Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension

  An estimated 1.28 billion adults aged 30-79 years worldwide have hypertension, most (two-thirds) living in low- and middle-income countries. […] Hypertension is a major cause of premature death worldwide. […] Things that increase the risk of having high blood pressure include: older age, genetics, being overweight or obese, not being physically active, high-salt diet, drinking too much alcohol. […] Modifiable risk factors include unhealthy diets (excessive salt consumption, a diet high in saturated fat and trans fats, low intake of fruits and vegetables), physical inactivity, consumption of tobacco and alcohol, and being overweight or obese. […] In addition, there are environmental risk factors for hypertension and associated diseases, where air pollution is the most significant. […] Non-modifiable risk factors include a family history of hypertension, age over 65 years and co-existing diseases such as diabetes or kidney disease.

• #1 Hypertension: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/241381-overview

  High blood pressure (BP), or hypertension, is defined by two levels by the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guidelines: (1) elevated BP, with a systolic pressure (SBP) between 120 and 129 mm Hg and diastolic pressure (DBP) less than 80 mm Hg, and (2) stage 1 hypertension, with an SBP of 130 to 139 mm Hg or a DBP of 80 to 89 mm Hg. […] Hypertension may be primary, which may develop as a result of a variety of environmental or genetic causes, or it may be secondary to renal, vascular, and endocrine causes. Primary or essential hypertension accounts for 90-95% of adult cases, and secondary hypertension accounts for 2-10% of adult cases. […] Hypertension can be primary, which may develop as a result of environmental or genetic causes, or secondary, which has multiple etiologies, including renal, vascular, and endocrine causes. Primary or essential hypertension accounts for 90-95% of adult cases, and a small percentage of patients (2-10%) have a secondary cause.

• #1 High blood pressure (hypertension) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/symptoms-causes/syc-20373410

  High blood pressure is a common condition that affects the body’s arteries. It’s also called hypertension. If you have high blood pressure, the force of the blood pushing against the artery walls is consistently too high. The heart has to work harder to pump blood. […] Blood pressure is determined by two things: the amount of blood the heart pumps and how hard it is for the blood to move through the arteries. The more blood the heart pumps and the narrower the arteries, the higher the blood pressure. […] For most adults, there’s no identifiable cause of high blood pressure. This type of high blood pressure is called primary hypertension or essential hypertension. It tends to develop gradually over many years. Plaque buildup in the arteries, called atherosclerosis, increases the risk of high blood pressure.

• #1 Essential Hypertension – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539859/

  Most cases of hypertension are idiopathic, which is also known as essential hypertension. It has long been suggested that an increase in salt intake increases the risk of developing hypertension. One of the described factors for the development of essential hypertension is the patient’s genetic ability to salt response. About 50% to 60% of the patients are salt sensitive and therefore tend to develop hypertension. […] There are various mechanisms described for the development of hypertension, which include increased salt absorption resulting in volume expansion, an impaired response of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and increased activation of the sympathetic nervous system. These changes lead to the development of increased total peripheral resistance and increased afterload, which in turn leads to the development of hypertension.

• #1 High Blood Pressure – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/high-blood-pressure/causes

  Many factors raise your risk of high blood pressure. […] Blood pressure tends to rise with age. […] High blood pressure often runs in families. […] Some people have a high sensitivity to salt in their diet, which can play a role in high blood pressure. […] Lifestyle habits can increase the risk of high blood pressure, including if you eat unhealthy foods often, especially foods that are high in salt and low in potassium. […] Some medicines can make it harder for your body to control your blood pressure. […] Other medical conditions change the way your body controls fluids, sodium, and hormones in your blood. […] High blood pressure is more common in Black adults than in White, Hispanic, or Asian adults. […] Men are more likely than women to develop high blood pressure throughout middle age. […] Research shows that factors such as income, education level, where you live, and the type of job you have, as well as stressors on the job may raise your risk of high blood pressure. […] Experiencing discrimination and poverty has been linked to high blood pressure.

• #1 High blood pressure: Why me? – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/high-blood-pressure-why-me-201605029288

  People diagnosed with hypertension are often baffled, and many ask, Why me? […] Last, knowing the cause of disease is helpful. In reality we rarely find just one cause for anyones hypertension. There are almost always multiple factors at work. Some causes cant be prevented, like genetics and age. High blood pressure often runs in families. Genetic risk is complex, probably resulting from a combination of harmful mutations in risk genes and silencing of protective genes. […] With aging comes a universal increase in systolic blood pressure (the top number) and in the risk for heart disease. […] The Framingham Heart Study followed a subset of 1,300 participants ages 55 to 65 who did not have hypertension at baseline. Their remarkable finding: the lifetime risk of developing hypertension was 90%. […] So instead of being surprised if you are diagnosed with hypertension, it is actually more logical to be amazed if you never develop it.

