trends, the prevalence of hypertension is now higher in low-income and middle-income countries than in high-income countries. […] In 2015, an estimated 8.5 million deaths were attributable to systolic blood pressure 115mmHg, 88% of which were in low-income and middle-income countries. […] Hypertension is more prevalent in low-income and middle-income countries than in high-income countries. […] In 2015, 8.5 million deaths were associated with high blood pressure, 88% of which were in low-income and middle-income countries. […] Effective use of pharmacological treatment for people with hypertension varies substantially globally and is particularly low in low-income and middle-income countries.

• #8 Epidemiology of Hypertension: National Estimates of Hypertension, Worldwide Estimates of Hypertension, Age Distribution for Hypertension

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1928048-overview

  Data from NHANES spanning 2011-2014 in the United States found that in the population aged 20 years or older, an estimated 86 million adults had hypertension, with a prevalence of 34%. […] The incidence of hypertension has doubled over the past 2 decades. Globally, an estimated 26% of the worlds population (972 million people) has hypertension, and the prevalence is expected to increase to 29% by 2025, driven largely by increases in economically developing nations. […] The high prevalence of hypertension exacts a tremendous public health burden. As a primary contributor to heart disease and stroke, the first and third leading causes of death worldwide, respectively, high blood pressure was the top modifiable risk factor for disability adjusted life-years lost worldwide in 2013. […] The prevalence of hypertension dramatically increases in patients older than 60 years: In many countries, 50% of individuals in this age group have hypertension. Worldwide, hypertension contributes to more than 7.1 million deaths per year.

• #9 The global epidemiology of hypertension

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7998524/

  In 2017, the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines redefined hypertension in adults as systolic BP 130 mmHg and/or diastolic BP 80 mmHg. […] These findings suggest that if the new criteria were applied worldwide, the difference in hypertension prevalence between LMICs and HICs would be much greater than previously reported. […] As discussed above, antihypertensive treatment and lifestyle modifications have been shown to lower BP and CVD risk in randomized clinical trials. […] Despite these effective interventions, hypertension control remains unacceptably low, particularly in LMICs. The most recent global estimates suggest that in 2010, only 45.6% of people with hypertension were aware of their condition, only 36.9% were receiving treatment, and only 13.8% had achieved BP control.

• #10 More than 100 million Americans have high blood pressure, AHA says | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/news/2018/07/18/more-than-100-million-americans-have-high-blood-pressure-aha-says

  Guidelines published last November redefined high blood pressure, also known as hypertension, as a reading of 130 on top or 80 on the bottom. The standard used to be 140 over 90. The percentage of U.S. adults with high blood pressure jumped from 32 percent under the old definition to nearly 46 percent. […] Overall, cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death in the world, claiming nearly 18 million lives in 2015. In the United States, heart disease is the No. 1 cause of death and stroke is No. 5. […] Even so, these latest statistics show progress is being made, said Dr. Emelia Benjamin, who led the group that wrote the statistics report. […] “We’ve made incredible inroads in cardiovascular disease,” said Benjamin, a professor of cardiology at Boston University’s School of Public Health. “There’s a real focus on improving health by adopting a healthy lifestyle, not just waiting to develop disease before one focuses on risk factors.”

• #11 Estimated Hypertension Prevalence, Treatment, and Control Among U.S. Adults | Million Hearts®

  https://millionhearts.hhs.gov/data-reports/hypertension-prevalence.html

  Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, increases the risk for heart disease and stroke, two leading causes of death in the United States. […] Current guidelines issued in 2017 by many organizations including the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and American Heart Association (AHA) define hypertension as blood pressure consistently at or above 130/80 mm Hg. […] Nearly half of adults have hypertension (119.9 million). […] About 1 in 4 adults with hypertension have their hypertension under control (27.0 million). […] Most adults with hypertension (4 in 5) are also recommended by a clinician to take prescription medication(s) (94.9 million). […] Many adults who are already treated with antihypertensive medication(s) may need to have their current medication dosage increased or to be prescribed additional medications to achieve blood pressure control (33.2 million).

• #12 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Optimal Systolic Blood Pressure for the Prevention of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in Older Adults With Hypertension: Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2024/1/e52182

  Background: Target systolic blood pressure (SBP) levels for older adults with hypertension vary across countries, leading to challenges in determining the appropriate SBP level. […] Hypertension is very common in older adults because their systolic blood pressure (SBP) tends to be elevated due to increased stiffness and decreased elasticity in the arteries with aging. Epidemiologic research by the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey has indicated that 76.5% of older adults aged older than or equal to 65 years have hypertension. […] The differences in target SBP levels across countries are related to variability in the prevalence of hypertension and CVD mortality rates among different racial and ethnic groups or regions. […] In Korea, the 2022 guidelines for the management of hypertension published by the Korean Society of Hypertension (KSH) still maintain the diagnostic criterion for hypertension as 140/90 mm Hg. Additionally, they recommend lowering SBP to 140 mm Hg for older adults with hypertension.

• #13 Potential Impact of the New American High Blood Pressure Guidelines on Hypertension Prevalence in a Primary Health Care Unit in Rio de Janeiro – the LapARC Study – International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences

  https://ijcscardiol.org/article/potential-impact-of-the-new-american-high-blood-pressure-guidelines-on-hypertension-prevalence-in-a-primary-health-care-unit-in-rio-de-janeiro-the-laparc-study/

  The new American Heart Association guidelines for hypertension (HT) proposed a reduction of the diagnostic cut-off point, leading to a substantial increase in the prevalence of HT. […] The prevalence of HT was 23.5% and raised to 41.1% with the new AHA criteria. […] The prevalence of HT almost doubled with the new AHA diagnostic criteria for HT. […] Keywords: Cardiovascular Diseases; Hypertension/diagnosis; Blood Pressure; Epidemiology; Primary Health Care.

• #14

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension

  An estimated 1.28 billion adults aged 30-79 years worldwide have hypertension, most (two-thirds) living in low- and middle-income countries. […] An estimated 46% of adults with hypertension are unaware that they have the condition. […] Less than half of adults (42%) with hypertension are diagnosed and treated. […] Approximately 1 in 5 adults (21%) with hypertension have it under control. […] Hypertension is a major cause of premature death worldwide. […] One of the global targets for noncommunicable diseases is to reduce the prevalence of hypertension by 33% between 2010 and 2030. […] The prevalence of hypertension varies across regions and country income groups. The WHO African Region has the highest prevalence of hypertension (27%) while the WHO Region of the Americas has the lowest prevalence of hypertension (18%).

