Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Anorexia nervosa – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anorexia-nervosa/symptoms-causes/syc-20353591

  Anorexia nervosa, often simply called anorexia, is a treatable eating disorder in which people have a low body weight based on personal weight history. […] People who have anorexia often have a strong fear of gaining weight and may think they’re overweight, even when they’re thin. […] Anorexia can cause changes in the brain due to very poor nutrition, also called malnutrition. […] If left untreated, weight loss can get to a point where people with anorexia are at high risk of serious physical harm or death. Anorexia has the second-highest death rate of any mental illness, surpassed only by opioid overdoses. […] The physical and behavioral symptoms of anorexia nervosa relate to how starvation affects the brain. […] Physical symptoms of anorexia nervosa may include irregular heart rhythms, low blood pressure and dehydration.

• #1 Anorexia nervosa – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anorexia-nervosa/symptoms-causes/syc-20353591

  Other physical symptoms include extreme weight loss or not making expected weight gains based on age. […] You may have an extreme focus on food. […] You may have a type of anorexia where you binge and purge like with bulimia. […] Anorexia nervosa can have many complications. At its most severe, it can be fatal. […] If you become severely malnourished, every organ system in your body can be damaged. This damage may not be fully reversible, even when the anorexia is under control.

• #2 End-Stage Anorexia: What is it and What are the Symptoms?

  https://www.eatingdisorderhope.com/blog/end-stage-anorexia-symptoms

  While many are aware of how dangerous and harmful anorexia nervosa behaviors can be, it seems it is still difficult for anyone to imagine that they could witness this in themselves or someone they love. […] The sad truth is that the mortality rate for individuals with anorexia nervosa is the second-highest of all DSM-5 diagnoses, coming after opioid-use disorder. Individuals with anorexia nervosa have a mortality rate 5 to 16 times that of the general population. […] Further, less than one-third of individuals struggling with anorexia nervosa will recover if the disorder persists after 9 years, even if they received treatment in that time period. […] All of these statistics make it clear that, as shocking as it may be, there are many individuals whose experience of anorexia nervosa will prove chronic and, potentially, terminal.

• #3 Anorexia Nervosa – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459148/

  Remission in AN varies. Three-fourths of patients treated in out-patient settings remit within 5 years and the same percentage experience intermediate-good outcomes (including weight gain). Relapse is more common in patients who are older with a longer duration of disease or lower body fat/weight at the end of treatment, have co-morbid psychiatric disorders, or receive therapy outside of a specialized clinic. Patients who achieve partial remission often develop another form of eating disorder (ex. bulimia nervosa or unspecified eating disorder). […] All-cause mortality is greater in AN compared to the rest of the population. It has one of the highest mortality rates of all eating disorders due to medical complications, substance abuse, and suicide. Patients with AN have increased rates of suicide and this accounts for 25% of deaths associated.

• #4 Anorexia nervosa – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa

  Anorexia often develops during adolescence or young adulthood. […] The exacerbation of the mental illness is thought to follow a major life-change or stress-inducing events. […] Ultimately however, causes of anorexia are varied and differ from individual to individual. […] Treatment of anorexia involves restoring the patient back to a healthy weight, treating their underlying psychological problems, and addressing underlying maladaptive behaviors. […] A daily low dose of olanzapine has been shown to increase appetite and assist with weight gain in anorexia nervosa patients. […] The largest risk of relapse occurs within the first year post-discharge from eating disorder therapy treatment. […] Many complications, both physical and psychological, improve or resolve with nutritional rehabilitation and adequate weight gain.

• #4 Anorexia nervosa – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa

  Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by food restriction, body image disturbance, fear of gaining weight, and an overpowering desire to be thin. […] Individuals with anorexia nervosa have a fear of being overweight or being seen as such, despite the fact that they are typically underweight. […] The DSM-5 describes this perceptual symptom as „disturbance in the way in which one’s body weight or shape is experienced”. […] Individuals with anorexia nervosa also often deny that they have a problem with low weight due to their altered perception of appearance. […] They may weigh themselves frequently, eat small amounts, and only eat certain foods. […] Some patients with anorexia nervosa binge eat and purge to influence their weight or shape. […] Medical complications may include osteoporosis, infertility, and heart damage, along with the cessation of menstrual periods.

• #5 Anorexia nervosa | Description, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, & Helpline | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/anorexia-nervosa

  Anorexia nervosa usually begins in adolescence or early adulthood. The causes of the illness are multifactorial and include genetic and biological risk factors, developmental factors that may to contribute to a negative subjective body image, a lack of awareness of internal feelings (including hunger and emotions), a family history of eating disturbances, social influence, and psychological factors. […] In addition, most cases of anorexia are preceded by an episode of dieting that progresses toward severe food restriction and self-starvation. […] Weight restoration is considered the key component to treatment, regardless of the age of onset, as studies show that many of the hallmark symptoms of anorexia are the result of starvation or semistarvation. Hospitalization may be required in cases of extreme weight loss because of its potentially life-threatening nature.

• #6 Anorexia Nervosa: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9794-anorexia-nervosa

  Signs of anorexia include distorted self-image, fear of gaining weight, excessive exercising, significant weight loss more. […] Anorexia involves physical, behavioral and mental signs and symptoms. […] Emotional and mental signs of anorexia include: Intense fear of gaining weight. Inability to realistically assess your body weight and shape (having a distorted self-image). Obsessive interest in food, calories and dieting. Fear of certain foods or food groups. Being very self-critical. Denying the seriousness of your low body weight and/or food restriction. Feeling a strong need to be in control. […] Behavioral signs of anorexia include: Changes in eating habits or routines, like eating foods in a certain order or rearranging foods on a plate. A sudden change in food preferences, like eliminating certain food types or food groups. Making frequent comments about feeling fat or having overweight despite weight loss. Purging through intentional vomiting and/or misusing laxatives or diuretics. Going to the bathroom right after eating. Misusing diet pills or appetite suppressants. Compulsive and/or excessive exercising. Continuing to limit calories even when your weight is low for your sex, height and age. Wearing loose clothing and/or wearing layers to hide weight loss and stay warm. Withdrawing from loved ones and social events.

• #7 Anorexia Nervosa: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9794-anorexia-nervosa

  Physical signs of anorexia may include: Significant weight loss over several weeks or months. Not maintaining an appropriate body weight based on your height, age, sex, stature and physical health. Unexplained change in growth curve or body mass index (BMI) in children and still-growing adolescents. […] Physical signs and symptoms of anorexia that are side effects of starvation and malnutrition include: Dizziness and/or fainting. Fatigue. Abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia). Low blood pressure (hypotension). Feeling cold all the time. Absent periods (amenorrhea) or irregular menstrual periods. Bloating and/or abdominal pain. Muscle weakness and loss of muscle mass. Dry skin, brittle nails and/or thinning hair. Poor wound healing and frequent illness. […] Anorexia gets worse the longer it goes untreated.

• #7 Anorexia Nervosa: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9794-anorexia-nervosa

  Without treatment, anorexia is potentially life-threatening. Eating disorders, including anorexia, are among the deadliest mental health conditions. […] The prognosis (outlook) for someone with anorexia varies depending on certain factors, like: How long theyve had anorexia. The severity of the condition. The type of treatment and adherence to treatment. […] Anorexia can be treated, and someone with anorexia can return to a healthy weight and healthy eating patterns. Unfortunately, the risk of relapse is high, so recovery from anorexia usually requires long-term treatment. […] Malnutrition and starvation can affect nearly every organ in your body. Severe organ damage may be irreversible even after youve recovered from anorexia. […] Complications that can result from untreated anorexia include: Loss of bone mass (osteoporosis) and tooth enamel erosion. Kidney and liver damage. Fatty liver disease (steatosis). Rhabdomyolysis (rapid breakdown of skeletal muscle). Delayed puberty and physical growth. Infertility and menstrual problems. Insomnia. Anemia. Peripheral neuropathy. Ventricular arrhythmia. Mitral valve prolapse. Cardiac arrest. Death. […] Without treatment, these conditions could lead to self-harm, suicidal thoughts or suicide attempts.

• #8 Symptoms – Anorexia nervosa – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/anorexia/symptoms/

  The main symptom of anorexia nervosa (often called anorexia) is deliberately losing a lot of weight or keeping your body weight much lower than is healthy for your age and height. […] Signs and symptoms include: missing meals, eating very little or avoiding eating any foods you see as fattening […] an overwhelming fear of gaining weight […] weighing yourself frequently and seeing losing a lot of weight as a positive thing […] believing you’re fat when you’re a healthy weight or underweight […] not admitting your weight loss is serious. […] You may also notice physical signs and symptoms such as: if you’re under 18, your weight and height being lower than the minimum expected for your age […] if you’re an adult, having an unusually low body mass index (BMI) […] your periods stopping (in women who have not reached menopause) or not starting (in younger women and girls) […] feeling cold, dizzy or very tired. […] People with anorexia often have other mental health problems, such as depression or anxiety.