• #1 High Blood Pressure: Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4314-hypertension-high-blood-pressure

  Researchers believe genes play a role in high blood pressure. If one or more of your close biological family members have high blood pressure, you have an increased risk of developing it, too. […] Risk factors that make you more likely to have high blood pressure include having biological family members with high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease or diabetes, being over age 55, being Black, having certain medical conditions, including chronic kidney disease, metabolic syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea or thyroid disease, having overweight or obesity, not getting enough exercise, eating foods high in sodium, smoking or using tobacco products, and drinking too much. […] Primary and secondary high blood pressure (hypertension) can co-exist. For example, a new secondary cause can make blood pressure that’s already high get even higher.

• #1 Hypertension – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertension

  High blood pressure is classified as primary (essential) hypertension or secondary hypertension. About 90-95% of cases are primary, defined as high blood pressure due to nonspecific lifestyle and genetic factors. Lifestyle factors that increase the risk include excess salt in the diet, excess body weight, smoking, physical inactivity and alcohol use. The remaining 5-10% of cases are categorized as secondary hypertension, defined as high blood pressure due to a clearly identifiable cause, such as chronic kidney disease, narrowing of the kidney arteries, an endocrine disorder, or the use of birth control pills. […] Primary (also termed essential) hypertension results from a complex interaction of genes and environmental factors. More than 2000 common genetic variants with small effects on blood pressure have been identified in association with high blood pressure, as well as some rare genetic variants with large effects on blood pressure. There is also evidence that DNA methylation at multiple nearby CpG sites may link some sequence variation to blood pressure, possibly via effects on vascular or renal function.

• #1 Causes of High Blood Pressure (and How to Overcome Them)

  https://www.healthline.com/health/high-blood-pressure-hypertension/causes-of-high-blood-pressure

  A 2020 literature review estimated that obesity accounted for 65% to 78% of cases of primary hypertension. […] Being overweight or having obesity can cause you to develop high blood pressure. It can also worsen hypertension if you already have it. […] Eating less sodium can help you lower your blood pressure. […] Heavy alcohol consumption can harm your overall health, including your cardiovascular health. It can contribute to or worsen hypertension. […] Some medications can increase your blood pressure. […] Hypertension that develops during pregnancy is called gestational hypertension. […] High blood pressure typically becomes more of a concern as you age. […] If your parents have high blood pressure, you’re more likely to develop it. Hypertension tends to run in families. This may be due to family members sharing similar habits, like exercise and diet. […] Genetic factors may contribute to 30% to 60% of cases of irregular blood pressure.

• #1 Causes of High Blood Pressure – Risk Factors: Weight, Diet, Age, Lifestyle

  https://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/blood-pressure-causes

  Several things may play a role in causing high blood pressure. Depending on what is causing your high blood pressure, your doctor will determine which type of hypertension you have: primary (or essential) or secondary. You can have one or both types. […] When there isn’t an obvious cause of high blood pressure, it is called primary (or essential) hypertension. In the U.S., 19 out of 20 people with high blood pressure have this type of hypertension. It often takes many years to develop. […] Essential hypertension has been linked to certain risk factors in your diet and lifestyle. For example, eating a lot of salt can cause your blood pressure to rise. Many people with this condition are sensitive to salt, so even eating a small amount can trigger a spike in blood pressure. […] Other risk factors that can raise the risk of having essential hypertension include: Not getting enough exercise, Drinking too much alcohol, Having a family member with high blood pressure, Getting older (especially after 65 years of age), Obesity, Diabetes, Stress, Insufficient intake of potassium, calcium, and magnesium, Lack of physical activity, Chronic alcohol consumption.

• #1 Know Your Risk Factors for High Blood Pressure | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/know-your-risk-factors-for-high-blood-pressure

  You can change these risk factors to help prevent and manage high blood pressure: Lack of physical activity: Not getting enough physical activity increases your risk of getting high blood pressure. […] An unhealthy diet, especially one high in sodium: You need good nutrition from many sources for good health. Making healthy food choices can help lower blood pressure. […] Being overweight or obese: Too much weight puts an extra strain on your heart and circulatory system. This can cause serious health problems and increases your risk for: Cardiovascular disease, Diabetes, High blood pressure. […] Drinking too much alcohol: Regular, heavy use of alcohol can cause many health problems. […] Sleep apnea: Obstructive sleep apnea may increase the risk of developing high blood pressure. […] High cholesterol: More than half of the people with high blood pressure also have high cholesterol.

• #1 Risk Factors for High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/risk-factors-for-high-blood-pressure-hypertension

  Being overweight or obese. The more you weigh the more blood flow you need to supply oxygen and nutrients to your tissues. As the volume of blood circulated through your blood vessels increases, so does the pressure inside your arteries. […] Too much salt (sodium) in your diet. Too much sodium in your diet can cause your body to retain fluid, and also causes the arteries in your body to constrict. Both factors increase blood pressure. […] Too little potassium in your diet. Potassium helps balance the amount of sodium in your cells. Potassium causes the smooth muscle cells in your arteries to relax, which lowers blood pressure. […] Not being physically active. Exercise increases blood flow through all arteries of the body, which leads to release of natural hormones and cytokines that relax blood vessels, which in turn lowers blood pressure. Lack of physical activity also increases the risk of being overweight.

