Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Listeria Monocytogenes – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534838/

  Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative, intracellular, gram-positive rod that is responsible for causing the infection listeriosis. […] This activity illustrates the evaluation and management of listeriosis and reviews the role of the interprofessional team in improving care for patients with this condition. […] Describe the use of bacterial culture in the evaluation of listeria. […] The diagnosis of L. monocytogenes requires a culture of the bacteria from the blood, cerebral spinal fluid, or placental fluid. Once in the lab, Listeria species grows on a special type of agar called Meuller-Hinton agar. Culture will reveal gram-positive rods with colonies that are beta-hemolytic. […] According to the CDC, stool cultures are neither sensitive nor specific for diagnosing L. monocytogenes.

• #1 About Listeria Infection | Listeria Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/about/index.html

  Listeria infection is usually diagnosed when a laboratory test grows Listeria from a sample of an ill person’s body fluid or tissue. […] Listeria infection is caused by eating food contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes bacteria. The infection can be very serious for some groups of people.

• #1 Listeriosis Clinical Testing Information | Public Health Ontario

  https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/Laboratory-Services/Test-Information-Index/Listeria-monocytogenes-Confirmation-Serotyping/Listeriosis-Clinical-Testing-Information

  If a culture becomes positive for Listeria at your hospital or private laboratory, the laboratory will forward the cultured isolate to PHOs laboratory for identification and subtyping. […] May consider collecting two sets of routine bacterial blood cultures and submit to your hospital or private laboratory if symptoms are not improving within 24 to 48 hours. […] Collect two sets of routine bacterial blood cultures and submit to your hospital or private laboratory. […] If clinical assessment is suggestive of neurological involvement, consider collecting cerebrospinal fluid for bacterial culture and submit to your hospital or private laboratory. […] If clinical assessment is suggestive of other localized involvement, consider collecting additional bacterial cultures (e.g. joint, pleural, pericardial, respiratory) and submit to your hospital or private laboratory.

• #1 Listeria – Awanui Labs – Wellington

  https://www.awanuilabs.co.nz/central/wellington/for-referrers/microbiology/how-do-i-diagnose/listeria/

  Testing should be undertaken in pregnant women with risk factors for infection who present with: […] Systemic febrile illnesses without clear alternative source, especially if preceded by diarrhoeal illness. […] Meningitis or meningoencephalitis. […] Testing should be undertaken in neonates born to mothers with listeriosis during pregnancy (even if well). […] Antenatal diagnosis (possible maternal listeriosis): Systemic febrile illnesses: 2-3 sets of blood cultures, ideally prior to antibiotics […] Excellent specificity a positive blood culture confirms the diagnosis […] Uncertain sensitivity due to the lack of a gold standard comparison it is difficult to estimate, however taking 2-3 sets of cultures will optimise sensitivity. […] Meningitis or meningoencephalitis: Gram stain and culture of CSF

• #1 Listeriosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeriosis

  Listeriosis is a bacterial infection most commonly caused by Listeria monocytogenes. The diagnosis of listeriosis requires the isolation of the causative bacteria from the blood or the cerebrospinal fluid. […] In CNS infection cases, L. monocytogenes can often be cultured from the blood or from the CSF (cerebrospinal fluid).

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/listeriosis

  Listeriosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. […] The initial diagnosis of listeriosis is made based on clinical symptoms and detection of the bacteria in a smear from blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), meconium of newborns (or the fetus in abortion cases), as well as from faeces, vomitus, foods or animal feed. Various detection methods, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), are available for diagnosis of listeriosis in humans. […] During pregnancy, blood and placenta cultures are the most reliable ways to discover if symptoms are due to listeriosis.

• #1 Management of Pregnant Women With Presumptive Exposure to Listeria monocytogenes | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2014/12/management-of-pregnant-women-with-presumptive-exposure-to-listeria-monocytogenes

  Listeriosis is predominantly a foodborne illness, with sporadic and outbreak-related cases tied to consumption of food contaminated with listeria (Listeria monocytogenes). The incidence of listeriosis associated with pregnancy is approximately 13 times higher than in the general population. Maternal infection may present as a nonspecific, flu-like illness with fever, myalgia, backache, and headache, often preceded by diarrhea or other gastrointestinal symptoms. […] An exposed pregnant woman with a fever higher than 38.1C (100.6F) and signs and symptoms consistent with listeriosis for whom no other cause of illness is known should be simultaneously tested and treated for presumptive listeriosis. Diagnosis is made primarily by blood culture. […] Ingestion of listeria occurs frequently because the bacterium is commonly present in the environment. Therefore, intermittent fecal carriage and shedding of listeria are also frequent and rarely indicative of infection. Furthermore, stool culture for listeria may have low sensitivity and is not available in most clinical laboratories. […] Although blood cultures are the standard for diagnosis in cases of fever and symptoms consistent with listeriosis, if an amniocentesis has been performed, it usually reveals meconium staining and gram-positive rods. This information may help guide management when the diagnosis is uncertain.

• #1 Laboratory diagnosis of Listeriosis caused by Listeria monocytogenes

  https://microbenotes.com/laboratory-diagnosis-listeriosis-caused-listeria-monocytogenes/

  Specimens: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), Blood […] Gram-stain preparations of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) typically show no organisms because the bacteria are generally present in concentrations below the limit of detection (e.g., 104 bacteria per milliliter CSF or less). […] If the Gram stain shows organisms, they are intracellular and extracellular gram-positive coccobacilli. […] Listeria grows on most conventional laboratory media, with small, round colonies observed on agar media after incubation for 1 to 2 days. […] It may be necessary to use selective media and cold enrichment (storage of the specimen in the refrigerator for a prolonged period) to detect listeriae in specimens contaminated with rapidly growing bacteria. […] Listeria grows well on media such as 5% sheep blood agar on which it exhibits the characteristic small zone of hemolysis around and under colonies.

• #1 Laboratory diagnosis of Listeriosis caused by Listeria monocytogenes

  https://microbenotes.com/laboratory-diagnosis-listeriosis-caused-listeria-monocytogenes/

  Hemolysis on sheep blood agar media can serve to distinguish Listeria from morphologically similar bacteria; however, hemolysis is generally weak and may not be observed initially. […] Hemolysis is enhanced when the organisms are grown next to -hemolytic Staphylococcus aureus. […] This enhanced hemolysis is referred to as a positive CAMP (Christie, Atkins, Munch-Petersen) test. […] The characteristic motility of the organism in a liquid medium or semisolid agar is also helpful for the preliminary identification of Listeria. […] All gram-positive rods isolated from blood and CSF should be identified to distinguish between Corynebacterium (presumably a contaminant) and Listeria. […] Serologic and molecular typing methods are used for epidemiologic investigations. […] Serologic classification is done only in reference laboratories and is primarily used for epidemiologic studies.