• #9 Anorexia Nervosa – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/eating-disorders/anorexia-nervosa

  Most women with anorexia nervosa stop having menstrual periods. […] Common physical findings include bradycardia, low blood pressure, hypothermia, lanugo hair (soft, fine hair usually found only on neonates) or slight hirsutism, and edema. […] Patients who vomit frequently may have eroded dental enamel, painless salivary gland enlargement, and/or an inflamed esophagus. […] Not recognizing the seriousness of the low body weight and restrictive eating are prominent features of anorexia nervosa. […] Patients resist evaluation and treatment; they are usually brought to the physician’s attention by family members or by intercurrent illness. […] Mortality rates are high, approaching 10% per decade among affected people who come to clinical attention; unrecognized mild disease probably rarely leads to death.

• #9 Anorexia Nervosa – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/eating-disorders/anorexia-nervosa

  Anorexia nervosa is characterized by a relentless pursuit of thinness, a morbid fear of obesity, a distorted body image, and restriction of intake relative to requirements, leading to a significantly low body weight. […] Anorexia nervosa may be mild and transient or severe and persistent. […] Even though underweight, most patients are concerned that they weigh too much or that specific body areas (eg, thighs, buttocks) are too fat. […] Preoccupation with and anxiety about weight increase even as emaciation develops. […] Patients often exaggerate their food intake and conceal behavior, such as induced vomiting. […] Binge eating/purging occurs in 30 to 50% of patients. […] Many patients with anorexia nervosa also exercise excessively to control weight. […] Reports of bloating, abdominal distress, and constipation are common.

• #9 Anorexia Nervosa – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/eating-disorders/anorexia-nervosa

  With treatment, prognosis is as follows: Half of patients regain most or all of lost weight, and any endocrine and other complications are reversed. […] About one fourth have intermediate outcomes and may relapse. […] The remaining one fourth have a poor outcome, including relapses and persistent physical and mental complications. […] Treatment of anorexia nervosa may require life-saving short-term intervention to restore body weight. […] Nutritional supplementation is often used with behavioral therapy that has clear weight-restoration goals. […] Treatment should continue for a full year after weight is restored. […] Although psychotherapy is primary, drugs are sometimes helpful. Olanzapine up to 10 mg orally once daily may aid weight gain.

• #10 Anorexia nervosa – types, causes, treatment and symptoms | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/anorexia-nervosa

  Physical signs can include: fainting or dizziness, feeling cold even when the weather is warm, bloating, constipation or developing food intolerances, feeling tired and not sleeping well, low energy, looking pale or having sunken eyes, fine hair on your face and body, loss of menstruation (your period) in females, decreased libido (sex drive) in males. […] Psychological signs can include: being preoccupied with eating, food, body shape and weight, being extremely dissatisfied with body image and irrational ideas about body and weight, being anxious, irritable or secretive at mealtimes, fear of gaining weight, depression and anxiety, difficulty thinking and concentrating, having rigid thoughts about food, low self-esteem and perfectionism. […] Behavioural signs can include: intense dieting (counting calories, avoiding foods), deliberately misusing laxatives, appetite suppressants, enemas and diuretics, obsessive behaviours around body weight or shape (repeated weighing, pinching waist or wrists), binge eating, avoiding eating with other people and secrecy around food, wanting to be alone, excessive exercising, obsessive rituals around food, preoccupation with cooking, recipes and nutrition, self-harm, substance abuse or suicide attempts.

• #10 Anorexia nervosa – types, causes, treatment and symptoms | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/anorexia-nervosa

  Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder and a serious mental illness. […] If you have signs of anorexia nervosa, its important to get help as soon as possible. […] A person with anorexia nervosa: has a very distorted body image, has an intense and often irrational fear of gaining weight, restricts their energy intake, does excessive exercise. […] The restriction in energy intake can cause a large amount of weight loss in a short period of time. It may result in you having a very low weight. […] People with anorexia nervosa often see themselves as being heavy or large when they are very underweight. Their body image can have a large influence on how they feel about themselves. Extreme weight loss can drastically change the way you think and how your brain functions. […] The most obvious signs of anorexia nervosa are: being underweight, losing weight very quickly, having dramatic weight fluctuations, controlling and restricting food intake, being preoccupied with food and body weight.

• #10 Anorexia nervosa – types, causes, treatment and symptoms | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/anorexia-nervosa

  If you have anorexia nervosa, the earlier you get help, the better your chances of recovery. Seriously restricting calorie intake is dangerous and can have a serious impact on your health. […] Anorexia nervosa can also cause physical complications including: anaemia, intestinal problems, problems with your immune system, an irregular heartbeat or other heart problems, osteoporosis and bone problems that can increase the risk of broken bones, kidney failure. […] Anorexia nervosa can be life threatening. This can be due to the physical or psychological impacts of the disease.

• #11 Anorexia Nervosa – National Eating Disorders Association

  https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/anorexia-nervosa/

  Physical Signs and Symptoms: Stomach cramps, other non-specific gastrointestinal complaints (constipation, acid reflux, etc.). Difficulties concentrating. Abnormal laboratory findings (anemia, low thyroid and hormone levels, low potassium, low blood cell counts, slow heart rate), though some people with anorexia nervosa do not have any laboratory abnormalities. Dizziness. Fainting/syncope. Feeling cold all the time. Sleep problems. Menstrual irregularities, primary or secondary amenorrhea (not starting the menstrual cycle or the loss of the menstrual cycle) or only experiencing a period when taking hormonal supplements. Post puberty female loses menstrual period. Cuts and calluses across the top of finger joints (a result of inducing vomiting). Dental problems due to purging includes erosion of enamel; bleeding gums/periodontal disease; temperature sensitivity; cavities; discoloration of teeth; dry mouth; enlarged parotid/submandibular glands and swallowing problems. Dry skin. Dry and brittle nails. Swelling around area of salivary glands. Fine hair on body (lanugo). Thinning of hair on head, dry and brittle hair. Muscle weakness. Yellow skin (in context of eating large amounts of carrots). Cold, mottled hands and feet or swelling of feet and ankles. Poor wound healing.

• #11 Anorexia Nervosa – National Eating Disorders Association

  https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/anorexia-nervosa/

  Please note that even though these are common symptoms not everyone with anorexia nervosa displays all of these emotional and behavioral symptoms. […] Emotional and Behavioral Signs and Symptoms: Dramatic weight loss. Has disturbed experience of body weight or shape, undue influence of weight or shape on self-evaluation, or denial of the seriousness of low body weight. Dresses in layers to hide weight loss and/or stay warm. Is preoccupied with weight, food, calories, fat grams, and dieting. Refuses to eat certain foods, and often eliminates whole food groups (carbohydrates, fats, etc.). Makes frequent comments about feeling fat or being a higher weight despite weight loss. Has intense fear of weight gain, even though underweight. Complains of constipation, abdominal pain, cold intolerance, lethargy, and/or excess energy. Denies feeling hungry. Develops food rituals (e.g., eating foods in certain orders, excessive chewing, rearranging food on a plate). Uses excessive amounts of condiments, spices, and artificial sweeteners. Consumes large amounts of water, diet beverages and caffeine drinks to fluid load and reduce hunger. Cooks meals for others without eating. Makes excuses to avoid mealtimes or situations involving food. Expresses a need to burn off calories taken in. Maintains an excessive, rigid exercise regimen despite weather, fatigue, illness, or injury. Withdraws from friends and previously pleasurable activities and becomes more isolated and secretive. Has limited social spontaneity. Resists or is unable to maintain a body weight appropriate for their age, height, and build. Displays rigid and inflexible thinking style and has difficulty adapting to change.

• #12 Anorexia nervosa | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/anorexia-nervosa

  Anorexia nervosa commonly develops during adolescence. […] An awareness of the signs and symptoms of anorexia nervosa can help early detection and treatment. Treatment is more effective if it begins early, but you can start recovery at any stage of an eating disorder. […] Physical signs and symptoms may include: considerable weight loss, in a short period of time; body weight that is not in the healthy range for the person’s age and height; development of bloating, constipation and food intolerance; for women, loss of periods or failure to begin a menstrual cycle; loss of libido (sex drive); feeling tired or not sleeping well; cold, mottled hands and feet due to poor blood flow; muscle loss or weakness; heart problems, poor circulation, low blood pressure, irregular heartbeat, low iron levels; dehydration, kidney failure; fainting, dizziness without reason; dry skin, brittle nails, thin hair; loss of bone calcium, osteoporosis; an increase in dental decay; fine hair appearing on the face and body.