• #1 High Blood Pressure (Hypertension): Causes and Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/high-blood-pressure-hypertension

  You may be more likely to have high blood pressure due to your genetics, age, and whether you have certain health conditions. […] A combination of factors typically play a role in the development of essential hypertension: […] Some people are genetically predisposed to hypertension. This may be from gene mutations or inherited from your parents. […] People over 65 years old are more at risk for hypertension. […] Black people have a higher incidence of hypertension in the United States. […] Living with obesity can lead to a few cardiovascular issues, including hypertension. […] Research shows that even one drink per day can increase your risk of hypertension, with higher alcohol consumption further increasing your risk. […] Sedentary behaviors have links to several cardiovascular issues, including hypertension.

• #1 Hypertension Causes | What Causes High Blood Pressure?

  https://www.nationaljewish.org/conditions/hypertension/causes

  What Causes High Blood Pressure? The exact cause of hypertension to is not known, but there are a number of factors that increase the risk of developing hypertension. […] Risk factors for Hypertension include: Age As people get older, the arteries can stiffen up and narrow as plaque builds up. […] Alcohol Consumed regularly in large amounts, alcohol can increase blood pressure. Even normal amounts of alcohol can raise blood pressure. […] Tobacco Smoking can increase blood pressure. Giving up smoking is important for your health. […] Diet To prevent fatty tissue buildup and becoming overweight, avoid eating processed and fatty foods and adopt a healthy diet. […] Ethnicity People who are African American, American Indian/native Alaskan, Asian, native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islanders have a significantly greater chance of developing hypertension than people who are Caucasian or Hispanic.

• #1 Hypertension: What Causes High Blood Pressure and How to Treat It > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/what-causes-high-blood-pressure

  Many of our doctor visits begin with a routine blood pressure reading, something you might not pay much attention to if your levels are normal. […] But 48% of Americans have high blood pressure, also known as hypertension, and managing the condition is important because untreated hypertension increases the risk of stroke, vascular dementia, heart attack, and congestive heart failure, among other problems, says Erica Spatz, MD, MHS, director of the Yale Medicine Preventive Cardiovascular Health Program. […] High blood pressure increases in prevalence with age, and genetics also play a role, Dr. Spatz says. Other factors that contribute to hypertension include sleep, stress, diet, physical activity, and psychological factors, such as a history of depression or anxiety, loneliness, and discrimination, adds Allison Gaffey, PhD, a Yale Medicine psychologist who specializes in cardiology. […] Over time, chronic stress can elevate your hormone levels, including the hormone cortisol, which raises blood pressure, Gaffey explains. […] High blood pressure, or hypertension, is a condition that increases the force of blood against the artery walls.

• #1

  https://www.prevention.com/health/a30915774/what-causes-high-blood-pressure/

  Additionally, a diet heavy in processed foods can cause weight gain, and when people are overweight, the body has to pump blood to more tissue, which can increase blood pressure, says Dr. Philips. We see an extremely large amount of high blood pressure in obese patients. […] Being sedentary leads to elevated blood pressure, both indirectly and directly, says Dr. Beniaminovitz. Sedentary people tend to be overweight or obese, and, as mentioned above, weight is one of the main driving causes of high blood pressure. […] From an evolutionary standpoint, stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline are released into the blood to help us escape danger (to fight or flee)they increase heart rate, elevate blood pressure, constrict blood vessels, and enlarge our pupils to help us think and move fast, explains Dr. Beniaminovitz.

• #1 High Blood Pressure Risk Factors | High Blood Pressure | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/high-blood-pressure/risk-factors/index.html

  Drinking too much alcohol can raise your blood pressure. […] Tobacco use increases your risk for high blood pressure. […] High blood pressure can run in a family, and your risk for high blood pressure can increase based on your age and your race or ethnicity. […] Genes likely play some role in high blood pressure, heart disease, and other related conditions. […] The risk for high blood pressure can increase even more when heredity combines with unhealthy lifestyle choices, such as smoking and eating an unhealthy diet. […] Because your blood pressure tends to rise as you get older, your risk for high blood pressure increases with age. […] Black people develop high blood pressure more often than white people, Hispanics, Asians, Pacific Islanders, American Indians, or Alaska Natives do.

• #1 Your Guide to Understanding High Blood Pressure

  https://www.aarp.org/health/conditions-treatments/info-2024/high-blood-pressure-symptoms-and-causes.html

  A staggering three-quarters of Americans over age 60 have high blood pressure, otherwise known as hypertension, putting them at increased risk for stroke, heart attack and heart failure. […] The main cause of high blood pressure is aging blood vessels, said Jordana Cohen, MD, MSCE, Associate Professor of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. […] Blood vessels tend to stiffen with age and becomes less flexible, which can drive up the pressure inside them. […] Research suggests that this could be related to their lower consumption of salt, and the fact that they eat a lot of potassium, Cohen said. […] Hypertension prevalence across all ages is higher among non-Hispanic Black adults (57.1 percent) than non-Hispanic white (43.6 percent) or Hispanic (43.7 percent) adults.