• #1 Listeria – Identification and Subtyping | Public Health Ontario

  https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/Laboratory-Services/Test-Information-Index/Listeria-monocytogenes-Confirmation-Serotyping

  All positive isolates of Listeria (including Listeria monocytogenes) should be forwarded from clinical microbiology laboratories to PHO for further identification and subtyping. Accurate identification of Listeria species and subtyping of Listeria monocytogenes isolates are necessary to ensure appropriate clinical and public health management. […] PHO does NOT provide primary testing for Listeria on clinical specimens, such as blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Patients suspected of listeriosis should have primary testing performed by their community or hospital laboratory. […] Listeria identification of cultured isolates is performed by colony morphology, Gram stain morphology, catalase test, oxidase test, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), umbrella motility at 30C, beta-hemolysis on blood agar, CAMP test, esculin hydrolysis, methyl red and Voges-Proskauer test, triple sugar iron test, dextrose fermentation, rhamnose fermentation, and xylose fermentation.

• #1 Listeria Infection, Prevention, and Control | Pioneering Diagnostics

  https://www.biomerieux.com/us/en/education/resource-hub/scientific-library/food-safety-library/listeria-spp-and-listeria-monocytogenes-scientific-library.html

  Listeria detection methods in the food industry are mostly cultural but also based on alternative automatized technologies like PCR tests or ELISA tests, which take a shorter time to present results amongst other benefits. […] Various internationally recognized methods (ISO standards) are used for the detection and enumeration of Listeria species and Listeria monocytogenes, such as ISO 11290-1:2017 for detection and ISO 11290-2:2017 for enumeration. […] Various alternative diagnostic methods are currently used to save time and labour and have led to enhanced detection, identification and quantification of Listeria monocytogenes; these methods include, for example, immunological tests using antibodies to capture the target antigen, fully automated Enzyme-linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA) test and Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). […] More recent and rapid identification method, MALDI-TOF MS (Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry) identifies a microorganism based on its unique protein profile.

• #1 Listeria monocytogenes: Properties, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis • Microbe Online

  https://microbeonline.com/listeria-monocytogenes-pathogenesis-lab-diagnosis/

  Cold enrichment is done for the isolation of Listeria monocytogenes from the placenta, tissues as well as specimens from heavily contaminated sources such as feces. The specimen is inoculated into a nutrient broth or trypticase soy broth and incubated at 4C for one month and subcultured weekly. […] Culture: Listeria monocytogenes can be cultured on conventional media incorporating sheep, horse or rabbit blood. Listeria monocytogenes produces round, smooth, translucent colonies with a narrow zone of beta-hemolysis. Colonies are small and give blue-green color under reflective light. […] Other characteristics that helps in the identification of this bacteria are: […] Catalase positive […] Voges-Proskauer-positive […] Esculin positive: L. monocytogenes is able to hydrolyze esculin in the presence of 40% bile. Esculin hydrolysis is indicated by the blackening of the medium.

• #1 Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in a patient with meningoencephalitis using next-generation sequencing: a case report | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-020-05447-z

  To date, only a few studies have evaluated the use of NGS for the clinical diagnosis of LMM. […] The timely identification of pathogens and the initiation of appropriate antibiotic treatment is the key for a favorable prognosis. […] Methods for pathogen discovery, such as bacterial culture, have existed for years and remain the gold standard for the diagnosis of listeria infections, however, these methods are time-consuming, cumbersome and lack sensitivity. […] NGS overcomes the limitations of targeted molecular diagnostic methods, as prior knowledge or assumptions regarding the infection inducing pathogens are not essential. […] Theoretically, NGS can identify almost all microorganisms based on specific nucleic acid sequences, with adequately long reads, multiple hits in the microbial genome, and a complete reference database.

• #1 Test guide | Eurofins Biomnis

  https://www.eurofins-biomnis.com/en/services/test-guide/page/LISBM

  Listeria monocytogenes is a bacterium that is pathogenic for humans and animals, very widespread in the environment, and resistant in the external environment, particularly to cold. […] Biological diagnosis of Listeria monocytogenes infections is made from blood (blood cultures) and cerebrospinal fluid in cases of neuromeningeal syndrome. […] More recently, detection of Listeria monocytogenes DNA by real-time PCR can enable rapid diagnosis, and is of particular interest when antibiotic therapy has been started before the sample is taken, especially for a CSF sample. […] In pregnant women, in the event of any unexplained fever, blood cultures are the preferred method for isolating the bacteria. […] The standard diagnosis of listeriosis is bacteriological. Culture, isolation and identification of the bacteria are still essential.

• #1 Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in a patient with meningoencephalitis using next-generation sequencing: a case report | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-020-05447-z

  Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) is a facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen which can invade different mammalian cells and reach to the central nervous system (CNS), leading to meningoencephalitis and brain abscesses. […] To date, timely diagnosis and accurate treatment remains a challenge for patients with listeria infections. […] The clinical manifestations of LMM are usually uncharacteristic, thus hindering prompt diagnosis. […] Due to adequate antibiotic therapy or low number of bacteria, traditional approaches often fail to detect L. monocytogenes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). […] Therefore, to enhance the diagnostic accuracy of LMM, an unbiased diagnostic approach is necessary. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a comprehensive and equitable pathogen detection tool, with the potential to improve pathogen identification.

• #1 Listeriosis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/914

  Tests to consider include prothrombin time (PT) and PTT, D-dimer, placenta and amniotic fluid culture, cervical swab culture, meconium Gram stain and culture, Listeria serology, food analysis, stool culture, polymerase chain reaction of blood, other stool analyses, electroencephalogram, and echocardiography. […] Emerging tests include meningitis/encephalitis panel.

• #1 Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in a patient with meningoencephalitis using next-generation sequencing: a case report | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-020-05447-z

  NGS has a higher sensitivity for pathogen identification and is less affected by prior antibiotic usage. […] This case highlights the feasibility of using NGS as a early diagnostic assay for CNS listeriosis, and proposes that in patients with clinically suspected tuberculous meningoencephalitis, the possibility of Listeria infection needs to be considered.

• #1 Listeria (Listeriosis): Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/infections/listeria-leaflet

  Listeriosis is an infection caused by germs (bacteria) in the Listeria group (usually Listeria monocytogenes). […] How is listeriosis diagnosed? […] Listeriosis can be diagnosed by taking samples which are tested for listeria germs (bacteria) in the laboratory. For example, samples of blood, urine, spinal fluid or amniotic fluid from the womb (uterus). Stool (faeces) samples are not reliable. […] Other investigations will depend on the severity of infection and may include a chest X-ray, lumbar puncture, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the brain and an ultrasound scan of the heart (echocardiogram, or echo).