• #12 Anorexia nervosa | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/anorexia-nervosa

  Psychological signs and symptoms may include: fear of gaining weight or ongoing behaviour that prevents weight gain; preoccupation with food, calories, exercising; rules about dieting, body shape and weight; irritability around meal times; depression and anxiety; slowed thinking and decreased ability to concentrate; body dissatisfaction or distorted body image; low self-esteem or expressions of low self-worth. […] Behavioural signs and symptoms may include: dieting behaviour; binge eating; hiding food; misusing laxatives, appetite suppressants, diuretics and enemas; behaviour related to body image; withdrawal from social interactions; secrecy around eating; excessive and compulsive exercise; obsessive rituals around food; self-harm, use of substances and suicide attempts. […] Untreated and ongoing anorexia nervosa can cause problems including: weakened bones (osteoporosis); slowed growth (in young people); infertility; gastrointestinal issues; problems with concentration and thinking; problems with decision-making; social, emotional and educational problems.

• #13 End-Stage Anorexia: What is it and What are the Symptoms?

  https://www.eatingdisorderhope.com/blog/end-stage-anorexia-symptoms

  Muscle wasting. […] Yellowed skin. […] Dry, flaky skin. […] Inflammation and fissures at the corners of the mouth. […] Dry, thin, and/or brittle hair. […] Downy, soft, hair (called “lanugo”) growing on the body. […] Impaired body-temperature regulation. […] Loss of head hair. […] Bluish appearance on earlobes and tips of fingers. […] Fingernails dry and brittle and possibly falling off. […] Constipation. […] Frequent urination during the night. […] Delayed puberty or loss of menstrual cycle (amenorrhea). […] Fainting and/or dizziness. […] Irregular heartbeat. […] Seizures. […] Numbness/tingling in the hands and/or feet. […] Impaired immune functioning. […] Low bone mineral density (resulting in Osteopenia and Osteoporosis). […] Elevated liver enzymes. […] Low white-blood-cell counts (causing anemia and thrombocytopenia).

• #13 End-Stage Anorexia: What is it and What are the Symptoms?

  https://www.eatingdisorderhope.com/blog/end-stage-anorexia-symptoms

  Anorexia nervosa involves the severe restriction of nutritional intake and the body absolutely bears the brunt of this, whether through physical damage or change in psychological functioning due to a starved brain. […] The following are indications that an individual is engaging in severe restrictive behaviors indicative of anorexia nervosa: Increased mood disturbance such as depression, anxiety, suicidality, etc. […] Slow brain processing and delayed thinking and reaction speed. […] Hyperfixation on the body, food, and/or exercise. […] Lethargy. […] Difficulty forming coherent thought processes and/or sentences. […] Impaired judgment. […] The physical body also presents severe changes when an individual is not engaging in appropriate and adequate nourishment. […] Some physical indications of end-stage anorexia nervosa behaviors include: Skeletal appearance.

• #13 End-Stage Anorexia: What is it and What are the Symptoms?

  https://www.eatingdisorderhope.com/blog/end-stage-anorexia-symptoms

  End-stage anorexia nervosa is anorexia nervosa in its most dangerous and severe form. Those experiencing end-stage anorexia present as severely underweight with a BMI of less than 15, are suffering the physical and psychological effects of severe starvation, and require immediate life-saving medical interventions. […] If left untreated, end-stage anorexia nervosa will often lead to death. […] End-Stage Anorexia Nervosa symptoms are, in many ways, similar to the symptoms presented in all stages of anorexia nervosa. […] It is important to make particular note of the symptoms that are unique to end-stage anorexia nervosa, as these symptoms indicate that the disorder is in its most severe and, therefore, dangerous, form and that the individual struggling requires immediate medical attention.

• #14 Signs of Eating Disorders: Types and Symptoms

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/eating-disorders/signs-of-eating-disorders

  Look for physical symptoms such as: Extreme thinness, tiredness and weakness, dizziness and fainting, dry or yellow skin, thin hair that falls out easily, brittle nails, soft, downy hair called lanugo all over the body, belly pain, bloating, or constipation, feeling cold when it’s warm, tooth damage from forced vomiting, arm or leg swelling, bone fractures, no menstrual periods.

• #14 Signs of Eating Disorders: Types and Symptoms

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/eating-disorders/signs-of-eating-disorders

  Anorexia has two subtypes, each with its own set of symptoms. […] People with the restrictive type of anorexia: Severely limit the amount of food they eat, fast or eat a restrictive diet, cut out certain types of foods, such as carbs or fats, exercise excessively. […] People with binge-purge anorexia: Severely limit the amount of food they eat, have episodes of binge eating and then purging the food they’ve eaten through vomiting, extreme exercise, or laxatives. […] These can be symptoms of both anorexia types: Losing a lot of weight, wearing loose, bulky clothes to hide weight loss, being very focused on food, dieting, and calorie counting, avoiding mealtimes or not eating in front of others, preparing elaborate meals for others but not eating them, exercising excessively, making comments about weighing too much, not getting menstrual periods, having physical symptoms such as constipation or stomach pain, not believing they are too thin.

• #14 Signs of Eating Disorders: Types and Symptoms

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/eating-disorders/signs-of-eating-disorders

  People with anorexia nervosa have an extreme fear of gaining weight. They often diet and exercise too much, sometimes to the point of starvation. About one-third to one-half of people with anorexia also binge and purge by vomiting or taking a lot of laxatives. They may think they’re overweight despite being underweight. This distorted body image may cause them to count calories obsessively and only allow themselves tiny portions of specific foods. People with anorexia may not realize they have an eating disorder or that they’re seriously underweight. […] The signs of anorexia can be subtle at first because it develops slowly. It may begin as an interest in dieting before an event such as a school dance or beach vacation. But as the disorder progresses, their obsession with weight intensifies. It creates a vicious cycle: The more weight the person loses, the more they worry and obsess about weight.

• #15 Anorexia Nervosa

  https://www.beateatingdisorders.org.uk/get-information-and-support/about-eating-disorders/types/anorexia/

  Starvation affects all the bodys organs, including the brain and muscle tissue. People with anorexia nervosa often experience physical signs of starvation, which may include: Weight loss, Irregular periods, or periods stopping altogether, Lack of sexual interest, Difficulty sleeping, Tiredness, Feeling dizzy, Stomach pains, Constipation, Bloating, Feeling cold or have a low body temperature, Growth of soft, fine hair all over your body (called lanugo), Hair loss, Physical weakness, Loss of muscle strength, Effects on hormone levels, Swelling in their feet, hands or face (known as oedema), Low blood pressure, Poor circulation. […] Like any eating disorder, anorexia can have long-term physical effects, some of which may be permanent, including: Loss of bone density (osteoporosis), Erosion of tooth enamel, Difficulty conceiving, infertility, Heart problems, Damage to other organs, such as the kidneys, bowels and liver, Weakened immune system, Delayed onset of puberty or stunted growth in children and young teenagers. Most seriously, anorexia can be fatal if not treated in time. However, many physical effects of anorexia are reversible or can be prevented from worsening, and eating disorders are treatable, with full recovery possible.

• #15 Anorexia Nervosa

  https://www.beateatingdisorders.org.uk/get-information-and-support/about-eating-disorders/types/anorexia/

  Weight and shape may be a big factor in someone with anorexias sense of self-worth. This can lead to them checking their body regularly and weighing themselves or avoiding scales and mirrors. People with anorexia may have a distorted image of themselves, meaning that they see themselves as bigger than they really are. They may also experience a deep fear of gaining weight. […] Anorexia can cause severe physical problems because of the effects of starvation on the body. It can lead to loss of muscle strength and reduced bone strength. People whose periods have previously started may find that they stop which is known as amenorrhoea. They may also find that their sex drive decreases. […] Anorexia is a mental illness, and you might notice changes in the way you or someone you know feels before physical symptoms become obvious. Psychological signs include: Fear of fatness or pursuit of thinness, Excessive focus on body weight, Distorted perception of body shape or weight for example, thinking they are much larger than they are, Underestimating or denying the seriousness of the problem, or believing there isnt a problem at all, even after diagnosis, Spending a lot or most of their time thinking about food, Anxiety, particularly about eating in front of other people, Low confidence and self-esteem, Difficulty concentrating, Perfectionism and setting very high standards for themselves, Other mental illnesses, such as depression, anxiety, or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

• #16 Death From Anorexia: What Happens to the Body? | The Bulimia Project

  https://bulimia.com/anorexia/health-side-effects/dying/

  Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious mental health condition that can profoundly change a persons health over time. […] As a person continues to struggle with anorexia, they will grow increasingly malnourished. This can, unfortunately, lead to the body fatally shutting down. […] When the body doesnt receive enough energy from food to sustain itself, it will begin breaking down its own tissues and shutting down certain functions to compensate. This could look like: Blotchy or yellow skin, Dry skin, Dry mouth, Extreme sensitivity to cold, Osteoporosis (thinning of the bones), Notable loss of muscle and fat, Lowered sex drive, Hair loss. […] Those who have dealt with anorexia nervosa long-term may be significantly malnourished and exhibit more serious signs of deteriorating health, including: Abnormal heart rhythms or heart failure, Difficulty recovering from injuries, Greater susceptibility to illnesses, Amenorrhea (lack of menstruation), Low heart rate, Low blood pressure, Fainting, Stunted growth for younger people.

