Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/listeriosis

  Listeriosis is a serious, but preventable and treatable disease. […] Foodborne listeriosis is one of the most serious and severe foodborne diseases. It is caused by the bacteria Listeria monocytogenes. […] Although the number of cases of listeriosis is small, the high rate of death associated with this infection makes it a significant public health concern. […] Infection can also be transmitted between humans, notably from pregnant women to unborn babies. […] The control of L. monocytogenes is required at all stages in the food chain and an integrated approach is needed to prevent the multiplication of this bacteria in the final food product. […] Food manufacturers should also test against microbiological criteria, as appropriate, when validating and verifying the correct functioning of their HACCP based procedures and other hygiene control measures.

• #1 Clinical Overview of Listeriosis | Listeria Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  The annual incidence of laboratory-confirmed listeriosis in the United States is about 0.24 cases per 100,000 population, based on active surveillance in 10 FoodNet sites. […] Approximately 800 laboratory-confirmed cases are reported annually to CDC’s National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System. […] However, many cases are not detected or reported, and CDC’s 2011 Estimates of Foodborne Illness, which includes estimates of cases not diagnosed or reported, indicates that approximately 1,600 cases occur annually in the United States. […] CDC estimates that listeriosis is the third leading cause of death from foodborne illness with about 260 deaths per year.

• #1 Listeria Infection: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/965841-overview

  Listeriosis is relatively rare and occurs primarily in newborn infants, elderly patients, and patients who are immunocompromised. […] The estimated annual incidence of listeriosis is approximately 2-3 cases per million population. In the United States, an estimated 1600 people contract listeriosis every year. Pregnant women account for 27% of all cases, and most occur during the third trimester. […] In a study of reported listeria cases from 2009-2011, the CDC reported a case fatality rate of 21%. Almost all cases occurred in high-risk groups, including older adults, pregnant women, and people who were immunocompromised. […] The estimated annual incidence of listeriosis is approximately 4 cases per million population in Canada. Surveillance of listeria infections in Europe reported an incidence varying between 0.3 (Greece) and 7.5 (Sweden) cases per year.

• #1 High density genomic surveillance and risk profiling of clinical Listeria monocytogenes subtypes in Germany | Genome Medicine | Full Text

  https://genomemedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13073-024-01389-2

  Foodborne infections such as listeriosis caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes represent a significant public health concern, particularly when outbreaks affect many individuals over prolonged time. […] The collected isolates covered 62% of all notified cases and belonged to 188 infection clusters. […] In Germany, incidence of listeriosis steadily increased from 0.4/100,000 in 2011 to 0.9/100,000 in 2017, but was slightly lower in subsequent years. […] This recent trend of declining case numbers coincided with the introduction of WGS in the German listeriosis surveillance system in 2018, which had led to the detection and termination of large listeriosis outbreaks. […] During the last years, several countries or supranational entities such as the European Union have established pathogen surveillance systems based on whole genome sequencing (WGS) of clinical and food isolates to allow cluster detection and assignment of food sources.

• #1

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/listeria-monocytogenes-surveillance-reports/listeriosis-in-england-and-wales-summary-for-2021

  incidence of listeriosis varied geographically, with the lowest incidence in Wales (0.16 per 100,000 population) and the highest in London (0.39 cases per 100,000 population) […] there were 3 listeriosis outbreaks investigated in England and Wales in 2021, including a national outbreak associated with smoked fish […] National surveillance of listeriosis in England and Wales has been undertaken since 1992 […] In 2021, 160 cases of listeriosis were reported to national surveillance in England and Wales, representing a 1.9% increase in reported cases compared to the previous 5-year median (n=157, 2015 to 2019) […] The crude incidence of listeriosis in 2021 was 0.27 cases per 100,000 population […] The incidence rate of listeriosis varied geographically […] In England, London had the highest incidence rate of 0.39 cases per 100,000 population whilst Wales had the lowest incidence rate of 0.16 cases per 100,000 population

• #1 Listeria Monocytogenes Infection (Listeriosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220684-overview

  Listeria infection ranks as the third leading cause of mortality from foodborne illnesses in the United States, and there are 1,600 cases of Listeria infection and 260 fatalities due to the infection each year. […] The frequency of L monocytogenes infection is 2.9 cases per million population, with higher incidences in elderly individuals and pregnant women. It presents with higher incidence rates during the summer months. […] Pregnant women account for 27% of all cases, and most occur during the third trimester. Seventy percent of all nonperinatal infections occur in immunocompromised patients. […] Listeria infection ranks as the third leading cause of mortality from foodborne illnesses in the United States. There are 1,600 cases of Listeria infection and 260 fatalities due to the infection in the United States each year. […] The overall mortality rate of L monocytogenes infection is 15-20%. Listeria accounts for 19% of all deaths due to food-borne infection. […] Of all pregnancy-related cases, 22% resulted in fetal loss or neonatal death, but mothers usually survive.

