Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Listeria infection – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/listeria-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355275

  Treatment of listeria infection varies. It depends on how serious the symptoms are. Most people with mild symptoms don’t need treatment. More-serious infections can be treated with medicines that clear up infections caused by bacteria. These are called antibiotics. […] During pregnancy, prompt antibiotic treatment might help keep the infection from affecting the baby.

• #1 Listeria Monocytogenes Infection (Listeriosis) Medication: Antibiotics

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220684-medication

  Antibiotic therapy is the treatment of choice for invasive listeriosis. Bacteremia should be treated for 2 weeks if the patient is immunocompetent. Longer courses may be required in the immunocompromised patient. Meningitis should be treated for 3 weeks; endocarditis for 4-6 weeks; and brain abscess for at least 6 weeks. Ampicillin generally is considered the preferred agent, but other agents may be acceptable. Gentamicin frequently is added for synergy, but it may be discontinued after 1 week of clinical improvement in order to decrease the chance of renal toxicity or ototoxicity. […] Glucocorticoids have not demonstrated benefit in Listeria meningitis. […] Ampicillin is the drug of choice. It interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis during active multiplication, causing bactericidal activity against susceptible organisms.

• #1 Treatment of listeriosis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10852095/

  Objective: To review the most currently accepted treatment options for the treatment of listeriosis. […] Listeriosis is mainly a food-borne illness caused by L. monocytogenes; people most prone to the disease are pregnant women, newborns, elderly, and those with HIV or other diseases compromising immunity. Listeria infections are associated with a high mortality rate, and thus effective antibiotic treatment is essential. Although a variety of antibiotics have activity against the organism, ampicillin alone or in combination with gentamicin remains the treatment of choice. Some patients may require alternative therapies due to allergies or certain disease states. Second-line agents for these cases include trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, vancomycin, and the fluoroquinolones. Cephalosporins are not active against Listeria.

• #1 Listeria Monocytogenes | Johns Hopkins ABX Guide

  https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540318/all/Listeria_Monocytogenes

• #1 Listeria Infection Medication: Antibiotics

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/965841-medication

  These agents are used for suspected bacterial infections. Ampicillin in combination with an aminoglycoside such as gentamicin is the therapy of choice. Listeria is not susceptible to cephalosporins of any generation. Therefore, cephalosporins should not be used to treat Listeria infections. […] Usual neonatal dosage for treatment of septicemia or meningitis depends on gestational and postnatal age. Higher doses are used with severe infections or meningitis. […] Useful in combination with ampicillin against listeria. […] Second-line DOC for non-neonatal penicillin-allergic patients. Inhibits bacterial growth by inhibiting synthesis of dihydrofolic acid. […] Can be used as an alternative to ampicillin. Interferes with synthesis of cell wall mucopeptide during active multiplication, resulting in bactericidal activity.

• #1 Management of Pregnant Women With Presumptive Exposure to Listeria monocytogenes | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2014/12/management-of-pregnant-women-with-presumptive-exposure-to-listeria-monocytogenes

  An exposed pregnant woman with a fever higher than 38.1C (100.6F) and signs and symptoms consistent with listeriosis for whom no other cause of illness is known should be simultaneously tested and treated for presumptive listeriosis. […] The antimicrobial regimen of choice for treatment of listeriosis is high-dose intravenous ampicillin (at least 6 g/day) for nonallergic patients for at least 14 days. […] Women who are allergic to penicillin, ampicillin, or both present a clinical conundrum; trimethoprim with sulfamethoxazole is the generally recommended alternative to ampicillin. […] If testing is undertaken and the blood culture yields listeria, standard antimicrobial treatment for listeriosis, typically including intravenous ampicillin, would be indicated.

• #1 Listeria in Pregnancy – Risks, Treatment & Prevention

  https://americanpregnancy.org/healthy-pregnancy/pregnancy-concerns/listeria-during-pregnancy/

  During pregnancy, it is important to be aware of what you put inside your body. […] Listeriosis is treated with antibiotics during pregnancy. These antibiotics, in most cases, will prevent infection to the fetus and newborn. These same antibiotics are also given to newborns with listeriosis. […] Early treatment with antibiotics may prevent fetal infection and other severe fetal complications. Not all babies whose mothers are infected will have any problems related to listeriosis.

• #1 Treatment for Listeria Infection | Marler Clark

  https://marlerclark.com/foodborne-illnesses/listeria/listeria-treatment

  Listeria infections typically resolve without treatment, but antibiotics may be necessary to treat some cases. […] Non-invasive Listeria infection is usually a self-limiting illness which means that a majority of infected individuals will improve without the need for medical care. But for those patients with a high fever, a stool culture and antibiotic treatment may be justified (even for otherwise healthy individuals). […] Invasive infections with Listeria can be treated with antibiotics. When infection occurs during pregnancy, antibiotics given promptly to the pregnant woman can often prevent infection of the fetus or newborn. Babies with listeriosis receive the same antibiotics as adults, although a combination of antibiotics is often used until physicians are certain of the diagnosis.

• #1 Neonatal Listeriosis – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/infections-in-neonates/neonatal-listeriosis

  Treatment is antibiotics, initially ampicillin plus an aminoglycoside. […] Treatment of the newborn is with ampicillin plus an aminoglycoside (eg, gentamicin). A 14-day course is usually satisfactory (21 days for meningitis), but the optimal duration is unknown. Other possible medications include ampicillin in combination with other intracellular medications such as fluoroquinolones, linezolid, or rifampin, but these have not been studied in pediatric patients, and susceptibility should be confirmed. […] Treat with ampicillin plus an aminoglycoside.