• #1 How is Listeria Infection Diagnosed? | Marler Clark

  https://marlerclark.com/foodborne-illnesses/listeria/listeria-diagnosis

  Listeria infection is diagnosed through blood or stool cultures. Spinal fluid can also be tested for Listeria. […] Methods typically used to identify diarrhea-causing bacteria in stool cultures interfere or limit the growth of Listeria, making it less likely to be identified and isolated for further testing. On the other hand, routine methods are effective for isolating Listeria from spinal fluid, blood, and joint fluid. Magnetic-resonance imaging (MRI) is used to confirm or rule out brain or brain stem involvement.

• #1 Diagnosis Of Listeriosis: Laboratory Tests And Imaging Studies – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/diagnosis-of-listeriosis-laboratory-tests-and-imaging-studies/

  A bacterial culture (a kind of laboratory test), is used to diagnose listeriosis when the germs grow from bodily tissue or fluid, such as blood, spinal fluid, or the placenta. […] Identification of listeriosis in a laboratory setting due to Listeria monocytogenes. Blood and Cerebro-Spinal Fluid (CSF) samples are taken; microscopy is used to identify the organism under discussion. […] Listeria may be grown on most common laboratory media; following incubation for one to two days, tiny, circular colonies can be seen on agar media. […] A positive CAMP (Christie, Atkins, Munch-Petersen) test results in increased haemolysis. […] Diagnosis of listeriosis starts with an initial assessment of signs and symptoms, like chills, aches, and diarrhoea; risk factors are also considered. To confirm the micro-organism, laboratory tests and imaging studies are performed. Computerised Tomography (CT) scans and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are the most trusted. […] Novel techniques are being considered these days, like Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and in vitro RNA amplification.

• #1 Listeriosis (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/listeriosis

  The identification of L. monocytogenes is performed using standard culture techniques. The bacteria grow in 24-48 hours, forming small rounded colonies and they present beta-haemolytic reaction on blood agar. […] Cultures of amniotic fluid, blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Stool cultures are not sensitive or specific. […] Serological testing is unreliable. […] Other investigations will depend on the individual presentation but may include CXR, lumbar puncture, CT scan and MRI. […] MRI is superior to CT scan for demonstrating central nervous system disease, especially in the brainstem. […] Transoesophageal echocardiography should be performed if endocarditis is suspected.

• #1 Listeriosis in Pregnancy: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2621056/

  Listeriosis is a rare disease that causes mild maternal illness, but can be devastating to the fetus. […] Because of the potentially severe consequences, it is important that obstetricians are familiar with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of listerial infection. […] The most common means of diagnosis were culture of blood or placenta. […] Diagnosis of listerial infection can only be made by culturing the organism from a sterile site such as blood, amniotic fluid, or spinal fluid. […] Blood cultures should be considered in any pregnant patient presenting with fever, especially if accompanied by flu-like or gastrointestinal symptoms. […] Gram stain is sometimes, but not always, diagnostic. […] Informing the microbiologist of suspicion of listerial infection can improve the specificity of Gram stains.

• #1 Review on Listeria infection in pregnancy | IDR

  https://www.dovepress.com/an-update-review-on-listeria-infection-in-pregnancy-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IDR

  Listeriosis can be diagnosed using positive cultures from maternal or neonatal blood, neonatal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), amniotic fluid, intrauterine mucosa, or the placenta. […] The early detection and diagnosis of pregnancy-associated listeriosis are significant since sensitive antibiotics are effective at enhancing the prognosis of newborns. […] When pregnant females exhibit unexplained fever, physicians are more likely to think of listeriosis. […] Listeriosis can be diagnosed using positive cultures from sterile samples. Clinically, isolation is generally from maternal or neonatal blood, neonatal CSF, amniotic fluid, intrauterine mucosa, or the placenta. […] The diagnosis of listeria infection primarily depends on blood culture. […] Bacterial culture of placental tissues is the most sensitive method to diagnose maternal-neonatal listeriosis.

• #1 Review on Listeria infection in pregnancy | IDR

  https://www.dovepress.com/an-update-review-on-listeria-infection-in-pregnancy-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IDR

  The positive rates of the two tests are 80% and 55%, respectively. […] The culture of neonatal gastric aspirates is also beneficial to determine whether a neonatal infection exists. […] If gram-positive rods are detected in amniotic fluid, it could be an indicator of Listeria infection, which is another rapid detection technique. […] In cases that lack conclusive evidence of maternal-fetal listeriosis, the listeriosis culture from non-invasive cervical/vaginal smears could contribute to the diagnosis of fetal listeriosis. […] Presently, stool culture is not recommended to detect Listeria due to numerous Listeria-containing substances in the environment.

• #1 SASGOG Pearls of Exxcellence | The Society for Academic Specialists in General Obstetrics & Gynecology

  https://exxcellence.org/list-of-pearls/evaluation-and-management-of-listeria-monocytogenes-exposure-and-diagnosis-in-pregnancy/?categoryName=&searchTerms=&featured=False&bookmarked=False&sortColumn=date&sortDirection=Descending

  Listeriosis is usually mild in pregnant persons. However, vertical transmission carries a risk of abortion or stillbirth as high as 20%, with a greater than 60% risk of neonatal listeriosis in the surviving infant. […] Diagnosis of listeriosis can be challenging, and recommendations for treatment are primarily based on symptoms and presumptive exposure. L monocytogenes is most easily isolated in blood cultures, and confirmation of infection is difficult in the absence of bacteremia. […] If the patient presents with symptoms but is afebrile, the benefit of treatment is uncertain. However, it is reasonable to proceed with blood cultures, stool studies, and oral antibiotic therapy (amoxicillin), with close monitoring for worsening symptoms. […] Treatment or prophylaxis in an asymptomatic patient with an exposure is not recommended, but prompt treatment of a patient with a febrile gastroenteritis and high likelihood of exposure could improve both maternal and neonatal outcomes.

• #1 Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of Listeria monocytogenes infection – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-listeria-monocytogenes-infection

  Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of Listeria monocytogenes infection […] The clinical manifestations and diagnosis of listerial infection will be reviewed here. […] L. monocytogenes causes invasive disease including meningitis, meningoencephalitis, and bacteremia in susceptible patients, such as immunosuppressed patients, individuals at the extremes of age (neonates and older adults), and pregnant patients. […] Listeria is also a cause of self-limited febrile gastroenteritis in normal hosts who ingest high numbers of organisms. […] The identification of Listeria on Gram stain may be challenging. […] Thus, the possibility of Listeria should always be considered when „diphtheroids” are reported to be growing from blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures.