• #1 Get the Facts about Listeria | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animal-health-literacy/get-facts-about-listeria

  Compared to other foodborne illnesses, listeriosis is rare but very serious. Even with adequate antibiotic treatment, the disease has a high mortality rate of 20 to 30 percent. Over 90 percent of people with listeriosis are hospitalized, often in intensive care units. In the U.S., the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that about 1,600 people get listeriosis each year, and about 260 die. The hospitalization rate is 94%, meaning that of the approximately 1,600 people who get the disease each year, about 1,500 will be hospitalized. […] Listeriosis occurs almost exclusively in pregnant women, newborns, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems (such as those with cancer or other diseases). […] In a joint risk assessment report on L. monocytogenes in ready-to-eat food, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization found that the elderly (people 60 years and older) were 2.6 times more likely to get listeriosis than the general healthy population. In the U.S. in 2011, the median age of non-pregnant people diagnosed with a severe form of listeriosis was 71 years. […] The U.S. Department of Agricultures Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) maintains a zero-tolerance policy for L. monocytogenes in ready-to-eat meat and poultry products. FSIS continues to strengthen programs and recommendations to reduce or eliminate the bacteria from ready-to-eat products.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Listeriosis-Epidemiology.aspx

  Listeriosis is approximately 18 times more common in pregnant women than in the general population. Furthermore, pregnant women account for 16-27% of all listeria infections, which can cause mild illness in mothers but can be devastating to the fetus, in some cases leading to severe disease or fetal death. The incidence of listeriosis in the newborn is estimated at a rate of 8.6 per 100,000 live births.

• #1 Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations of Listeria monocytogenes Infection

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11026082/

  Demographic data from surveillance studies indirectly revealed several host-specific risk factors for invasive listeriosis. Infection is most commonly seen in the first 30 days of life or in patients older than 60. In the first instance, the fetus is infected during maternal sepsis with L. monocytogenes or from perivaginal and perianal colonization of the mother by transition through the birth canal. Host defense against listeriosis is impaired in those infants with underdeveloped macrophage and cell-mediated immune function, and invasive listeriosis is more likely to occur if colonization of the liver, respiratory tract, or gastrointestinal tract has occurred. […] The increased risk of invasive listeriosis in older patients reflects the increasing incidence of immunosuppressive conditions, such as solid tumors and hematologic malignancy, in this age group. Control of early infection in humans and in animal models is highly dependent on an intact gastrointestinal mucosa and effective macrophage function in the liver, spleen, and peritoneum following bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract. Both these protective events can be impaired by the primary disease or by chemotherapy or radiation-induced damage. In addition, treatment of malignancy and the use of immunosuppressive agents with a specific effect on cell-mediated immune function, such as corticosteroids or cyclosporin A, predispose to invasive infection by diminishing L. monocytogenes-specific host responses that occur after the initial phase of infection. The recent proliferation of biologic treatments with immune modulators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors has also contributed to increases in invasive listeriosis. […] false

• #1 Management of Pregnant Women With Presumptive Exposure to Listeria monocytogenes | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2014/12/management-of-pregnant-women-with-presumptive-exposure-to-listeria-monocytogenes

  Listeriosis is predominantly a foodborne illness, with sporadic and outbreak-related cases tied to consumption of food contaminated with listeria (Listeria monocytogenes). The incidence of listeriosis associated with pregnancy is approximately 13 times higher than in the general population. […] The incidence of pregnancy-associated listeriosis is markedly higher among Hispanic women (8.9 per 100,000) compared with non-Hispanic women (2.3 per 100,000). […] Active, population-based surveillance for listeriosis determined that 17% of 760 listeriosis cases reported in 10 U.S. geographic sites from 2004 to 2009 were associated with pregnancy, with an overall perinatal mortality (fetal loss or neonatal death) rate of 29%. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention considers listeriosis a nationally notifiable disease, and once diagnosis is confirmed, health care providers should contact their state public health departments to comply with local requirements for reporting.

• #1 Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations of Listeria monocytogenes Infection

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11026082/

  Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive motile facultative anaerobe that inhabits a broad ecologic niche. With selective media it can be readily isolated from soil, water, and vegetation, including raw produce designated for human consumption without further processing. Surface contamination of meat and vegetables is relatively common, with up to 15% of these foods harboring the organism. In addition, the organism is a transient inhabitant of both animal and human gastrointestinal tracts, and intermittent carriage suggests frequent exposure. The gut is the source for the organism in invasive listeriosis when it occurs, and the virulence factor ActA may promote carriage. The organism is psychrophilic and enjoys a competitive advantage against other Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms in cold environments, such as refrigerators. It may also be amplified in spoiled food products, particularly when spoilage leads to increased alkalinity. Feeding of spoiled silage with a high pH has resulted in epidemics of listeriosis in sheep and cattle.