• #1 Listeriosis: An Overview

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/listeriosis-an-overview

  Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis provide detailed recommendations for the treatment of L monocytogenes infection in the CNS. Patients aged less than 1 month, those aged greater than 50 years, alcoholic patients, and immunocompromised patients are at increased risk for Listeria infections in the CNS. Patients with HIV or AIDS contract Listeria meningitis at a rate exceeding more than 60 times that of the general population. These populations should be empirically treated for coverage of L monocytogenes. Neonates aged less than 1 month should receive ampicillin plus ceftriaxone or ampicillin plus an aminoglycoside. Elderly patients, alcoholic patients, and those with compromised immune systems should be empirically treated with a three-drug regimen of vancomycin, ampicillin, and a third-generation cephalosporin with or without dexamethasone. Therapy may be de-escalated to ampicillin or penicillin G alone upon confirmation of L monocytogenes. Alternatives include SMX-TMP and meropenem. Antimicrobial therapy for meningitis should last at least 21 days, with longer therapy (8 weeks) favored in cases of rhombencephalitis, brain abscess, and compromised immunity.

• #1 Listeriosis: An Overview

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/listeriosis-an-overview

  Clinicians treating organ-transplant recipients who have contracted listeriosis must be aware of the potential drug interactions and complications. These patients may be taking tacrolimus or cyclosporine, so it is important to closely monitor renal function should SMX-TMP or synergistic treatment with gentamicin be necessary, as the combination of these agents can further increase the risk of nephrotoxicity. These patients may also require reduced intensity in their immunosuppressive regimens if controlling infection becomes difficult. The decision should be individualized, taking into consideration not only benefits, but also the risk of acute organ rejection.

• #1 Boon or Bane? Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy Complicated by Listeria monocytogenes Meningitis Culminating in Colectomy for Ulcerative Colitis | Nagpal | Journal of Medical Cases

  https://www.journalmc.org/index.php/JMC/article/view/4041/3453

  With the diagnosis of Listeria monocytogenes septicemia, her infliximab was held and was started on a 21-day course of intravenous amoxicillin. After completing the antibiotic course, infliximab was discontinued (third induction dose was not administered). […] ECCO guidance recommends the discontinuation of anti-TNF- biologics during infection with Listeria monocytogenes. […] Serious and opportunistic infections should be on our diagnostic radar even before we commence immunomodulator therapy in IBD. It is important to screen patients for viral infections such as hepatitis, HIV, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV) as well as tuberculosis and recommend vaccination and prophylaxis as appropriate. […] In conclusion, we should aim for more rigorous pre-biological screening, patient education about high-risk foods and better recognition and prompt management of both opportunistic infections and acute severe colitis.

• #1 Listeria Infection (Listeriosis): Symptoms, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/listeria-infection

  Treatment for listeriosis depends on how severe your symptoms are and your overall health. […] If your symptoms are mild and you are otherwise in good health, treatment may not be necessary. Instead, your doctor may instruct you to stay home and care for yourself with close follow-up. […] Home treatment for listeriosis is similar to treatment for any foodborne illness. To treat a mild infection at home, you can: Prevent dehydration by drinking water and clear liquids if vomiting or diarrhea occur. Use over-the-counter medications to manage body aches and fever, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen (Advil or Motrin) or naproxen (Aleve). During recovery, eat foods that are easy to process. These include bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast. Limit spicy foods, dairy, alcohol, or fatty foods like meat.

• #1 Caring for Patients with Listeriosis | Listeria Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  This page presents a framework for assessment and medical treatment of high-risk people (pregnant women, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems) who may have been exposed to L. monocytogenes by eating contaminated foods. […] Clinicians may consider using the framework below. This framework is not intended either as a practice guideline or as a modification of existing guidelines or practices in managing patients with confirmed or suspected listeriosis. […] Patient management decisions for asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic people are appropriately made on a case-by-case basis. These decisions should be informed by clinical judgment and the likelihood of exposure of the patient. Consultation with a specialist in infectious disease may be considered. […] Most experts believe that no testing or treatment is indicated for an asymptomatic person with elevated risk of invasive listeriosis who ate a product recalled because of L.monocytogenes contamination. Such a patient should be instructed to return for medical treatment if he or she develops symptoms of listeriosis within two months after eating the recalled product.

• #1 Caring for Patients with Listeriosis | Listeria Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  If diagnostic tests are performed, some experts would withhold antibiotic therapy unless cultures yielded L. monocytogenes. Others would initiate antibiotic therapy while culture results were pending and then stop treatment if the cultures were negative. The antibiotic regimen could consist of oral ampicillin or amoxicillin, although it is important that both the clinician and the patient know that no effectiveness data exist for this scenario. If the blood culture yielded Listeria, standard antimicrobial treatment for listeriosis, typically including IV ampicillin and gentamicin, would be indicated. […] An exposed person with elevated risk of invasive listeriosis with fever (100.6 F, 38.1 C) and signs and symptoms consistent with listeriosis, for whom no other cause of illness is known, should be tested and treated for presumptive listeriosis.