• #16 Death From Anorexia: What Happens to the Body? | The Bulimia Project

  https://bulimia.com/anorexia/health-side-effects/dying/

  The hormonal fluctuations brought on by malnutrition can also cause mood swings and contribute to additional mental health conditions like anxiety and depression disorders. […] Unfortunately, the toll anorexia nervosa takes on the body and mind can be fatal if not treated. […] The high risk of mortality is due to a combination of health complications that result from malnourishment and the increased risk of suicide that has been connected to the various mental health aspects of the condition. […] Indeed, anorexia nervosa has been linked to an increased likelihood of attempted suicide, and the condition has the unfortunate distinction of being the eating disorder with the highest rate of completed suicide. […] Another fatal outcome of severe anorexia is sudden death. These instances are abrupt and unexpected, and though cardiovascular complications are commonly in play, the exact cause is unclear.

• #16 Death From Anorexia: What Happens to the Body? | The Bulimia Project

  https://bulimia.com/anorexia/health-side-effects/dying/

  There remains much to learn and understand about severe anorexia, and by extension, severe malnourishment, and their effects on the body. […] If a person has lost a significant amount of weight as a result of anorexia, they may need a prolonged hospital stay to get well again. […] Anorexia nervosa is, unfortunately, considered a chronic mental health condition. […] Anorexia recovery is a long-term process, sometimes taking months or even years to yield results. […] Unfortunately, anorexia nervosa also has a high occurrence of relapse, with rates as high as 35-41% after an 18-month period. […] If relapse occurs, patients can talk about this change with their mental health professional and form a plan to deal with it.

• #17 Anorexia Nervosa – National Eating Disorders Association

  https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/anorexia-nervosa/

  Purging by vomiting or laxatives depletes your body of important chemicals called electrolytes. The electrolyte potassium plays an important role in helping the heart beat and muscles contract, but is often depleted by purging. Other electrolytes, such as sodium and chloride, can also become imbalanced by purging or by drinking excessive amounts of water. Electrolyte imbalances can lead to irregular heartbeats and possibly heart failure and death.

• #18 Anorexia: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000362.htm

  Confused or slow thinking, along with poor memory or judgment. […] Depression. […] Extreme sensitivity to cold (wearing several layers of clothing to stay warm). […] Thinning of the bones (osteoporosis). […] Wasting away of muscle and loss of body fat. […] Anorexia often begins during the pre-teen or teen years or young adulthood. […] It is more common in females, but may also be seen in males. […] Anorexia is a serious condition that can be life threatening. […] Treatment programs can help people with the condition return to a normal weight. […] But it is common for the disease to relapse. […] Weight management may be hard. Long-term treatment may be needed to stay at a healthy weight.

• #19 Anorexia Nervosa: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/eating-disorders/anorexia-nervosa

  Dieting despite being thin. Following a severely restricted diet. Eating only certain low-calorie foods. Banning bad foods such as carbohydrates and fats. […] Dramatic weight loss. Rapid, drastic weight loss with no medical cause. […] Feeling fat, despite being underweight. You may feel overweight in general or just too fat in certain places, such as the stomach, hips, or thighs. […] Fixation on body image. Obsessed with weight, body shape, or clothing size. Frequent weigh-ins and concern over tiny fluctuations in weight. […] Harshly critical of appearance. Spending a lot of time in front of the mirror checking for flaws. Theres always something to criticize. Youre never thin enough. […] Denial that youre too thin. You may deny that your low body weight is a problem, while trying to conceal it (drinking a lot of water before being weighed, wearing baggy or oversized clothes).

• #20 Symptoms – Child and Adolescent Eating Disorder Program – Adolescent Medicine – Golisano Children’s Hospital – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/childrens-hospital/adolescent/eating-disorders/look-for

  Obsessing about body image or how clothing fits, asking do I look fat in this? […] Insufficient energy intake […] Binge eating; eating large amounts of food in a brief time period […] Temporary relief via avoidance of weight gain by; fasting, self-induced vomiting, excessive urination, exercise […] Obsession to be thinner which does not diminish with weight loss […] Intense preoccupation with food, weight loss, and control of food such as: counting calories or grams of fat, dieting, insufficient energy intake, taking laxatives or diuretics (wrappers in the trash) […] Food rituals such as: obsessive weighing and measuring food, eating foods in a specific order, eating only from a specific container, plate, bowl or glass, re-arranging food or cutting it into small pieces, eating only at specified times

• #21 Eating Disorders: 6 Types and Their Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/common-eating-disorders

  Anorexia often involves: severely restricted calorie intake, which may include avoiding certain types of foods […] intense fear of gaining weight […] distorted body image. […] In atypical anorexia, for example, a person may not be underweight despite experiencing significant weight loss. […] Anorexia is officially categorized into two subtypes: the restricting type and the binge eating and purging type. […] People with the restricting type lose weight solely through dieting, fasting, or excessive exercise. […] People with the binge eating and purging type may binge on large amounts of food or eat very little. Purging may involve vomiting, taking laxatives or diuretics, or exercising excessively. […] Obsessive-compulsive symptoms are often present. For instance, many people with anorexia are preoccupied with constant thoughts about food. […] Over time, people living with anorexia may experience brittle hair and nails, thinning bones, and infertility. […] In severe cases, anorexia can result in heart, brain, or multi-organ failure and death.

• #22 Anorexia Treatment in New Jersey

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/mental-health-and-behavioral-health/conditions/eating-disorders/anorexia-nervosa/

  People with anorexia may exhibit some symptoms but also may tend to be secretive about their illness, disguising their thinness, eating habits or physical problems. Some signs and symptoms to look for include: Continual dieting, Rapid weight loss of more than 15 percent, Preoccupation with food, nutrition, calories and/or fat grams, Avoidance of eating in public, Skipping meals, hiding food, pretending to eat, Excessive exercise, Frequent weighing. […] Other symptoms may develop over time and can prove fatal without treatment including: Thinning of the bones (osteopenia or osteoporosis), Mild anemia and muscle wasting and weakness, Brittle hair and nails, Dry and yellowish skin, Growth of fine hair all over the body (lanugo), Severe constipation, Low blood pressure, Slowed breathing and pulse, Damage to the structure and function of the heart, Brain damage, Multiorgan failure, Drop in internal body temperature causing a person to feel cold all the time, Lethargy, sluggishness or feeling tired all the time, Infertility.

• #23 How and why does the disease progress? A qualitative investigation of the transition into long-standing anorexia nervosa | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text

  https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-021-00458-w

  Despite an increased interest in understanding characteristics of long-standing anorexia nervosa (AN), there is a lack of knowledge into the processes that occur with the development and maintenance of the disease. […] To improve the prognosis of these long-standing presentations, an understanding as to how and why the AN disease progresses is required. […] Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a complex illness that has the potential to develop into a long-term presentation. […] One of the difficulties in developing more effective treatment is the lack of understanding into how and why the AN illness transitions from an earlier to later stage. […] It was discovered that across participants, five themes emerged: (a) transition, (b) trauma, (c) functionality, (d) identity, and (e) failure of current models of treatment.

• #23 How and why does the disease progress? A qualitative investigation of the transition into long-standing anorexia nervosa | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text

  https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-021-00458-w

  The theme of functionality related to the way in which the illness served a purpose in the lives of the women, which ultimately made recovery difficult to achieve. […] Although there were multiple reasons for the illness having a prolonged trajectory, all of the women described the fundamental purpose of AN as a way to regain a sense of control over certain aspects of their lives. […] As AN transitioned into a later stage, the function of the illness also transitioned for most participants. […] The failure of current models of treatment was found in the experience of almost all women, except for one participant who avoided the health care system. […] There were commonalities identified across the majority of participants, which included a lack of success in long-term recovery following the attempt of evidence-based treatment approaches offered between 1960 and 2018. […] This may relate to the findings by Dawson et al. with participants identifying unhelpful treatment to include scare tactics and punishments as forms of motivation.

• #24 Anorexia Nervosa – Mental Health Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/mental-health-disorders/eating-disorders/anorexia-nervosa

  Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by a relentless pursuit of thinness, a distorted body image, an extreme fear of obesity, and restriction of food consumption, leading to a significantly low body weight. […] Anorexia nervosa usually begins during adolescence and is more common in females. […] People with anorexia nervosa restrict their food intake despite continued weight loss, are preoccupied with thoughts of food, and may deny that they have a problem. […] Severe or rapid weight loss can have life-threatening consequences. […] Anorexia nervosa may be mild and transient or severe and persistent. […] The first indications that someone is developing anorexia nervosa may be a subtle increased concern with diet and body weight in a person who is not significantly overweight.