• #15 Status of hypertension in Russia and Eastern Europe

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-17/status-of-hypertension-in-russia-and-eastern-europe

  According to the results of MMM17, the prevalence of HTN in Russia was 35.4% and comparable to the global level (34.9%). However, only 17.3% of patients were receiving treatment and the lack of reaching the target BP level was 46.3%. […] Newly updated, the 2018 ESH/ESC Guidelines report 150 million hypertensives in Central and Eastern Europe: the prevalence is expected to rise up to 2025. Based on data from the WHO Monitoring Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Diseases (MONICA) study, the prevalence of HTN, and the proportion of uncontrolled HTN, is clearly higher in Eastern Europe (up to 65%). […] A systematic analysis of population-based studies reports a relatively high rate of awareness of HTN in high- and middle-income Eastern European countries, while this rate is significantly lower in the European countries of the former Soviet Union (Ukraine, Belarus).

• #16 Status of hypertension in Russia and Eastern Europe

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-17/status-of-hypertension-in-russia-and-eastern-europe

  Hypertension is still one of the most prevalent non-communicable pathological states anywhere on earth. Recent epidemiological data indicate a huge contribution from Russia and Eastern European countries to the global burden of hypertension. […] Despite the fact that the detection of raised BP is very simple and cheap, average awareness is about 50% worldwide. Furthermore, available therapeutic options with proven efficacy and promising device-based procedures are not enough to control high BP in Europe adequately. This applies in particular to the Russian Federation (Russia) and Eastern Europe. […] The most recent and comprehensive epidemiological study across the Russian Federation of the last decade, called ECVD-RF (Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and their Risk Factors in Regions of the Russian Federation [ESSE-RF]) was held in the mid 2010s. The epidemiological situation in Russia demonstrated a higher prevalence in comparison with a previous study, as 44% of participants were affected.

• #17 Hypertension and high measured blood pressure, 2022 | Australian Bureau of Statistics

  https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/health-conditions-and-risks/hypertension-and-high-measured-blood-pressure/latest-release

  Over one in ten (11.6% or 3.0 million) people reported having hypertension in 2022. […] Prevalence of reported hypertension was similar for males and females (11.7% and 11.6%). […] Three in four (74.5%) adults with high measured blood pressure did not report having hypertension. […] In 2022, over one in five (23.3%) adults had high measured blood pressure. […] The proportion of adults with high measured blood pressure increased with age, from one in twenty (4.5%) people aged 18-24 years to more than four in ten (42.9%) people aged 75 years and over. […] In 2022, three in four (74.5%) adults with high measured blood pressure did not report having hypertension. […] This suggests that many people with high measured blood pressure either have not been diagnosed with hypertension by a doctor or nurse, or have not reported it.

• #18 Population-Based Assessment of Hypertension Epidemiology and Risk Factors among HIV-Positive and General Populations in Rural Uganda | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0156309

  Population-Based Assessment of Hypertension Epidemiology and Risk Factors among HIV-Positive and General Populations in Rural Uganda […] Antiretroviral therapy scale-up in Sub-Saharan Africa has created a growing, aging HIV-positive population at risk for non-communicable diseases such as hypertension. However, the prevalence and risk factors for hypertension in this population remain incompletely understood. […] Hypertension prevalence was 14% overall, and 11% among HIV-positive individuals. 79% of patients were previously undiagnosed, 85% were not taking medication, and 50% of patients on medication had uncontrolled blood pressure. Multivariate predictors of hypertension included older age, male gender, higher BMI, lack of education, alcohol use, and residence in Eastern Uganda. HIV-negative status was independently associated with higher odds of hypertension (OR 1.2, 95% CI: 1.1-1.4).

• #19 Evaluation of the Hypertension Surveillance System at Pilot Hypertension Prevention and Control Health Facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2022 | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.15.24314484v1.full-text

  Hypertension is a major cause of premature death worldwide. […] Evaluating a surveillance system promotes the best use of data collection resources and ensures that systems operate effectively. […] Ethiopian hypertension control initiatives were recently launched (2019) and implemented in limited health facilities. […] In Ethiopia, the prevalence of HTN ranges from 7% to 37%. […] According to THE Ethiopia Noncommunicable Disease (NCD) 2015 step survey, the prevalence of increased blood pressure, i.e., systolic blood pressure (SBP) 140 and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) 90 mmHg, was 15.8%. […] The burden of hypertension (HTN) is felt disproportionately in low- and middle-income countries, where two-thirds of cases occur, largely due to the increase in risk factors in these populations in recent decades.

• #20 Epidemiology of Hypertension: National Estimates of Hypertension, Worldwide Estimates of Hypertension, Age Distribution for Hypertension

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1928048-overview

  National health surveys in various countries have shown a high prevalence of poor control of hypertension. […] A progressive rise in BP with increasing age is observed. Age-related hypertension appears to be predominantly systolic rather than diastolic. […] The third NHANES survey reported that the prevalence of hypertension grows significantly with increasing age in all sex and race groups. […] Hypertension is the most significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease, contributing to incident cardiovascular events (eg, coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure, renal disease). […] Racial disparities in BP control are known to exist, particularly among non-Hispanic Black adults, as well as Hispanic adults and indigenous populations. […] Black individuals have a higher prevalence and incidence of hypertension than White persons, particularly among those who perceive racial discrimination. […] The prevalence and incidence of hypertension in Mexican Americans are similar to or lower than those in non-Hispanic Whites.

• #21 Epidemiology of Hypertension: National Estimates of Hypertension, Worldwide Estimates of Hypertension, Age Distribution for Hypertension

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1928048-overview

  Data from NHANES spanning 2011-2014 in the United States found that in the population aged 20 years or older, an estimated 86 million adults had hypertension, with a prevalence of 34%. […] The incidence of hypertension has doubled over the past 2 decades. Globally, an estimated 26% of the worlds population (972 million people) has hypertension, and the prevalence is expected to increase to 29% by 2025, driven largely by increases in economically developing nations. […] The high prevalence of hypertension exacts a tremendous public health burden. As a primary contributor to heart disease and stroke, the first and third leading causes of death worldwide, respectively, high blood pressure was the top modifiable risk factor for disability adjusted life-years lost worldwide in 2013. […] The prevalence of hypertension dramatically increases in patients older than 60 years: In many countries, 50% of individuals in this age group have hypertension. Worldwide, hypertension contributes to more than 7.1 million deaths per year.

