Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507880/

  Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is found in approximately 2% to 3% of adults over age 50 and in 5% of adults older than the age of 70. MGUS is more common in men than in women (1.5:1) and 2 to 3-fold more common in African Americans compared to Caucasians. Non-IgM MGUS represents up to 85% of MGUS cases; IgM MGUS represents up to 15% of MGUS cases. […] Non-IgM MGUS is usually diagnosed as an incidental finding on protein electrophoresis performed as part of an evaluation for disorders or disease presentation of peripheral neuropathy, vasculitis, hemolytic anemia, skin rashes, hypercalcemia, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Non-IgM MGUS is generally not considered a neoplastic process, with an annual risk of progression of 1%. Non-IgM MGUS may progress to PCM, solitary plasmacytoma, or amyloidosis.

• #2 Prevalence of Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance: A Systematic Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2947966/

  Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a premalignant plasma cell disorder that is associated with a lifelong risk of multiple myeloma. […] On the basis of our systematic review, we estimate that the crude prevalence of MGUS in those older than 50 years is 3.2% in a predominantly white population. […] The prevalence is also affected by sex: 3.7% and 2.9% in white men and women, respectively; and 2.8% and 1.6% in Japanese men and women, respectively. Additionally, MGUS is significantly more prevalent in black people (5.9%-8.4%) than in white people (3.0%-3.6%). […] We conclude that MGUS is a common premalignant plasma cell disorder in the general population of those older than 50 years. The prevalence increases with age and is affected by race, sex, family history, immunosuppression, and pesticide exposure.

• #3 Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/monoclonal-gammopathy-of-undetermined-significance?embed_domain=hackmd.io%2525252525252f%25252525252540yipuafecsl2jsu8smr5njq%2525252525252fbnjhjgjghjghjgh&lang=us

  Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is the most common plasma cell disorder and refers to the presence of an abnormal monoclonal antibody in the blood but the absence of the overt bone marrow and clinical signs of multiple myeloma. […] MGUS is the most common plasma cell disorder, is present in 3-4% of patients over the age of 50 years. MGUS prevalence increases with advancing age. […] MGUS patients are generally under surveillance with regular repeat blood tests and imaging. 20% of MGUS patients will progress to multiple myeloma, amyloidosis, or a lymphoproliferative disorder within 25 years, with up to 1% of patients with MGUS transitioning into multiple myeloma per year.

• #4 Monoclonal Gammopathies of Undetermined Significance (MGUS): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/204297-overview

  MGUS represents two thirds of all plasma cell dyscrasias. The incidence increases with age. In a study of residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, MGUS was found in 3.2% of persons 50 years of age or older, 5.3% of those 70 years of age or older, and 7.5% of those 85 years of age or older. […] Subsequently, however, Murray et al used mass spectrometry to retest the baseline samples in 300 of the Olmsted County residents who had a negative work-up for monoclonal proteins but later developed MGUS. This more sensitive assay revealed a prevalence of MGUS of 5.1% among persons 50 years of age and older. […] In a study of 154,597 persons in Beijing, China who underwent annual medical checkups, median age at presentation with MGUS was 58 years (range, 25-96). The prevalence of MGUS increased with increasing age: the overall prevalence was 1.11% among participants aged 50 years, 2.57% among those aged 70 years, and 3.77% in those 80 years.

• #5

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12254-020-00630-z

  Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a premalignant hematological condition arising from Bcells, characterized by the presence of monoclonal immunoglobulin production, also known as paraprotein. It is found in up to 3% of individuals over the age of 50 years. […] Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a premalignant Bcell neoplasia usually arising from plasma cells and less frequently from lymphoplasmacytic cells. It is defined as a serum monoclonal protein of less than 30g/L, less than 10% of clonal plasma or lymphoplasmacytic cells in the bone marrow, and the absence of end-organ damage, myeloma defining events, or any constitutional symptoms. Its prevalence increases with age. While it is a rare occurrence in patients younger than 50 years, it is found in 1.7% of individuals aged between 50 and 59 years, with slightly more men being affected. This proportion increases to up to 7.5% in persons older than 85 years.

• #6 Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_gammopathy_of_undetermined_significance

  At the Mayo Clinic, MGUS transformed into multiple myeloma or similar lymphoproliferative disorders at the rate of about 0.52% a year depending on risk category. […] Kyle et al. studied the prevalence of myeloma in the population as a whole (not clinic patients) in Olmsted County, Minnesota. They found that the prevalence of MGUS was 3.2% in people above 50, with a slight male predominance (4.0% vs. 2.7%). Prevalence increased with age: of people over 70 up to 5.3% had MGUS, while in the over-85 age group the prevalence was 7.5%. […] A study of monoclonal protein levels conducted in Ghana showed a prevalence of MGUS of approximately 5.9% in African men over the age of 50. […] In 2009, prospective data demonstrated that all or almost all cases of multiple myeloma are preceded by MGUS. […] In addition to multiple myeloma, MGUS may also progress to Waldenstrm’s macroglobulinemia or primary amyloidosis.

• #7 Monoclonal Gammopathies of Undetermined Significance (MGUS): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/204297-overview

  MGUS represents two thirds of all plasma cell dyscrasias. The incidence increases with age. In a study of residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, MGUS was found in 3.2% of persons 50 years of age or older, 5.3% of those 70 years of age or older, and 7.5% of those 85 years of age or older. […] Subsequently, however, Murray et al used mass spectrometry to retest the baseline samples in 300 of the Olmsted County residents who had a negative work-up for monoclonal proteins but later developed MGUS. This more sensitive assay revealed a prevalence of MGUS of 5.1% among persons 50 years of age and older. […] In a study of 154,597 persons in Beijing, China who underwent annual medical checkups, median age at presentation with MGUS was 58 years (range, 25-96). The prevalence of MGUS increased with increasing age: the overall prevalence was 1.11% among participants aged 50 years, 2.57% among those aged 70 years, and 3.77% in those 80 years.

• #8 Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507880/

  Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is found in approximately 2% to 3% of adults over age 50 and in 5% of adults older than the age of 70. MGUS is more common in men than in women (1.5:1) and 2 to 3-fold more common in African Americans compared to Caucasians. Non-IgM MGUS represents up to 85% of MGUS cases; IgM MGUS represents up to 15% of MGUS cases. […] Non-IgM MGUS is usually diagnosed as an incidental finding on protein electrophoresis performed as part of an evaluation for disorders or disease presentation of peripheral neuropathy, vasculitis, hemolytic anemia, skin rashes, hypercalcemia, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Non-IgM MGUS is generally not considered a neoplastic process, with an annual risk of progression of 1%. Non-IgM MGUS may progress to PCM, solitary plasmacytoma, or amyloidosis.

• #9 Prevalence of Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance: A Systematic Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2947966/

  Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a premalignant plasma cell disorder that is associated with a lifelong risk of multiple myeloma. […] On the basis of our systematic review, we estimate that the crude prevalence of MGUS in those older than 50 years is 3.2% in a predominantly white population. […] The prevalence is also affected by sex: 3.7% and 2.9% in white men and women, respectively; and 2.8% and 1.6% in Japanese men and women, respectively. Additionally, MGUS is significantly more prevalent in black people (5.9%-8.4%) than in white people (3.0%-3.6%). […] We conclude that MGUS is a common premalignant plasma cell disorder in the general population of those older than 50 years. The prevalence increases with age and is affected by race, sex, family history, immunosuppression, and pesticide exposure.

• #10 Monoclonal Gammopathies of Undetermined Significance (MGUS): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/204297-overview

  In a study of firefighters involved in rescue and/or recovery work at the New York World Trade Center after the September 11, 2001 attack, Landdgren et al reported an age-standardized prevalence rate of MGUS and light-chain MGUS combined of 7.63 per 100 persons (95% CI, 5.45-9.81), which is 1.8-fold higher than rates from a reference population; the rate of light-chain MGUS was more than 3-fold higher than in the same reference population. […] Regular surveillance is required to assess for progression to either a lymphoproliferative disorder or to MM. […] This risk has been quantified at 1% per year. […] A retrospective study by the US Department of Veterans Affairs revealed that the age-adjusted prevalence ratio of MGUS in black patients was 3.0 compared with white patients. […] MGUS occurs more commonly in men than in women, and the prognosis for men was worse than that of women in some studies.