• #1 Listeria – Awanui Labs – Wellington

  https://www.awanuilabs.co.nz/central/wellington/for-referrers/microbiology/how-do-i-diagnose/listeria/

  Excellent specificity positive result confirms the diagnosis […] Good sensitivity negative result makes diagnosis unlikely. […] PCR on CSF is also becoming increasingly available. […] Data are still accumulating in clinical practise, however PCR may have: Slightly better sensitivity than culture, especially if prior effective antibiotic exposure […] Similar specificity to culture. […] We dont currently recommend PCR as the standard test for Listeria, however if there is high clinical suspicion then this should be discussed with a clinical microbiologist. […] Postnatal diagnosis (infants born to mothers with listeriosis during pregnancy): Testing is the same regardless of whether neonate is well/unwell […] CSF culture […] Excellent specificity positive result confirms the diagnosis Good sensitivity negative result makes diagnosis unlikely.

• #1 Listeria – Awanui Labs – Wellington

  https://www.awanuilabs.co.nz/central/wellington/for-referrers/microbiology/how-do-i-diagnose/listeria/

  PCR on CSF is also becoming increasingly available. […] Data are still accumulating in clinical practise, however PCR may have: Slightly better sensitivity than culture, especially if prior effective antibiotic exposure. […] Blood cultures. […] Placental testing (must note maternal history of Listeria on request form): Examine for granulomas. […] Tests to avoid / specialist tests: Stool testing […] There are no reliable protocols for stool testing for Listeria, and the clinical significance of finding it in stool is uncertain, so testing is not offered or recommended. […] Additional neonatal testing […] This should be done under specialist guidance. […] In the situation of a neonate born to a mother with Listeria infection during pregnancy, the placenta should usually be examined and cultured.

• #1 Listeriosis in Animals – Infectious Diseases – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/infectious-diseases/listeriosis/listeriosis-in-animals

  Listeriosis can be differentiated from pregnancy toxemia in ewes or ketosis in cattle via careful clinical examination, CSF testing and beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations well below 3 mmol/L. […] Furthermore, facial and ear paralysis are absent in pregnancy toxemia or ketosis. […] In cattle, the unilateral signs of trigeminal and facial nerve paralysis (often subtle) help differentiate listeriosis from bovine spongiform encephalopathy, thrombotic meningoencephalitis, polioencephalomalacia, sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis, and lead poisoning. […] Rabies must always be considered in the list of differential diagnoses for listeriosis.

• #1 Diagnosing Listeria in Light of the Boar’s Head Deli Meat Outbreak: Means of Diagnosing Listeria, Including Through Differential Diagnosis | Food Poisoning News

  https://www.foodpoisoningnews.com/diagnosing-listeria-in-light-of-the-boars-head-deli-meat-outbreak-means-of-diagnosing-listeria-including-through-differential-diagnosis/

  Listeriosis, caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes, is a serious foodborne illness, and recent outbreaks, such as the one linked to Boars Head deli meats, have heightened public awareness about the importance of diagnosing and treating this infection. Early and accurate diagnosis of listeriosis is essential for preventing complications such as miscarriage, stillbirth, and serious illness in high-risk populations. […] The diagnostic process for listeriosis involves multiple steps, including clinical assessment, laboratory tests, and imaging techniques. Given that listeriosis can mimic other illnesses, it is important to use a systematic approach to confirm the diagnosis and differentiate it from other infections or conditions. […] Once listeriosis is suspected, the most definitive diagnostic test is a blood culture. Blood cultures involve collecting a sample of the patients blood and incubating it in a controlled environment to allow any bacteria present to grow. This process typically takes a few days, but it provides the most reliable confirmation of Listeria monocytogenes infection.

• #1 Listeria Monocytogenes (Listeriosis): Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/listeria/article.htm

  Diagnosis of listeria […] Although primary care physicians can treat listeriosis, other specialists may be involved, especially if the illness is serious. Other specialists such as infectious disease, critical care, and ob-gyn physicians, especially if a woman is pregnant, are likely to be consulted. In immunosuppressed patients, physicians who are treating the cause of the immunosuppression should also be consulted. […] Physicians base their preliminary diagnosis on the patient’s clinical history and physical exam, especially after the patient gives a history of likely exposure to a contaminated food source during a Listeria outbreak. Without this information, the diagnosis is difficult to sort out from many other diseases; this situation may result in a delay of treatment as the physician may do other tests to rule out other diseases such as salmonellosis, shigellosis, botulism, and E. coli infections. Definitive diagnosis of listeriosis is by culturing Listeria monocytogenes bacteria from the patient’s blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or amniotic fluid, usually on a medium that is selective for Listeria (for example, RAPID’L mono agar). Currently, no reliable tests are available to detect the bacteria in the stool; also, there are no reliable serological tests available (blood tests that can identify specific proteins associated with the bacteria or antibodies to the bacteria) according to the CDC.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Listeriosis.aspx

  Diagnosis of listeriosis on clinical grounds alone is often cumbersome, partly because pathognomonic signs are scarce, and partly because it is a rare infection and often not considered in differential diagnosis. […] Gram staining of specimens from normally sterile sites may suggest a diagnosis of listeriosis, as short gram-positive rods are seen in both intracellular and extracellular locations. […] A large array of systems that detect listerial antigens such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or reversed passive latex agglutination have been developed, but mostly for the identification of Listeria in food. […] Detection of antibodies has occasionally proved useful in the identification of outbreaks, as well as in seroprevalence studies, but a fourfold rise in titer is required for definitive diagnosis.

• #1 Listeriosis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-positive-bacilli/listeriosis

  Listerial infections are diagnosed by culture of blood or cerebrospinal fluid. The laboratory must be informed when L. monocytogenes is suspected because the organism is easily confused with diphtheroids. […] In all listerial infections, IgG agglutinin titers peak 2 to 4 weeks after onset.

• #1 Listeriosis: An Overview

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/listeriosis-an-overview

  The various clinical manifestations of listeriosis are useful diagnostic guides. Febrile gastroenteritis secondary to Listeria can be difficult to definitively diagnose owing to its general, brief symptom complex resembling other causes of food poisoning. […] Only positive cultures of the organism from blood or CSF can conclusively diagnose listeriosis infections. […] Gram staining of CSF seems to be much less definitive when Listeria species are the causative pathogens; in fact, L monocytogenes meningitis yields a positive Gram stain in only about 33% of cases. […] Therefore, clinicians should hesitate to rule out Listeria based solely on a seemingly negative or inconclusive Gram stain.