• #1 Listeria Infection (Listeriosis): Symptoms, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/listeria-infection

  For more severe cases of listeriosis, your doctor will prescribe antibiotics. These are drugs that kill bacteria or slow their growth. Some types of antibiotics that are commonly used for listeriosis include ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim). […] If you have invasive listeriosis, you’ll likely need to stay in the hospital and be treated with intravenous (IV) medications. Antibiotics through an IV can help eliminate the infection, and the hospital staff can watch for complications. […] If you’re pregnant and have listeriosis, your doctor will want you to begin treatment with antibiotics. They’ll also monitor your baby for signs of distress. Newborn babies with an infection will receive antibiotics as soon as they’re born.

• #1 Listeria (Listeriosis): In Pregnancy, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention & Causes

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/listeria_monocytogenes_infection/article_em.htm

  The treatment of listeriosis involves intravenous antibiotics and supportive care. […] Treatment for listeriosis includes intravenous antibiotics, as well as supportive care. The prompt initiation of antibiotics when the diagnosis is suspected or confirmed can hasten recovery and prevent the more serious potential complications sometimes encountered with listeriosis. […] Antibiotics Ampicillin (Principen) is generally considered the antibiotic of choice, though there are other acceptable antibiotic choices. […] Involve an infectious disease specialist to assist with appropriate antibiotic selection and duration of treatment. […] The duration of treatment with antibiotics varies with the severity of the illness and the particular areas involved with disseminated infection. […] Supportive care Intravenous fluids to prevent dehydration or to maintain adequate blood pressure may be necessary.

• #1 How Doctors Treat Listeria Infection

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/listeria/treatment/

  Patients treated early for listeriosis and who dont develop sepsis, meningitis, or any of the infections more serious systemic complications tend to recover quickly and completely; usually within a matter of weeks. […] However, recovery time for more serious listeria infections can vary, and roughly 15 percent of patients with invasive listeriosis die. […] Fortunately, quick diagnosis and treatment is often very effective.

• #1 Listeriosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeriosis

  Treatment includes prolonged administration of antibiotics, primarily ampicillin and gentamicin, to which the organism is usually susceptible. […] Bacteremia should be treated for 2 weeks, meningitis for 3 weeks, and brain abscess for at least 6 weeks. Ampicillin generally is considered antibiotic of choice; gentamicin is added frequently for its synergistic effects. The overall mortality rate is 2030%; of all pregnancy-related cases, 22% resulted in fetal loss or neonatal death, but mothers usually survive.

• #1 Novel Bacteriocin a Promising New Treatment for Resistant Listeria monocytogenes

  https://www.contagionlive.com/view/novel-bacteriocin-a-promising-new-treatment-for-resistant-listeria-monocytogenes

  Bacteriocin operates effectively by damaging the cell walls of the target species, inducing cell perforation and blebbing, thus killing the cells. […] A novel bacteriocin appears promising as a new treatment option for antibiotic-resistant Listeria monocytogenes infection just as a multistate outbreak of the foodborne bacteria has claimed 2 lives in the United States. […] Because of its high mortality rate and increasing resistance to currently available antibiotics, treating L monocytogenes is becoming more and more challenging. […] But investigators with RMIT University in Melbourne, Australia, have discovered a promising new treatment in the form of a bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus plantarum B21. […] The use of bacteriocins such as those produced by the L plantarum B21 strain to fight strains of bacteria resistant to traditional antibiotics therefore shows great promise in the fight against antibiotic-resistant infections, the team concluded.

• #1 'Fosfomycin’ Antibiotic Treatment to Combat Listeria Infections | Drug Discovery And Development

  https://www.labroots.com/trending/drug-discovery-and-development/12628/fosfomycin-antibiotic-treatment-combat-listeria-infections?srsltid=AfmBOopajQ2G35i4dPO7k8iOU0nY7mWeP2uR_KMn3mVX7YiuRecy2e2W

  Antibiotic-resistant bacteria that were long thought to be untreatable may now be treated with a powerful antibiotic according to a recent study published in PLOS genetics. One particular antibiotic-resistant bacteria is the food-posing bug, Listeria. This particular bacterium was shown to be responsive to an antibiotic despite carrying genes that are highly resistant, the antibiotic is called fosfomycin. […] The research has shown that the antibiotic, fosfomycin, should be the treatment for life-threatening complications caused by Listeria infections. […] The research suggests that fosfomycin can prove to be a useful treatment for life-threatening Listeria cases despite these bacterium testing resistant during laboratory tests. […] Therefore, due to the limit of these therapeutics fosfomycin may prove highly beneficial.

• #1 Listeria infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/listeria-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20355269

  To prevent a listeria infection, follow simple food safety guidelines: Keep things clean. Wash your hands with warm, soapy water before and after you handle or prepare food. Scrub well for at least 20 seconds. After you cook, use hot, soapy water to wash the utensils, cutting boards and other surfaces you prepared food on. […] If you’re pregnant or you have a weak immune system, be extra cautious about listeria. Take added safety measures with these types of foods: Soft cheeses and Mexican-style cheeses. Don’t eat these, even if they were made using pasteurized milk. Some examples of soft cheeses are feta, brie, Camembert and blue cheese. Mexican-style cheeses include queso blanco and queso fresco. […] Hot dogs and deli meats. Stay away from these unless they’re reheated until steaming hot. Keep fluid from hot dog packages away from other foods, utensils and surfaces on which food is prepared. Wash your hands after handling these products.

• #1 Listeria Meningitis Complicating Alemtuzumab Treatment in Multiple Sclerosis—Report of Two Cases

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/16/7/14669

  We recommend that patients undergoing alemtuzumab treatment should avoid potentially contaminated animal and herbal food (e.g., raw milk products, sliced mushrooms, and smoked salmon) before and during alemtuzumab treatment. […] In conclusion, physicians and patients should be aware of this serious, but treatable complication. In immunosuppressed patients with fever and elevated inflammatory parameters, even in the absence of meningism and headache in the beginning, Listeria meningitis should be considered.