• #11 Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507880/

  Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is found in approximately 2% to 3% of adults over age 50 and in 5% of adults older than the age of 70. MGUS is more common in men than in women (1.5:1) and 2 to 3-fold more common in African Americans compared to Caucasians. Non-IgM MGUS represents up to 85% of MGUS cases; IgM MGUS represents up to 15% of MGUS cases. […] Non-IgM MGUS is usually diagnosed as an incidental finding on protein electrophoresis performed as part of an evaluation for disorders or disease presentation of peripheral neuropathy, vasculitis, hemolytic anemia, skin rashes, hypercalcemia, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Non-IgM MGUS is generally not considered a neoplastic process, with an annual risk of progression of 1%. Non-IgM MGUS may progress to PCM, solitary plasmacytoma, or amyloidosis.

• #12 Prevalence of Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance: A Systematic Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2947966/

  Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a premalignant plasma cell disorder that is associated with a lifelong risk of multiple myeloma. […] On the basis of our systematic review, we estimate that the crude prevalence of MGUS in those older than 50 years is 3.2% in a predominantly white population. […] The prevalence is also affected by sex: 3.7% and 2.9% in white men and women, respectively; and 2.8% and 1.6% in Japanese men and women, respectively. Additionally, MGUS is significantly more prevalent in black people (5.9%-8.4%) than in white people (3.0%-3.6%). […] We conclude that MGUS is a common premalignant plasma cell disorder in the general population of those older than 50 years. The prevalence increases with age and is affected by race, sex, family history, immunosuppression, and pesticide exposure.

• #13 Monoclonal Gammopathies of Undetermined Significance (MGUS): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/204297-overview

  In a study of firefighters involved in rescue and/or recovery work at the New York World Trade Center after the September 11, 2001 attack, Landdgren et al reported an age-standardized prevalence rate of MGUS and light-chain MGUS combined of 7.63 per 100 persons (95% CI, 5.45-9.81), which is 1.8-fold higher than rates from a reference population; the rate of light-chain MGUS was more than 3-fold higher than in the same reference population. […] Regular surveillance is required to assess for progression to either a lymphoproliferative disorder or to MM. […] This risk has been quantified at 1% per year. […] A retrospective study by the US Department of Veterans Affairs revealed that the age-adjusted prevalence ratio of MGUS in black patients was 3.0 compared with white patients. […] MGUS occurs more commonly in men than in women, and the prognosis for men was worse than that of women in some studies.

• #14 Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_gammopathy_of_undetermined_significance

  At the Mayo Clinic, MGUS transformed into multiple myeloma or similar lymphoproliferative disorders at the rate of about 0.52% a year depending on risk category. […] Kyle et al. studied the prevalence of myeloma in the population as a whole (not clinic patients) in Olmsted County, Minnesota. They found that the prevalence of MGUS was 3.2% in people above 50, with a slight male predominance (4.0% vs. 2.7%). Prevalence increased with age: of people over 70 up to 5.3% had MGUS, while in the over-85 age group the prevalence was 7.5%. […] A study of monoclonal protein levels conducted in Ghana showed a prevalence of MGUS of approximately 5.9% in African men over the age of 50. […] In 2009, prospective data demonstrated that all or almost all cases of multiple myeloma are preceded by MGUS. […] In addition to multiple myeloma, MGUS may also progress to Waldenstrm’s macroglobulinemia or primary amyloidosis.

• #15 Prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance in a large population with annual medical check-ups in China | Blood Cancer Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41408-020-0303-8

  Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a clinically asymptomatic premalignant plasma cell disorder, which may develop to multiple myeloma (MM), light-chain amyloidosis, Waldenstrm macroglobulinemia, or other related malignancies. The crude prevalence of MGUS varies from 0.05% to 6.1% among distinct population from different countries, which is influenced by race, age, sex, family history, immunosuppression, and pesticide exposure. […] The overall prevalence of MGUS was calculated by the number of people with MGUS in each age and sex stratum divided by the number of subjects in that stratum who underwent a medical check-up. […] MGUS was diagnosed in 843 patients (0.53%, 95% CI 0.490.57%). The median age at presentation was 58 years (range, 2596). The overall prevalence of MGUS was 1.11% (95% CI 1.021.18%) among participants aged 50 years, 2.57% (95% CI 2.222.98%) among those aged 70 years.

• #16 Monoclonal Gammopathies of Undetermined Significance (MGUS): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/204297-overview

  MGUS represents two thirds of all plasma cell dyscrasias. The incidence increases with age. In a study of residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, MGUS was found in 3.2% of persons 50 years of age or older, 5.3% of those 70 years of age or older, and 7.5% of those 85 years of age or older. […] Subsequently, however, Murray et al used mass spectrometry to retest the baseline samples in 300 of the Olmsted County residents who had a negative work-up for monoclonal proteins but later developed MGUS. This more sensitive assay revealed a prevalence of MGUS of 5.1% among persons 50 years of age and older. […] In a study of 154,597 persons in Beijing, China who underwent annual medical checkups, median age at presentation with MGUS was 58 years (range, 25-96). The prevalence of MGUS increased with increasing age: the overall prevalence was 1.11% among participants aged 50 years, 2.57% among those aged 70 years, and 3.77% in those 80 years.

• #17 Prevalence of Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance: A Systematic Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2947966/

  Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a premalignant plasma cell disorder that is associated with a lifelong risk of multiple myeloma. […] On the basis of our systematic review, we estimate that the crude prevalence of MGUS in those older than 50 years is 3.2% in a predominantly white population. […] The prevalence is also affected by sex: 3.7% and 2.9% in white men and women, respectively; and 2.8% and 1.6% in Japanese men and women, respectively. Additionally, MGUS is significantly more prevalent in black people (5.9%-8.4%) than in white people (3.0%-3.6%). […] We conclude that MGUS is a common premalignant plasma cell disorder in the general population of those older than 50 years. The prevalence increases with age and is affected by race, sex, family history, immunosuppression, and pesticide exposure.

• #18 Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mgus/symptoms-causes/syc-20352362

  Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a condition in which an atypical protein is found in the blood. […] Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance occurs most often in older men. […] People who have high amounts of this protein in the blood need regular checkups. That’s so they can get earlier treatment if the condition gets worse. If it doesn’t get worse, MGUS doesn’t need treatment. […] Each year, about 1% of people with MGUS get certain types of blood cancers or other serious diseases, such as: Multiple myeloma, Light chain amyloidosis, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, Lymphoma. […] Factors that increase your risk of developing MGUS include: Age. The average age at diagnosis is 70 years. Race. Africans and Black Americans are more likely to get MGUS than white people are. Sex. MGUS is more common in men. Family history. Having family members with MGUS might increase the risk.

• #19 Prevalence of Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance: A Systematic Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2947966/

  Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a premalignant plasma cell disorder that is associated with a lifelong risk of multiple myeloma. […] On the basis of our systematic review, we estimate that the crude prevalence of MGUS in those older than 50 years is 3.2% in a predominantly white population. […] The prevalence is also affected by sex: 3.7% and 2.9% in white men and women, respectively; and 2.8% and 1.6% in Japanese men and women, respectively. Additionally, MGUS is significantly more prevalent in black people (5.9%-8.4%) than in white people (3.0%-3.6%). […] We conclude that MGUS is a common premalignant plasma cell disorder in the general population of those older than 50 years. The prevalence increases with age and is affected by race, sex, family history, immunosuppression, and pesticide exposure.