• #1 High blood pressure: What is high, symptoms, causes, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/159283

  High blood pressure is more likely during pregnancy due to hormonal changes. Hypertension is also a symptom of preeclampsia, a potentially severe placental disorder. […] Black Americans are 40% more likely to have hypertension and 30% more likely to die of heart disease than white Americans, studies show.

• #1 Know Your Risk Factors for High Blood Pressure | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/know-your-risk-factors-for-high-blood-pressure

  Many factors can increase your risk of getting high blood pressure. […] A number of factors can put you at a greater risk for getting high blood pressure, also known as hypertension. […] Common inherited and physical risk factors for high blood pressure include: Family history: If your parents or other close blood relatives have high blood pressure, you have an increased chance of getting it, too. […] Age: As you get older, you are more likely to get high blood pressure. […] Gender: Until age 64, men are more likely than women to get high blood pressure. At 65 and older, women are more likely to get high blood pressure. […] Race: Certain racial and ethnic groups, such as Black, Hispanic and Asian adults, particularly males, have higher rates of high blood pressure. […] Chronic kidney disease: High blood pressure may be caused by kidney disease. Having high blood pressure also may cause kidney damage.

• #1 Secondary Hypertension: Discovering the Underlying Cause | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1001/p453.html

  Most patients with hypertension have no clear etiology and are classified as having primary hypertension. However, 5% to 10% of these patients may have secondary hypertension, which indicates an underlying and potentially reversible cause. […] The most common causes in children are renal parenchymal disease and coarctation of the aorta. In adults 65 years and older, atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis, renal failure, and hypothyroidism are common causes. […] Other underlying causes of secondary hypertension include hyperaldosteronism, obstructive sleep apnea, pheochromocytoma, Cushing syndrome, thyroid disease, coarctation of the aorta, and use of certain medications. […] Secondary hypertension is a type of hypertension with an underlying and potentially reversible cause. It makes up only a small fraction (5% to 10%) of hypertensive cases.

• #1 High blood pressure (hypertension) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/symptoms-causes/syc-20373410

  This type of high blood pressure is caused by an underlying condition. It tends to appear suddenly and cause higher blood pressure than does primary hypertension. Conditions and medicines that can lead to secondary hypertension include: Adrenal gland tumors, Blood vessel problems present at birth, also called congenital heart defects, Cough and cold medicines, some pain relievers, birth control pills, and other prescription drugs, Illegal drugs, such as cocaine and amphetamines, Kidney disease, Obstructive sleep apnea, Thyroid problems.

• #1 Hypertension: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/241381-overview

  Secondary causes of hypertension related to single genes are very rare. They include Liddle syndrome, glucocorticoid-remediable hyperaldosteronism, 11 beta-hydroxylase and 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiencies, syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess, and pseudohypoaldosteronism type II. […] Renal causes (2.5-6%) of hypertension include the renal parenchymal diseases and renal vascular diseases, as follows: Polycystic kidney disease, Chronic kidney disease, Urinary tract obstruction, Renin-producing tumor, Liddle syndrome, Nephritic syndrome/glomerulonephritis. […] Renovascular hypertension (RVHT) causes 0.2-4% of cases of hypertension. […] Endocrine causes may account for the largest proportion of secondary hypertension (10-20%) and include exogenous or endogenous hormonal imbalances. Exogenous causes include administration of steroids. Primary hyperaldosteronism is the most common endogenous hormone abnormality causing hypertension.

• #1 Secondary Hypertension: Discovering the Underlying Cause | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1001/p453.html

  Likely etiologies of secondary hypertension are different in children compared with adults. […] Across all adult ages, renovascular hypertension, renal disease, aldosteronism, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) represent the most common causes of secondary hypertension. […] Renovascular hypertension is a common, potentially reversible cause of secondary hypertension. […] Renal parenchymal disease is the most common cause of hypertension in preadolescent children. […] Once thought to be rare, primary hyperaldosteronism is now considered one of the more common causes of secondary hypertension. […] OSA is a leading treatable cause of secondary hypertension. […] Pheochromocytoma should be suspected when there are paroxysmal elevations in blood pressure. […] Cushing syndrome has classical features of moon facies, central obesity, proximal muscle weakness, and ecchy-mosis.

• #1 Hypertension: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/241381-overview

  Another common endocrine cause of hypertension is oral contraceptive use, likely due to activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). […] Neurogenic causes include the following: Brain tumor, Autonomic dysfunction, Sleep apnea, Intracranial hypertension. […] Drugs and toxins that cause hypertension include the following: Alcohol, Cocaine, Cyclosporine, tacrolimus, NSAIDs, Erythropoietin, Adrenergic medications, Decongestants containing ephedrine, Herbal remedies and candy that contain licorice (including licorice root) or ephedrine (and ephedra), Nicotine. […] Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common but frequently undiagnosed sleep-related breathing disorder defined as an average of at least five apneic and hypopneic episodes per sleep hour, with associated symptoms, including excessive daytime sleepiness. […] The most common hypertensive emergency is a rapid unexplained rise in BP in patients with chronic essential hypertension. Most patients who develop hypertensive emergencies have a history of inadequate hypertensive treatment or an abrupt discontinuation of their medications.