• #1 Listeria infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/listeria-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20355269

  Healthy people rarely become very ill from listeria infection. But the disease can be fatal to unborn babies, newborns and people with weakened immune systems. Prompt antibiotic treatment can help curb the effects of listeria infection. […] Get emergency care if you have any of the following: A high fever. Very bad headache. Stiff neck. Confusion. Discomfort or pain due to light. […] Many listeria infections are mild. Some infected people don’t have any symptoms. But sometimes, a listeria infection can lead to serious medical problems or emergencies. These risks rise if treatment is delayed or not given. […] A listeria infection of the bloodstream can cause the body to have an improper reaction called sepsis. This can lead to organ damage or death. […] A listeria infection of the nervous system can lead to: Trouble with balance, walking or coordination. Trouble moving one side of the body. Nerve problems. Hearing loss. Seizures. Death.

• #1 Listeria Infection (Listeriosis): Symptoms and Treatment | FastMed Urgent Care

  https://www.fastmed.com/health-resources/listeria-infection-symptoms/

  Treatment for Listeria infection varies depending on the person infected and the severity of the symptoms. Most people with mild symptoms do not require any medical treatment, but those with more serious infections are typically treated with antibiotics. Pregnant women need prompt antibiotic treatment to help prevent the infection from affecting the baby. […] Even with prompt treatment, listeriosis can result in death. That is why it is important to recognize the symptoms, and if you are experiencing symptoms within 2 months of eating food thought or known to be contaminated, seek medical attention immediately.

• #1 Listeria Treatment | YourCareEverywhere

  https://yourcareeverywhere.com/health-research/health-insights/infectious-disease-center/listeria-treatment.html

  Listeria treatment with antibiotics should be administered to pregnant women and people with invasive listeriosis symptoms or who have weakened immune systems and signs of listeria infection. […] Antibiotics often used in listeria treatment include oral ampicillin or amoxicillin or, depending on results of blood cultures for serious symptoms, IV ampicillin and gentamicin. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) notes the illness can be so serious in women who are expecting that, if a pregnant woman has been exposed to a food believed to be contaminated with listeria and she has a fever around 100 F or higher and symptoms of listeriosis, immediate listeria treatment with antibiotics should be started even before blood culture tests confirm the diagnosis. […] If you have symptoms or concerns about potential listeriosis, don’t guess or self-diagnose: Contact your doctor for advice and whether you need treatment with antibiotics.

• #2 Listeria infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/listeria-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20355269

  Healthy people rarely become very ill from listeria infection. But the disease can be fatal to unborn babies, newborns and people with weakened immune systems. Prompt antibiotic treatment can help curb the effects of listeria infection. […] Get emergency care if you have any of the following: A high fever. Very bad headache. Stiff neck. Confusion. Discomfort or pain due to light. […] Many listeria infections are mild. Some infected people don’t have any symptoms. But sometimes, a listeria infection can lead to serious medical problems or emergencies. These risks rise if treatment is delayed or not given. […] A listeria infection of the bloodstream can cause the body to have an improper reaction called sepsis. This can lead to organ damage or death. […] A listeria infection of the nervous system can lead to: Trouble with balance, walking or coordination. Trouble moving one side of the body. Nerve problems. Hearing loss. Seizures. Death.

• #2 About Listeria Infection | Listeria Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/about/index.html

  Treatment varies based on the kind of illness and its severity. […] People with an invasive illness are treated with antibiotics. […] Most people recover from an intestinal illness without antibiotic treatment. Antibiotics are needed only for patients who are very ill or at risk of becoming very ill.

• #2 Listeria Infection Medication: Antibiotics

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/965841-medication

  These agents are used for suspected bacterial infections. Ampicillin in combination with an aminoglycoside such as gentamicin is the therapy of choice. Listeria is not susceptible to cephalosporins of any generation. Therefore, cephalosporins should not be used to treat Listeria infections. […] Usual neonatal dosage for treatment of septicemia or meningitis depends on gestational and postnatal age. Higher doses are used with severe infections or meningitis. […] Useful in combination with ampicillin against listeria. […] Second-line DOC for non-neonatal penicillin-allergic patients. Inhibits bacterial growth by inhibiting synthesis of dihydrofolic acid. […] Can be used as an alternative to ampicillin. Interferes with synthesis of cell wall mucopeptide during active multiplication, resulting in bactericidal activity.

• #2 Listeria Monocytogenes Infection (Listeriosis) Medication: Antibiotics

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220684-medication

  Gentamicin is an adjunctive therapy that can be used in conjunction with ampicillin. It is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that interferes with bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S and 50S ribosomal subunits. […] This agent is indicated for patients unable to take penicillin antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial synthesis of dihydrofolic acid by competing with paraaminobenzoic acid, which results in inhibition of bacterial growth.