• #24 Anorexia Nervosa – Mental Health Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/mental-health-disorders/eating-disorders/anorexia-nervosa

  Preoccupation with and anxiety about weight intensify as people become thinner. […] Even when emaciated, people may claim to feel fat, deny that anything is wrong, do not complain about weight loss, and usually resist treatment. […] They continue to try to lose weight even when friends and family members reassure them that they are thin or warn them that they are getting too thin. […] People with anorexia nervosa view any weight gain as an unacceptable failure of self-control. […] Most women with anorexia nervosa stop having menstrual periods, sometimes before losing much weight. […] People with anorexia nervosa may lose interest in sex. […] Typically, people with anorexia nervosa have a low heart rate, low blood pressure, a low body temperature, and may develop fine soft hair on their body, or excess body and facial hair.

• #25 Anorexia Nervosa Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Staging

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/912187-clinical

  Diagnosis of anorexia nervosa continues to include an early (or mild) stage, when there has not yet been any treatment initiated and the patient has significant signs and symptoms involving fear and disturbance of perception regarding normal body weight status, including dietary habits to prevent weight gain. […] Early stage is defined by the following: Mildly distorted body image, Weight 90% or less of average weight for height, No symptoms or signs of excessive weight loss, Use of potentially harmful weight-control methods or a strong drive to lose weight. […] Established or moderate stage features include the following: Definitely distorted body image that has not diminished with weight loss, Weight goal less than 85% of average weight for height associated with a refusal to gain weight, Symptoms or signs of excessive weight loss associated with a denial that any problems are present, Unhealthy means of losing weight, such as eating fewer than 1000 calories per day, purging, or excessive exercise.

• #25 Anorexia Nervosa Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Staging

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/912187-clinical

  Although patients with anorexia nervosa may show obvious emaciation, they can present anywhere along the spectrum of weight loss. Moreover, they may attempt to hide their weight loss by wearing bulky clothing or many layers. […] Focus the physical examination on the changes commonly observed in anorexia nervosa. Vital sign changes include hypotension, bradycardia, and hypothermia. Other changes include dry skin, hypercarotenemia, lanugo body hair, acrocyanosis, atrophy of the breasts, swelling of the parotid and submandibular glands, peripheral edema, thinning hair. […] Characteristic signs of inadequate energy (caloric) intake observed in patients with anorexia nervosa that are due to starvation-induced changes are summarized below. Positive signs include hypothermia, acrocyanosis, resting bradycardia (resting heart rate often 40-49 beats per minute), hypotension, orthostatic lowered blood pressure or pulse, loss of muscle mass, low blood glucose (impaired insulin clearance), low parathyroid hormone levels, elevated liver function, low white blood cell (WBC) count.

• #26 Early warning signs of anorexia – What to look out for

  https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/early-warning-signs-of-anorexia

  Anorexia nervosa is a serious eating disorder that can cause severe medical complications if left untreated. Understanding and recognizing the early warning signs can help with seeking professional advice and receiving an appropriate diagnosis and treatment. […] As anorexia symptoms begin to develop, there may be various emotional and behavioral warning signs that could indicate the occurrence of disordered eating, such as: Regularly checking body weight, looking in the mirror, or measuring waist circumference; Eating very small amounts of food; Picking at food or moving food around the plate; Avoiding certain types of food, such as carbohydrates; Making comments about body weight, or other negative comments about appearance; An intense fear of gaining weight; Not wanting to eat in front of others; Avoiding social events involving meals or food; Engaging in excessive exercise; Behaviors to prevent weight gain such as vomiting, using laxatives or diuretics, or taking appetite suppressants; Obsessive or ritualistic behaviors around eating habits, calorie counting, and exercise; Going to the bathroom immediately after eating; Personality traits such as a need for control or inflexible thinking and behaviors; Changes in mood, such as depression, anxiety, agitation, or social withdrawal.

• #27 End-Stage Anorexia: What is it and What are the Symptoms?

  https://www.eatingdisorderhope.com/blog/end-stage-anorexia-symptoms

  Hypokalemia (extremely low concentration of potassium in the blood, often due to dehydration). […] Refeeding syndrome (electrolyte imbalances during refeeding causing the heart to stop beating). […] Severe hypoglycemia. […] Impaired organ functioning. […] Electrolyte imbalances. […] Cardiac abnormalities. […] Structural changes and damage to the brain. […] Ultimately, the current recommended treatment for an individual with end-stage anorexia nervosa is to receive medical care to replenish nourishment & improved health overall. […] As mentioned above, it is possible for individuals to heal from even the most severe physical impacts of restriction. […] While anorexia nervosa is a dangerous disorder that can take someone’s life, there is always hope. Recovery is absolutely always a possibility.

• #28 How and why does the disease progress? A qualitative investigation of the transition into long-standing anorexia nervosa | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text

  https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-021-00458-w

  All participants described transitional periods throughout their illness. […] The most common transition related to the progression from an acute to a later stage of the disease with the manner of in which this transition occurred varying across experiences. […] Some of the women experienced distinct shifts when the illness progressed into long-standing AN with the remaining women experiencing a more linear progression with no distinct turning points. […] This consumption of their life by the illness was often paired with an overwhelming sense of grief when there was a realisation that recovery might be harder to achieve than originally hoped. […] For some women, the transition into long-standing AN was paired with a life-changing experience that brought a sense of acceptance of the illness, which propelled them towards recovery.

• #29 Progression of Anorexia Nervosa: Longitudinal Staging Framework – Eating Disorders Catalogue

  https://www.edcatalogue.com/progression-anorexia-nervosa-longitudinal-staging-framework/

  The diagnostic criteria for AN include a combination of being significantly underweight, having a fear of weight gain (inferred or expressed), and possessing an overvaluation or distortion of body image. Underweight is defined as weight less than what is minimally normal for the individual’s age, height, sex, developmental trajectory, and physical health. […] One challenge is how or whether to distinguish an early phase of illness. There are data showing that intervening earlier in the course of AN leads to better outcomes (greater chance of remission and recovery). […] A similar challenge exists for qualifying AN as persistent (also termed chronic, or severe and enduring). While treatment is successful with approximately half of adult patients, at times AN persists despite multiple courses of treatment.

• #30 Anorexia Nervosa: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/267432

  Complications can affect every bodily system, and they can be severe. They include problems with the cardiovascular system, the blood, such as a low white or red blood cell count, the digestive system, the kidneys, hormonal imbalances, bone strength. […] Some of these issues can be life threatening. In fact, anorexia nervosa has the highest mortality rate of all mental health conditions. […] Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder and a serious mental health condition. It involves restricting food intake, which can lead to severe nutritional deficiencies. […] The effects of anorexia nervosa can be life threatening, but counseling, medication, and treatment for underlying mental health issues can help people with this condition.

• #31 Eating Disorders: What You Need to Know – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/eating-disorders

  Signs and symptoms of anorexia nervosa include: […] Over time, anorexia nervosa can lead to numerous serious health consequences, including: […] Extremely restricted eating […] Intense and excessive exercise […] Extreme thinness (emaciation) […] A relentless pursuit of thinness and unwillingness to maintain a healthy weight […] Intense fear of gaining weight […] Distorted body image or self-image […] Denial of the seriousness of low body weight […] Thinning of the bones (osteopenia or osteoporosis) […] Mild anemia […] Muscle wasting and weakness […] Delayed puberty […] Severe constipation […] Low blood pressure […] Slowed breathing and pulse […] Damage to the structure and function of the heart […] Feeling tired all the time […] Infertility […] Brain damage

• #32 Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment for Atypical Anorexia

  https://toledocenter.com/resources/atypical-anorexia-signs-symptoms-treatment/

  Atypical anorexia can result in heart problems. Long-term restriction can cause the heart muscle to weaken over time. Restriction and purging can also lead to electrolyte imbalances that can cause abnormal heart rhythms. […] Malnutrition from atypical anorexia can severely impact gastrointestinal health. The body may struggle to digest food properly, leading to nausea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, and bloating symptoms. […] Atypical anorexia can also contribute to other serious health issues, including poor kidney function, seizures, anemia, delayed wound healing, and a weakened immune system.

• #33 Anorexia nervosa – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa

  Anorexia nervosa can have serious implications if its duration and severity are significant and if onset occurs before the completion of growth, pubertal maturation, or the attainment of peak bone mass. […] Anorexia nervosa increases the risk of sudden cardiac death, though the precise cause is unknown. […] Rates of relapse after treatment range 30-72% over a period of 2-26 months, with a rate of approximately 50% in 12 months after weight restoration.