• #1 Secondary Hypertension: Discovering the Underlying Cause | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1001/p453.html

  Coarctation of the aorta is a common cause of secondary hypertension in children, especially males, but may not be detected until adulthood because it is often asymptomatic. […] Hypothyroidism can cause an elevation in diastolic blood pressure, whereas hyperthyroidism can cause an elevation of systolic blood pressure, leading to a widened pulse pressure. […] Several chemotherapeutic agents can cause secondary hypertension and kidney injury. […] Oral contraceptives can raise blood pressure within the normal range but can also cause secondary hypertension.

• #1 High Blood Pressure That’s Hard to Treat | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/the-facts-about-high-blood-pressure/resistant-hypertension–high-blood-pressure-thats-hard-to-treat

  Resistant hypertension is high blood pressure that doesn’t respond to treatment. […] Your health care professional will look for possible causes of your resistant hypertension. […] Resistant hypertension may be caused by one or more medical conditions. Health care professionals typically look for possible causes such as: Problems with hormones that control blood pressure, Plaque in the blood vessels that feed the kidneys, Sleep problems, such as sleep apnea, Obesity, Heavy use of alcohol, Prescription or nonprescription medications that can elevate blood pressure.

• #1 Causes of High Blood Pressure – Risk Factors: Weight, Diet, Age, Lifestyle

  https://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/blood-pressure-causes

  When a direct cause for high blood pressure can be identified, the condition is described as secondary hypertension. This type of high blood pressure is caused by a different health condition. It is usually more sudden and severe than essential hypertension. Some causes include: Kidney disease. This is the most common cause of secondary hypertension. […] Hypertension can also be triggered by tumors or other abnormalities of adrenal glands (small structures that sit atop the kidneys). Adrenal tumors or disorders can cause them to release too much of the hormones that elevate blood pressure. […] Too much or too little thyroid hormone can affect your blood pressure. […] Sometimes, hypertension suddenly appears or gets worse during pregnancy. When hypertension develops after 20 weeks of pregnancy, it is called preeclampsia.

• #1 High blood pressure: hypertension • Heart Research Institute

  https://www.hri.org.au/health/learn/risk-factors/high-blood-pressure

  Generally there is no single cause of high blood pressure, although there are several linked risk factors. […] High blood pressure can cause damage to important organs in the body, such as the brain and kidneys. […] High blood pressure damages the arteries, which can decrease the amount of blood supplied to the heart. […] High blood pressure places strain on the heart, which over time can cause the heart muscle to weaken and work less effectively. […] Preeclampsia is a serious condition where high blood pressure develops during pregnancy, affecting both the mother and unborn baby. […] If untreated, preeclampsia can lead to serious complications, such as convulsions, kidney or liver failure, and blood clotting problems. […] The body needs a small amount of sodium (found in salt and other sources) for good health. When there is more sodium than needed, the body holds onto water to dilute the sodium levels. This increases the amount of fluid surrounding the body’s cells as well as the volume of blood in the circulatory system, which places extra pressure on the blood vessel walls and leads to high blood pressure.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/hypertension

  Hypertension, also known as high or raised blood pressure, is a condition in which the blood vessels have persistently raised pressure. […] Hypertension is a serious medical condition and can increase the risk of heart, brain, kidney and other diseases. […] The burden of hypertension is felt disproportionately in low- and middle-income countries, where two thirds of cases are found, largely due to increased risk factors in those populations in recent decades. […] High blood pressure causes damage to the heart by hardening arteries and decreasing the flood of blood and oxygen to the heart. […] Reducing modifiable risk factors is the best way to prevent hypertension and associated diseases of the heart, brain, kidney and other organs. […] Additionally, prolonged exposure to air pollution increases the risk of hypertension in adults.

• #1 Hypertension: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/hypertension/

  More than 100 genetic variations have been associated with essential hypertension. While these variations have been found more commonly in people with essential hypertension than in unaffected individuals, none are common causes of the condition. […] Environmental factors also contribute to hypertension. In addition to race and age, activity level, alcohol consumption, and salt intake influence blood pressure. Other disorders, such as obesity, diabetes, and obstructive sleep apnea also increase the risk of developing hypertension. […] Researchers suspect epigenetic changes to the DNA also play a role in development of essential hypertension. Epigenetic changes modify DNA without changing the DNA sequence. They can affect gene activity and the production of proteins, which may influence blood pressure.