• #20 Monoclonal Gammopathies of Undetermined Significance (MGUS): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/204297-overview

  The prevalence of MGUS is higher in HIV-infected patients, although it decreased with the adoption of antiretroviral therapy. In a study of 383 French HIV-infected patients, 359 of whom were on antiretroviral therapy for a median duration of 105 months, there were 12 (3.1%) cases of MGUS, including five IgG kappa cases, 5 IgG lambda cases, one biclonal (2 IgG kappa) case, and one case with three monoclonal immunoglobulins (IgG kappa2+IgG lambda). […] In a prospective cohort study in Vietnam war veterans, the crude prevalence of overall MGUS was 7.1% (34 of 479) in veterans involved in the spraying of Agent Orange, versus 3.1% (15 of 479) in veterans who were not involved in herbicide spray missions. […] After adjustment for factors including age, race, and body mass index, this translated into a 2.4-fold increased risk for MGUS in exposed veterans (adjusted odds ratio, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.27-4.44; P=0.007).

• #21 Monoclonal Gammopathies of Undetermined Significance (MGUS): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/204297-overview

  The prevalence of MGUS is higher in HIV-infected patients, although it decreased with the adoption of antiretroviral therapy. In a study of 383 French HIV-infected patients, 359 of whom were on antiretroviral therapy for a median duration of 105 months, there were 12 (3.1%) cases of MGUS, including five IgG kappa cases, 5 IgG lambda cases, one biclonal (2 IgG kappa) case, and one case with three monoclonal immunoglobulins (IgG kappa2+IgG lambda). […] In a prospective cohort study in Vietnam war veterans, the crude prevalence of overall MGUS was 7.1% (34 of 479) in veterans involved in the spraying of Agent Orange, versus 3.1% (15 of 479) in veterans who were not involved in herbicide spray missions. […] After adjustment for factors including age, race, and body mass index, this translated into a 2.4-fold increased risk for MGUS in exposed veterans (adjusted odds ratio, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.27-4.44; P=0.007).

• #22 Monoclonal Gammopathies of Undetermined Significance (MGUS): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/204297-overview

  In a study of firefighters involved in rescue and/or recovery work at the New York World Trade Center after the September 11, 2001 attack, Landdgren et al reported an age-standardized prevalence rate of MGUS and light-chain MGUS combined of 7.63 per 100 persons (95% CI, 5.45-9.81), which is 1.8-fold higher than rates from a reference population; the rate of light-chain MGUS was more than 3-fold higher than in the same reference population. […] Regular surveillance is required to assess for progression to either a lymphoproliferative disorder or to MM. […] This risk has been quantified at 1% per year. […] A retrospective study by the US Department of Veterans Affairs revealed that the age-adjusted prevalence ratio of MGUS in black patients was 3.0 compared with white patients. […] MGUS occurs more commonly in men than in women, and the prognosis for men was worse than that of women in some studies.

• #23

  https://step2.medbullets.com/oncology/422784/monoclonal-gammopathy-of-undetermined-significance-mgus

  A 55-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for evaluation of his peripheral neuropathy. […] Epidemiology […] Incidence […] 3% of the general population in patients 50 years of age. […] Risk factors […] black race […] family history […] radiation exposure. […] must monitor patient for progression to malignant disease. […] Associated with lower survival than the general population […] may be due to the development of multiple myeloma or other lymphoproliferative malignancies.

• #24 Diagnosis of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-of-monoclonal-gammopathy-of-undetermined-significance

  There are three distinct clinical types of MGUS, each with a risk of progressing through a unique intermediate (more advanced) premalignant stage and then to a malignant plasma cell dyscrasia or lymphoproliferative disorder: Non-IgM MGUS (IgG, IgA, or IgD MGUS) – Non-IgM MGUS is the most common subtype of MGUS and has the potential to progress to smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma and to symptomatic multiple myeloma. […] IgM MGUS – IgM MGUS accounts for approximately 15 percent of MGUS cases. It is considered separately from the non-IgM MGUS because it has the potential to progress to smoldering Waldenström macroglobulinemia and to symptomatic Waldenström macroglobulinemia, and less often to lymphoma or AL amyloidosis. Infrequently, IgM MGUS can progress to IgM multiple myeloma.

• #25 Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507880/

  Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is found in approximately 2% to 3% of adults over age 50 and in 5% of adults older than the age of 70. MGUS is more common in men than in women (1.5:1) and 2 to 3-fold more common in African Americans compared to Caucasians. Non-IgM MGUS represents up to 85% of MGUS cases; IgM MGUS represents up to 15% of MGUS cases. […] Non-IgM MGUS is usually diagnosed as an incidental finding on protein electrophoresis performed as part of an evaluation for disorders or disease presentation of peripheral neuropathy, vasculitis, hemolytic anemia, skin rashes, hypercalcemia, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Non-IgM MGUS is generally not considered a neoplastic process, with an annual risk of progression of 1%. Non-IgM MGUS may progress to PCM, solitary plasmacytoma, or amyloidosis.

• #26 Diagnosis of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-of-monoclonal-gammopathy-of-undetermined-significance

  There are three distinct clinical types of MGUS, each with a risk of progressing through a unique intermediate (more advanced) premalignant stage and then to a malignant plasma cell dyscrasia or lymphoproliferative disorder: Non-IgM MGUS (IgG, IgA, or IgD MGUS) – Non-IgM MGUS is the most common subtype of MGUS and has the potential to progress to smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma and to symptomatic multiple myeloma. […] IgM MGUS – IgM MGUS accounts for approximately 15 percent of MGUS cases. It is considered separately from the non-IgM MGUS because it has the potential to progress to smoldering Waldenström macroglobulinemia and to symptomatic Waldenström macroglobulinemia, and less often to lymphoma or AL amyloidosis. Infrequently, IgM MGUS can progress to IgM multiple myeloma.

• #27

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12254-020-00630-z

  MGUS has an overall low risk of progression to multiple myeloma (MM) or other associated diseases. Depending on the immunoglobulin subtype, the rate of progression can vary from 0.3% per year in light-chain MGUS to 1.5% in IgM MGUS. […] Due to its high prevalence in the elderly population, screening for MGUS is not recommended, even though it has been suggested that MM is virtually always preceded by MGUS and early detection and subsequent close monitoring may prevent the occurrence of end-organ damage. […] Due to the steady progression rate, most MGUS patients need lifelong follow-up. The recommendations on follow-up from the various guidelines differ somewhat in certain aspects. The most recent guidelines from the EMN recommend a risk-adapted approach based on the Mayo Clinic risk stratification model.

• #28 Prevalence of Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance: A Systematic Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2947966/

  The rate at which MGUS progresses to multiple myeloma or a related disorder is 1% per year. […] The probability of progression at 25 years of follow-up is approximately 30%. […] The main risk factors for progression of clinical MGUS are size and type of serum M protein and presence of an abnormal serum free light chain ratio. […] Despite uniform diagnostic criteria, prevalence and incidence estimates of MGUS vary considerably. […] MGUS is one of the most prevalent premalignant disorders in the world among people aged 50 years or older. […] The high prevalence in the general population has made the incidental diagnosis of MGUS with numerous other diseases a common clinical occurrence. […] Studies that assess the incidence of MGUS are also highlighted because incidence data can provide insight into risk factors and etiologies of disease.

• #29 Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/monoclonal-gammopathy-of-undetermined-significance?embed_domain=hackmd.io%2525252525252f%25252525252540yipuafecsl2jsu8smr5njq%2525252525252fbnjhjgjghjghjgh&lang=us

  Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is the most common plasma cell disorder and refers to the presence of an abnormal monoclonal antibody in the blood but the absence of the overt bone marrow and clinical signs of multiple myeloma. […] MGUS is the most common plasma cell disorder, is present in 3-4% of patients over the age of 50 years. MGUS prevalence increases with advancing age. […] MGUS patients are generally under surveillance with regular repeat blood tests and imaging. 20% of MGUS patients will progress to multiple myeloma, amyloidosis, or a lymphoproliferative disorder within 25 years, with up to 1% of patients with MGUS transitioning into multiple myeloma per year.