• #1 Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations of Listeria monocytogenes Infection

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11026082/

  Our current understanding of the epidemiology of human listeriosis suggests that the organism is a common contaminant of food products and that ingestion of small numbers of L. monocytogenes occurs frequently in human populations. In one prospective study, a rate of 5 to 9 exposures per person-year was estimated. Amplification of the organism in biofilms or on food products undergoing processing but not pasteurization and kept at cold temperatures allows overgrowth of L. monocytogenes. Subsequent ingestion of large numbers of the organism may overwhelm innate host-defense systems in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and spleen with subsequent development of invasive disease. The annual rate of sporadic listeriosis in Europe and North America is usually 1/100,000 population per year, and the disease is costly in both human and economic terms. Sporadic listeriosis appears to be more common in the spring and summer months. This could be explained by seasonal variations in the types of food products eaten by human populations, with higher-risk products eaten in the warmer months. In addition, data suggest that preexisting damage to the gastrointestinal mucosa by other microorganisms, such as those that are associated with viral gastroenteritis, may allow translocation of L. monocytogenes from the gastrointestinal tract with subsequent development of invasive disease. These viral pathogens often have seasonal patterns that overlap with those of invasive listeriosis.

• #1 Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations of Listeria monocytogenes Infection

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11026082/

  Several large foodborne outbreaks of listeriosis in humans have parallels to epidemic listeriosis in animals. The first proven foodborne outbreak occurred in Canada in 1980 to 1981 and was caused by ingestion of contaminated coleslaw. Subsequently, many other foodstuffs have been implicated in both small and large outbreaks, including unpasteurized and pasteurized cheeses, pasteurized milk, butter, various fruits and vegetables, and several meat products. A large outbreak of listeriosis with over 900 cases and 200 deaths was reported from South Africa in 2017-2018. The source was a contaminated processed meat called polony. Recent evidence suggests that hospitalized patients are also at risk of acquiring invasive listeriosis. Tracking listeriosis cases and creating linkages to food products is now dependent on typing isolates using pulsed field gel electrophoresis and whole-genome sequencing, which have largely replaced older methods such as serotyping. Uncertainty exists as to why outbreaks of listeriosis occur in human populations, although the 50% infective dose in sporadic disease is probably high. Enhancement of organism-specific virulence factors may play a role in epidemic disease, although all isolates of L. monocytogenes have the ability to produce all the virulence factors characteristic of the species.

• #1 Listeriosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeriosis

  Incidence in 20042005 was 2.53 cases per million population a year in the United States, where pregnant women accounted for 30% of all cases. […] Of all non-perinatal infections, 70% occur in immunocompromised patients. Incidence in the U.S. has been falling since the 1990s, in contrast to Europe where changes in eating habits have led to an increase during the same time. In the EU, it has stabilized at around 5 cases per annum per million population, although the rate in each country contributing data to EFSA/ECDC varies greatly. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there are about 1,600 cases of listeriosis annually in the United States. Compared to 19961998, the incidence of listeriosis had declined by about 38% by 2003. However, illnesses and deaths continue to occur. On average from 1998 to 2008, 2.4 outbreaks per year were reported to the CDC.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/listeriosis

  Modern technologies using genetic fingerprint Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) allow for more rapid identification of the food source of listeriosis outbreaks by linking L. monocytogens isolated from patients with those isolated from foods. […] WHO and FAO have published an international quantitative risk assessment of Listeria in ready-to-eat foods. This has formed the scientific basis for the Codex Alimentarius Commission Guidelines on the Application of General Principles of Food Hygiene to the Control of Listeria Monocytogenes in Foods. […] WHOs main tool to assist Member States in surveillance, coordination and response to outbreaks is the International Network of Food Safety Authorities (INFOSAN) which links national authorities in Member States in charge of managing food safety events.

• #1 Surveillance | Listeria Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/php/surveillance/surveillance.html

  CDC conducts surveillance for Listeria infections to learn more about the germ, how it causes disease, how it’s spread, and other information to help protect the public from illness. […] For more than 30 years, CDC has conducted surveillance for Listeria infections to learn more about the germ, how it causes disease, how it’s spread, and other information to help protect the public from illness. […] Each of the CDC systems monitoring Listeria serves a different purpose. Together, they provide a comprehensive view of listeriosis in the United States. […] The Listeria Initiative is an enhanced surveillance system that collects reports of laboratory-confirmed cases of listeriosis in the United States. […] FoodNet collects information to track rates and report trends for nine germs transmitted commonly by food, including Listeria.

• #1 Surveillance | Listeria | CDC

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/listeria/surveillance.html

  Surveillance provides valuable insights into the foods, germs, and settings linked to foodborne diseases. For more than 30 years, CDC has conducted surveillance for Listeria infections to learn more about the germ, how it causes disease, how its spread, and other information to help protect the public from illness. Each of the CDC systems monitoring Listeria serves a different purpose. Together, they provide a comprehensive view of listeriosis in the United States. […] The Listeria Initiative is an enhanced surveillance system that collects reports of laboratory-confirmed cases of listeriosis in the United States. Its goal is to find and stop outbreaks by interviewing all patients with Listeria infection using the Listeria Case Report, a questionnaire developed to collect detailed information about the foods people ate before they got sick. The information collected from patients on the Listeria Case Report helps identify foods that may be contaminated with Listeria.

• #1 Surveillance | Listeria Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/php/surveillance/surveillance.html

  NNDSS is a reporting system that enables all local, state, territorial, and federal health agencies to share health information. This helps to monitor, control, and prevent the occurrence and spread of nationally notifiable infectious diseases, including listeriosis, and some noninfectious diseases and conditions. […] FDOSS collects reports of foodborne disease outbreaks from local, state, tribal, and territorial public health agencies. […] We’re using whole genome sequencing, a laboratory method that provides genetic information about Listeria to help solve outbreaks and improve food safety.