• #1 High blood pressure – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/high-blood-pressure/

  High blood pressure (also called hypertension) can lead to serious problems like heart attacks or strokes. […] Things that increase your chances of having high blood pressure include: […] your age you’re more likely to get high blood pressure as you get older […] having close relatives with high blood pressure […] your ethnicity you’re at higher risk if you have a Black African, Black Caribbean or South Asian ethnic background […] having an unhealthy diet especially a diet that’s high in salt […] being overweight […] smoking […] drinking too much alcohol […] feeling stressed over a long period. […] If your blood pressure is too high, it puts extra strain on your blood vessels, heart and other organs, such as your brain, kidneys and eyes. […] If it’s not treated, it can increase your risk of serious conditions such as:

• #1 High blood pressure: What is high, symptoms, causes, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/159283

  If a person has genetic factors that increase their susceptibility to high blood pressure, and they make lifestyle choices that increase this risk, they will likely have a greater chance of developing hypertension. […] Possible complications of high blood pressure include: stroke, heart disease, heart attack, heart failure, peripheral arterial disease, aortic aneurysm, kidney disease, vascular dementia. […] The risk factors for high blood pressure include the following: Age: The risk increases with age because the blood vessels become less flexible. Family history and genetic factors: People who have close family members with hypertension are more likely to develop it. Obesity and having excess weight: People with overweight or obesity are more likely to develop high blood pressure. Physical inactivity: A sedentary lifestyle increases the risk. Smoking: When people smoke, the blood vessels narrow, and blood pressure rises.

• #1 About High Blood Pressure | High Blood Pressure | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/high-blood-pressure/about/index.html

  High blood pressure (hypertension) is consistently at or above 130/80 mm Hg. […] High blood pressure typically has no signs or symptoms but can cause problems for your heart, brain, kidneys, and eyes. […] There are several causes of and risk factors for high blood pressure. […] High blood pressure usually develops over time. It can occur because of unhealthy lifestyle choices, such as not getting enough regular physical activity. […] Certain health conditions, such as diabetes and obesity, can also increase the risk for developing high blood pressure. […] High blood pressure can damage your health in many ways. It can seriously hurt important organs like your heart, brain, kidneys, and eyes. […] High blood pressure can damage your arteries by making them less elastic. […] High blood pressure can cause the arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the brain to burst or be blocked, causing a stroke. […] High blood pressure can cause heart valve disease, which is when any valve in the heart is damaged or diseased. […] Adults with diabetes, high blood pressure, or both have a higher risk of developing chronic kidney disease than those without these conditions.

• #1 What is High Blood Pressure? | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/the-facts-about-high-blood-pressure

  High blood pressure is also known as hypertension. It happens when the force of your blood pushing against the walls of your blood vessels is too high. High blood pressure can lead to other serious problems such as heart attack and stroke. […] When blood pressure is high for too long, it can damage the walls of blood vessels, causing them to develop tiny tears. To fix these damaged areas, the body sends special cells that stick to the site. Over time, substances such as cholesterol and fats may also build up at these damaged spots, forming plaque. […] Most of the time there are no obvious symptoms. Certain physical traits and lifestyle choices can raise your risk of high blood pressure. Untreated high blood pressure can cause heart attack, stroke and other health threats. […] It’s best to avoid high blood pressure altogether. Healthy lifestyle choices such as not smoking, eating a healthy diet and being physically active can help. If you have high blood pressure, work with your health care professional to control it. This may mean taking medications in addition to making healthy lifestyle changes.

• #1 High Blood Pressure: Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4314-hypertension-high-blood-pressure

  High blood pressure is when the force of blood pushing against your artery walls is consistently too high. This damages your arteries over time and can lead to serious complications like heart attack and stroke. Hypertension is another word for this common condition. […] Primary hypertension doesn’t have a single, clear cause. Usually, many factors come together to cause it. Common causes include unhealthy eating patterns (including a diet high in sodium), lack of physical activity, and high consumption of beverages containing alcohol. […] Secondary hypertension has at least one distinct cause that healthcare providers can identify. Common causes of secondary hypertension include certain medications, including immunosuppressants, NSAIDs and oral contraceptives (the pill), kidney disease, obstructive sleep apnea, primary aldosteronism (Conns syndrome), recreational drug use (including amphetamines and cocaine), renal vascular diseases, which are conditions that affect blood flow in your kidneys arteries and veins, and tobacco use (including smoking, vaping and using smokeless tobacco).

• #2 About High Blood Pressure | High Blood Pressure | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/high-blood-pressure/about/index.html

  High blood pressure (hypertension) is consistently at or above 130/80 mm Hg. […] High blood pressure typically has no signs or symptoms but can cause problems for your heart, brain, kidneys, and eyes. […] There are several causes of and risk factors for high blood pressure. […] High blood pressure usually develops over time. It can occur because of unhealthy lifestyle choices, such as not getting enough regular physical activity. […] Certain health conditions, such as diabetes and obesity, can also increase the risk for developing high blood pressure. […] High blood pressure can damage your health in many ways. It can seriously hurt important organs like your heart, brain, kidneys, and eyes. […] High blood pressure can damage your arteries by making them less elastic. […] High blood pressure can cause the arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the brain to burst or be blocked, causing a stroke. […] High blood pressure can cause heart valve disease, which is when any valve in the heart is damaged or diseased. […] Adults with diabetes, high blood pressure, or both have a higher risk of developing chronic kidney disease than those without these conditions.