• #34 Anorexia nervosa: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Ellern Mede

  http://ellernmede.org/eating-disorders-information/anorexia-treatment/

  The effects of anorexia can be severe – anorexia has the highest fatality rate of any psychiatric disorder. According to Eating Disorder Hope: “The brain actually shrinks due to lack of nutrition with a commensurate lowering of IQ. The skeletal system is damaged, especially if the anorexia occurs in adolescents before the bones are fully developed. Nearly 90% of women with anorexia experience osteopenia (loss of bone calcium) and 40% have osteoporosis (more advanced loss of bone density). This bone loss is usually permanent. Because the entire hormonal system is compromised by starvation, infertility often results and can be permanent. […] Perhaps the most endangered organ in the body is the heart. In fact, the most common cause of death in anorexics is heart disease. Much of this is related to muscle deterioration. As the body strives to maintain life, it starts consuming its own muscle; in effect, it starts eating itself.

• #35 Anorexia Nervosa in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=anorexia-nervosa-in-children-90-P02554

  Blood. About 1 in 3 children with anorexia have a low red blood cell count (mild anemia). About half of children with this health problem have a low white blood cell count (leukopenia). […] Digestive tract. Normal movement in the intestinal tract often slows down with very restricted eating and severe weight loss. Gaining weight and taking some medicines can help fix it. […] Kidneys. Fluid loss (dehydration) from anorexia may lead to highly concentrated urine. Your child may also make more urine. This may happen when the kidneys ability to concentrate urine is impaired. Kidney changes often return to normal when your child is back to normal weight. […] Endocrine system. In girls, a lack of menstrual periods is one of the hallmark symptoms of anorexia. It often happens before severe weight loss. It may continue after normal weight is restored. Lower levels of growth hormones are also sometimes found in teens with anorexia. This may explain the delayed growth sometimes seen in children with anorexia. Normal eating habits often restore normal growth.

• #35 Anorexia Nervosa in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=anorexia-nervosa-in-children-90-P02554

  Deny feeling hungry […] Be obsessed with making food […] Have strange eating behaviors […] Be socially withdrawn, grouchy, moody, or depressed. […] Many physical symptoms linked to anorexia are often due to starvation and malnourishment. They may include: Very dry skin (when pinched and let go, it stays pinched) […] Fluid loss (dehydration) […] Belly pain […] Constipation […] Lethargy […] Dizziness […] Extreme tiredness (fatigue) […] Sensitivity to cold temperatures […] Being abnormally thin (emaciated) […] Growth of fine, downy body hair (lanugo) […] Yellowing of the skin. […] Anorexia and the malnutrition that results can harm nearly every organ system in the body. It can be fatal. It may lead to health problems with the: Heart. Damage to the heart can happen because of malnutrition or repeated vomiting. A child may have a slow, fast, or irregular heartbeat. He or she may also have low blood pressure.

• #36 The Physical Side Effects of Anorexia (Short-Term & Long-Term) | The Bulimia Project

  https://bulimia.com/anorexia/health-side-effects/

  Among the first AN side effects to be seen is rapid or significant weight loss. […] Dehydration is an early sign of malnutrition. […] Eventually, the body will attempt to adjust to a severely limited food intake by conserving more energy and slowing down normal processes. […] Sex hormones are impacted, which can cause menstruation to stop in women and low levels of testosterone in men. […] Among the most common eating disorders, anorexia nervosa is generally considered the most dangerous and deadly. […] A high number of AN-related deaths are also caused by suicide. […] Thankfully, it is possible to make a full recovery from anorexia nervosa. […] Still, as time goes on, most of the physical side effects of AN will subside or even reverse as the body is replenished with appropriate vitamins and nutrients. […] Eating disorders do not go away on their own. […] For this reason, it is essential to seek professional treatment as early as possible.

• #37 Eating Disorders | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/eating-disorders

  Physical symptoms of anorexia may include: Significant weight loss; Body weight below a healthy range; Missed or irregular menstrual periods; Dry skin; Abdominal pain or bloating after eating; Constipation; Fatigue; Problems maintaining normal body temperature, feeling cold when others are hot; Development of fine, downy body hair; Stress fractures. […] Anorexia is a serious disease. It can affect many systems of your child’s body: Heart: Anorexia nervosa can lead to heart complications such as mitral valve prolapse, arrhythmias, bradycardia, hypotension, and heart failure. […] One of the most telling symptoms of anorexia is amenorrhea, or when a girl or woman misses her menstrual cycle for three or more months in a row. Teens with anorexia may also have lower levels of growth hormone, which may explain their failure to grow normally. Normal nutrition usually restores normal growth. […] If your child has anorexia, they are at an increased risk for low bone density. If anorexic behavior starts before the bones are fully formed, there is a greater risk of osteopenia or osteoporosis or fractures.

• #38 Anorexia nervosa | Children’s Wisconsin

  https://childrenswi.org/medical-care/adolescent-health-and-medicine/issues-and-concerns/adolescent-mental-health/eating-disorders/anorexia-nervosa

  Anorexia, and the malnutrition that results, can adversely affect nearly every organ system in the body, increasing the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. Anorexia can be fatal. […] Amenorrhea (cessation of the menstrual cycle for at least three consecutive months when otherwise expected) is one of the hallmark symptoms of anorexia. […] Persons with anorexia are at an increased risk for skeletal fractures (broken bones).

• #39 Health Consequences of Anorexia | Long-Term and Short-Term

  https://www.eatingdisorderhope.com/information/anorexia/long-short-term-consequences

  Starvation may impact these delicate tissues in several ways, which can lead to symptoms like: Muscle weakness, Nerve-related pain, Headaches, Seizures, Fainting, Movement problems. […] Thankfully, most of the short- and long-term health risks of anorexia nervosa are reversible. Through proper care and diet restoration, the body will receive the nutrients it needs to heal itself. […] Still, it’s extremely important for someone with AN to make this transition back to a regular diet with proper medical guidance, especially in severe cases. […] When the body has been in a state of starvation for an extended period of time, it will have fully adjusted to the hormonal shifts and other changes involved to survive. […] Reaching out for help can help you or your loved one reach a healthier, happier future.

• #40 New insights into symptoms and neurocircuit function of anorexia nervosa | Nature Reviews Neuroscience

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn2682

  Recent functional MRI studies support the possibility that individuals with AN might be less able to precisely modulate affective responses to immediately salient stimuli but have increased activity in neurocircuits concerned with planning and consequences. […] Coding the awareness of pleasant sensation from the taste experience through the anterior insula might be altered in individuals with AN, tipping the balance of striatal processes away from normal, automatic reward responses mediated by the ventral striatum and towards a more 'strategic’ approach mediated by the dorsal striatum. […] The temperament and personality traits that create a vulnerability to develop AN also persist after recovery. After recovery, these traits tend to have positive aspects, including attention to detail, concern about consequences and a drive to accomplish and succeed.

• #41 New insights into symptoms and neurocircuit function of anorexia nervosa | Nature Reviews Neuroscience

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn2682

  Individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) exhibit an ego-syntonic resistance to eating and a powerful pursuit of weight loss, yet are paradoxically preoccupied with food and eating rituals to the point of obsession. […] Moreover, these individuals have a distorted body image and, even when emaciated, tend to see themselves as 'fat’, express denial of being underweight and compulsively over-exercise. […] Individuals with AN seem to have a paradoxical response to eating; they engage in dietary restraint in order to reduce anxiety, because eating stimulates dysphoric mood. […] Several lines of evidence raise the possibility that altered serotonin (5-HT) function contributes to anxiety in subjects with AN, and starvation is a means of diminishing 5-HT functional activity. […] Individuals with AN might have a trait towards an imbalance between serotonin and dopamine pathways, which may have a role in an altered interaction between ventral (limbic) neurocircuits, which are important for identifying the emotional significance of stimuli and for generating an affective response to these stimuli, and dorsal (cognitive) neurocircuits that modulate selective attention, planning and effortful regulation of affective states.

• #42 What is Anorexia? Symptoms, Signs, and Treatment | Monte Nido

  https://www.rosewoodranch.com/anorexia-signs-symptoms/

  This eating disorder often involves constant, even crippling, fear of gaining weight, patterns of fasting or limiting food, and can also involve intense overexercise routines, diuretic or laxative use, and sometimes vomiting. […] Anorexia nervosa impacts you mentally and physically. Some symptoms and dangerous side effects of this disorder are: Distorted body image, Preoccupation with weight, calories, food, etc., Feelings of guilt after eating, High levels of anxiety or depression, Low self-esteem, Heart rhythm disturbances, Social isolation, Hormone disturbances, Memory loss, Lab abnormalities, Bone loss, Irregular periods, Nutritional deficiencies in essential vitamins and minerals, Severe dehydration which can lead to kidney problems and other complications. […] Some physical symptoms may include: Dizziness, Fainting, Constant feeling of being cold, Insomnia, Constant fatigue and lethargy, Organ failure, especially kidneys, liver, and heart, Thinning hair or hair falling out, Drying skin and brittle nails, Loss of period in menstruating people.