• #1 Surveillance | Listeria | CDC

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/listeria/surveillance.html

  FoodNet collects information to track rates and report trends for nine germs transmitted commonly by food, including Listeria. […] When PulseNet identifies a possible cluster of Listeria by finding the same molecular pattern in patients samples, epidemiologists can rapidly investigate the source. […] The National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) is a reporting system that enables all local, state, territorial, and federal health agencies to share health information to monitor, control, and prevent the occurrence and spread of nationally notifiable infectious diseases, including listeriosis, and some noninfectious diseases and conditions. […] The Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System (FDOSS) collects reports of foodborne disease outbreaks from local, state, tribal, and territorial public health agencies. FDOSS contains information on foods, settings, and germs linked to specific outbreaks. […] Were using real-time whole genome sequence-based Listeria surveillance to solve outbreaks and improve food safety.

• #1 Surveillance of listeria infections in Europe

  https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/maladies-et-traumatismes/maladies-infectieuses-d-origine-alimentaire/listeriose/surveillance-of-listeria-infections-in-europe

  In addition to the economic consequences and threats associated with outbreaks, listeriosis remains of great public health concern, as it has one of the highest case fatality rates of all the foodborne infections (20%-30%), and has common source epidemic potential. […] Surveillance systems for listeria infections were in operation in 16 out of the 17 countries surveyed, and 16 countries had a national reference laboratory (NRL). […] The participants concluded that there was a clear added value to having a European surveillance network for listeria infections, particularly for outbreak detection and investigation, and that a surveillance network based on the existing national surveillance systems was feasible.

• #1 How investigating the population biology of Listeria is ushering in a new era in listeriosis surveillance​ | Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/research-journal/news/how-investigating-population-biology-listeria-ushering-new-era-listeriosis-surveillance

  „The technique for typing Listeria strains that we have developed is set to become the new standard, with whole-genome analysis of strains” when a case of listeriosis emerges somewhere in the world or contaminated food is detected. „We established a standardized nomenclature for strains that can be used to identify them with great precision. This will enable public health agencies to communicate effectively during outbreaks and to determine their geographical provenance and foodborne cause in real time,” pointed out Sylvain Brisse. […] „By analyzing our 1,700 samples, we were able to obtain a very precise picture of the Listeria population at global level,” explained Sylvain Brisse. „We published all these data on a website hosted by the Institut Pasteur, accessible to all international centers of expertise, with a very straightforward classification system which facilitates the comparative analysis of strains.”

• #1 Listeria Infection: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/965841-overview

  After years of decreasing incidence, recent trends throughout Europe, in particular France and Scandinavia, show an increasing incidence. This trend is accounted for by increased cases in the population older than 60 years. Neonatal and maternal incidence remains stable. […] Listeria infections occur most often in newborns and elderly patients.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Listeriosis-Epidemiology.aspx

  As of 2021, there is an outbreak of listeriosis due to Hispanic-style fresh and soft cheeses in the US. Over the last 10 years, there have been outbreaks in the US associated with a broad range of foods including cantaloupe melons, ice cream and frozen vegetables. Outbreaks have also occurred in Europe, the UK, South Africa, Australia and Spain over the last seven years. […] Listeria monocytogenes most frequently associated with listeriosis cases belong to serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b. Epidemiological monitoring studies employ different genotyping techniques, with pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) as the golden standard due to its discrimination and reproducibility for molecular sub-typing of this pathogen. […] Medical advances and demographic changes have resulted in an increase in the size of certain at-risk groups for listeriosis, namely the elderly and immunocompromised patients. It must be noted that, even though listeriosis can cause disease in all populations, more than 50% of all cases occur in those older than 65 years of age.

• #1 Listeriosis – Disease Surveillance Epidemiology Program – MeCDC; DHHS Maine

  https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/infectious-disease/epi/disease/listeriosis.shtml

  Listeriosis is an infection caused by eating food contaminated with the bacteria Listeria monocytogenes. […] This infection primarily affects pregnant women, newborns, older adults, and those with weakened immune systems. […] A health care provider diagnoses listeriosis with a laboratory test on body tissue or fluids. […] Listeriosis is treated with antibiotics. […] Listeria can be hard to fully remove from food processing facilities. […] The following foods are more likely to be contaminated with Listeria: […] Listeriosis Maine Surveillance Reports 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 (PDF) […] US CDC: Listeriosis.

• #1 Listeria – AGES

  https://www.ages.at/en/human/disease/pathogens-from-a-to-z/listeria

  In 2023, 37 laboratory-confirmed cases of invasive listeriosis were reported to the Epidemiological Reporting System (EMS). The 28-day mortality rate (= overall mortality within 28 days of diagnosis) for invasive listeriosis was 8.11% (3 out of 37 cases). […] In 2023, a general foodborne outbreak (LMbKA) caused by Listeria monocytogenes Sg IVb/ST6/CT90 was reported to the EMS in Austria: Three people were affected, two of whom required hospitalisation. […] In 2023, approx. 3,500 food samples were analysed for Listeria in the official tests according to the sample plan. Human pathogenic L. monocytogenes were found in 78 samples, with the value being below 100 CFU/g in 12 samples and above 100 CFU/g in four samples. […] Cultural pathogen detection from blood, cerebrospinal fluid, pus, punctates, or (in newborns) swabs from the umbilicus, ear, or meconium should be sought. Listeria can be detected by standardized qualitative, quantitative and molecular biological methods.