• #30

  https://www.clinicalcorrelations.org/2011/12/22/what-is-the-significance-of-monoclonal-gammopathy-of-undetermined-significance-mgus/

  Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a premalignant plasma cell dyscrasia that is defined as a serum M protein 30 g/L, clonal plasma cells 10% in the bone marrow, and the absence of end-organ damage that can be attributed to a plasma cell proliferative disorder. MGUS is usually discovered incidentally in the blood during routine laboratory tests. It affects approximately 3% of individuals older than 50 years. Prevalence is twice as high among African Americans and is lower in Asians. Older age, male sex, family history, and immunosuppression are also factors that increase the risk of MGUS. […] It is important to clinicians because it is associated with a 1% annual risk of progression to multiple myeloma or related malignancy. […] The cumulative probability of progression was 12% at 10 years, 25% at 20 years, and 30% at 25 years. The overall risk of progression was about 1% per year.

• #31

  https://www.clinicalcorrelations.org/2011/12/22/what-is-the-significance-of-monoclonal-gammopathy-of-undetermined-significance-mgus/

  Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a premalignant plasma cell dyscrasia that is defined as a serum M protein 30 g/L, clonal plasma cells 10% in the bone marrow, and the absence of end-organ damage that can be attributed to a plasma cell proliferative disorder. MGUS is usually discovered incidentally in the blood during routine laboratory tests. It affects approximately 3% of individuals older than 50 years. Prevalence is twice as high among African Americans and is lower in Asians. Older age, male sex, family history, and immunosuppression are also factors that increase the risk of MGUS. […] It is important to clinicians because it is associated with a 1% annual risk of progression to multiple myeloma or related malignancy. […] The cumulative probability of progression was 12% at 10 years, 25% at 20 years, and 30% at 25 years. The overall risk of progression was about 1% per year.

• #32 Spotlight on monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) – Pavilion Health Today

  https://pavilionhealthtoday.com/gm/monoclonal-gammopathy-of-undetermined-signifi-cance/

  Patients with MGUS should be informed that there is a long-term risk of malignancy. Overall risk of progression to neoplasm is one per cent per year. For 10 years this risk is 12 per cent; for 20 years it is 25 per cent and for 25 years it is 30 per cent. […] MGUS does not require any active treatment except for regular follow up. Patients with MGUS tend to do well, without major problems for a long time, but these patients should be followed as there is a risk of developing MM (65 per cent), macroglobulinaemia (six per cent), primary systemic amyloidosis (8.7 per cent), plasmacytoma (8. […] MGUS patients should be diagnosed early and be monitored regularly. It is important to differentiate MGUS from MM as no treatment is indicated for MGUS except for the regular follow up.

• #33 Prevalence of Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance: A Systematic Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2947966/

  The rate at which MGUS progresses to multiple myeloma or a related disorder is 1% per year. […] The probability of progression at 25 years of follow-up is approximately 30%. […] The main risk factors for progression of clinical MGUS are size and type of serum M protein and presence of an abnormal serum free light chain ratio. […] Despite uniform diagnostic criteria, prevalence and incidence estimates of MGUS vary considerably. […] MGUS is one of the most prevalent premalignant disorders in the world among people aged 50 years or older. […] The high prevalence in the general population has made the incidental diagnosis of MGUS with numerous other diseases a common clinical occurrence. […] Studies that assess the incidence of MGUS are also highlighted because incidence data can provide insight into risk factors and etiologies of disease.

• #34

  https://www.clinicalcorrelations.org/2011/12/22/what-is-the-significance-of-monoclonal-gammopathy-of-undetermined-significance-mgus/

  Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a premalignant plasma cell dyscrasia that is defined as a serum M protein 30 g/L, clonal plasma cells 10% in the bone marrow, and the absence of end-organ damage that can be attributed to a plasma cell proliferative disorder. MGUS is usually discovered incidentally in the blood during routine laboratory tests. It affects approximately 3% of individuals older than 50 years. Prevalence is twice as high among African Americans and is lower in Asians. Older age, male sex, family history, and immunosuppression are also factors that increase the risk of MGUS. […] It is important to clinicians because it is associated with a 1% annual risk of progression to multiple myeloma or related malignancy. […] The cumulative probability of progression was 12% at 10 years, 25% at 20 years, and 30% at 25 years. The overall risk of progression was about 1% per year.

• #35 Prevalence of Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance: A Systematic Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2947966/

  The rate at which MGUS progresses to multiple myeloma or a related disorder is 1% per year. […] The probability of progression at 25 years of follow-up is approximately 30%. […] The main risk factors for progression of clinical MGUS are size and type of serum M protein and presence of an abnormal serum free light chain ratio. […] Despite uniform diagnostic criteria, prevalence and incidence estimates of MGUS vary considerably. […] MGUS is one of the most prevalent premalignant disorders in the world among people aged 50 years or older. […] The high prevalence in the general population has made the incidental diagnosis of MGUS with numerous other diseases a common clinical occurrence. […] Studies that assess the incidence of MGUS are also highlighted because incidence data can provide insight into risk factors and etiologies of disease.

• #36

  https://www.clinicalcorrelations.org/2011/12/22/what-is-the-significance-of-monoclonal-gammopathy-of-undetermined-significance-mgus/

  Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a premalignant plasma cell dyscrasia that is defined as a serum M protein 30 g/L, clonal plasma cells 10% in the bone marrow, and the absence of end-organ damage that can be attributed to a plasma cell proliferative disorder. MGUS is usually discovered incidentally in the blood during routine laboratory tests. It affects approximately 3% of individuals older than 50 years. Prevalence is twice as high among African Americans and is lower in Asians. Older age, male sex, family history, and immunosuppression are also factors that increase the risk of MGUS. […] It is important to clinicians because it is associated with a 1% annual risk of progression to multiple myeloma or related malignancy. […] The cumulative probability of progression was 12% at 10 years, 25% at 20 years, and 30% at 25 years. The overall risk of progression was about 1% per year.

• #37 Monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance (MGUS)

  https://www.ufrgs.br/imunovet/molecular_immunology/pathohomotissueblood_MGUS.html

  Epidemiology : prevalence increases with age. In large referral centers, half the patients with a monoclonal gammopathy have MGUS, whereas only 15 to 20% have multiple myeloma. […] The prevalence increased with advancing age and was almost four times as high among persons 80 years of age or older as among those 50 to 59 years of age. The prevalence leveled off after 85 years of age in men and after 90 years of age in women. In persons older than 85 years of age, the prevalence of MGUS was 8.9% in men and 7.0% in women (total, 7.5%). […] All patients with MGUS must be monitored indefinitely for progression to a malignant condition. […] The risk of progression with MGUS does not diminish even after 25-35 years, making lifelong follow-up necessary in all persons diagnosed with MGUS.

• #38 Prevalence of Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance: A Systematic Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2947966/

  The rate at which MGUS progresses to multiple myeloma or a related disorder is 1% per year. […] The probability of progression at 25 years of follow-up is approximately 30%. […] The main risk factors for progression of clinical MGUS are size and type of serum M protein and presence of an abnormal serum free light chain ratio. […] Despite uniform diagnostic criteria, prevalence and incidence estimates of MGUS vary considerably. […] MGUS is one of the most prevalent premalignant disorders in the world among people aged 50 years or older. […] The high prevalence in the general population has made the incidental diagnosis of MGUS with numerous other diseases a common clinical occurrence. […] Studies that assess the incidence of MGUS are also highlighted because incidence data can provide insight into risk factors and etiologies of disease.