• #2 Listeriosis – Infectious Diseases – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-positive-bacilli/listeriosis

  Treatment includes penicillin or ampicillin (often with aminoglycosides) or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. […] Listerial meningitis is best treated with ampicillin 2 g IV every 4 hours. Most authorities recommend adding gentamicin (1 mg/kg IV every 8 hours) based on synergy in vitro. Cephalosporins are not effective. […] Endocarditis and primary listerial bacteremia are treated with ampicillin 2 g IV every 4 hours plus gentamicin (for synergy) given for 6 weeks (for endocarditis) or 2 weeks (for bacteremia) beyond defervescence. […] Oculoglandular listeriosis and listerial dermatitis should respond to erythromycin 10 mg/kg orally every 6 hours, continued until 1 week after defervescence. […] Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 5/25 mg/kg IV every 8 hours is an alternative. Linezolid is active in vitro, but clinical experience is lacking.

• #2 Listeriosis

  https://infectionpreventionandyou.org/listeriosis/

  When infection occurs during pregnancy, antibiotics given promptly can often prevent infection of the fetus or newborn. […] Even with prompt treatment, some infections result in death, particularly in the elderly and in persons with other serious medical problems. Antibiotics used in the treatment of listeriosis include ampicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, meropenem, vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, linezolid, and azithromycin.

• #2 Treatment of listeriosis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10852095/

  Objective: To review the most currently accepted treatment options for the treatment of listeriosis. […] Listeriosis is mainly a food-borne illness caused by L. monocytogenes; people most prone to the disease are pregnant women, newborns, elderly, and those with HIV or other diseases compromising immunity. Listeria infections are associated with a high mortality rate, and thus effective antibiotic treatment is essential. Although a variety of antibiotics have activity against the organism, ampicillin alone or in combination with gentamicin remains the treatment of choice. Some patients may require alternative therapies due to allergies or certain disease states. Second-line agents for these cases include trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, vancomycin, and the fluoroquinolones. Cephalosporins are not active against Listeria.

• #2 Listeriosis: An Overview

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/listeriosis-an-overview

  Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis provide detailed recommendations for the treatment of L monocytogenes infection in the CNS. Patients aged less than 1 month, those aged greater than 50 years, alcoholic patients, and immunocompromised patients are at increased risk for Listeria infections in the CNS. Patients with HIV or AIDS contract Listeria meningitis at a rate exceeding more than 60 times that of the general population. These populations should be empirically treated for coverage of L monocytogenes. Neonates aged less than 1 month should receive ampicillin plus ceftriaxone or ampicillin plus an aminoglycoside. Elderly patients, alcoholic patients, and those with compromised immune systems should be empirically treated with a three-drug regimen of vancomycin, ampicillin, and a third-generation cephalosporin with or without dexamethasone. Therapy may be de-escalated to ampicillin or penicillin G alone upon confirmation of L monocytogenes. Alternatives include SMX-TMP and meropenem. Antimicrobial therapy for meningitis should last at least 21 days, with longer therapy (8 weeks) favored in cases of rhombencephalitis, brain abscess, and compromised immunity.

• #2 Caring for Patients with Listeriosis | Listeria Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  If diagnostic tests are performed, some experts would withhold antibiotic therapy unless cultures yielded L. monocytogenes. Others would initiate antibiotic therapy while culture results were pending and then stop treatment if the cultures were negative. The antibiotic regimen could consist of oral ampicillin or amoxicillin, although it is important that both the clinician and the patient know that no effectiveness data exist for this scenario. If the blood culture yielded Listeria, standard antimicrobial treatment for listeriosis, typically including IV ampicillin and gentamicin, would be indicated. […] An exposed person with elevated risk of invasive listeriosis with fever (100.6 F, 38.1 C) and signs and symptoms consistent with listeriosis, for whom no other cause of illness is known, should be tested and treated for presumptive listeriosis.

• #2 How Doctors Treat Listeria Infection

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/listeria/treatment/

  In either case, if the diagnostic test comes back positive for a listeria infection, a course of intravenous (IV) antibiotics using the drugs ampicillin (Omnipen) and gentamicin (Garamycin) might be required for severe, invasive listeria infections (bloodstream, central nervous system, vascular, bone, or joint). […] If you have a fever (along with other symptoms of listeriosis), your doctor may start you on a course of IV antibiotics from the beginning. […] Sometimes in higher-risk individuals who have only mild symptoms, oral antibiotics alone can be used to treat the infection. […] If a pregnant woman has a fever coupled with other listeriosis symptoms, her doctor will likely start her on a course of intravenous antibiotics while ordering blood or placenta testing to check for the infection.

• #2 Listeriosis: An Overview

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/listeriosis-an-overview

  Several potential medication-related issues may arise in the treatment of a patient with listeriosis. Patients allergic to penicillin may need to undergo skin testing and subsequent desensitization protocols. Individuals whose allergy is limited to mild-to-moderate maculopapular rash may use meropenem. If the patient has a severe penicillin allergy (e.g., type I, immunoglobulin E [IgE]-mediated allergy, Stevens-Johnson syndrome [SJS] or toxic epidermal necrolysis), SMX-TMP may be utilized, with the higher end of the dosing spectrum favored for more severe conditions. […] Another potential treatment issue occurs in pregnant women. Invasive disease can be treated as outlined above, with ampicillin alone as the drug of choice with desensitization in non-IgE-mediated, non-SJS, penicillin-allergic patients, or with SMX-TMP in patients with more severe allergy. However, SMX-TMP can cause potentially serious adverse effects in pregnant women. Because of disturbances in folic acid metabolism, SMX-TMP should be used only in the first trimester when the potential benefits to the mother outweigh the risks of fetal harm. Also, the use of SMX-TMP late in pregnancy may cause kernicterus in the child. Alternatively, vancomycin may be used in patients who cannot tolerate desensitization and in those cannot receive SMX-TMP based on pregnancy trimester.