• #22 High Blood Pressure

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/heart-stroke/high-blood-pressure.html

  High blood pressure affects approximately 48% of American adults. […] The medical term for high blood pressure is hypertension. […] About 63 percent of Americans 60 years of age and older have high blood pressure. […] Others at high risk of developing hypertension are persons who are overweight, not physically active, consume a high sodium diet, drink too much alcohol, and have a family history of high blood pressure. […] African Americans develop high blood pressure more often than whites, and it tends to occur earlier and be more severe. […] A tendency to have high blood pressure runs in families. […] In general, the older you get, the greater your chance of developing high blood pressure.

• #23 Hypertension – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/hypertension/

  Hypertension affects between approximately one-third and one-half of adults in the US. […] Primary hypertension accounts for 90% of cases of hypertension in adults and prevalence is increasing in children and adolescents. […] Prevalence increases with age: Approximately 65-75% of adults develop hypertension by 65-74 years of age. […] Rates are highest in African American individuals, followed by white individuals, and lowest in Asian American and Hispanic individuals. […] 60-87% of overweight and 73-95% of obese patients are affected. […] After menopause, prevalence increases in women.

• #24 Women and Hypertension: Beyond the 2017 Guideline for Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2018/07/27/09/02/Women-and-Hypertension

  Hypertension is a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality both nationally and globally.1 Based on the most recent NHANES survey from 2011-2014, 85.7 million US adults age 20 have hypertension, more than half of whom are women.1 One in three deaths of women in the US are attributed to cardiovascular disease (CVD).1 Of the major modifiable CV risk factors, the complete elimination or control of hypertension resulted in the largest impact on CV mortality in women (38% and 7.3% reduction, respectively) when assessed by NHANES data modeling.2 Despite the magnitude of its societal impact, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension remain suboptimal in women.3 […] Global estimates suggest an approximate 31% prevalence of hypertension in adults with similar age-standardized rates in men and women.21 Hypertension prevalence increases with age in both sexes.5 However, hypertension rates tend to be lower in premenopausal women compared to men of similar age.5 After menopause, which occurs at an average age of 51, a steeper rise in hypertension rates is seen in women. Menopause is associated with a two-fold increase in risk of hypertension, with a prevalence of 75% in postmenopausal women in the US.11 Hypertension rates are higher in women than men over the age of 65.1 In fact, NHANES data (2011-2014) indicates that 81.2% of women age 75 have hypertension versus 73.4% of comparably aged men.1 This difference in hypertension prevalence across age and sex may be partially attributed to true biological differences; however, gender-specific differences in access to care may also partially account for this.22

• #25 Hypertension – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertension

  Hypertension is slightly more frequent in men. In people aged under 50 years, more men than women have hypertension, and in ages above 50 years the prevalence of hypertension is the same in men and women. In ages above 65 years, more women than men have hypertension. Hypertension becomes more common with age. Hypertension is common in high, medium, and low-income countries. It is more common in people of low socioeconomic status. Hypertension is around twice as common in diabetics. […] In 2019, rates of diagnosed hypertension were highest in Africa (30% for both sexes), and lowest in the Americas (18% for both sexes). Rates also vary markedly within regions with country-level rates as low as 22.8% (men) and 18.4% (women) in Peru and as high as 61.6% (men) and 50.9% (women) in Paraguay.

• #26 High Blood Pressure in Minnesota – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/cardiovascular/data/hypertension.html

  In 2023, approximately 30% of Minnesota adults reported having high blood pressure, one of the seven lowest states. This is almost 1.4 million people. […] In 2022, hypertensive diseases were listed as the underlying or contributing cause of death for 14,225 Minnesotans, representing almost 28% of all deaths. […] After adjusting for differences in age, 35% of Black or African American Minnesotans reported high blood pressure, compared to 28% of Minnesotans overall in 2023. […] Minnesota adults with any reported disability are more likely to report having high blood pressure than adults without a disability. The percent of adults with disabilities affecting vision, mobility, and self-care who report having high blood pressure is more than 12 percentage points higher than those without a disability (37% vs 25%).

• #27 Hypertension in the African American population: A succinct look at its epidemiology, pathogenesis, and therapy | Nefrología

  https://revistanefrologia.com/en-comentarios-hypertension-in-african-american-population-a-succinct-look-at-its-articulo-S201325141500005X

  Arterial hypertension is prevalent in the black population in the United States. It is directly related to cardiovascular and kidney damage. […] The prevalence of hypertension (HTN), particularly difficult to control blood pressure (BP) and earlier onset of hypertension, is significantly more common in African Americans (AA) than whites. […] Hypertension in AA is a major clinical and public-health problem because of the high prevalence and premature onset of elevated blood pressure in this population. […] The cardiovascular and renal consequences of HTN are greater in blacks, relative to their white counterparts. […] The pathogenesis is multifactorial in nature, complicating therapeutic options and requiring a multidisciplinary approach. […] The ISHIB consensus statement recommends a reduction in the BP target, even for the lowest risk AA population for primary prevention and secondary prevention with target-organ damage present.

• #28 Explore High Blood Pressure in Louisiana | AHR

  https://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/measures/Hypertension/LA

  In 2019-2020, the total cost of high blood pressure in the United States was $52.4 billion. By 2035, it is projected that the direct medical costs of high blood pressure could reach $154 billion. […] According to Americas Health Rankings analysis, the prevalence of diagnosed high blood pressure is higher among: […] Men compared with women. […] Adults age 65 and older compared with younger adults. […] Black, white and American Indian/Alaska Native adults compared with Asian adults. […] Adults with less than a college degree; college graduates have the lowest prevalence of high blood pressure. […] Adults with an annual household income less than $25,000 compared with those with higher levels of income. […] Adults living in nonmetropolitan areas compared with adults living in metropolitan areas.