• #39 Risk Stratifying Patients with Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance

  https://consultqd.clevelandclinic.org/risk-stratifying-patients-with-monoclonal-gammopathy-of-undetermined-significance

  The monoclonal gammopathies encompass a number of disorders characterized by the production of a monoclonal protein (M protein) by an abnormal clone of plasma cells or other lymphoid cells. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is the most common of these disorders. Its clinical relevance lies in the inherent risk of progression to hematologic malignancies such as multiple myeloma or other lymphoproliferative disorders, or of organ dysfunction due to the toxic effects of the M protein. […] Research has helped to refine the diagnostic workup and recognize subsets of patients with MGUS at different risks of progression to myeloma and related disorders. […] Based on these predictors, MGUS can be classified into four risk categories: low, low-intermediate, high-intermediate and high.

• #40 Risk Stratifying Patients with Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance

  https://consultqd.clevelandclinic.org/risk-stratifying-patients-with-monoclonal-gammopathy-of-undetermined-significance

  Half of patients with MGUS fall into the low-risk category, which is defined by IgG-type serum M protein in a concentration less than 1.5 g/dL and a normal serum free light-chain ratio (kappa-lambda 0.261.65). The absolute risk of progression at 20 years is only 5 percent for patients with low-risk MGUS, compared with 58 percent in patients with high-risk MGUS (positive for all three risk factors). […] Most of the recommendations regarding follow-up are based on expert opinion, given the lack of randomized data. Most experts agree that all patients should be reevaluated six months after an M protein is detected, with laboratory surveillance tests (complete blood cell count, serum creatinine, serum calcium level, serum protein electrophoresis and serum free light chains). Low-risk patients with a stable M protein level can be followed every two to three years.

• #41 Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17744-monoclonal-gammopathy-of-undetermined-significance-mgus

  Studies show that 20% of people with this condition develop multiple myeloma. Other people with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance may develop other blood cancers or blood disorders. […] Providers analyze your blood and urine for signs of M protein. They also evaluate other factors to establish the risk MGUS will become cancer or a more serious blood disorder. […] Studies show that people who have all three risk factors have a 58% chance of developing blood cancer within 20 years. People who dont have any risk factors have a 5% chance of developing blood cancer within 20 years. […] Most people with this condition dont need treatment. While MGUS rarely becomes cancerous, your provider will monitor M protein levels in your blood and urine (pee) every six to 12 months for signs of cancer.

• #42 Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507880/

  The intensity of follow-up in patients with MGUS is guided by risk stratification. Initial follow-up at six months is recommended, with subsequent visits scheduled according to the level of risk. If clinical trials of preventive strategies are available, patients at high risk for progression should be encouraged to participate.

• #43

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12254-020-00630-z

  MGUS has an overall low risk of progression to multiple myeloma (MM) or other associated diseases. Depending on the immunoglobulin subtype, the rate of progression can vary from 0.3% per year in light-chain MGUS to 1.5% in IgM MGUS. […] Due to its high prevalence in the elderly population, screening for MGUS is not recommended, even though it has been suggested that MM is virtually always preceded by MGUS and early detection and subsequent close monitoring may prevent the occurrence of end-organ damage. […] Due to the steady progression rate, most MGUS patients need lifelong follow-up. The recommendations on follow-up from the various guidelines differ somewhat in certain aspects. The most recent guidelines from the EMN recommend a risk-adapted approach based on the Mayo Clinic risk stratification model.

• #44 Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507880/

  The intensity of follow-up in patients with MGUS is guided by risk stratification. Initial follow-up at six months is recommended, with subsequent visits scheduled according to the level of risk. If clinical trials of preventive strategies are available, patients at high risk for progression should be encouraged to participate.

• #45 Risk Stratifying Patients with Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance

  https://consultqd.clevelandclinic.org/risk-stratifying-patients-with-monoclonal-gammopathy-of-undetermined-significance

  Half of patients with MGUS fall into the low-risk category, which is defined by IgG-type serum M protein in a concentration less than 1.5 g/dL and a normal serum free light-chain ratio (kappa-lambda 0.261.65). The absolute risk of progression at 20 years is only 5 percent for patients with low-risk MGUS, compared with 58 percent in patients with high-risk MGUS (positive for all three risk factors). […] Most of the recommendations regarding follow-up are based on expert opinion, given the lack of randomized data. Most experts agree that all patients should be reevaluated six months after an M protein is detected, with laboratory surveillance tests (complete blood cell count, serum creatinine, serum calcium level, serum protein electrophoresis and serum free light chains). Low-risk patients with a stable M protein level can be followed every two to three years.

• #46

  https://www.pagepress.org/medicine/gimle/article/view/478

  The finding of a GMUS in the absence of further laboratory alterations is the most frequent finding and does not require further action, if it is not to plan include blood chemistry tests at least every two years. […] In case of concurrent presence of alterations that may be indicative or suggestive of an increased risk of evolution in a neoplastic way a close periodicity – every 3-6 months – of haematological checks is recommended. […] In such cases, it appears justified to move away from activities involving exposure to ionizing radiation for a period of time which should be evaluated on the basis of the evolution of the picture and the progress of laboratory tests during the monitoring period.

• #47

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12254-020-00630-z

  MGUS is a common premalignant condition found in over 3% of people over the age of 50 years that can precede the development of MM, WM, NHL, AL amyloidosis, or MGRS. While progression rates are low, careful and thorough work-up time of diagnosis is necessary to adequately distinguish MGUS from paraprotein-associated diseases. Follow-up should be lifelong and risk-based, focusing on the early detection of end-organ damage.

• #48 Risk Stratifying Patients with Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance

  https://consultqd.clevelandclinic.org/risk-stratifying-patients-with-monoclonal-gammopathy-of-undetermined-significance

  Patients at intermediate or high risk should be followed annually after the initial six-month visit. […] After MGUS is confirmed, the patient should be risk-stratified to determine the need for bone marrow biopsy and to predict the risk of progression to more serious conditions. […] The importance of educating patients to report any new worrisome symptom (e.g., fatigue, neuropathy, weight loss, night sweats, bone pain) cannot be overemphasized, as some patients may progress to myeloma or other disorders between follow-up visits.

• #49 Risk Stratifying Patients with Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance

  https://consultqd.clevelandclinic.org/risk-stratifying-patients-with-monoclonal-gammopathy-of-undetermined-significance

  Half of patients with MGUS fall into the low-risk category, which is defined by IgG-type serum M protein in a concentration less than 1.5 g/dL and a normal serum free light-chain ratio (kappa-lambda 0.261.65). The absolute risk of progression at 20 years is only 5 percent for patients with low-risk MGUS, compared with 58 percent in patients with high-risk MGUS (positive for all three risk factors). […] Most of the recommendations regarding follow-up are based on expert opinion, given the lack of randomized data. Most experts agree that all patients should be reevaluated six months after an M protein is detected, with laboratory surveillance tests (complete blood cell count, serum creatinine, serum calcium level, serum protein electrophoresis and serum free light chains). Low-risk patients with a stable M protein level can be followed every two to three years.

• #50 Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS) – Hematology and Oncology – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/plasma-cell-disorders/monoclonal-gammopathy-of-undetermined-significance-mgus

  Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is the production of M-protein by noncancerous plasma cells in the absence of other manifestations typical of multiple myeloma. […] The incidence of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) increases with age, from 1% of people aged 25 years to 5% of people 70 years (1). […] Although most cases are initially benign, up to 25% (1%/year) progress to myeloma or a related B-cell disorder, such as macroglobulinemia, amyloidosis, or lymphoma (2). […] Every 6 to 12 months, patients should undergo clinical examination and serum and urine protein electrophoresis to evaluate for disease progression.