• #1 Listeria – Identification and Subtyping | Public Health Ontario

  https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/Laboratory-Services/Test-Information-Index/Listeria-monocytogenes-Confirmation-Serotyping

  Isolates confirmed as Listeria monocytogenes are reported to the Medical Officer of Health as per the Ontario Health Protection and Promotion Act. At this time, results of Listeria monocytogenes subtyping are not reported to the submitter and are only used internally by PHO and Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) epidemiologists through PulseNet Canada for surveillance purposes. When isolates are identified as potentially related by subtyping, PHO collaborates with local health units and, where applicable, the Outbreak Investigation Coordination Committee (OICC) partners to corroborate epidemiological evidence to the subtyping results.

• #1 Surveillance for Listeria monocytogenes and listeriosis, 1995–2004 | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/surveillance-for-listeria-monocytogenes-and-listeriosis-19952004/D05AD241E3D2BEC08D6504A31E6ABB0B

  Canada began a laboratory surveillance programme for L. monocytogenes in 1987, with reporting from only four of ten provinces. However, the incidence of listeriosis in Canada from 1987 to 1994 was estimated using data from Ontario alone. During this period the annual number of cases ranged from 44 to 109 nationally. The only reported Canadian outbreak of listeriosis before 2000 occurred in the Maritime Provinces in 1981. There were 41 cases and 17 deaths, all caused by isolates with serotype 4b. […] Serotyping has been extensively used to differentiate L. monocytogenes into groups that appear to be relevant in terms of human disease and clonal lineages of the organism. Three of the thirteen serotypes, 1/2a, 1/2b and 4b, predominate in human disease, with large outbreaks almost exclusively linked to serotype 4b.

• #1 A review of Listeria monocytogenes from meat and meat products: Epidemiology, virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance and diagnosis

  http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0030-24652020000100013

  The cases of human listeriosis and the number of high profile outbreaks that resulted in many deaths had significantly increased in many countries. The increase is mainly because of changing consumption behaviours, as many individuals consume RTE foods. Furthermore, globalisation of food trade and demographic changes such as increase in susceptible populations because of ageing and existence of other immune-compromising infections have augmented the risk of listeriosis. The introduction of sequencing methodologies for detection and typing of listeriosis outbreaks has also led to increased number of cases being reported. […] Epidemiological surveillance studies showed that human listeriosis is mostly reported in high-income and industrialised countries because of proper surveillance system for food-borne diseases. Surveillance of human listeriosis performed by European Union (EU) between 2006 and 2012 on 18 Member States reported a notification rate of 0.41 cases per 100 000 population. The highest notification rates were observed in Finland, Spain and Denmark with a hospitalisation rate of 91.6% on an average. Furthermore, the surveillance reported 198 deaths because of listeriosis from 18 Member States. The notification rate of human listeriosis in the US was reported to be approximately 0.3 cases per 100 000 population. In the US, approximately 1 600 individuals get listeriosis annually with 21% case fatality rate. The Foodborne Disease Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) had a surveillance system in 10 states of America for laboratory-confirmed cases of food-borne diseases. This system revealed that there is a greater likelihood of being hospitalised from illness caused by Listeria than any other food-borne pathogen in the US.

• #1 Listeriosis: An Overview

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/listeriosis-an-overview

  Listeriosis is a serious, potentially fatal infection caused by Listeria species. Infections, which are usually the result of foodborne contamination, are generally sporadic, but the CDC has documented several multistate outbreaks. The most recent outbreak was in late 2011, when Listeria-contaminated cantaloupes from a farm in Colorado caused infection in 146 people, with symptoms ranging from febrile gastroenteritis to meningoencephalitis. The outbreak encompassed 28 states and led to 30 deaths. […] In the United States, L monocytogenes is estimated to cause 1,600 illnesses, more than 1,400 hospitalizations, and 250 deaths per year. Immunocompromised individuals are at greatest risk; for example, a person with AIDS is 300 times more likely than a person with normal immune function to develop infection. Because of pregnancy-induced immunosuppression, pregnant women are 13 times more likely to become infected. In fact, 27% of all reported Listeria infections are in pregnant women. The estimated incidence rate of neonatal infections is 8.6 per 100,000 live births. Case fatality for fetal or neonatal infections ranges from 20% to 30%. Even after diagnosis and initiation of appropriate antibiotic therapy, the average case-fatality rate is 20% to 30%. Thus, it is important for health care professionals to recognize signs and symptoms early, especially in high-risk populations.