• #1 Listeria infection – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/listeria-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355275

  Often, healthcare professionals do a blood test to find out if you have a listeria infection. Samples of spinal fluid might need to be tested as well. If you’re pregnant, the fluid that surrounds your baby during pregnancy also might be tested. […] Treatment of listeria infection varies. It depends on how serious the symptoms are. Most people with mild symptoms don’t need treatment. More-serious infections can be treated with medicines that clear up infections caused by bacteria. These are called antibiotics. […] During pregnancy, prompt antibiotic treatment might help keep the infection from affecting the baby.

• #1 Listeria Monocytogenes Infection (Listeriosis) Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220684-treatment

  Diagnosis is established by culture of the organism from blood, CSF, or other sterile body fluid. […] Intravenous antibiotics must be started immediately when the diagnosis is suspected or confirmed.

• #1 How Doctors Treat Listeria Infection

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/listeria/treatment/

  A listeria infection can be a life-threatening condition one that requires urgent medical attention. The type of treatment someone with a listeria infection requires depends on the patient and his or her symptoms. Healthy, nonpregnant individuals with normal immune function may not require any treatment or even feel sick enough to warrant a call to the doctor. For healthy individuals, as well as at-risk individuals (older adults and anyone with a weak immune system is considered at risk for a life-threatening invasive listeria infection), the CDC does not recommend any testing or treatment unless symptoms emerge. If you and your doctor believe you’ve been exposed to listeria and you have symptoms stomach pain, diarrhea, nausea your immune system will likely get rid of the infection on its own. If you are experiencing symptoms and think you may have been exposed to listeria and you are pregnant, elderly, or immunocompromised, your doctor may pursue diagnostic testing to confirm a listeria infection usually a blood test or other fluid test. In either case, if the diagnostic test comes back positive for a listeria infection, a course of intravenous (IV) antibiotics using the drugs ampicillin (Omnipen) and gentamicin (Garamycin) might be required for severe, invasive listeria infections. If a pregnant woman has a fever coupled with other listeriosis symptoms, her doctor will likely start her on a course of intravenous antibiotics while ordering blood or placenta testing to check for the infection. Patients treated early for listeriosis and who don’t develop sepsis, meningitis, or any of the infections more serious systemic complications tend to recover quickly and completely; usually within a matter of weeks. However, recovery time for more serious listeria infections can vary, and roughly 15 percent of patients with invasive listeriosis die. If people especially those at high risk are careful about what they eat and quick to notify their doctor of symptoms they do experience, they have a good chance of knocking out the infection before it can invade their blood and cause more serious health problems.

• #1 Listeria infections | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/consumer-health/listeria-infections

  Diagnosis is typically made through blood tests or spinal analysis, with treatment often requiring hospitalization and the administration of antibiotics like ampicillin or penicillin. […] Diagnosis of Listeria infection is performed with a blood test or analysis of the spinal through a spinal tap (lumbar puncture). […] Since the damage to newborn infants can be devastating, most infants presenting with fever, seizures, or other neurological symptoms receive a to aid in diagnosis and are placed on prophylactic antibiotics that include ampicillin to treat Listeria.

• #1 Listeriosis in Cats – Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Recovery, Management, Cost

  https://wagwalking.com/cat/condition/listeriosis

  Diagnosis of Listeriosis in Cats The diagnosis of listeriosis in cats will begin with a complete physical exam, a review of your felines medical record and a consultation with you about clinical signs at home. The doctor will likely ask you about your cats current diet, specifically, if she is fed a raw diet or meat or dairy. The veterinarian may request a blood smear test, which may reveal the presence of the Listeria monocytogenes organism under a microscope. However, if the feline is displaying evidence of neurological symptoms the veterinarian may be required to obtain cerebrospinal fluid for observation. The doctor may also ask for a urinary and fecal sample, as the bacterium is sometimes shed in the felines waste. […] The treatment of listeriosis in cats depends on the severity of the present symptoms and the individual feline. A feline that presents mild, flu-like symptoms may be prescribed a broad-spectrum antibiotic paired with medication to relieve gastrointestinal upset. In many cases, cats that are brought into the veterinary clinic present severe clinical signs of Listeria and likely require hospitalization. Early, aggressive antibiotic treatment is often the norm for Listeriosis patients. Common antibiotics administered include trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin, penicillin or ampicillin.

• #1 Listeria (listeriosis): Symptoms, causes and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/180370

  Listeriosis is diagnosed by a blood test. Urine or spinal fluid might also be tested. […] For minor infections, medication might not be required. For more serious cases of listeriosis, antibiotics are the most common treatment choice; ampicillin can be used alone or in conjunction with another antibiotic (often gentamicin). […] If septicemia or meningitis occur, the individual will be given intravenous antibiotics and require up to 6 weeks of care and treatment.

• #1 Clinical Findings of Listeria monocytogenes Infections with a Special Focus on Bone Localizations

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/12/1/178

  Listeria monocytogenes only rarely causes bone or joint infections, usually in the context of prosthetic material that can provide a site for bacterial seeding. […] The determination of a microbiological diagnosis of L. monocytogenes bone or vertebral infection is challenging, especially in the absence of referred exposures or negative blood tests. In this context, aspiration biopsy or surgical sampling represent the optimal method of providing a valid microbiological diagnosis. […] The optimal therapeutic approach comprises medical management with adequate intravenous antibiotics and immobilization of the affected spinal segment. Antibiotic therapy should be started as soon as the microorganism has been isolated in order to achieve sterilization of the infected bone or vertebral disc and prevent the occurrence of a neurological deficit or painful deformity. […] The duration of antibiotic therapy varies depending on the extent of bone involvement and the status of the patient’s immune system.

• #1 Listeriosis laboratory tests – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Listeriosis_laboratory_tests

  For symptomatic patients, diagnosis of listeriosis is confirmed following the isolation of Listeria monocytogenes from a normally sterile site, such as blood, spinal fluid (in the setting of nervous system involvement), or amniotic fluid/placenta (in the setting of pregnancy). […] The gold standard for the diagnosis of listeriosis is culture from sterile sites. […] Diagnosis of listeriosis is made by culturing Listeria from sterile sites (e.g. blood, spinal fluid). […] CSF analysis may confirm the diagnosis of listeriosis. […] In CSF samples, polymerase chain reaction assay has been developed for the HLY gene detection, which encodes for the listeriolysin O.

• #1 Final Diagnosis — Case 542

  https://path.upmc.edu/cases/case542/dx.html

  Listeria Monocytogenes brain abscess, sensitive to Ampicillin and Trimethoprim/Sulfa. […] The diagnosis is established by blood cultures. […] There is no clinical way to separate Listeria infection from many other infectious diseases that can lead to fever and constitutional symptoms. As a result, the diagnosis can only be established by culture of the organism from the cerebrospinal fluid or blood. […] The CSF culture is usually positive for Listeria in such patients, but positive blood cultures rarely occur in the presence of negative CSF cultures. […] Molecular approaches to the identification of Listeria species have been developed. A highly sensitive and specific chemiluminescent DNA probe assay and spectrophotometric DNA probe assay are also available for rapid identification of L. monocytogenes form colonies grown on primary isolation media.