• #51 Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/monoclonal-gammopathy-of-undetermined-significance?embed_domain=hackmd.io%2525252525252f%25252525252540yipuafecsl2jsu8smr5njq%2525252525252fbnjhjgjghjghjgh&lang=us

  Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is the most common plasma cell disorder and refers to the presence of an abnormal monoclonal antibody in the blood but the absence of the overt bone marrow and clinical signs of multiple myeloma. […] MGUS is the most common plasma cell disorder, is present in 3-4% of patients over the age of 50 years. MGUS prevalence increases with advancing age. […] MGUS patients are generally under surveillance with regular repeat blood tests and imaging. 20% of MGUS patients will progress to multiple myeloma, amyloidosis, or a lymphoproliferative disorder within 25 years, with up to 1% of patients with MGUS transitioning into multiple myeloma per year.

• #52 A nationwide study of patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance with a 10-year follow-up in South Korea | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-97664-y

  In clinical practice, most patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) undergo long-term follow-up without disease progression. […] Herein, we performed a nationwide study of 470 patients with MGUS with a 10-year follow-up to determine the patterns of disease progression and other comorbidities. […] During the follow-up period, 158 of 470 patients with MGUS (33.62%) progressed to symptomatic monoclonal gammopathies. […] Most of these were multiple myeloma (134/470 patients, 28.51%), and those diagnosed within 2 years after diagnosis of MGUS was high. […] Approximately 3050% of patients with MGUS had hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and osteoarthritis at the time of diagnosis, and these comorbidities were newly developed during the follow-up period in approximately 50% of the remaining patients with MGUS.

• #53

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/7062

  MGUS patients have an approximately 2-fold increased risk of developing bacterial and viral infections compared to controls. […] MGUS patients have an increased risk of osteoporosis and fractures (axial distal). […] There is an approximately 28-fold increased risk of developing myeloid malignancies including myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), acute myeloid leukemia, and polycythemia vera in MGUS. […] Furthermore, MGUS patients have an approximately 1.5-fold increased risk of developing a non-hematologic malignancy. […] Several studies report an approximately 2-3 fold increased risk of developing deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism in MGUS patients. […] The increased risk of venous and arterial thrombosis was only observed in IgG and IgA MGUS, but not in IgM MGUS. […] MGUS patients have a poorer survival than the general population. […] MGUS patients have an average risk of progression to MM or, to a lesser extent, other lymphoproliferative disorders of 1% per year.

• #54

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/9650

  Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a common benign precursor condition of multiple myeloma (MM) and related disorders. MGUS is considered asymptomatic but has been shown to be associated with peripheral neuropathy (PN). […] We found PN to be truly associated with MGUS and under-recognized in clinical practice. Furthermore, PN was associated with a 2.9-fold risk of a light-chain amyloidosis (AL). […] The prevalence of PN was higher in participants with MGUS than controls (6.5% vs. 2.8%). […] These findings indicate that PN is truly associated with MGUS, contradicting previous findings that questioned this. […] In conclusion, in this large population-based study, including 15,351 MGUS individuals and 58,619 matched controls, we found that a significant proportion of individuals with MGUS have clinically evident PN (6.5%) and that PN is truly associated with MGUS. In addition, our findings suggest under-recognition of PN in the real-world care of individuals with MGUS.

• #55 Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Cardiovascular Significance; Current Evidence and Novel Insights

  https://www.mdpi.com/2308-3425/10/12/484

  Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a premalignant condition characterized by the presence of low levels of a monoclonal protein in the serum and a low percentage of clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow. MGUS may progress to multiple myeloma or other plasma cell disorders at a rate of 1% annually. However, MGUS may also have adverse effects on the cardiovascular system independent of its malignant potential. Emerging data have shown that MGUS is associated with cardiovascular disease. The mechanisms underlying this association are not fully understood but may involve genetic abnormalities, vascular calcification, cryoglobulinemia, cold agglutinin disease, autoantibodies and the direct or indirect effects of the monoclonal protein on the vascular endothelium. Herein, we review current evidence in this field and we suggest that patients with MGUS may benefit from regular cardiovascular risk assessment to prevent severe cardiovascular complications, in parallel with close hematological follow-up to monitor potential disease progression.

• #56 Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Cardiovascular Significance; Current Evidence and Novel Insights

  https://www.mdpi.com/2308-3425/10/12/484

  Patients with multiple myeloma have an increased risk of CVD and recommendations regarding the management of cardiovascular risk have been published. […] A recent prospective study examined the effects of MGUS on several CVD parameters, including heart failure, arrhythmias, acute MI, ischemic stroke and PAD. […] In conclusion, MGUS is associated with an increased risk of CVD. Data are more evident for CAD than for cerebrovascular events, whereas data on PAD are limited. […] Therefore, people with MGUS may benefit from regular cardiovascular risk assessment and management as well as close hematological follow-up to monitor disease progression.

• #57

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/7062

  MGUS patients have an approximately 2-fold increased risk of developing bacterial and viral infections compared to controls. […] MGUS patients have an increased risk of osteoporosis and fractures (axial distal). […] There is an approximately 28-fold increased risk of developing myeloid malignancies including myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), acute myeloid leukemia, and polycythemia vera in MGUS. […] Furthermore, MGUS patients have an approximately 1.5-fold increased risk of developing a non-hematologic malignancy. […] Several studies report an approximately 2-3 fold increased risk of developing deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism in MGUS patients. […] The increased risk of venous and arterial thrombosis was only observed in IgG and IgA MGUS, but not in IgM MGUS. […] MGUS patients have a poorer survival than the general population. […] MGUS patients have an average risk of progression to MM or, to a lesser extent, other lymphoproliferative disorders of 1% per year.

• #58

  https://step2.medbullets.com/oncology/422784/monoclonal-gammopathy-of-undetermined-significance-mgus

  A 55-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for evaluation of his peripheral neuropathy. […] Epidemiology […] Incidence […] 3% of the general population in patients 50 years of age. […] Risk factors […] black race […] family history […] radiation exposure. […] must monitor patient for progression to malignant disease. […] Associated with lower survival than the general population […] may be due to the development of multiple myeloma or other lymphoproliferative malignancies.

• #59 Diagnosis of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-of-monoclonal-gammopathy-of-undetermined-significance

  Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a clinically asymptomatic premalignant clonal plasma cell or lymphoplasmacytic proliferative disorder. It is defined by the presence of a serum monoclonal protein (M protein) at a concentration <3 g/dL, a bone marrow with <10 percent monoclonal plasma cells, and absence of end-organ damage (lytic bone lesions, anemia, hypercalcemia, kidney impairment, hyperviscosity) related to the proliferative process. [...] MGUS occurs in over 3 percent of the White population over the age of 50 and is typically detected as an incidental finding when individuals undergo a protein electrophoresis as part of an evaluation for a wide variety of clinical symptoms and disorders (eg, peripheral neuropathy, vasculitis, hemolytic anemia, skin rashes, hypercalcemia, or elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate).

• #60 Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507880/

  Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is found in approximately 2% to 3% of adults over age 50 and in 5% of adults older than the age of 70. MGUS is more common in men than in women (1.5:1) and 2 to 3-fold more common in African Americans compared to Caucasians. Non-IgM MGUS represents up to 85% of MGUS cases; IgM MGUS represents up to 15% of MGUS cases. […] Non-IgM MGUS is usually diagnosed as an incidental finding on protein electrophoresis performed as part of an evaluation for disorders or disease presentation of peripheral neuropathy, vasculitis, hemolytic anemia, skin rashes, hypercalcemia, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Non-IgM MGUS is generally not considered a neoplastic process, with an annual risk of progression of 1%. Non-IgM MGUS may progress to PCM, solitary plasmacytoma, or amyloidosis.

• #61

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12254-020-00630-z

  MGUS has an overall low risk of progression to multiple myeloma (MM) or other associated diseases. Depending on the immunoglobulin subtype, the rate of progression can vary from 0.3% per year in light-chain MGUS to 1.5% in IgM MGUS. […] Due to its high prevalence in the elderly population, screening for MGUS is not recommended, even though it has been suggested that MM is virtually always preceded by MGUS and early detection and subsequent close monitoring may prevent the occurrence of end-organ damage. […] Due to the steady progression rate, most MGUS patients need lifelong follow-up. The recommendations on follow-up from the various guidelines differ somewhat in certain aspects. The most recent guidelines from the EMN recommend a risk-adapted approach based on the Mayo Clinic risk stratification model.