• #2 Hypertension – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertension

  High blood pressure is classified as primary (essential) hypertension or secondary hypertension. About 90-95% of cases are primary, defined as high blood pressure due to nonspecific lifestyle and genetic factors. Lifestyle factors that increase the risk include excess salt in the diet, excess body weight, smoking, physical inactivity and alcohol use. The remaining 5-10% of cases are categorized as secondary hypertension, defined as high blood pressure due to a clearly identifiable cause, such as chronic kidney disease, narrowing of the kidney arteries, an endocrine disorder, or the use of birth control pills. […] Primary (also termed essential) hypertension results from a complex interaction of genes and environmental factors. More than 2000 common genetic variants with small effects on blood pressure have been identified in association with high blood pressure, as well as some rare genetic variants with large effects on blood pressure. There is also evidence that DNA methylation at multiple nearby CpG sites may link some sequence variation to blood pressure, possibly via effects on vascular or renal function.

• #2 High Blood Pressure: Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4314-hypertension-high-blood-pressure

  High blood pressure is when the force of blood pushing against your artery walls is consistently too high. This damages your arteries over time and can lead to serious complications like heart attack and stroke. Hypertension is another word for this common condition. […] Primary hypertension doesn’t have a single, clear cause. Usually, many factors come together to cause it. Common causes include unhealthy eating patterns (including a diet high in sodium), lack of physical activity, and high consumption of beverages containing alcohol. […] Secondary hypertension has at least one distinct cause that healthcare providers can identify. Common causes of secondary hypertension include certain medications, including immunosuppressants, NSAIDs and oral contraceptives (the pill), kidney disease, obstructive sleep apnea, primary aldosteronism (Conns syndrome), recreational drug use (including amphetamines and cocaine), renal vascular diseases, which are conditions that affect blood flow in your kidneys arteries and veins, and tobacco use (including smoking, vaping and using smokeless tobacco).

• #2 Your Guide to Understanding High Blood Pressure

  https://www.aarp.org/health/conditions-treatments/info-2024/high-blood-pressure-symptoms-and-causes.html

  A staggering three-quarters of Americans over age 60 have high blood pressure, otherwise known as hypertension, putting them at increased risk for stroke, heart attack and heart failure. […] The main cause of high blood pressure is aging blood vessels, said Jordana Cohen, MD, MSCE, Associate Professor of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. […] Blood vessels tend to stiffen with age and becomes less flexible, which can drive up the pressure inside them. […] Research suggests that this could be related to their lower consumption of salt, and the fact that they eat a lot of potassium, Cohen said. […] Hypertension prevalence across all ages is higher among non-Hispanic Black adults (57.1 percent) than non-Hispanic white (43.6 percent) or Hispanic (43.7 percent) adults.

• #2 High Blood Pressure (Hypertension): Causes and Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/high-blood-pressure-hypertension

  You may be more likely to have high blood pressure due to your genetics, age, and whether you have certain health conditions. […] A combination of factors typically play a role in the development of essential hypertension: […] Some people are genetically predisposed to hypertension. This may be from gene mutations or inherited from your parents. […] People over 65 years old are more at risk for hypertension. […] Black people have a higher incidence of hypertension in the United States. […] Living with obesity can lead to a few cardiovascular issues, including hypertension. […] Research shows that even one drink per day can increase your risk of hypertension, with higher alcohol consumption further increasing your risk. […] Sedentary behaviors have links to several cardiovascular issues, including hypertension.

• #2 Risk Factors for High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/risk-factors-for-high-blood-pressure-hypertension

  Drinking too much alcohol. Having more than two drinks per day can cause hypertension, probably by activating your adrenergic nervous system, causing constriction of blood vessels and simultaneous increase in blood flow and heart rate. […] High levels of stress can lead to a temporary, but dramatic, increase in blood pressure. If you try to relax by eating more, using tobacco or drinking alcohol, you may only exacerbate problems with high blood pressure. Relaxation and meditation techniques effectively lower blood pressure. […] Certain chronic conditions, including diabetes, kidney disease and sleep apnea, also may increase your risk of high blood pressure. […] A diet low in vitamin D. It’s uncertain if having too little vitamin D in your diet can lead to high blood pressure. Researchers think that vitamin D may affect an enzyme produced by your kidneys that affects your blood pressure. More studies are necessary to determine vitamin D’s exact role in high blood pressure.

• #2 Hypertension – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertension

  Secondary hypertension results from an identifiable cause. Kidney disease is the most common secondary cause of hypertension. Hypertension can also be caused by endocrine conditions, such as Cushing’s syndrome, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, acromegaly, Conn’s syndrome or hyperaldosteronism, renal artery stenosis (from atherosclerosis or fibromuscular dysplasia), hyperparathyroidism, and pheochromocytoma. Other causes of secondary hypertension include obesity, sleep apnea, pregnancy, coarctation of the aorta, excessive eating of liquorice, excessive drinking of alcohol, certain prescription medicines, herbal remedies, and stimulants such as cocaine and methamphetamine.