• #1 Listeriosis: An Overview

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/listeriosis-an-overview

  Despite a nationwide reporting and surveillance system, many cases of listeriosis go undiagnosed. This is partly because of the bacterium’s long incubation period and the self-limiting clinical conditions of noninvasive listeriosis. It may take up to 2 months following host infection for signs of infection to develop, with symptoms typically lasting 2 to 3 days. […] Patients aged less than 1 month, those aged greater than 50 years, alcoholic patients, and immunocompromised patients are at increased risk for Listeria infections in the CNS. Patients with HIV or AIDS contract Listeria meningitis at a rate exceeding more than 60 times that of the general population. […] Since listeriosis is most often associated with contaminated food, several preventive steps can be taken in food storage and preparation to avoid the development of this potentially serious infection.

• #1 High density genomic surveillance and risk profiling of clinical Listeria monocytogenes subtypes in Germany | Genome Medicine | Full Text

  https://genomemedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13073-024-01389-2

  As a result, listeriosis outbreaks can now be detected in real time, enabling food authorities to implement countermeasures during ongoing outbreaks. […] A significant portion of the listeriosis clusters also is active for more than 12 months, which would be consistent with constant pathogen dissemination from environmental sources into the food processing chain, persistent contamination of food processing facilities with the same clone or long-term storage of contaminated products in patient households. […] The combination of sequencing data covering the majority of clinical cases with notification data enabled us to analyse human L. monocytogenes infections that occurred in Germany over a period of four consecutive years in different dimensions. […] The assignment of hyper- and hypovirulent lineages may help to prioritise clusters for epidemiological investigations and to concentrate future work on the identification of the underlying genetic determinants, which might lead to the discovery of relevant virulence factors outside of reference strains.

• #1 Listeriosis: Characteristics, Occurrence in Domestic Animals, Public Health Significance, Surveillance and Control

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/12/10/2055

  The reported prevalence of Listeria on 27 cattle farms in Latvia was 58.9%, while for LM it was 11%. […] Monitoring of cattle, sheep and goat herds, as well as swine production, can significantly reduce Listeria entry into food processing facilities (slaughterhouses, meat processing plants and dairies). […] Despite regulated controls of food and environmental samples from food processing facilities, the resilience, persistence and spread of Listeria within herds and into the food production chain, necessitate herd-level disease monitoring as the “first line of defense”. […] The low number of reported cases of listeriosis is in strong contrast to the results of surveillance studies. […] Considering the damage caused by the disease, surveillance program measures should include, at least, the following: Mandatory testing of abortion samples, ensuring all aborted material from livestock is tested for listeriosis; Mandatory testing for listeriosis in small ruminants and cattle carcasses if CNS symptoms are present; Implementing mandatory preventive rodent-control and bird-control measures on farms and disinfection measures, following disease confirmation; Additionally, educational programs for animal owners and veterinarians should be planned to improve awareness and response to listeriosis. […] By implementing these measures, it is possible to significantly mitigate the impact of listeriosis on livestock and reduce its entry into the food production chain, thereby protecting both animals and public health.

• #1 Listeriosis | Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care

  https://www.health.gov.au/diseases/listeriosis

  Listeriosis is a nationally notifiable disease. […] We monitor cases through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. […] For more on listeriosis in Australia, you can search Communicable Diseases Intelligence.

• #2 Listeria Monocytogenes – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534838/

  According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), approximately 1,600 people get listeriosis each year with approximately 260 people dying from the disease. The disease is most prevalent in pregnant women, infants, immunocompromised, and elderly (65 and older). Pregnant women are also at risk as they can acquire L. monocytogenes and pass it to their unborn fetus. […] The number of cases involving L. monocytogenes has decreased in recent years thanks to advances in prevention, detection, and treatment. […] Studies have shown that L. monocytogenes is the third leading cause of death from food-borne illnesses in the United States, with approximately 260 deaths annually. Mortality rates with confirmed L. monocytogenes infection are around 15% but can be higher depending on patient status and comorbidities. […] Early recognition and treatment with ampicillin, penicillin G, or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole are very effective in treating L. monocytogenes.

• #2 Reduce infections caused by Listeria — Data Methodology and Measurement – Healthy People 2030 | odphp.health.gov

  https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/foodborne-illness/reduce-infections-caused-listeria-fs-03/data-methodology

  Data Source: Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), CDC/NCEZID. […] Baseline: 0.27 laboratory-diagnosed, domestically-acquired Listeria monocytogenes infections per 100,000 population occurred on average annually in 2016-18. […] Target: 0.22 per 100,000. […] FoodNet conducts active population-based surveillance in 10 U.S. states for all laboratory-diagnosed infections with select enteric pathogens transmitted commonly through food. […] This objective differs from Healthy People 2020 objective FS-1.3 in that objective FS-1.3 tracked the number of culture-confirmed cases of Listeria monocytogenes infections, while this objective tracks domestically acquired Listeria monocytogenes infections, both culture-confirmed and those identified through culture-independent diagnostic tests (CIDTs).