• #2

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/infections/Pages/listeriosis-infection.aspx

  Listeriosis is detected through laboratory testing of blood, urine and cerebrospinal (from the brain and spine) fluid. […] When listeriosis is diagnosed in a pregnant person, treatment of the infection can prevent the spread of infection to the fetus or newborn. Antibacterial medication also can be used to treat L monocytogenes infections in infants.

• #2 Neonatal Listeriosis – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/infections-in-neonates/neonatal-listeriosis

  Treatment is antibiotics, initially ampicillin plus an aminoglycoside. […] Treatment of the newborn is with ampicillin plus an aminoglycoside (eg, gentamicin). A 14-day course is usually satisfactory (21 days for meningitis), but the optimal duration is unknown. Other possible medications include ampicillin in combination with other intracellular medications such as fluoroquinolones, linezolid, or rifampin, but these have not been studied in pediatric patients, and susceptibility should be confirmed. […] Treat with ampicillin plus an aminoglycoside.

• #2 Frontiers | Listeriosis in a Metropolitan Hospital: Is Targeted Therapy a Risk Factor for Infection?

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/medicine/articles/10.3389/fmed.2022.888038/full

  Targeted therapy is an important predisposing factor for listeriosis. […] Listeria infection is an important differential diagnosis in patients on targeted therapy who present with sepsis and/or central nervous system infection, and the use of antibiotic regimens that cover listeria is crucial for empirical treatment. […] Avoidance of high-risk food items in these patients is important for the prevention of listeriosis.

• #2 Listeria Meningitis Complicating Alemtuzumab Treatment in Multiple Sclerosis—Report of Two Cases

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/16/7/14669

  Alemtuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting the surface molecule CD52, leads to a rapid depletion of immune cells in the innate and adaptive immune system. […] Both patients recovered completely after prompt diagnosis and adequate treatment. Physicians and patients should be aware of this serious, but treatable complication. […] An empiric treatment with ampicillin, ceftriaxone and aciclovir was initiated. After detection of Listeria monocytogenes, treatment was continued with ampicillin monotherapy for 21 days. […] The patient’s condition improved rapidly with only mild cephalgia persisting for 2 weeks. […] After lumbar puncture, the patient was immediately treated with ampicillin, ceftriaxone and gentamycin. Treatment with ceftriaxone was stopped after obtaining the culture results with detection of Listeria monocytogenes in blood and CSF cultures. Ampicillin and gentamycine were given for 3 weeks. The patient’s condition improved rapidly and she finally recovered completely.

• #2 How Doctors Treat Listeria Infection

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/listeria/treatment/

  A listeria infection can be a life-threatening condition one that requires urgent medical attention. At the same time, many people who are infected by listeria may not require treatment at all. […] The type of treatment someone with a listeria infection requires depends on the patient and his or her symptoms. […] For healthy individuals, as well as at-risk individuals (older adults and anyone with a weak immune system is considered at risk for a life-threatening invasive listeria infection), the CDC does not recommend any testing or treatment unless symptoms emerge. […] If you are experiencing symptoms and think you may have been exposed to listeria and you are pregnant, elderly, or immunocompromised, your doctor may pursue diagnostic testing to confirm a listeria infection usually a blood test or other fluid test. Your doctor may also start you on a course of oral antibiotics.

• #2 Caring for Patients with Listeriosis | Listeria Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  The antimicrobial regimen should be the standard therapy for listeriosis, typically including IV ampicillin and gentamicin for 14 to 21 days for nonallergic patients. […] Most experts believe that no testing or treatment is indicated for an asymptomatic person with elevated risk of invasive listeriosis who ate a product recalled because of L. monocytogenes contamination and experienced symptoms that have resolved. Any such patient should be instructed to return for medical care if they develop symptoms of listeriosis within 2 months after eating the recalled product.

• #2 Listeria (Listeriosis): In Pregnancy, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention & Causes

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/listeria_monocytogenes_infection/article_em.htm

  Intravenous medications for nausea and/or vomiting may be administered. […] Patients with low blood pressure may require intravenous medications to increase their blood pressure (pressors). […] Patients with severe listeriosis may require mechanical ventilation (breathing machine) for respiratory support. […] Most authorities believe that individuals, even those at high risk, who ingest food products contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes do not require treatment if they do not have any signs or symptoms of infection. However, careful consideration must be taken in the pregnant patient, as listeriosis can be potentially devastating to the fetus and newborn.

• #2 Listeriosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeriosis

  Treatment includes prolonged administration of antibiotics, primarily ampicillin and gentamicin, to which the organism is usually susceptible. […] Bacteremia should be treated for 2 weeks, meningitis for 3 weeks, and brain abscess for at least 6 weeks. Ampicillin generally is considered antibiotic of choice; gentamicin is added frequently for its synergistic effects. The overall mortality rate is 2030%; of all pregnancy-related cases, 22% resulted in fetal loss or neonatal death, but mothers usually survive.

• #3 Treatment of listeriosis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10852095/

  Objective: To review the most currently accepted treatment options for the treatment of listeriosis. […] Listeriosis is mainly a food-borne illness caused by L. monocytogenes; people most prone to the disease are pregnant women, newborns, elderly, and those with HIV or other diseases compromising immunity. Listeria infections are associated with a high mortality rate, and thus effective antibiotic treatment is essential. Although a variety of antibiotics have activity against the organism, ampicillin alone or in combination with gentamicin remains the treatment of choice. Some patients may require alternative therapies due to allergies or certain disease states. Second-line agents for these cases include trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, vancomycin, and the fluoroquinolones. Cephalosporins are not active against Listeria.