• #29 High Blood Pressure in Minnesota – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/cardiovascular/data/hypertension.html

  Of Minnesotan adults living in households making less than $35,000 a year, almost 31% reported having high blood pressure, four points higher than Minnesotans overall. […] In the United States, there were over $52 billion in annual medical costs, including procedures, hospitalizations, rehabilitation, and productivity losses due to hypertension during 2019 and 2020. […] Of Minnesota adults who reported having high blood pressure in 2023, approximately 77% reported that they were taking medications prescribed to reduce their blood pressure. […] In 2022, 71% of Minnesotans aged 18-85 in managed care plans who received a diagnosis of hypertension had their blood pressure adequately controlled to 140/90 mm Hg or lower. Blood pressure control declined sharply in 2020 due in large part to the COVID-19 pandemic impacting the ability of many patients to access primary care, their providers, and sometimes their medications. In the years since, blood pressure control has increased and is approaching pre-pandemic levels (74.5% in 2019).

• #30 Prevalence trends of hypertension among 9–17 aged children and adolescents in Yunnan, 2017–2019: a serial cross-sectional surveillance survey | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-021-10258-1

  The crude prevalence of hypertension in total participants was 13.22% (3288/24,872) among students aged 917 years in Yunnan. […] The standardized prevalence of hypertension among 917 aged children and adolescents in Yunnan (13.48% in 2019) was higher than that of Korean (9.0%), US (1.6%), Brazil (4.5%) and Cameroon (1.6%) levels. […] The rural standardized prevalence of hypertension was higher than that of urban population. This is consistent with previous studies. […] The rural prevalence increased from 17.58% (2017) to 19.16% (2019), with the average annual increase rate of 0.53%.

• #31

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension

  An estimated 1.28 billion adults aged 30-79 years worldwide have hypertension, most (two-thirds) living in low- and middle-income countries. […] An estimated 46% of adults with hypertension are unaware that they have the condition. […] Less than half of adults (42%) with hypertension are diagnosed and treated. […] Approximately 1 in 5 adults (21%) with hypertension have it under control. […] Hypertension is a major cause of premature death worldwide. […] One of the global targets for noncommunicable diseases is to reduce the prevalence of hypertension by 33% between 2010 and 2030. […] The prevalence of hypertension varies across regions and country income groups. The WHO African Region has the highest prevalence of hypertension (27%) while the WHO Region of the Americas has the lowest prevalence of hypertension (18%).

• #32 The global epidemiology of hypertension

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7998524/

  In 2017, the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines redefined hypertension in adults as systolic BP 130 mmHg and/or diastolic BP 80 mmHg. […] These findings suggest that if the new criteria were applied worldwide, the difference in hypertension prevalence between LMICs and HICs would be much greater than previously reported. […] As discussed above, antihypertensive treatment and lifestyle modifications have been shown to lower BP and CVD risk in randomized clinical trials. […] Despite these effective interventions, hypertension control remains unacceptably low, particularly in LMICs. The most recent global estimates suggest that in 2010, only 45.6% of people with hypertension were aware of their condition, only 36.9% were receiving treatment, and only 13.8% had achieved BP control.

• #33 Estimated Hypertension Prevalence, Treatment, and Control Among U.S. Adults | Million Hearts®

  https://millionhearts.hhs.gov/data-reports/hypertension-prevalence.html

  Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, increases the risk for heart disease and stroke, two leading causes of death in the United States. […] Current guidelines issued in 2017 by many organizations including the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and American Heart Association (AHA) define hypertension as blood pressure consistently at or above 130/80 mm Hg. […] Nearly half of adults have hypertension (119.9 million). […] About 1 in 4 adults with hypertension have their hypertension under control (27.0 million). […] Most adults with hypertension (4 in 5) are also recommended by a clinician to take prescription medication(s) (94.9 million). […] Many adults who are already treated with antihypertensive medication(s) may need to have their current medication dosage increased or to be prescribed additional medications to achieve blood pressure control (33.2 million).

• #34 Women and Hypertension: Beyond the 2017 Guideline for Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2018/07/27/09/02/Women-and-Hypertension

  The larger issue of societal gender differences in how women and men approach preventive strategies for hypertension needs to be addressed in this era of personalized medicine. The intersection of sex, gender and culture also warrants further exploration. For example, NCHS data examining hypertension prevalence and control among US adults between 2011-2014 showed higher prevalence but lower control rates amongst non-Hispanic black women compared to non-Hispanic white women.37 Culture-specific barriers to health care access and aggressive therapy may account for this. These areas lack data but may have significant implications for patient care. Social and environmental factors that influence behaviours and impact risk for CVD are different in women.22 Community characteristics, including lack of access to timely and quality health care, low education and income levels and poor social support all impact women’s health and have implications for screening and treatment of hypertension.22 Greater understanding of how sex and gender influence the prevalence, diagnosis and management of hypertension is needed given that the health impact and economic burden of hypertension among women is only expected to increase as the population ages.

• #35 Blood Pressure Control | Million Hearts®

  https://millionhearts.hhs.gov/about-million-hearts/optimizing-care/bp-control.html

  National surveillance data suggest that millions of people are unaware of their high blood pressure and data from clinical settings reinforce this; there are non-trivial numbers of patients seen in clinical settings who have multiple abnormal blood pressure readings but have not been diagnosed with hypertension. […] The 2017 ACC/AHA blood pressure guideline recommends initial combination therapy with two or more antihypertensive medications for most people with hypertension. Despite this recommendation, surveillance data show that 40% of people with hypertension are on monotherapy.11 Moreover, Blood pressure control related to the medication class and number of medications taken vary by race. Black persons have lower rates of control than White persons across all medication classes and among those on two, three, or four different classes.12 Standardized hypertension treatment protocols can be used to support timely medication intensification, improve blood pressure control, and may help achieve equitable care.13

• #36 Population-Based Assessment of Hypertension Epidemiology and Risk Factors among HIV-Positive and General Populations in Rural Uganda | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0156309

  We found substantial differences in HTN control by gender. HTN awareness was higher in women than men (28% vs. 12%), consistent with other Ugandan data. This result may be due to women more frequently engaging with health services because of their maternal and child care roles. […] We report a large burden of HTN in Uganda, which remains largely undiagnosed and uncontrolled in both HIV-positive persons and the general population. The risk factors for HTN in both groups appear to be similar to those described in developed countries, such as older age, male gender, obesity, and alcohol use.