• #2

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/high-blood-pressure-hypertension/causes/

  Health conditions that can cause high blood pressure include: kidney disease, diabetes, long-term kidney infections, obstructive sleep apnoea – this where the walls of the throat relax and narrow during sleep, interrupting normal breathing, glomerulonephritis damage to the tiny filters inside the kidneys, narrowing of the arteries supplying the kidneys, hormone problems – these could be an underactive thyroid, an overactive thyroid, Cushing’s syndrome, or acromegaly, lupus a condition in which the immune system attacks parts of the body, such as the skin, joints and organs, scleroderma – this is a condition that causes thickened skin, and sometimes problems with organs and blood vessels. […] Medicines that can increase your blood pressure include: the contraceptive pill, steroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen and naproxen, some pharmacy cough and cold remedies, some herbal remedies particularly those containing liquorice, some recreational drugs such as cocaine and amphetamines, some selective serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SSNRI) antidepressants.

• #2 Secondary Hypertension: Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21128-secondary-hypertension

  Medications that can raise your blood pressure include: Amphetamines, Angiogenesis inhibitors, like bevacizumab, that treat cancer, Antidepressants, Corticosteroids (systemic), like prednisone and methylprednisolone, Decongestants, Immunosuppressants, Oral contraceptives, NSAIDs, Second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics. […] Other substances that can cause secondary hypertension include: Alcohol, Herbal supplements, Nicotine, Recreational drugs. […] Untreated, secondary hypertension can lead to hypertensive heart disease. This is damage to your heart that results from years of high blood pressure. […] Secondary hypertension may be your provider’s first clue that you have another condition. Getting help for secondary hypertension may be the first step toward managing the underlying condition.

• #2 High Blood Pressure | Hypertension | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/highbloodpressure.html

  There are two main types of high blood pressure: primary and secondary high blood pressure. […] Primary, or essential, high blood pressure is the most common type of high blood pressure. For most people who get this kind of blood pressure, it develops over time as you get older. […] Secondary high blood pressure is caused by another medical condition or use of certain medicines. It usually gets better after you treat that condition or stop taking the medicines that are causing it. […] When your blood pressure stays high over time, it causes the heart to pump harder and work overtime, possibly leading to serious health problems such as heart attack, stroke, heart failure, and kidney failure. […] If your high blood pressure is caused by another medical condition or medicine, treating that condition or stopping the medicine may lower your blood pressure.

• #2 High blood pressure – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/high-blood-pressure/

  High blood pressure (also called hypertension) can lead to serious problems like heart attacks or strokes. […] Things that increase your chances of having high blood pressure include: […] your age you’re more likely to get high blood pressure as you get older […] having close relatives with high blood pressure […] your ethnicity you’re at higher risk if you have a Black African, Black Caribbean or South Asian ethnic background […] having an unhealthy diet especially a diet that’s high in salt […] being overweight […] smoking […] drinking too much alcohol […] feeling stressed over a long period. […] If your blood pressure is too high, it puts extra strain on your blood vessels, heart and other organs, such as your brain, kidneys and eyes. […] If it’s not treated, it can increase your risk of serious conditions such as:

• #2 Hypertension | What We Do | World Heart Federation

  https://world-heart-federation.org/what-we-do/hypertension/

  Hypertension is the number one risk factor for death globally, affecting more than 1 billion people. […] Hypertension is a condition that occurs when your blood pressure increases to unhealthy levels. […] Hypertension can be classified as primary or secondary. Primary hypertension is responsible for over 90% of cases. Its more common as you get older and may be caused by one or more of several possible factors, such as being overweight, a salt-heavy diet, lack of exercise and drinking alcohol. […] Secondary hypertension is caused by an underlying condition, most commonly kidney problems and endocrine disorders. […] The exact cause of high blood pressure, or hypertension, is often not clear. Your age, family history, eating patterns, alcohol intake, weight and level of physical activity have a strong influence on your blood pressure. Other factors that can affect your blood pressure are stress, smoking and taking drugs, as well as having a condition like diabetes or high cholesterol. […] In some cases, medicines, including the oral contraceptive pill, steroids and arthritis medication, can also increase blood pressure.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/hypertension

  There are also non-modifiable risk factors, including a family history of hypertension, age over 65 years and co-existing diseases such as diabetes or kidney disease. […] Avoiding dietary and behavioural risk factors is doubly important for those with unmodifiable or hereditary risk factors. […] Hypertension can be managed by reducing and managing mental stress, regularly checking blood pressure and consulting with health professionals, treating high blood pressure and managing other medical conditions.

• #3 High blood pressure (hypertension) | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/high-blood-pressure-hypertension

  High blood pressure, also known as hypertension, is a common condition that can cause health problems. […] High blood pressure does not usually cause any symptoms, so it’s important to have regular blood pressure checks. […] You can reduce your chance of having high blood pressure by eating a healthy diet without too much salt, keeping active and limiting how much alcohol you drink. […] For most people, the cause of high blood pressure is not known. This type of high blood pressure is sometimes called 'essential hypertension’. […] Your risk of having high blood pressure can be increased if you: leading a sedentary lifestyle (do little or no exercise), are overweight or obese, eat a diet with high salt levels, drink more alcohol than is recommended. […] In a few people, there is a known cause for high blood pressure, such as narrowing of the arteries to your kidneys, kidney disease, some hormonal conditions, some medicines or drugs, sleep apnoea, complications of pregnancy. […] Treating high blood pressure helps prevent complications.

Zobacz więcej