• #3 Treatment for Listeria Infection | Marler Clark

  https://marlerclark.com/foodborne-illnesses/listeria/listeria-treatment

  Listeria infections typically resolve without treatment, but antibiotics may be necessary to treat some cases. […] Non-invasive Listeria infection is usually a self-limiting illness which means that a majority of infected individuals will improve without the need for medical care. But for those patients with a high fever, a stool culture and antibiotic treatment may be justified (even for otherwise healthy individuals). […] Invasive infections with Listeria can be treated with antibiotics. When infection occurs during pregnancy, antibiotics given promptly to the pregnant woman can often prevent infection of the fetus or newborn. Babies with listeriosis receive the same antibiotics as adults, although a combination of antibiotics is often used until physicians are certain of the diagnosis.

• #3 Management of Pregnant Women With Presumptive Exposure to Listeria monocytogenes | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2014/12/management-of-pregnant-women-with-presumptive-exposure-to-listeria-monocytogenes

  An exposed pregnant woman with a fever higher than 38.1C (100.6F) and signs and symptoms consistent with listeriosis for whom no other cause of illness is known should be simultaneously tested and treated for presumptive listeriosis. […] The antimicrobial regimen of choice for treatment of listeriosis is high-dose intravenous ampicillin (at least 6 g/day) for nonallergic patients for at least 14 days. […] Women who are allergic to penicillin, ampicillin, or both present a clinical conundrum; trimethoprim with sulfamethoxazole is the generally recommended alternative to ampicillin. […] If testing is undertaken and the blood culture yields listeria, standard antimicrobial treatment for listeriosis, typically including intravenous ampicillin, would be indicated.

• #3

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s15010-024-02330-w

  Gentamicin combination treatment is associated with lower mortality in patients with invasive listeriosis: a retrospective analysis […] Combination treatment with ampicillin and gentamicin is recommended for invasive manifestations. […] The 90-day mortality was with significantly lower in the gentamicin combination treatment group (10%) compared to the monotherapy group (60%). […] This retrospective study highlights the benefit of gentamicin combination treatment in reducing the 90-day mortality rate among patients with invasive listeriosis. […] The fact that a significant proportion of patients in this real-world cohort were treated with monotherapy raises concerns about the adequacy of antibiotic therapy in clinical practice.

• #3 Listeria Infection, Prevention, and Control | Pioneering Diagnostics

  https://www.biomerieux.com/us/en/education/resource-hub/scientific-library/food-safety-library/listeria-spp-and-listeria-monocytogenes-scientific-library.html

  Listeriosis can be treated if diagnosed early. […] When infection occurs during pregnancy, prompt administration of antibiotics prevents infection of the fetus or newborn. […] Depending on the form of the disease, the recommended treatment is amoxicillin with gentamicin. An alternative treatment is trimethroprim/sulfamethoxazole. […] Listeria is naturally resistant to cephalosporins. There’s no resistance for the reference treatment, except for the alternative treatment.

• #3 Listeria Monocytogenes | Johns Hopkins ABX Guide

  https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540318/all/Listeria_Monocytogenes

• #3 Listeria in Pregnancy – Risks, Treatment & Prevention

  https://americanpregnancy.org/healthy-pregnancy/pregnancy-concerns/listeria-during-pregnancy/

  During pregnancy, it is important to be aware of what you put inside your body. […] Listeriosis is treated with antibiotics during pregnancy. These antibiotics, in most cases, will prevent infection to the fetus and newborn. These same antibiotics are also given to newborns with listeriosis. […] Early treatment with antibiotics may prevent fetal infection and other severe fetal complications. Not all babies whose mothers are infected will have any problems related to listeriosis.

• #3 Review on Listeria infection in pregnancy | IDR

  https://www.dovepress.com/an-update-review-on-listeria-infection-in-pregnancy-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IDR

  Two weeks of high-dose intravenous amoxicillin (more than 6 g/day) is recommended for LM patients without allergy. […] Amoxicillins safety for the fetus has been verified conclusively. It is also suitable if the remedy continues to the puerperium or starts after delivery. […] Considering that timely and sufficient antibiotic treatment can improve the prognosis of mothers and infants significantly, certain physicians have suggested that the prophylactic use of antibiotics should be considered among pregnant women with fever and/or gastrointestinal symptoms. […] Terminating the pregnancy to save the mothers life should be considered if maternal and fetal conditions aggravate. […] Moreover, if the pregnant female has systemic infections, such as cardiovascular system involvement, or liver and kidney dysfunctions, the pregnancy needs to be terminated to save the female.

• #3 Listeria infection: What is it, treatment, symptoms and signs, how common is it? – RSVP Live

  https://www.rsvplive.ie/life/health/listeria-infection-what-it-treatment-12888751

  Most people with invasive listeriosis require at least two weeks of treatment with intravenous antibiotics. However, in the most serious cases, at least six weeks of treatment may be needed. […] Treatment for listeriosis in infants is the same as that for adults, although it’s usually recommended that infants are kept in an intensive care unit (ICU) as a precaution. […] If you develop listeriosis during pregnancy, you’ll be given antibiotics to help prevent the infection spreading to your baby.