• #43 Anorexia (symptom) – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia_(symptom)

  Anorexia is a relatively common condition that can lead patients to have dangerous electrolyte imbalances, leading to acquired long QT syndrome which can result in sudden cardiac death. […] Care must be taken when a patient begins to eat after prolonged starvation to avoid the potentially fatal complications of refeeding syndrome.

• #44 Anorexia Nervosa: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://nurselinecs.co.uk/blog/anorexia-nervosa-symptoms-causes-and-treatment/

  Anorexia nervosa is linked to many health risks. The relentless pursuit of an unattainable ideal of body shape and size can cause severe malnutrition and a weakened immune system, leaving one susceptible to infections, brittle bones prone to fractures, and a shrunken heart that struggles to pump blood efficiently, raising the risk of cardiac complications. […] Health Risks of Anorexia include malnutrition and nutrient deficiencies, weakened immune system, cardiovascular problems, mood swings, anxiety, and depression, gastrointestinal issues, electrolyte imbalances, osteoporosis and brittle bones, muscle wasting and weakness, amenorrhea, cognitive impairments, social isolation, and organ failure in severe cases.

• #45 Know the Early Warning Signs of Anorexia Nervosa?

  https://withinhealth.com/learn/articles/early-warning-signs-of-anorexia-nervosa

  – Menstrual irregularities […] – Low body weight […] – Difficulties concentrating […] – Abnormal laboratory findings (anemia, low thyroid and hormone levels, low potassium, low blood cell counts, slow heart rate) […] – Dizziness […] – Fainting […] – Feeling cold all the time […] – Sleep problems […] – Cuts and calluses across the top of finger joints (a result of inducing vomiting) […] – Dental problems […] – Dry skin […] – Dry and brittle nails […] – Swelling around salivary glands in the mouth […] – Thinning of hair on the head, dry and brittle hair (lanugo) […] – Cavities […] – Muscle weakness […] – Poor wound healing […] – Impaired immune functioning […] […] Anorexia nervosa is a serious illness that can have significant psychological, physical, and social impacts on individuals who are struggling, as well as their families and communities. It can result in long-term medical complications and even death. […] […] Early detection and intervention are linked to better treatment outcomes and reduced chances of long-term illness of AN left.

• #45 Know the Early Warning Signs of Anorexia Nervosa?

  https://withinhealth.com/learn/articles/early-warning-signs-of-anorexia-nervosa

  Emotional and behavioral signs are just what they sound likeanorexia warning signs that can present through someone’s behavioral and emotional reactions. […] If you or a loved one are expressing some of these emotional symptoms, it doesn’t necessarily mean they’re early signs of anorexia, but they likely indicate that some type of deeper problem is in play: […] – Dressing in layers to hide body changes or stay warm […] – Preoccupation with weight, food, calories, fat grams, and dieting […] – Restrictive eating […] – Frequent self-judgment about body shape and size […] – Denying feeling hungry […] – Developing food rituals […] – Cooking meals for others without eating […] – Avoiding mealtimes or situations involving food […] – Maintaining an excessive, rigid exercise regimen despite weather, fatigue, illness, or injury

• #46 Anorexia nervosa. Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Clínica Universidad de Navarra

  https://www.cun.es/en/diseases-treatments/diseases/anorexia-nervosa

  In addition, there are so-called unspecified eating disorders, which are incomplete forms that do not meet all clinical criteria but cause problems. […] There are a number of medical complications and physical risks from severe malnutrition such as digestive disorders (from binge eating, vomiting, laxative use), heart problems (from malnutrition), biochemical alterations in the blood (low potassium or sodium), endocrine or hormonal changes and lack of calcium in the bones. […] In this sense, it has been shown that bone decalcification and osteoporosis are more frequent in girls with anorexia. […] Anorexia is associated with depression, dysthymia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. […] These are patients who, as a rule, do not initially ask for help voluntarily, but rather arrive at the professional’s office through parents or teachers, when the process has already been established. […] The treatment to be carried out must be in accordance with the patient’s clinical situation, always coordinating the intervention of the different specialists involved in the treatment.

• #47 Eating Disorders: What You Need to Know – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/eating-disorders

  Multiple organ failure […] Anorexia nervosa can be fatal. […] It has an extremely high death rate compared with other mental disorders. […] People with anorexia nervosa are at risk of dying from medical complications associated with starvation. […] Suicide is a leading cause of death for people diagnosed with anorexia nervosa.

• #48 Is Your Loved One Experiencing Atypical Anorexia? 6 Signs to Look Out For – National Alliance for Eating Disorders

  https://www.allianceforeatingdisorders.com/is-your-loved-one-experiencing-atypical-anorexia-6-signs-to-look-out-for/

  Atypical anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder in which someone exhibits all the same symptoms of anorexia nervosa, except they are not categorized as underweight, according to the Body Mass Index (BMI). Atypical anorexia nervosa is anorexia nervosa, just shrouded in weight stigma. Individuals experiencing atypical anorexia nervosa may display patterns of restrictive eating or excessive exercise in an effort to lose weight, but their body weight is at or above an average range. […] Eating disorders can be just as harmful to someone who is within or above an average weight range, but they are much more likely to be overlooked in someone in a larger body. It’s important to remember that you can’t tell someone has an eating disorder based on how they look. In fact, less than 6% of individuals experiencing an eating disorder are medically diagnosed as underweight.

• #49 Anorexia Nervosa: Diagnostic Criteria, Symptoms, Causes

  https://www.verywellmind.com/diagnostic-criteria-for-anorexia-nervosa-1138312

  Serious medical complications are associated with anorexia. It can cause malnutrition, low blood pressure, slowed breathing and pulse, and damage to the heart and heart function. It can also cause severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. In some cases, these symptoms are life-threatening. […] One of the most harmful misconceptions about anorexia is that all people who struggle with it are severely underweight. While this may be true for some, many people with anorexia can appear to be in good health, when in actuality they are malnourished (deficient in important nutrients). Atypical anorexia is a term used to describe anorexia in people who aren’t underweight.

• #50 What Is Atypical Anorexia Nervosa? – Child Mind Institute

  https://childmind.org/article/what-is-atypical-anorexia-nervosa/

  The patient has a pattern of obsessive, dangerous weight loss but is not underweight. […] The atypical anorexia patient is usually someone who has historically been overweight. Obsessed with getting thinner, she has been dieting and exercising excessively. That is putting severe stress on her body, even though she may now be in what should be a healthy weight range. She’s stopped getting her period and is medically unstable, which means her vital signs are dangerously low. […] Atypical anorexia is just as serious as the typical kind. The percentage of girls who need to be hospitalized is just as high in atypical as in typical anorexia, and they are just as dangerously ill. The emotional distress and disruption to their lives has been shown to be even greater. […] Atypical anorexia patients have all the same symptoms and behaviors as typical patients except the most visible one: low weight. A 2016 study found that they were just as physically compromised and as distressed emotionally as their typical counterparts.

• #51 What Is Atypical Anorexia Nervosa? – Child Mind Institute

  https://childmind.org/article/what-is-atypical-anorexia-nervosa/

  Atypical patients also have low self-esteem and almost half report self-harm and suicidal ideation. They are just as likely as other anorexia patients to withdraw socially, and to have related mental health issues, most often depression or anxiety. […] The girl with atypical anorexia also needs to regain weight to stabilize her vital signs and begin having her period again. […] Medical instability is defined by a group of vital signs that indicate that the body is severely stressed. They include malnutrition, dehydration, and abnormally low heart rate, blood pressure and body temperature. Patients with atypical anorexia present with just as many dangerously low vital signs as their typical counterparts. […] Prolonged malnutrition during the teenage years can have long-term consequences.

• #52 Is Your Loved One Experiencing Atypical Anorexia? 6 Signs to Look Out For – National Alliance for Eating Disorders

  https://www.allianceforeatingdisorders.com/is-your-loved-one-experiencing-atypical-anorexia-6-signs-to-look-out-for/

  Individuals with atypical anorexia nervosa share many of the same signs as anorexia nervosa. These include physical symptoms, emotional shifts, and behavioral changes. […] The main diagnostic difference between anorexia nervosa and atypical anorexia nervosa is the individual’s weight. Though someone with atypical anorexia may be within or above an average weight range, they may still experience significant weight loss. While weight fluctuations can be a sign of atypical anorexia, it’s important to remember that most of the physical symptoms and dangers of this eating disorder are due to malnutrition. A restrictive diet or intense calorie deficit can cause malnutrition for any body size. […] The first signs of malnutrition may be excessive fatigue or weakness. The person may experience bouts of dizziness and have difficulty concentrating. The stress of nutritional deficiencies might cause GI issues like abdominal pain and constipation.