• #37 Epidemiology of Hypertension: National Estimates of Hypertension, Worldwide Estimates of Hypertension, Age Distribution for Hypertension

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1928048-overview

  Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic; accordingly, its epidemiology has been well studied in the United States and internationally. […] In 1991, the National High Blood Pressure Education Program (NHBPEP) estimated 43.3 million adults had hypertension in United States. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) equal to or greater than 140 mm Hg and diastolic BP (DBP) as equal or more than 90 mm Hg or defined as those taking medication for hypertension. […] BP awareness, treatment, and control has fluctuated over time. According to data from the National Health Examination Surveys (NHANES), between 1999-2000, 2009-2010, and 2013-2014, BP control among US adults with hypertension rose from 31.8% to 53.0% and then to 53.8%, respectively. […] The global coronovirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic exacerbated the decline in hypertension awareness and control in large part to disruptions in routine healthcare.

• #38 The global epidemiology of hypertension

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7998524/

  Hypertension is associated with a substantial financial burden. […] The global financial burden of high BP in 2001 was estimated to be around 370 billion US dollars or about 10% of the worlds overall healthcare expenditure. However, large regional variations in healthcare costs were observed. […] In general, interventions are considered to be reasonably cost-effective if they cost less than US$50,00075,000 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY); however, payers routinely cover treatments that cost $100,000 per QALY. […] Several analyses have concluded that all antihypertensive medications are cost effective compared with no treatment.

• #39 Blood Pressure UK

  https://www.bloodpressureuk.org/news/media-centre/blood-pressure-facts-and-figures/

  High blood pressure is responsible for more than half of all strokes and heart attacks. High blood pressure is also a risk factor for heart disease, kidney disease and vascular dementia. […] In the UK, high blood pressure is the third biggest risk factor for all disease after smoking and poor diet. […] Around one in three adults in the UK has high blood pressure. In England, 31% of men and 26% of women have high blood pressure. […] Half of people with high blood pressure are not diagnosed or receiving treatment. In England alone, there are more than five million people that are undiagnosed. […] High blood pressure costs the NHS over 2.1 billion every year. […] You have high blood pressure if your readings are consistently above 140/90mmHg. […] High blood pressure is one of the most preventable and treatable health conditions. However, between 50-80% of people with high blood pressure do not take all of their prescribed medication. […] High blood pressure was responsible for approximately 75,000 deaths in the UK in 2015. […] High blood pressure accounts for 12% of all GP appointments in England.

• #40 Hypertension | What We Do | World Heart Federation

  https://world-heart-federation.org/what-we-do/hypertension/

  Only about a third of people with hypertension are receiving pharmacological treatment and only one in ten have their blood pressure appropriately controlled, in LMICs. […] Uncontrolled hypertension imposes an enormous economic burden on society, in terms of both direct healthcare costs and substantial productivity losses resulting from disability and premature mortality. […] An estimated 10% of global health care spending is directly related to hypertension and its complications. […] The new World Heart Federation Roadmap for Hypertension is a key reference document for anyone involved in the planning, organization, patient management and implementation of approaches to reduce the burden of hypertension. […] It provides evidence-informed guidance on priority interventions for hypertension that can be adapted to different contexts, and summarises new evidence in epidemiology, treatment, emerging technologies, health system strategies, and policies that can inform, support and improve the detection and management of hypertension worldwide.

• #41 Global report on hypertension: the race against a silent killer – World | ReliefWeb

  https://reliefweb.int/report/world/global-report-hypertension-race-against-silent-killer

  Hypertension and its associated complications also have enormous economic costs for patients and their families, health systems and national economies. People living with the condition incur direct medical costs and lose wages, often in their prime working years, which can be impoverishing for entire families. Hospital and outpatient care for heart attacks and strokes caused by uncontrolled hypertension are expensive for health systems. National economies lose tax income, have decreased productivity, increased health care costs, and increased societal needs for the support of adults surviving heart attack and stroke, and of children whose parents have died or become disabled. By one estimate, the economic benefits of improved hypertension treatment programmes outweigh the costs by about 18 to one.

• #42 Hypertension: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/241381-overview

  High blood pressure (BP), or hypertension, is defined by two levels by the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guidelines: (1) elevated BP, with a systolic pressure (SBP) between 120 and 129 mm Hg and diastolic pressure (DBP) less than 80 mm Hg, and (2) stage 1 hypertension, with an SBP of 130 to 139 mm Hg or a DBP of 80 to 89 mm Hg. […] Hypertension is the most common primary diagnosis in the United States. It affects approximately 86 million adults (20 years) in the United States and is a major risk factor for stroke, myocardial infarction, vascular disease, and chronic kidney disease. […] According to the American Heart Association (AHA), approximately 86 million adults (34%) in the United States are affected by hypertension, which is defined as a systolic BP (SBP) of 130 mm Hg or more or a diastolic BP (DBP) of 80 mm Hg or more, taking antihypertensive medication, or having been told by clinicians on at least two occasions as having hypertension.

• #43 Epidemiology of elevated blood pressure in youth and its utility for predicting adulthood outcomes: A review

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3168/full/v4/i4/29.htm

  The basis of these documents is that prevention, and treatment, of elevated blood pressure beginning in childhood or adolescence (from age 5-year to 18-year, herein termed youth) may reduce the lifetime risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. […] Though not all available data are concordant, the prevalence of elevated blood pressure in youth appears to be increasing. […] The increasing trend in pediatric prehypertension and hypertension is widely attributed to the childhood obesity epidemic. […] Formerly, the presence of elevated blood pressure in youth was considered to be benign unless related to secondary causes. However, there is now sound evidence showing that high blood pressure in youth indicates higher likelihood of hypertension as an adult. […] The link between elevated blood pressure and premature mortality (all-cause and cardiovascular) in adulthood is well documented.