• #62 Pic monoclonal : comment l’interpréter et quand s’inquiéter ? | Louvain Médical

  https://www.louvainmedical.be/fr/article/pic-monoclonal-comment-linterpreter-et-quand-sinquieter

  La prvalence des pics monoclonaux augmente avec lge : de 3% en dessous de 50 ans jusqu 10% au-del de 80 ans ! […] La prsence dun pic monoclonal nest pas synonyme de cancer, le plus souvent il sagit dun MGUS (62%), puis par ordre dcroissant, de mylome symptomatique (16%), damylose AL (8%), de mylome indolent (4%), de prolifration lymphode (3%), de maladie de Waldenstrm (5%), de plasmocytome (2 %) et autres (6 %). […] Le risque de transformation maligne dun MGUS en mylome ou en une autre lymphopathie est estim 1 % par an. Les facteurs de progression sont lisotype de limmunoglobuline monoclonale et son taux initial. […] Le dpistage systmatique dune MGUS dans la population gnrale nest pas recommand. […] La surveillance dun pic monoclonal doit tre prolonge puisquil y a un risque volutif (1 % par an), et comporter une valuation clinique (tat gnral, douleurs osseuses, syndrome tumoral) et un contrle sanguin (hmogramme, calcmie, lectrophorse des protines (au mme laboratoire pour quantification), LDH (si IgM), urinaire (si chaines lgres).

• #63 Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_gammopathy_of_undetermined_significance

  At the Mayo Clinic, MGUS transformed into multiple myeloma or similar lymphoproliferative disorders at the rate of about 0.52% a year depending on risk category. […] Kyle et al. studied the prevalence of myeloma in the population as a whole (not clinic patients) in Olmsted County, Minnesota. They found that the prevalence of MGUS was 3.2% in people above 50, with a slight male predominance (4.0% vs. 2.7%). Prevalence increased with age: of people over 70 up to 5.3% had MGUS, while in the over-85 age group the prevalence was 7.5%. […] A study of monoclonal protein levels conducted in Ghana showed a prevalence of MGUS of approximately 5.9% in African men over the age of 50. […] In 2009, prospective data demonstrated that all or almost all cases of multiple myeloma are preceded by MGUS. […] In addition to multiple myeloma, MGUS may also progress to Waldenstrm’s macroglobulinemia or primary amyloidosis.

• #64

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12254-020-00630-z

  MGUS has an overall low risk of progression to multiple myeloma (MM) or other associated diseases. Depending on the immunoglobulin subtype, the rate of progression can vary from 0.3% per year in light-chain MGUS to 1.5% in IgM MGUS. […] Due to its high prevalence in the elderly population, screening for MGUS is not recommended, even though it has been suggested that MM is virtually always preceded by MGUS and early detection and subsequent close monitoring may prevent the occurrence of end-organ damage. […] Due to the steady progression rate, most MGUS patients need lifelong follow-up. The recommendations on follow-up from the various guidelines differ somewhat in certain aspects. The most recent guidelines from the EMN recommend a risk-adapted approach based on the Mayo Clinic risk stratification model.

• #65 Comparison of progression risk of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance by method of detection – PubMed

  https://www.medrxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=39437710&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fmedrxiv%2Fearly%2F2025%2F02%2F05%2F2025.02.04.25321690.atom

  Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is an asymptomatic premalignant disorder. The current standard of care is not to screen for MGUS, so it is often incidentally diagnosed in the clinic. It is unknown whether the outcomes of screened vs clinically detected MGUS differ. We compared the progression risk between screened vs clinical MGUS cohorts and assessed whether the MGUS detection method affected risk prediction of established clinical factors (score). We included 379 screened MGUS cases from the Olmsted County population-based study and 1384 patients with MGUS diagnosed during routine clinical evaluation at Mayo Clinic. Median follow-up time for the screened vs clinical cohort was 26.6 and 40.1 years, respectively. Accounting for death as a competing risk, the cumulative incidence of progression at 25 years was similar in the screened (11.1% [95% confidence interval [CI], 8.3-14.8]) vs clinical (10.1% [95% CI, 8.6-11.8]) MGUS cohorts, even when stratified by sex, age, or the baseline MGUS risk score. Overall, 0.9 (95% CI, 0.6-1.2) of patients with screened MGUS vs 1.0 (95% CI, 0.9-1.2) of those with clinically detected MGUS experienced disease progression for every 100 person-years of follow-up. MGUS detection method did not modify the association between MGUS risk score and progression risk (pinteraction = 0.217) and did not add to known risk factors for progression (likelihood ratio test; P = .839). Here, we show that progression risk among patients with screened vs clinically detected heavy-chain MGUS was similar. Future studies are needed to assess whether tailored follow-up of patients with screened MGUS affects clinical outcomes.

• #66 Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507880/

  The intensity of follow-up in patients with MGUS is guided by risk stratification. Initial follow-up at six months is recommended, with subsequent visits scheduled according to the level of risk. If clinical trials of preventive strategies are available, patients at high risk for progression should be encouraged to participate.

• #67 Geographic Prevalence Patterns and Modifiable Risk Factors for Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance

  https://www.mdpi.com/2673-6357/4/4/27

  […] […] Since MGUS prevalence is a function of the demographic composition of each group and risk factors for MGUS may be population-specific, large population studies at various geographic sites are needed. Poor knowledge of global geographic patterns in MGUS prevalence limits the generalizability of any suggested screening or preventive interventions. Population-based screening for MGUS could also identify candidates for early treatment or help guide optimal clinical management. Using this lens, we discuss the geographic prevalence patterns of MGUS and recent advances in knowledge of risk factors for MGUS to assess the potential influence of non-modifiable versus modifiable risk factors associated with MGUS.

• #68 MGUS – Myeloma UK

  https://www.myeloma.org.uk/understanding-myeloma/related-conditions/mgus/

  Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, or ‘MGUS’, is a condition related to myeloma but it is not a cancer. Most people with MGUS will notice no effect on their general health. […] MGUS is a common condition that affects about 1 in 30 people over 50. This increases with age, rising to 1 in 20 people over 70 and up to nearly 1 in 10 people aged over 85. Most people will never know that they have the condition because it does not usually cause any symptoms. […] While most MGUS patients have a stable condition that has no effect on their general health, a small proportion of patients will go on to develop a cancer called myeloma. MGUS can also progress to other conditions such as Waldenström’s macroglobulinaemia, AL amyloidosis or lymphoma. […] MGUS is actively monitored but not treated. This is because many patients with MGUS remain well and never develop any problems related to it. However, a very small number of people with MGUS go on to develop another, more serious condition. For example, over a 10-year period, 10% of people (1 in 10 people) with MGUS will develop myeloma (a blood cancer). For this reason, it is important to have regular blood tests to check for any change in your condition. Regular checks will make sure that if you need treatment, you can have it as soon as it is necessary. […] Your healthcare team will monitor you for any signs that your MGUS may be developing into another condition. […] There is not yet anything anyone can do to prevent MGUS from progressing to another condition.

• #69

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12254-020-00630-z

  MGUS is a common premalignant condition found in over 3% of people over the age of 50 years that can precede the development of MM, WM, NHL, AL amyloidosis, or MGRS. While progression rates are low, careful and thorough work-up time of diagnosis is necessary to adequately distinguish MGUS from paraprotein-associated diseases. Follow-up should be lifelong and risk-based, focusing on the early detection of end-organ damage.