• #1 How to Test for Listeria Amid Outbreaks? | +MEDRITE Urgent Care

  https://medriteurgentcare.com/how-to-test-for-listeria/

  Early testing is critical because listeria infections can escalate quickly, especially for vulnerable individuals. […] A listeria test typically involves identifying the bacteria through cultures or other diagnostic tools when symptoms arise. […] Testing for listeria varies based on the infection’s severity and symptoms. Common methods include: Blood cultures: Detect bacterial presence in the bloodstream, especially in systemic infections. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis: Used for diagnosing meningitis caused by listeria. Stool tests: Occasionally employed in mild cases or outbreaks. […] According to Dr. Allison McGeer, early testing is paramount for individuals showing symptoms such as persistent fever, muscle aches, or gastrointestinal distress after consuming high-risk foods. […] She emphasizes the challenges of diagnosing listeria promptly but underscores the importance of swift action in mitigating its effects.

• #2 Listeriosis (Listeria Infection): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17721-listeriosis

  You wont know for sure if you have listeriosis unless you get tested. Many people dont get tested if their symptoms are mild. […] A healthcare provider might suspect you have listeriosis based on your symptoms and whether youve eaten something that couldve been contaminated. They can confirm a diagnosis by testing your blood, fluid around your brain and spinal cord (cerebrospinal fluid), or amniotic fluid (if youre pregnant) for signs of the bacteria. […] Other tests might include: Blood culture, Testing tissue from the placenta after birth (if youre pregnant), CT scan or MRI of your brain if you have neurological symptoms.

• #2 Listeriosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeriosis

  Listeriosis is a bacterial infection most commonly caused by Listeria monocytogenes. The diagnosis of listeriosis requires the isolation of the causative bacteria from the blood or the cerebrospinal fluid. […] In CNS infection cases, L. monocytogenes can often be cultured from the blood or from the CSF (cerebrospinal fluid).

• #2 Test guide | Eurofins Biomnis

  https://www.eurofins-biomnis.com/en/services/test-guide/page/LISBM

  Listeria monocytogenes is a bacterium that is pathogenic for humans and animals, very widespread in the environment, and resistant in the external environment, particularly to cold. […] Biological diagnosis of Listeria monocytogenes infections is made from blood (blood cultures) and cerebrospinal fluid in cases of neuromeningeal syndrome. […] More recently, detection of Listeria monocytogenes DNA by real-time PCR can enable rapid diagnosis, and is of particular interest when antibiotic therapy has been started before the sample is taken, especially for a CSF sample. […] In pregnant women, in the event of any unexplained fever, blood cultures are the preferred method for isolating the bacteria. […] The standard diagnosis of listeriosis is bacteriological. Culture, isolation and identification of the bacteria are still essential.

• #2 Listeriosis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/914

  Listeriosis is a gram-positive bacterial infection that primarily affects neonates, pregnant women, adults aged over 45-50 years, and immunocompromised people. […] Cultures from clinically sterile sites and serological tests are the keys for laboratory diagnosis. […] Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, headache, and altered mental status. […] Diagnostic tests include blood cultures, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, and Listeria serology. […] Emerging tests include meningitis/encephalitis panel.

• #2 Listeria & Pregnancy: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/listeria-in-pregnancy

  Healthcare providers diagnose Listeria infections with a blood culture. This is where a lab tries to get bacteria to grow from a sample of your blood. After birth, they might also test the placenta. […] Providers treat Listeria in pregnant women and newborns with antibiotics. If you might have been exposed to Listeria (like if you ate something thats been recalled or made other people sick), your provider will recommend that you monitor yourself for symptoms. Theyll treat you if you develop symptoms.

• #2 Listeriosis Clinical Testing Information | Public Health Ontario

  https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/Laboratory-Services/Test-Information-Index/Listeria-monocytogenes-Confirmation-Serotyping/Listeriosis-Clinical-Testing-Information

  This page provides healthcare providers with information on where and how to access primary testing for suspect listeriosis. Clinical specimens, such as blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) should be submitted to a local laboratory, either in your area hospital or a private lab, for culture (blood culture or CSF culture). PHO does not perform testing on primary clinical specimens. Positive culture isolates will be forwarded by the local laboratory to PHO for further testing. […] Testing for listeriosis requires routine bacterial culture of sterile site specimens (e.g. blood culture, cerebrospinal fluid). […] Stool testing is NOT a recommended method for the specific diagnosis of listeriosis. However, stool testing may be performed to rule out other causes of gastrointestinal illness. […] Specimens for listeriosis (e.g. blood culture) should be submitted to your hospital or private laboratory along with their specific laboratory requisition (or a regular OHIP requisition).

• #2 Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of Listeria monocytogenes infection – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-listeria-monocytogenes-infection

  Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of Listeria monocytogenes infection […] The clinical manifestations and diagnosis of listerial infection will be reviewed here. […] L. monocytogenes causes invasive disease including meningitis, meningoencephalitis, and bacteremia in susceptible patients, such as immunosuppressed patients, individuals at the extremes of age (neonates and older adults), and pregnant patients. […] Listeria is also a cause of self-limited febrile gastroenteritis in normal hosts who ingest high numbers of organisms. […] The identification of Listeria on Gram stain may be challenging. […] Thus, the possibility of Listeria should always be considered when „diphtheroids” are reported to be growing from blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures.

• #2 Listeria monocytogenes: Properties, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis • Microbe Online

  https://microbeonline.com/listeria-monocytogenes-pathogenesis-lab-diagnosis/

  Laboratory Diagnosis […] Sample: CSF, blood, feces or placental tissue or any other tissue specimens depending on the suspected disease and/or clinical presentation. […] Direct wet mount: Listeria monocytogenes exhibits characteristic end-over-end tumbling motility when incubated in nutrient broth at room temperature for 1 to 2 hours. Presumptive identification of L. monocytogenes can be done by observation of such motility by direct wet mount. […] Alternatively, suspected colonies of L. monocytogenes can be stabbed into a tube of semisolid agar and incubated at 25C for 18 hours. Characteristics umbrella-shaped motility pattern is seen after overnight incubation. […] Gram staining: Regular, short, gram-positive rods or coccobacilli occurring in pairs (resembles streptococci). […] Cold enrichment

• #2 Listeria – Identification and Subtyping | Public Health Ontario

  https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/Laboratory-Services/Test-Information-Index/Listeria-monocytogenes-Confirmation-Serotyping

  All positive isolates of Listeria (including Listeria monocytogenes) should be forwarded from clinical microbiology laboratories to PHO for further identification and subtyping. Accurate identification of Listeria species and subtyping of Listeria monocytogenes isolates are necessary to ensure appropriate clinical and public health management. […] PHO does NOT provide primary testing for Listeria on clinical specimens, such as blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Patients suspected of listeriosis should have primary testing performed by their community or hospital laboratory. […] Listeria identification of cultured isolates is performed by colony morphology, Gram stain morphology, catalase test, oxidase test, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), umbrella motility at 30C, beta-hemolysis on blood agar, CAMP test, esculin hydrolysis, methyl red and Voges-Proskauer test, triple sugar iron test, dextrose fermentation, rhamnose fermentation, and xylose fermentation.