• #53 Is Your Loved One Experiencing Atypical Anorexia? 6 Signs to Look Out For – National Alliance for Eating Disorders

  https://www.allianceforeatingdisorders.com/is-your-loved-one-experiencing-atypical-anorexia-6-signs-to-look-out-for/

  Eating disorders are first and foremost mental illnesses. Though they can be more subtle, identifying the behavioral and emotional signs of atypical anorexia nervosa can play a key role in getting someone access to support more quickly. […] The complications and risks associated with atypical anorexia nervosa are incredibly serious and may require emergency medical treatment. Studies show equally severe medical complications as a result of atypical anorexia as anorexia nervosa. […] Many eating disorders co-occur with other mental illnesses, and atypical anorexia is no different. About 40% of people with atypical anorexia nervosa experienced another psychiatric comorbidity, including suicidal ideation. Treating mental health is an essential part of any eating disorder recovery plan. […] Though a mental illness, atypical anorexia nervosa can cause many medical complications for someone’s physical health. All of these are serious and some are potentially life-threatening. […] Recovery from atypical anorexia nervosa is possible. First, know that you are not alone. Whether you are suffering yourself or know someone who is, effective treatments are available.

• #54 What Is Atypical Anorexia Nervosa? – Child Mind Institute

  https://childmind.org/article/what-is-atypical-anorexia-nervosa/

  The most difficult thing for atypical anorexia patients and their families to understand is why a body that’s at a supposedly healthy weight needs to regain weight in order to become actually healthy. […] Given how common atypical anorexia is becoming, clinicians now need to look beyond body weight in recognizing anorexia.

• #55 Anorexia Nervosa: Signs & Symptoms | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/anorexia-nervosa

• #56 Progression of Anorexia Nervosa: Longitudinal Staging Framework – Eating Disorders Catalogue

  https://www.edcatalogue.com/progression-anorexia-nervosa-longitudinal-staging-framework/

  Identification of a subsyndromal AN stage is most useful if it allows for prevention of illness. […] Similarly, there are data to suggest that early intervention in AN is more successful. Among adolescents with AN, family-based treatment (FBT) is associated with good outcomes in up to 70 percent of patients. […] Once the illness becomes entrenched, treatment becomes more difficult. […] A longitudinal framework for AN considers progression from subsyndromal stage to early illness to AN, and then to persistent AN, with opportunities for remission at any stage.

• #57 Anorexia Nervosa – Mental Health Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/mental-health-disorders/eating-disorders/anorexia-nervosa

  If people become severely malnourished, every major organ system in the body is likely to be affected. […] Without treatment, nearly 10% of people with severe anorexia die. […] With treatment, people with anorexia nervosa may have the following outcomes: About one half of people regain most or all of the weight they lost, and hormonal and other physical problems due to the disorder resolve. […] About one fourth improve some, gaining some weight back, but they may periodically return to their former eating habits (relapse). […] The remaining one fourth have frequent relapses and continue to have physical and mental problems due to the disorder. […] Children and adolescents treated for anorexia nervosa are more likely to recover and have fewer adverse effects than adults.

• #58 How Does Anorexia Nervosa Develop?

  https://withinhealth.com/learn/articles/how-does-anorexia-nervosa-develop

  Overtime symptoms can progress, as the individual engages further with eating disorder behaviors. […] It is never too late to ask for help for an eating disorder, but the truth is that an individual has a stronger chance at recovery if they can seek treatment as early as possible. […] Since anorexia nervosa can progress over time, it is critical to receive treatment as soon as early on with the disorder as possible.

• #58 How Does Anorexia Nervosa Develop?

  https://withinhealth.com/learn/articles/how-does-anorexia-nervosa-develop

  Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious eating disorder that involves caloric restriction that can lead to significant physical and mental health problems and may include weight loss and/or a dangerously low body weight. […] Anorexia nervosa typically begins during the teen years, and the average age of onset is 18. […] AN frequently becomes more physically damaging and mentally entrenched the longer an individual experiences it. […] The symptoms of anorexia nervosa may appear early, but in these early stages, an individual may not meet full diagnostic criteria. Over time, if untreated, subthreshold AN symptoms can lead to a full-blown AN diagnosis. […] Some research suggests that anorexia nervosa may begin with an early stage in which a person experiences some discomfort with the sensation of being full and starts to restrict food. Over time, symptoms can become more severe, progressing to more caloric restriction, increased exercise, and weight loss.

• #59 Early warning signs of anorexia – What to look out for

  https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/early-warning-signs-of-anorexia

  Physical complications of anorexia can include: Hormonal deficiencies and infertility; Muscle weakness and atrophy; Osteoporosis, causing reduced bone density and potentially leading to fractures; Vitamin and electrolyte deficiencies, which can lead to organ failure and death; Severe dehydration and kidney problems; Heart issues; Seizures; Weakened immune system. […] Anorexia can require long-term treatment and it may take several years of specialized treatment for a full recovery, especially if the condition has been present for a long period of time. As such, early intervention can greatly increase chances of recovery and reduce treatment time.

• #60 Anorexia nervosa – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/440

  People with anorexia nervosa (AN) typically have low body weight, intense fear of gaining weight, and a body image disturbance. […] Weight restoration with refeeding techniques is essential for prevention of sequelae, such as heart failure, fertility problems, and osteoporosis. […] Early intervention is key in order to prevent long-term psychiatric and physical complications of AN. […] Among psychiatric illnesses, AN has one of the highest premature mortality rates (with a risk of premature death of approximately 5-fold greater than that of peers). […] AN is an eating disorder characterized by restriction of caloric intake relative to requirements leading to low body weight, an intense fear of gaining weight, and a body image disturbance. […] Key diagnostic factors include significantly low body weight, fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, or behaviors that interfere with weight gain despite evidence of significantly low body weight, disturbed body image, calorie restriction, binge-eating and/or purging, misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or diet pills, amenorrhea, and decreased subcutaneous fat.

• #61 What is Anorexia? | Signs, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.alsana.com/blog/anorexia-nervosa-signs-symptoms-causes-treatment/

  Anorexia is a complex eating disorder characterized by severe restriction of food intake, intense fear of weight gain, and excessive weight loss. Without treatment, anorexia symptoms will intensify, leading to malnutrition and behavioral changes associated with this illness. […] Early intervention for anorexia nervosa is crucial to avoiding long-term changes to brain structure and significant reductions in grey matter. […] Accessing treatment for anorexia as soon as possible increases the likelihood that ones brain will be able to heal itself. However, the longer one struggles with anorexia without treatment, the more difficult it will be to recover and the more severe the health risks. […] While dietary restriction and a hyper-fixation on weight loss are the most recognizable anorexia nervosa symptoms, they dont tell the whole story.

• #62 Anorexia Nervosa | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/anorexia-nervosa

  Other signs and symptoms of anorexia include: Brittle hair and nails, Feeling cold all the time, Feeling tired all the time, Dizziness and weakness, Dry and yellow skin, Growth of fine hair all over the body, Constipation. […] Not all children with anorexia are underweight. A child struggling with anorexia could appear to be at a healthy weight and still have the disorder called atypical anorexia. […] Because our bodies need food to function normally, anorexia can lead to health complications over time. Potential complications include: Loss of menstrual period (amenorrhea) and infertility in girls, Anemia, Bone loss or weakened bones, Weakened immune system, Neurological problems, Heart failure. […] If left untreated, malnourishment from anorexia can lead to death. The mental and emotional factors related to anorexia can also lead to suicide. […] It’s easier to treat anorexia before it causes severe health problems. Don’t ignore the signs and symptoms. […] If your child is restricting food and is obsessed with losing weight or afraid of gaining weight, make an appointment with your family doctor or pediatrician to discuss your concerns.

• #63 Anorexia nervosa

  https://womenshealth.gov/mental-health/mental-health-conditions/eating-disorders/anorexia-nervosa

  Girls or women with anorexia may also have behavior changes such as: Talking about weight or food all the time, Not eating or eating very little, Refusing to eat in front of others, Not wanting to go out with friends, Making herself throw up, Taking laxatives or diet pills, Exercising a lot. […] Over time, eating so little food leads to serious health problems and sometimes death. […] Anorexia is a serious illness that can also lead to death. Among women and girls, anorexia is second only to opioid abuse as a leading cause of death due to a serious mental health problem. […] Long-term studies of 20 years or more show that women who had an eating disorder in the past usually reach and maintain a healthy weight after treatment.

• #64 Anorexia nervosa – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anorexia-nervosa/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353597

  If your healthcare professional thinks that you have anorexia nervosa, you may have several tests and exams to pinpoint a diagnosis, rule out medical causes for the weight loss and check for any related complications. […] The first goal of treatment is to get to a healthy weight based on your personal growth history. You can’t recover from anorexia without returning to a healthy weight and good eating habits. […] Recovery is possible with proven treatment that includes reaching a healthy weight. But you’re at higher risk of anorexia returning during periods of high stress or triggering situations. Ongoing therapy or periodic appointments during times of stress may help you stay healthy.

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