• #44 The impact of updated clinical blood pressure guidelines on hypertension prevalence among children and adolescents

  https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-003-x/2023004/article/00001-eng.htm

  To date, population estimates of hypertension prevalence among children and adolescents in Canada have been based on clinical guidelines in the National High Blood Pressure Education Programs 2004 Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents (NHBPEP 2004). […] Studies have found that the implementation of AAP 2017 is associated with significant changes in the epidemiology of hypertension. […] The prevalence of Stage 1 hypertension was higher among children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 under AAP 2017 and HC 2020 than under NHBPEP 2004. […] Overall hypertension prevalence was also higher, and obesity was a major factor associated with being reclassified into a higher BP category under AAP 2017. […] Implementation of AAP 2017 and HC 2020 is associated with significant changes in the epidemiology of hypertension.

• #45 The impact of updated clinical blood pressure guidelines on hypertension prevalence among children and adolescents

  https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-003-x/2023004/article/00001-eng.htm

  Understanding the impact of applying updated clinical guidelines may help inform population surveillance efforts to track hypertension prevalence among Canada’s children and adolescents. […] Compared with NHBPEP 2004, this study found that applying AAP 2017 and HC 2020 was associated with significant changes in population estimates of pediatric hypertension. […] The prevalence of hypertension among Canadian children and adolescents was higher under both AAP 2017 and HC 2020, such that nearly 1 in 25 (formerly 1 in 40) people younger than 18 were considered hypertensive. […] Overall hypertension prevalence (Stage 1 and Stage 2 combined) under AAP 2017 was higher at all time points from Cycle 1 (2007 to 2009) to Cycle 6 (2018 to 2019) of the CHMS and across sex, place of birth, ethnicity, BMI and central obesity categories. […] The observed overall increase in hypertension prevalence under AAP 2017 (and HC 2020) was mainly because of the reclassification of children and adolescents from prehypertension to Stage 1.

• #46 Prevalence trends of hypertension among 9–17 aged children and adolescents in Yunnan, 2017–2019: a serial cross-sectional surveillance survey | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-021-10258-1

  We aim to describe the prevalence and trends of hypertension among 917 school-aged students from 2017 to 2019 in Yunnan, China. […] The total prevalence of hypertension was 13.72, 12.49 and 13.45% among 917 years school-aged population in Yunnan, respectively. […] From 2017 to 2019, there was a significant and continuous increase in the prevalence of hypertension in 917 years school-aged population in Yunnan. Hypertension is epidemic among children and adolescents in Yunnan. […] According to a WHO report, of the estimated 1.13 billion people with hypertension, less than 1 in 5 has it under control. […] The prevalence of hypertension in Chinese children and adolescents has increased from 7.1% in 1991 to 13.8% in 2009, with an average annual rate of 0.47%. […] Hypertension in children and adolescents is a serious medical condition, and a risk factor of atherosclerotic disease, stroke, diabetes, kidney failure and blindness.

• #47 Cardiovascular disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease

  Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide and in all regions except Africa. In 2008, 30% of all global death was attributed to cardiovascular diseases. Death caused by cardiovascular diseases are also higher in low- and middle-income countries as over 80% of all global deaths caused by cardiovascular diseases occurred in those countries. It is also estimated that by 2030, over 23 million people will die from cardiovascular diseases each year. […] It is estimated that 60% of the world’s cardiovascular disease burden will occur in the South Asian subcontinent despite only accounting for 20% of the world’s population. This may be secondary to a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors.

• #48 Hypertension: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/241381-overview

  Substantial efforts have been made to enhance awareness and treatment of hypertension. However, a National Health Examination Survey (NHANES) spanning 2011-2014 revealed that 34% of US adults aged 20 years and older are hypertensive and NHANES 2013-2014 data showed that 15.9% of these hypertensive adults are unaware they are hypertensive; these data have increased from NHANES 2005-2006 data that showed 29% of US adults aged 18 years and older were hypertensive and that 7% of these hypertensive adults had never been told that they had hypertension. […] Hypertension is the most important modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease (the leading cause of death in North America), stroke (the third leading cause), congestive heart failure, end-stage renal disease, and peripheral vascular disease.

• #49 Epidemiology of Risk Factor Clustering in Elevated Blood Pressure | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-011-5022-4_37

  A tendency for hypertension to cluster with other risk factors has long been noted in the Framingham Heart Study and elsewhere. […] Many of the risk factors that tend to cluster with elevated blood pressure also predict its occurrence and greatly influence its impact on the occurrence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular sequelae. […] The population prevalence of risk factor clustering in the presence of hypertension has not been determined. Nor has it been estimated how often coronary events result from hypertension occurring in conjunction with such risk factor clusters.

• #50 Blood pressure and heart failure | Clinical Hypertension | Full Text

  https://clinicalhypertension.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40885-019-0132-x

  Furthermore, the population-attributable risks of HF were 39 and 59% for the male and female participants, respectively, and the risk was even higher for the older individuals, with HF being attributable to elevated BP in up to 68% of the patients. […] Chronic HTN causes structural and functional changes in the heart that ultimately lead to HF, which further increases mortality and morbidity. […] The prevalence of HTN as an HF etiology varies geographically and temporally. The findings from the Korean Heart Failure (KorHF) study, which recruited 3200 patients with HF from 2004 to 2009, showed that 36.7% of the patients had hypertensive HF. […] More recently, the findings from the Korean Acute Heart Failure (KorAHF) study, which enrolled 5625 patients from 2011 to 2014, showed that only 4% of the patients had HF caused by HTN.

• #51

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10654-022-00914-0

  Establishing whether hypertension and elevated blood pressure increases the risk of atrial fibrillation would be important from a preventive point of view as it is a risk factor that could be modified by diet, physical activity, weight control and pharmaceutical drugs. […] This meta-analysis of cohort studies suggests that persons with hypertension have a 50% increase in the relative risk of developing atrial fibrillation compared to persons without hypertension. […] There was a 19% increase in the relative risk of atrial fibrillation per 20 mmHg increase in systolic blood pressure and 6% increase in relative risk per 10 mmHg of diastolic blood pressure. […] Our findings have important clinical and public health implications as the number of people with hypertension worldwide increased from 594 million in 1975 to 1.13 billion in 2015, mainly due to population growth and ageing, but also due to lifestyle factors. […] This increase in the number of people with hypertension may at least have partly contributed to increased rates of atrial fibrillation.