• #70

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/7062

  Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance is one of the most common pre-malignant disorders. […] MGUS is one of the most common pre-malignant disorders and affects approximately 3.5% of the population over 50 years of age. […] There is an average risk of progression to MM or, to a lesser extent, other lymphoproliferative disorders of 1% per year. […] The risk of progression for light-chain MGUS is lower when compared to conventional MGUS. […] Presenting features as well as the dynamics of the plasma cell clone during the first years of follow up are helpful in predicting risk of progression of MGUS to symptomatic disease. […] The importance of MGUS not only lies in the increased risk of developing a hematologic malignancy, but the small clone may also be responsible for severe organ damage through the production of a toxic M-protein which has autoantibody activity or deposits in tissues.

• #71 Risk Stratifying Patients with Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance

  https://consultqd.clevelandclinic.org/risk-stratifying-patients-with-monoclonal-gammopathy-of-undetermined-significance

  Patients at intermediate or high risk should be followed annually after the initial six-month visit. […] After MGUS is confirmed, the patient should be risk-stratified to determine the need for bone marrow biopsy and to predict the risk of progression to more serious conditions. […] The importance of educating patients to report any new worrisome symptom (e.g., fatigue, neuropathy, weight loss, night sweats, bone pain) cannot be overemphasized, as some patients may progress to myeloma or other disorders between follow-up visits.

• #72 Risk Stratifying Patients with Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance

  https://consultqd.clevelandclinic.org/risk-stratifying-patients-with-monoclonal-gammopathy-of-undetermined-significance

  Half of patients with MGUS fall into the low-risk category, which is defined by IgG-type serum M protein in a concentration less than 1.5 g/dL and a normal serum free light-chain ratio (kappa-lambda 0.261.65). The absolute risk of progression at 20 years is only 5 percent for patients with low-risk MGUS, compared with 58 percent in patients with high-risk MGUS (positive for all three risk factors). […] Most of the recommendations regarding follow-up are based on expert opinion, given the lack of randomized data. Most experts agree that all patients should be reevaluated six months after an M protein is detected, with laboratory surveillance tests (complete blood cell count, serum creatinine, serum calcium level, serum protein electrophoresis and serum free light chains). Low-risk patients with a stable M protein level can be followed every two to three years.

• #73 Risk Stratifying Patients with Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance

  https://consultqd.clevelandclinic.org/risk-stratifying-patients-with-monoclonal-gammopathy-of-undetermined-significance

  Half of patients with MGUS fall into the low-risk category, which is defined by IgG-type serum M protein in a concentration less than 1.5 g/dL and a normal serum free light-chain ratio (kappa-lambda 0.261.65). The absolute risk of progression at 20 years is only 5 percent for patients with low-risk MGUS, compared with 58 percent in patients with high-risk MGUS (positive for all three risk factors). […] Most of the recommendations regarding follow-up are based on expert opinion, given the lack of randomized data. Most experts agree that all patients should be reevaluated six months after an M protein is detected, with laboratory surveillance tests (complete blood cell count, serum creatinine, serum calcium level, serum protein electrophoresis and serum free light chains). Low-risk patients with a stable M protein level can be followed every two to three years.

• #74 Risk Stratifying Patients with Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance

  https://consultqd.clevelandclinic.org/risk-stratifying-patients-with-monoclonal-gammopathy-of-undetermined-significance

  Patients at intermediate or high risk should be followed annually after the initial six-month visit. […] After MGUS is confirmed, the patient should be risk-stratified to determine the need for bone marrow biopsy and to predict the risk of progression to more serious conditions. […] The importance of educating patients to report any new worrisome symptom (e.g., fatigue, neuropathy, weight loss, night sweats, bone pain) cannot be overemphasized, as some patients may progress to myeloma or other disorders between follow-up visits.

• #75 Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS) – Hematology and Oncology – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/plasma-cell-disorders/monoclonal-gammopathy-of-undetermined-significance-mgus

  Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is the production of M-protein by noncancerous plasma cells in the absence of other manifestations typical of multiple myeloma. […] The incidence of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) increases with age, from 1% of people aged 25 years to 5% of people 70 years (1). […] Although most cases are initially benign, up to 25% (1%/year) progress to myeloma or a related B-cell disorder, such as macroglobulinemia, amyloidosis, or lymphoma (2). […] Every 6 to 12 months, patients should undergo clinical examination and serum and urine protein electrophoresis to evaluate for disease progression.

• #76 Risk Stratifying Patients with Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance

  https://consultqd.clevelandclinic.org/risk-stratifying-patients-with-monoclonal-gammopathy-of-undetermined-significance

  Patients at intermediate or high risk should be followed annually after the initial six-month visit. […] After MGUS is confirmed, the patient should be risk-stratified to determine the need for bone marrow biopsy and to predict the risk of progression to more serious conditions. […] The importance of educating patients to report any new worrisome symptom (e.g., fatigue, neuropathy, weight loss, night sweats, bone pain) cannot be overemphasized, as some patients may progress to myeloma or other disorders between follow-up visits.

• #77 Monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance (MGUS)

  https://www.ufrgs.br/imunovet/molecular_immunology/pathohomotissueblood_MGUS.html

  Epidemiology : prevalence increases with age. In large referral centers, half the patients with a monoclonal gammopathy have MGUS, whereas only 15 to 20% have multiple myeloma. […] The prevalence increased with advancing age and was almost four times as high among persons 80 years of age or older as among those 50 to 59 years of age. The prevalence leveled off after 85 years of age in men and after 90 years of age in women. In persons older than 85 years of age, the prevalence of MGUS was 8.9% in men and 7.0% in women (total, 7.5%). […] All patients with MGUS must be monitored indefinitely for progression to a malignant condition. […] The risk of progression with MGUS does not diminish even after 25-35 years, making lifelong follow-up necessary in all persons diagnosed with MGUS.

• #78

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/7062

  MGUS patients have an approximately 2-fold increased risk of developing bacterial and viral infections compared to controls. […] MGUS patients have an increased risk of osteoporosis and fractures (axial distal). […] There is an approximately 28-fold increased risk of developing myeloid malignancies including myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), acute myeloid leukemia, and polycythemia vera in MGUS. […] Furthermore, MGUS patients have an approximately 1.5-fold increased risk of developing a non-hematologic malignancy. […] Several studies report an approximately 2-3 fold increased risk of developing deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism in MGUS patients. […] The increased risk of venous and arterial thrombosis was only observed in IgG and IgA MGUS, but not in IgM MGUS. […] MGUS patients have a poorer survival than the general population. […] MGUS patients have an average risk of progression to MM or, to a lesser extent, other lymphoproliferative disorders of 1% per year.

• #79 Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Cardiovascular Significance; Current Evidence and Novel Insights

  https://www.mdpi.com/2308-3425/10/12/484

  Patients with multiple myeloma have an increased risk of CVD and recommendations regarding the management of cardiovascular risk have been published. […] A recent prospective study examined the effects of MGUS on several CVD parameters, including heart failure, arrhythmias, acute MI, ischemic stroke and PAD. […] In conclusion, MGUS is associated with an increased risk of CVD. Data are more evident for CAD than for cerebrovascular events, whereas data on PAD are limited. […] Therefore, people with MGUS may benefit from regular cardiovascular risk assessment and management as well as close hematological follow-up to monitor disease progression.

• #80 Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507880/

  The intensity of follow-up in patients with MGUS is guided by risk stratification. Initial follow-up at six months is recommended, with subsequent visits scheduled according to the level of risk. If clinical trials of preventive strategies are available, patients at high risk for progression should be encouraged to participate.

• #81 CAP-IT Member: MGUS

  https://ncicapit.org/members/mgus/

  Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS) is a precancerous condition affecting ~3.5 million Americans. Other than active surveillance, there is no treatment to prevent MGUS from progressing into cancers, the vast majority of which are incurable. […] We hypothesize that cancer-driving molecules and the bone marrow microenvironment promoting MGUS progression are suitable targets for precision cancer prevention and interception. […] Develop new projects for cancer preventive or interceptive interventions against MGUS progression.

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