• #2 Listeria – Awanui Labs – Wellington

  https://www.awanuilabs.co.nz/central/wellington/for-referrers/microbiology/how-do-i-diagnose/listeria/

  Excellent specificity positive result confirms the diagnosis […] Good sensitivity negative result makes diagnosis unlikely. […] PCR on CSF is also becoming increasingly available. […] Data are still accumulating in clinical practise, however PCR may have: Slightly better sensitivity than culture, especially if prior effective antibiotic exposure […] Similar specificity to culture. […] We dont currently recommend PCR as the standard test for Listeria, however if there is high clinical suspicion then this should be discussed with a clinical microbiologist. […] Postnatal diagnosis (infants born to mothers with listeriosis during pregnancy): Testing is the same regardless of whether neonate is well/unwell […] CSF culture […] Excellent specificity positive result confirms the diagnosis Good sensitivity negative result makes diagnosis unlikely.

• #2

  https://journals.lww.com/imd/fulltext/2022/03000/next_generation_sequencing_based_diagnosis_of.8.aspx

  Although various opportunistic infections have been described in patients with anti-interferon gamma autoantibodies, so far there is no Listeria monocytogenes infection reported to be associated with this primary immunodeficiency. […] Blood culture was positive but culture of the cerebrospinal fluid was negative, although it showed features suggestive of partially treated bacterial meningitis. The presence of L. monocytogenes in the cerebrospinal fluid was confirmed by next-generation sequencing. […] Next-generation sequencing is becoming an important diagnostic modality for culture-negative infections. […] In the present case, although L. monocytogenes was isolated from the patients blood and his CSF cell count suggested partially treated meningitis as the patient had been on intravenous piperacillin-tazobactam for 2 days before the lumbar puncture was performed, no bacterium was recovered from the CSF. The diagnosis of Listeria meningitis was only confirmed after the detection of seven sequence reads of L. monocytogenes in the CSF.

• #2 Listeriosis (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/listeriosis

  The identification of L. monocytogenes is performed using standard culture techniques. The bacteria grow in 24-48 hours, forming small rounded colonies and they present beta-haemolytic reaction on blood agar. […] Cultures of amniotic fluid, blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Stool cultures are not sensitive or specific. […] Serological testing is unreliable. […] Other investigations will depend on the individual presentation but may include CXR, lumbar puncture, CT scan and MRI. […] MRI is superior to CT scan for demonstrating central nervous system disease, especially in the brainstem. […] Transoesophageal echocardiography should be performed if endocarditis is suspected.

• #2 Review on Listeria infection in pregnancy | IDR

  https://www.dovepress.com/an-update-review-on-listeria-infection-in-pregnancy-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IDR

  Listeriosis can be diagnosed using positive cultures from maternal or neonatal blood, neonatal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), amniotic fluid, intrauterine mucosa, or the placenta. […] The early detection and diagnosis of pregnancy-associated listeriosis are significant since sensitive antibiotics are effective at enhancing the prognosis of newborns. […] When pregnant females exhibit unexplained fever, physicians are more likely to think of listeriosis. […] Listeriosis can be diagnosed using positive cultures from sterile samples. Clinically, isolation is generally from maternal or neonatal blood, neonatal CSF, amniotic fluid, intrauterine mucosa, or the placenta. […] The diagnosis of listeria infection primarily depends on blood culture. […] Bacterial culture of placental tissues is the most sensitive method to diagnose maternal-neonatal listeriosis.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/listeriosis

  Listeriosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. […] The initial diagnosis of listeriosis is made based on clinical symptoms and detection of the bacteria in a smear from blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), meconium of newborns (or the fetus in abortion cases), as well as from faeces, vomitus, foods or animal feed. Various detection methods, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), are available for diagnosis of listeriosis in humans. […] During pregnancy, blood and placenta cultures are the most reliable ways to discover if symptoms are due to listeriosis.

• #2 Listeriosis in Newborns – Children’s Health Issues – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/infections-in-newborns/listeriosis-in-newborns

  Listeriosis is infection caused by the bacteria Listeria monocytogenes. […] The diagnosis is confirmed by identifying the bacteria in a sample of blood or other material taken from the newborn and from the mother. […] Testing of blood and other fluids taken from pregnant people and newborns. […] If a newborn is sick, samples of blood and spinal fluid (obtained with a spinal tap) are collected and tested for Listeria monocytogenes. […] The samples are sent to a laboratory to grow (culture) the bacteria or to undergo the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. The PCR test looks for the genetic material of the bacteria and enables doctors to rapidly identify the bacteria. Identifying the bacteria in a sample confirms the diagnosis.

• #2 Listeriosis: symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/listeriosis?language=fr

  Diagnosis is initially based on clinical symptoms. Listeria monocytogenes bacteria can be detected through a blood test or a cerebrospinal fluid sample. […] After childbirth, a placental examination can provide valuable information. The first stools of infants can be used for diagnosis. […] Bacteriological tests can also be performed on food products suspected of contamination to confirm whether or not they contain Listeria monocytogenes.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Listeriosis.aspx

  Diagnosis of listeriosis on clinical grounds alone is often cumbersome, partly because pathognomonic signs are scarce, and partly because it is a rare infection and often not considered in differential diagnosis. […] Gram staining of specimens from normally sterile sites may suggest a diagnosis of listeriosis, as short gram-positive rods are seen in both intracellular and extracellular locations. […] A large array of systems that detect listerial antigens such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or reversed passive latex agglutination have been developed, but mostly for the identification of Listeria in food. […] Detection of antibodies has occasionally proved useful in the identification of outbreaks, as well as in seroprevalence studies, but a fourfold rise in titer is required for definitive diagnosis.