• #2 Get the Facts about Listeria | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animal-health-literacy/get-facts-about-listeria

  Compared to other foodborne illnesses, listeriosis is rare but very serious. Even with adequate antibiotic treatment, the disease has a high mortality rate of 20 to 30 percent. Over 90 percent of people with listeriosis are hospitalized, often in intensive care units. In the U.S., the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that about 1,600 people get listeriosis each year, and about 260 die. The hospitalization rate is 94%, meaning that of the approximately 1,600 people who get the disease each year, about 1,500 will be hospitalized. […] Listeriosis occurs almost exclusively in pregnant women, newborns, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems (such as those with cancer or other diseases). […] In a joint risk assessment report on L. monocytogenes in ready-to-eat food, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization found that the elderly (people 60 years and older) were 2.6 times more likely to get listeriosis than the general healthy population. In the U.S. in 2011, the median age of non-pregnant people diagnosed with a severe form of listeriosis was 71 years. […] The U.S. Department of Agricultures Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) maintains a zero-tolerance policy for L. monocytogenes in ready-to-eat meat and poultry products. FSIS continues to strengthen programs and recommendations to reduce or eliminate the bacteria from ready-to-eat products.

• #2 Listeriosis Fact Sheet – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/listeriosis/listeria.html

  Listeria monocytogenes is a bacterium that causes an illness called listeriosis. […] Listeriosis primarily affects people in high-risk categories: adults with weakened immune systems, pregnant women, and newborns. […] You can get listeriosis by eating foods contaminated with Listeria. Babies can be born with listeriosis if their mothers eat contaminated food during pregnancy. […] Recommendations for people who are at high risk, such as pregnant women and people with weakened immune systems: […] Do not eat hot dogs, deli meats, or luncheon meats unless they are reheated until steaming hot (at least 165F). […] Do not eat soft cheeses unless they have labels that clearly state they are made from pasteurized milk. […] Do not drink unpasteurized milk and do not eat foods that contain unpasteurized milk. […] General recommendations to prevent listeriosis include thoroughly cooking meats including beef, pork, and poultry. […] Prevent cross-contamination in the kitchen by washing hands, cutting boards, countertops, knives, utensils, and other surfaces after handling raw foods.

• #2 Listeria Infection: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/965841-overview

  Listeriosis is relatively rare and occurs primarily in newborn infants, elderly patients, and patients who are immunocompromised. […] The estimated annual incidence of listeriosis is approximately 2-3 cases per million population. In the United States, an estimated 1600 people contract listeriosis every year. Pregnant women account for 27% of all cases, and most occur during the third trimester. […] In a study of reported listeria cases from 2009-2011, the CDC reported a case fatality rate of 21%. Almost all cases occurred in high-risk groups, including older adults, pregnant women, and people who were immunocompromised. […] The estimated annual incidence of listeriosis is approximately 4 cases per million population in Canada. Surveillance of listeria infections in Europe reported an incidence varying between 0.3 (Greece) and 7.5 (Sweden) cases per year.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Listeriosis-Epidemiology.aspx

  Listeriosis represents a serious invasive illness that predominantly affects pregnant women, newborns and immunocompromised individuals. Contaminated foods are vehicles used by the causative organism, Listeria monocytogenes, for its transmission to humans. Bigger and smaller outbreaks of listeriosis have been reported throughout the globe. […] The public health significance of listeriosis is not adequately recognized, especially since it is considered rare in comparison to other foodborne diseases. Nonetheless, due to its severity and high mortality, listeriosis is considered as one of the most frequent causes of death when foodborne illnesses are concerned. […] Listeriosis has a low incidence rate and is reported almost exclusively in industrialized countries (data from Asia, Africa and South America is scarce). According to the CDC, it is estimated that in the US 1,600 people contract listeriosis each year and around 260 of these die.

• #2 Listeriosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeriosis

  In early December 2017, an outbreak of listeriosis was reported by the South African Department of Health. As of 4 March 2018, with 967 people infected and 180 deaths, this was the largest listeriosis outbreak in history. The source was traced to processed meat products produced at a Tiger Brands Enterprise plant in Polokwane. […] In August 2019, an outbreak was declared in several provinces in Andalusia, southern Spain, as a result of the consumption of a contaminated batch of processed meat products. As of 19 August 2019, 80 people had been diagnosed and 56 were hospitalized.

• #2 Listeria Monocytogenes Infection (Listeriosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220684-overview

  Listeria infection ranks as the third leading cause of mortality from foodborne illnesses in the United States, and there are 1,600 cases of Listeria infection and 260 fatalities due to the infection each year. […] The frequency of L monocytogenes infection is 2.9 cases per million population, with higher incidences in elderly individuals and pregnant women. It presents with higher incidence rates during the summer months. […] Pregnant women account for 27% of all cases, and most occur during the third trimester. Seventy percent of all nonperinatal infections occur in immunocompromised patients. […] Listeria infection ranks as the third leading cause of mortality from foodborne illnesses in the United States. There are 1,600 cases of Listeria infection and 260 fatalities due to the infection in the United States each year. […] The overall mortality rate of L monocytogenes infection is 15-20%. Listeria accounts for 19% of all deaths due to food-borne infection. […] Of all pregnancy-related cases, 22% resulted in fetal loss or neonatal death, but mothers usually survive.