• #3 Boon or Bane? Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy Complicated by Listeria monocytogenes Meningitis Culminating in Colectomy for Ulcerative Colitis | Nagpal | Journal of Medical Cases

  https://www.journalmc.org/index.php/JMC/article/view/4041/3453

  With the diagnosis of Listeria monocytogenes septicemia, her infliximab was held and was started on a 21-day course of intravenous amoxicillin. After completing the antibiotic course, infliximab was discontinued (third induction dose was not administered). […] ECCO guidance recommends the discontinuation of anti-TNF- biologics during infection with Listeria monocytogenes. […] Serious and opportunistic infections should be on our diagnostic radar even before we commence immunomodulator therapy in IBD. It is important to screen patients for viral infections such as hepatitis, HIV, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV) as well as tuberculosis and recommend vaccination and prophylaxis as appropriate. […] In conclusion, we should aim for more rigorous pre-biological screening, patient education about high-risk foods and better recognition and prompt management of both opportunistic infections and acute severe colitis.

• #3 Listeria Infection (Listeriosis): Symptoms, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/listeria-infection

  Treatment for listeriosis depends on how severe your symptoms are and your overall health. […] If your symptoms are mild and you are otherwise in good health, treatment may not be necessary. Instead, your doctor may instruct you to stay home and care for yourself with close follow-up. […] Home treatment for listeriosis is similar to treatment for any foodborne illness. To treat a mild infection at home, you can: Prevent dehydration by drinking water and clear liquids if vomiting or diarrhea occur. Use over-the-counter medications to manage body aches and fever, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen (Advil or Motrin) or naproxen (Aleve). During recovery, eat foods that are easy to process. These include bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast. Limit spicy foods, dairy, alcohol, or fatty foods like meat.

• #3 Everything You Need to Know About Listeria Meningitis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/listeria-meningitis

  Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to the best outcome. Prompt care can help prevent your listeria infection from becoming listeria meningitis. […] The main treatments for listeria infection are antibiotics called ampicillin and gentamicin, both given intravenously. […] If necessary, treatment for listeria meningitis may also include: intravenous fluid, pain medication, supplemental oxygen, if you have trouble breathing. […] Untreated listeria infection can lead to serious complications, including a life threatening type of bacterial meningitis. Early diagnosis and a course of antibiotics offer the best chance at a good outcome for listeria infection.

• #4 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Listeriosis-Treatment.aspx

  Successful treatment of listeriosis with ampicillin or penicillin as a monotherapy has been reported in the medical literature. Nevertheless, since in vitro tolerance or even resistance to penicillin alone has been described, and there are a plethora of studies showing in vitro synergy and improved clinical efficacy, the combination therapy with ampicillin and gentamicin represents the initial regimen of choice. […] The duration of therapy for bacteremia should be between one and two weeks, whereas meningitis cases may need to be treated for longer periods of time of up to three weeks. On the other hand, infective endocarditis and brain abscesses necessitate treatment for six to eight weeks. Doses should be varied according to the patients altered organ function, with antimicrobial serum monitoring when appropriate.

• #4 Listeriosis: An Overview

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/listeriosis-an-overview

  Treatment recommendations are made secondary to the location, severity, and extent of infection. Most immunocompetent patients who develop febrile gastroenteritis after consuming Listeria-contaminated foods have symptom resolution within 2 days, and usually prior to identification of the offending organism. For this reason, these patients rarely require or receive antimicrobial therapy. The progression from gastroenteritis to more invasive disease is relatively uncommon. However, the likelihood increases in pregnant, immunocompromised, and elderly patients. To help prevent progression to more serious forms of listeriosis in these populations, treatment with oral ampicillin or sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SMX-TMP) has been suggested. […] In patients with severe infection (e.g., CNS infection, bacteremia, endocarditis), treatment is vitally important. The first-line drugs of choice for the treatment of severe listeriosis are ampicillin and penicillin G. General dosing of these agents varies based on patient age and weight. Regardless of CNS involvement, meningitis dosing should be implemented secondary to the inclination of this organism toward the CNS. However, a limitation is that both of these agents at the concentrations generally achieved in CSF show delayed bactericidal activity in vitro. Because of the possibility of progression to and within the CNS with this delayed bactericidal activity, it is imperative to employ additional therapy. Multiple references have documented the synergistic benefit of adding gentamicin to the regimen in higher-risk patients (i.e., immunocompromised, pregnant, neonatal) with listerial CNS infections and endocarditis. Gentamicin dosing for synergy should be patient-specific and based on serum peaks and troughs, with a goal peak of 3 to 5 mcg/mL and a trough less than 1 mcg/mL.

• #4

  https://www.meningitis.org/meningitis/bacterial-meningitis/listeria-meningitis

  Listeria meningitis needs urgent treatment with antibiotics. […] If the Listeria infection occurs during pregnancy, prompt treatment with antibiotics can prevent the infection being passed to the baby. […] Prompt recognition and hospital treatment offer the best chance of a good recovery. […] When you get to hospital, the doctor may do a lumbar puncture (LP) to help diagnose meningitis. […] A lumbar puncture is important to confirm the diagnosis of meningitis. […] It will also show which germ is causing the illness so doctors can choose the most appropriate treatment. […] You may be given antibiotics intravenously (directly into the vein). […] In the UK these should be given within an hour of the doctors suspecting meningitis. […] L. monocytogenes is resistant to a group of antibiotics known as the cephalosporins which are commonly used to treat bacterial meningitis. […] In the UK, when the cause of meningitis is unknown, it is recommended that people at high risk of developing Listeria meningitis are treated with a penicillin type antibiotic, such as Amoxycillin, as well as a cephalosporin.

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