• #52 Chapter 1. Epidemiology of hypertension | Hypertension Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/hr20144

  According to EPOCH-JAPAN, high blood pressure exceeding optimal values explained 50% of all cardiovascular disease deaths, 52% of stroke deaths and 59% of deaths from coronary heart disease. […] Hypertension increases the risk for chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. […] A meta-analysis involving 13 cohorts in Japan (total: 180000 persons; EPOCH-JAPAN) revealed that the total mortality risk elevated with an increase in blood pressure in both men and women aged 4089 years. […] It was estimated that high blood pressure exceeding optimal values could be attributed to 20% of all-cause deaths. […] According to NIPPON DATA80, the average hypertension-related shortening of life expectancy was 2.2 and 2.9 years in men and women, respectively. […] More than half of high blood pressure-related excessive cardiovascular mortality/morbidity events occurred in people with mildly high blood pressure (grade I hypertension or lower). […] The National Health-Promotion Project in the 21st Century (Health Japan 21 (II)), which was announced by the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare in 2012, targets a decrease in average systolic blood pressure in Japan by 4mmHg (men: 138 134mmHg, women: 133 129mmHg) within 10 years (before 2022).

• #53 Secondary Hypertension: Discovering the Underlying Cause | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1001/p453.html

  Renovascular hypertension is a common, potentially reversible cause of secondary hypertension. Although it may contribute to only 1% of mild hypertension cases, it accounts for 10% to 45% of severe or malignant hypertension cases in white patients. […] Hypertension can be a major cause of renal failure in older adults, which in turn leads to worsening hypertension. Secondary hypertension in these cases is suggested by an elevated serum creatinine level or proteinuria on urinalysis. Renal parenchymal disease is the most common cause of hypertension in preadolescent children. […] Once thought to be rare, primary hyperaldosteronism is now considered one of the more common causes of secondary hypertension. […] OSA is a leading treatable cause of secondary hypertension. OSA is common in men 40 to 59 years of age who are obese and who snore, leading to apneic episodes.

• #54 Evaluation of the Hypertension Surveillance System at Pilot Hypertension Prevention and Control Health Facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2022 | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.15.24314484v1.full-text

  Hypertension prevalence is higher in older adults, adults with lower family income, those with lower education, those with diabetes, those with obesity, and those with a disability than in their counterparts. […] The costs of HTN increase year to year. […] Bringing down HTN reduces heart attacks, strokes, renal damage, and other health issues. […] To prevent the impact of HTN, the World Health Organization (WHO) initiated the HTN prevention and control project, which is an extension of the existing WHO Package of Essential Noncommunicable Disease (WHO-PEN) interventions and HEARTS strategies. […] The evaluation of a surveillance system promotes the best use of data collection resources and ensures that systems operate effectively. […] Therefore, evaluating the HTN surveillance system is important for assessing the strength and achievement of the system which is used to scale up the system to other primary health care facilities in the country.

• #55

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension

  The number of adults with hypertension increased from 594 million in 1975 to 1.13 billion in 2015, with the increase seen largely in low- and middle-income countries. This increase is due mainly to a rise in hypertension risk factors in those populations. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) supports countries to reduce hypertension as a public health problem. […] In 2021, WHO released a new guideline for on the pharmacological treatment of hypertension in adults. […] To support governments in strengthening the prevention and control of cardiovascular disease, WHO and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S. CDC) launched the Global Hearts Initiative in September 2016, which includes the HEARTS technical package. […] Since implementation of the programme in 2017 in 31 countries low- and middle-income countries, 7.5 million people have been put on protocol-based hypertension treatment through person-centred models of care.

• #56

  https://www.who.int/news/item/19-09-2023-first-who-report-details-devastating-impact-of-hypertension-and-ways-to-stop-it

  Effective community- and country-wide blood pressure management can be achieved in countries of all income levels. […] The report underscores the importance of implementing WHO-recommended effective hypertension care to save lives. […] Every hour, more than 1 000 people die from strokes and heart attacks. Most of these deaths are caused by high blood pressure, and most could have been prevented.

• #57 Blood Pressure Control | Million Hearts®

  https://millionhearts.hhs.gov/about-million-hearts/optimizing-care/bp-control.html

  High blood pressure, also known as hypertension, affects men and women of all races, ethnicities, and age groups throughout the U.S.. An estimated 47% of U.S. adults (116 million) have high blood pressure, using criteria from the 2017 clinical guideline from the American College of Cardiology (ACC), the American Heart Association (AHA), and other organizations, which defines high blood pressure as systolic blood pressure 130 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure 80 mmHg.1,2 […] Of people with high blood pressure who are recommended to be on antihypertensive medications and make lifestyle modifications, 74% (68 million) do not have their blood pressure under control. Uncontrolled blood pressure is a leading cause of heart attack, stroke, heart failure, dementia, and kidney disease. […] The prevalence of hypertension is higher in non-Hispanic Black persons than non-Hispanic White persons or persons of Hispanic origin. Moreover, non-Hispanic Black persons develop hypertension at younger ages than non-Hispanic White persons.6 Death rates from CVD linked to high blood pressure are increasing for people aged 35-64 in the majority of U.S. counties, and are highest among non-Hispanic Black persons.7 Additionally, people living in communities with a low socioeconomic status or without health insurance are less likely to have controlled high blood pressure than their counterparts.8.9

• #58 Evaluation of the Hypertension Surveillance System at Pilot Hypertension Prevention and Control Health Facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2022 | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.15.24314484v1.full-text

  The main focus of the program is the prevention and management of HTN at the primary health care level through the standardization of protocols, capacity building of staff and robust monitoring of outcomes. […] The population under surveillance was all adults aged 30 years and older. […] The system needs trained health workers, drugs, medical equipment, laboratory services, internet connections, android phones, etc. […] The evaluation showed that the system was useful for detecting morbidity but poor for detecting mortality. […] The system had good simplicity, satisfactory data quality, good acceptability and good stability but poor representativeness, low predictive positive value and no flexibility.