• #2 LISTERIAL INFECTIONS | Harrison’s Manual of Medicine

  https://harrisons.unboundmedicine.com/harrisons/view/Harrisons-Manual-of-Medicine/623655/all/LISTERIAL_INFECTIONS

  Timely diagnosis requires that the illness be considered in groups at risk: pregnant women, elderly pts, neonates, immunocompromised pts, and pts with chronic underlying medical conditions (e.g., alcoholism, diabetes). […] Listeriosis is diagnosed when the organism is cultured from a usually sterile site, such as blood, CSF, or amniotic fluid. […] Listeriae may be confused with diphtheroids or pneumococci in gram-stained CSF or may be gram-variable and confused with Haemophilus spp. […] Serologic tests and PCR assays are not clinically useful at present.

• #2 How Doctors Treat Listeria Infection

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/listeria/treatment/

  A listeria infection can be a life-threatening condition one that requires urgent medical attention. The type of treatment someone with a listeria infection requires depends on the patient and his or her symptoms. Healthy, nonpregnant individuals with normal immune function may not require any treatment or even feel sick enough to warrant a call to the doctor. For healthy individuals, as well as at-risk individuals (older adults and anyone with a weak immune system is considered at risk for a life-threatening invasive listeria infection), the CDC does not recommend any testing or treatment unless symptoms emerge. If you and your doctor believe you’ve been exposed to listeria and you have symptoms stomach pain, diarrhea, nausea your immune system will likely get rid of the infection on its own. If you are experiencing symptoms and think you may have been exposed to listeria and you are pregnant, elderly, or immunocompromised, your doctor may pursue diagnostic testing to confirm a listeria infection usually a blood test or other fluid test. In either case, if the diagnostic test comes back positive for a listeria infection, a course of intravenous (IV) antibiotics using the drugs ampicillin (Omnipen) and gentamicin (Garamycin) might be required for severe, invasive listeria infections. If a pregnant woman has a fever coupled with other listeriosis symptoms, her doctor will likely start her on a course of intravenous antibiotics while ordering blood or placenta testing to check for the infection. Patients treated early for listeriosis and who don’t develop sepsis, meningitis, or any of the infections more serious systemic complications tend to recover quickly and completely; usually within a matter of weeks. However, recovery time for more serious listeria infections can vary, and roughly 15 percent of patients with invasive listeriosis die. If people especially those at high risk are careful about what they eat and quick to notify their doctor of symptoms they do experience, they have a good chance of knocking out the infection before it can invade their blood and cause more serious health problems.

• #2 SASGOG Pearls of Exxcellence | The Society for Academic Specialists in General Obstetrics & Gynecology

  https://exxcellence.org/list-of-pearls/evaluation-and-management-of-listeria-monocytogenes-exposure-and-diagnosis-in-pregnancy/?categoryName=&searchTerms=&featured=False&bookmarked=False&sortColumn=date&sortDirection=Descending

  Listeriosis is usually mild in pregnant persons. However, vertical transmission carries a risk of abortion or stillbirth as high as 20%, with a greater than 60% risk of neonatal listeriosis in the surviving infant. […] Diagnosis of listeriosis can be challenging, and recommendations for treatment are primarily based on symptoms and presumptive exposure. L monocytogenes is most easily isolated in blood cultures, and confirmation of infection is difficult in the absence of bacteremia. […] If the patient presents with symptoms but is afebrile, the benefit of treatment is uncertain. However, it is reasonable to proceed with blood cultures, stool studies, and oral antibiotic therapy (amoxicillin), with close monitoring for worsening symptoms. […] Treatment or prophylaxis in an asymptomatic patient with an exposure is not recommended, but prompt treatment of a patient with a febrile gastroenteritis and high likelihood of exposure could improve both maternal and neonatal outcomes.

• #2 Listeria meningoencephalitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/listeria-meningoencephalitis?lang=us

  CNS infection with Listeria monocytogenes, classically presenting as listeria rhombencephalitis, results from infection with Listeria monocytogenes, a motile facultative anaerobic bacterium. […] It is difficult to isolate the agent: the bacillus can be cultured from blood in 61% and from CSF in 33-41%. […] Survival is strongly related to the timely use of appropriate antibiotics: usually ampicillin or penicillin combined with gentamicin for a period of at least six weeks.

• #2 Diagnosing Listeria in Light of the Boar’s Head Deli Meat Outbreak: Means of Diagnosing Listeria, Including Through Differential Diagnosis | Food Poisoning News

  https://www.foodpoisoningnews.com/diagnosing-listeria-in-light-of-the-boars-head-deli-meat-outbreak-means-of-diagnosing-listeria-including-through-differential-diagnosis/

  For pregnant women who develop listeriosis, especially those experiencing miscarriage, stillbirth, or preterm labor, testing of the placenta, amniotic fluid, or fetal tissue may be performed to confirm infection. […] PCR is a molecular diagnostic technique that detects bacterial DNA in body fluids or tissues. It is a highly sensitive and rapid method for diagnosing listeriosis, especially in cases where blood cultures are negative or take too long to yield results. […] Diagnosing listeriosis, especially in light of recent outbreaks like the one linked to Boars Head deli meats, requires a combination of clinical assessment, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Blood cultures remain the gold standard for diagnosing Listeria, while PCR testing offers a rapid alternative. Differential diagnosis is essential to rule out other infections and conditions that present with similar symptoms. Early and accurate diagnosis is key to preventing severe complications, particularly in high-risk populations like pregnant women, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.

• #2 How to Test for Listeria Amid Outbreaks? | +MEDRITE Urgent Care

  https://medriteurgentcare.com/how-to-test-for-listeria/

  Urgent care centers like +MEDRITE play a pivotal role in diagnosing listeria. With experienced medical staff and efficient diagnostic processes, +MEDRITE ensures that patients receive timely care without long hospital waits. […] Timely testing and treatment are critical in managing listeria infections. If you’re experiencing symptoms or have concerns about foodborne illnesses, visit +MEDRITE for expert diagnosis and compassionate care.

• #3 Listeria Monocytogenes | Johns Hopkins ABX Guide

  https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540318/all/Listeria_Monocytogenes

  Dx: […] Culture from a normally sterile site (CSF, blood, etc.). […] CSF PCR might be useful as an adjunct for the evaluation of CNS disease […] Stool culture: Low sensitivity, and ~5% of people may have + fecal carriage without infection. Not recommended for diagnosis […] Serologic testing: poor sensitivity and specificity. Not recommended for diagnosis of listeriosis in individual patients. Useful for epidemiological investigations, though increasingly, this is being done by genotyping. […] Diagnosis: positive CSF Gram stain ~30%, CSF culture ~85%, CSF PCR ~60%, BCx +63% […] Routine stool culture for assessment: not recommended as it may be frequently seen with fecal carriage/shedding without causing illness.

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