• #2 Listeria Monocytogenes | Johns Hopkins ABX Guide

  https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540318/all/Listeria_Monocytogenes

  Sero-types 1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b cause almost all human infections, and serotype 4b is associated with outbreaks. […] Outbreaks may be traced to pooling drain water or food processing surfaces that are subject to poor hygienic practices. […] Most cases are NOT linked to outbreaks of listeriosis. […] Outbreaks: most common with ready-to-eat food: Examples include milk (especially unpasteurized), high-fat dairy products, soft cheeses (especially Latin-style soft cheeses), smoked fish, ready-to-eat shrimp and crab, hot dogs, deli-type salads and meats, fresh-cut fruits and vegetables and unwashed raw produce. […] Serologic testing: poor sensitivity and specificity. Not recommended for diagnosis of listeriosis in individual patients. Useful for epidemiological investigations, though increasingly, this is being done by genotyping. […] In a review of reported listeria to the CDC for 2009-2011 (n=1,651), 14% were pregnant, and 74% had immunosuppression from malignancy or treatment. Soft cheese was the most common source.

• #2 Health: Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Prevention Division: Listeriosis

  https://www.in.gov/health/idepd/diseases-and-conditions-resource-page/listeriosis/

  Listeriosis (list-air-E-OH-sis) is a contagious disease caused by Listeria monocytogenes bacteria. These bacteria are found in soil, untreated water, and the intestines of some animals. It may also be spread by infected animals roaming in the home, such as on countertops, after using the bathroom. In addition, these bacteria are found in certain food products. The infection is most likely to sicken pregnant women and their newborns, adults aged 65 or older, and people with weakened immune systems. […] Listeriosis is spread mostly through contaminated foods, although it can spread in many ways. During pregnancy, listeriosis can spread to the baby through the placenta. […] Almost one in six people who are not pregnant but have invasive listeriosis die. Those who have listeria while pregnant are at risk of more severe outcomes. Complications from listeriosis while pregnant may occur, such as miscarriage, stillbirth, and premature delivery. Unfortunately, approximately 25 percent of women may lose their pregnancy, or their baby after birth.

• #2 Factsheets – Health Protection Surveillance Centre

  https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/gastroenteric/listeriosis/factsheets/

  Listeriosis is a notifiable disease in Ireland. […] The foods most often associated with infection are ready-to-eat refrigerated and processed foods such as: pre-prepared cooked and chilled meals, soft cheeses, cold cuts of meat, pts and smoked fish. […] Increasingly, outbreaks of listeriosis associated with fresh produce (particularly fresh vegetables that undergo little or no heat treatment) are being reported. […] Protecting yourself against listeriosis is particularly important for pregnant women, infants, the elderly and those with weakened immune systems.

• #2 High density genomic surveillance and risk profiling of clinical Listeria monocytogenes subtypes in Germany | Genome Medicine | Full Text

  https://genomemedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13073-024-01389-2

  Foodborne infections such as listeriosis caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes represent a significant public health concern, particularly when outbreaks affect many individuals over prolonged time. […] The collected isolates covered 62% of all notified cases and belonged to 188 infection clusters. […] In Germany, incidence of listeriosis steadily increased from 0.4/100,000 in 2011 to 0.9/100,000 in 2017, but was slightly lower in subsequent years. […] This recent trend of declining case numbers coincided with the introduction of WGS in the German listeriosis surveillance system in 2018, which had led to the detection and termination of large listeriosis outbreaks. […] During the last years, several countries or supranational entities such as the European Union have established pathogen surveillance systems based on whole genome sequencing (WGS) of clinical and food isolates to allow cluster detection and assignment of food sources.

• #2 Surveillance of listeria infections in Europe

  https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/maladies-et-traumatismes/maladies-infectieuses-d-origine-alimentaire/listeriose/surveillance-of-listeria-infections-in-europe

  In addition to the economic consequences and threats associated with outbreaks, listeriosis remains of great public health concern, as it has one of the highest case fatality rates of all the foodborne infections (20%-30%), and has common source epidemic potential. […] Surveillance systems for listeria infections were in operation in 16 out of the 17 countries surveyed, and 16 countries had a national reference laboratory (NRL). […] The participants concluded that there was a clear added value to having a European surveillance network for listeria infections, particularly for outbreak detection and investigation, and that a surveillance network based on the existing national surveillance systems was feasible.

• #3 Listeria Monocytogenes Infection (Listeriosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220684-overview

  Listeria infection ranks as the third leading cause of mortality from foodborne illnesses in the United States, and there are 1,600 cases of Listeria infection and 260 fatalities due to the infection each year. […] The frequency of L monocytogenes infection is 2.9 cases per million population, with higher incidences in elderly individuals and pregnant women. It presents with higher incidence rates during the summer months. […] Pregnant women account for 27% of all cases, and most occur during the third trimester. Seventy percent of all nonperinatal infections occur in immunocompromised patients. […] Listeria infection ranks as the third leading cause of mortality from foodborne illnesses in the United States. There are 1,600 cases of Listeria infection and 260 fatalities due to the infection in the United States each year. […] The overall mortality rate of L monocytogenes infection is 15-20%. Listeria accounts for 19% of all deaths due to food-borne infection. […] Of all pregnancy-related cases, 22% resulted in fetal loss or neonatal death, but mothers usually survive.

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