• #59

  https://www.who.int/news/item/19-09-2023-first-who-report-details-devastating-impact-of-hypertension-and-ways-to-stop-it

  The prevention, early detection and effective management of hypertension are among the most cost-effective interventions in health care and should be prioritized by countries as part of their national health benefit package offered at a primary care level. […] An increase in the number of patients effectively treated for hypertension to levels observed in high-performing countries could prevent 76 million deaths, 120 million strokes, 79 million heart attacks, and 17 million cases of heart failure between now and 2050. […] Most heart attacks and strokes in the world today can be prevented with affordable, safe, accessible medicines and other interventions, such as sodium reduction. […] Hypertension can easily be treated with safe, widely available, low-cost generic medications using programmes such as HEARTS.

• #60 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Optimal Systolic Blood Pressure for the Prevention of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in Older Adults With Hypertension: Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2024/1/e52182

  Our study provides empirical evidence for the optimal SBP level of older adults with hypertension in Korea to reduce all-cause and CVD mortality rates. […] The estimated risk for all-cause and CVD mortalities increased for every 10 mm Hg increase in SBP above 140 mm Hg, compared to within the 130-139 mm Hg range, regardless of age group, although the impact of SBP on mortality was slightly higher in individuals aged 65-74 years. […] Our retrospective cohort study using national data showed that SBP within the range of 120-139 mm Hg was associated with the lowest risk of CVD and all-cause mortality in older Korean adults with hypertension; therefore, SBP should be controlled within this range in this cohort.

• #61 Global epidemiology, health burden and effective interventions for elevated blood pressure and hypertension

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8162166/

  Scaling up treatment coverage and improving its effectiveness can substantially reduce the health burden of hypertension. […] The global age-standardized mean SBP in 2015 among men 18 years of age was 127.0mmHg, largely unchanged since 1975. […] The age-standardized prevalence of raised blood pressure declined globally in both sexes, from 29.5% to 24.1% among men and from 26.1% to 20.1% among women. […] The changing association of mean SBP and DBP with GDP and urbanization indicates that hypertension is not a disease of affluence but one of poverty at the global level. […] The COVID-19 pandemic might also affect social networks and interactions, physical activity, smoking, mental stress, alcohol use and diet, all of which influence hypertension directly or indirectly. […] This Review demonstrates that hypertension has always been present in low-income populations throughout the world to varying degrees.

• #62 Evaluation of the Hypertension Surveillance System at Pilot Hypertension Prevention and Control Health Facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2022 | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.15.24314484v1.full-text

  Hypertension is a major cause of premature death worldwide. […] Evaluating a surveillance system promotes the best use of data collection resources and ensures that systems operate effectively. […] Ethiopian hypertension control initiatives were recently launched (2019) and implemented in limited health facilities. […] In Ethiopia, the prevalence of HTN ranges from 7% to 37%. […] According to THE Ethiopia Noncommunicable Disease (NCD) 2015 step survey, the prevalence of increased blood pressure, i.e., systolic blood pressure (SBP) 140 and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) 90 mmHg, was 15.8%. […] The burden of hypertension (HTN) is felt disproportionately in low- and middle-income countries, where two-thirds of cases occur, largely due to the increase in risk factors in these populations in recent decades.

• #63 ESC Guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension

  https://www.escardio.org/Guidelines/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/Elevated-Blood-Pressure-and-Hypertension

  The current guidelines support healthcare professionals with the diagnosis and management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension. […] This 2024 guideline, developed by a multidisciplinary Task Force, updates the 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines on the management of arterial hypertension, using the most robust contemporary evidence. […] The new updated guideline provides a new simplified classification of blood pressure and outlines processes for the diagnosis, evaluation, and management of individuals with elevated blood pressure and hypertension.

• #64 Healthcare | Special Issue : Global Epidemiology for Blood Pressure and Hypertension

  https://www.mdpi.com/si/232293

  This Special Issue will examine the main risk factors associated with hypertension, such as lifestyle, socioeconomic, environmental, and genetic factors, as well as their interactions. […] This Special Issue will also draw attention to regional and cultural variations in the epidemiology of hypertension, taking into account factors such as cultural customs, physical activity, nutrition, and access to healthcare. […] Last but not least, this Special Issue will address new findings, creative approaches, and potential paths forward in the study of blood pressure and hypertension, highlighting the need for international cooperation and the exchange of data to expand knowledge and enhance results.

• #65 Long-Term Systolic Blood Pressure Time in Target Range and Cardiovascular Disease in Individuals With Hypertension | Lund University Publications

  https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/publication/54d0aa72-bae1-4e75-8742-16d354901182

  BACKGROUND: Previous post hoc analyses of clinical trials have suggested that a higher percentage of systolic blood pressure time in target range (SBP-TTR) was associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, there is limited evidence from large prospective cohort studies on the relationship between long-term SBP-TTR and the risk of CVD. […] OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the association between long-term SBP-TTR and the risk of CVD in adults with hypertension. […] RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 8.6 years, 2,565 CVD, including 472 myocardial infarction and 2,151 stroke cases were documented. Comparing the high SBP-TTR (75%-100%) with the low SBP-TTR (0%-25%) group, the multivariable HRs were 0.67 (95% CI: 0.59-0.76) for CVD, 0.76 (95% CI: 0.56-1.02) for myocardial infarction, and 0.64 (95% CI: 0.56-0.74) for stroke. […] CONCLUSIONS: A greater percentage of SBP-TTR was associated with a lower risk of CVD among patients with hypertension. These findings underscore the importance of maintaining SBP within the target range for the prevention of CVD among hypertensive individuals.

• #66 Population-Based Assessment of Hypertension Epidemiology and Risk Factors among HIV-Positive and General Populations in Rural Uganda | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0156309

  The burden of hypertension is substantial and inadequately controlled, both in HIV-positive persons and overall. Universal HIV screening programs could provide counseling, testing, and treatment for hypertension in Sub-Saharan Africa. […] Hypertension (HTN) is the leading risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular mortality worldwide, and is thought to be responsible for 45% of deaths due to heart disease and 51% of deaths due to stroke in 2013. The age-adjusted adult prevalence of HTN in Sub-Saharan Africa is the highest in the world at approximately 46%. The World Health Organization (WHO) projects that non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as HTN, will cause 50% of total mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2015, and 61% by 2030. […] We report a 14% overall adult prevalence of HTN in a large Ugandan population sample. We also found low awareness of HTN (21%), infrequent use of anti-hypertensive medication (15%), and suboptimal levels of blood pressure control in persons on medication (50% of users; 7% of all persons with HTN).

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