Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Anorexia nervosa – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anorexia-nervosa/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353597

  It’s best to treat anorexia nervosa using a team approach. The team includes doctors, mental health professionals and other healthcare professionals all with experience in treating eating disorders. […] If your life is in danger now, you may need to be treated in a hospital emergency department. This may be needed for issues such as a heart rhythm problem, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances or a mental health emergency. A hospital stay may be needed to treat medical complications, severe mental health problems, severe malnutrition or continued refusal to eat. […] Some clinics specialize in treating eating disorders. They may offer day treatment programs or residential treatment programs rather than a hospital stay. Specialized eating disorder programs may offer more-intensive treatment over longer periods of time. The main goal is to make eating patterns more typical and promote behaviors to support weight gain. The second goal is to help change distorted beliefs and thoughts that maintain limited eating.

• #2 How Anorexia Is Treated

  https://www.verywellmind.com/how-is-anorexia-treated-5196439

  Anorexia is an eating disorder that can cause severe health problems and be life-threatening. This condition has the highest death rate among mental illnesses. People with anorexia have a five times higher risk of premature death and 18 times higher risk of death by suicide. […] Its important to treat anorexia as soon as possible, in order to prevent serious complications. The longer anorexia is left untreated, the worse it gets. Earlier diagnosis and treatment can help improve treatment outcomes. […] Treatment goals for people with anorexia can include: Helping the person understand the causes of their eating disorder, Eliminating unhealthy eating patterns, such as binge eating, purging, or ritualistic eating, Improving their relationship with food and encouraging healthy eating patterns, Treating emotional issues such as low self-esteem, distorted body image, and harmful thoughts and beliefs, Restoring weight and stabilizing it, Treating other symptoms and health conditions caused by anorexia.

• #3 Anorexia Nervosa: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9794-anorexia-nervosa

  The biggest challenge in treating anorexia is helping the person recognize and accept that they have a serious condition. Many people with anorexia deny they have an eating disorder. They often seek medical treatment only when their condition is life-threatening. This is why its important to diagnose and treat anorexia in its beginning stages. […] The goals of anorexia treatment include: stabilizing weight loss, beginning nutrition rehabilitation to restore weight, eliminating binge eating and/or purging behaviors and other problematic eating patterns, treating psychological concerns, like low self-esteem and distorted thinking patterns, and developing long-term behavioral changes. […] Treatment options will vary depending on your needs. You may receive treatment through residential care (inpatient hospitalization) or outpatient care based on your current medical and mental health state. Treatment for anorexia most often involves a combination of: individual and group psychotherapy (talk therapy), medication, and hospitalization.

• #4 Anorexia nervosa – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anorexia-nervosa/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353597

  Unfortunately, no medicines have been found to help treat anorexia nervosa. For people who have anorexia, being underweight may interfere with the effectiveness of medicines they take for other conditions, including depression and anxiety. For people with anorexia, food is truly the medicine. […] One of the biggest challenges in treating anorexia is that you may not want to be treated. Barriers to treatment may include: Thinking that treatment isn’t needed or that you’re not sick enough to be treated. […] Recovery is possible with proven treatment that includes reaching a healthy weight. But you’re at higher risk of anorexia returning during periods of high stress or triggering situations. Ongoing therapy or periodic appointments during times of stress may help you stay healthy.

• #5 Anorexia Nervosa: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9794-anorexia-nervosa

  The biggest challenge in treating anorexia is helping the person recognize and accept that they have a serious condition. Many people with anorexia deny they have an eating disorder. They often seek medical treatment only when their condition is life-threatening. This is why its important to diagnose and treat anorexia in its beginning stages. […] The goals of anorexia treatment include: stabilizing weight loss, beginning nutrition rehabilitation to restore weight, eliminating binge eating and/or purging behaviors and other problematic eating patterns, treating psychological concerns, like low self-esteem and distorted thinking patterns, and developing long-term behavioral changes. […] Treatment options will vary depending on your needs. You may receive treatment through residential care (inpatient hospitalization) or outpatient care based on your current medical and mental health state. Treatment for anorexia most often involves a combination of: individual and group psychotherapy (talk therapy), medication, and hospitalization.

• #6 Treatment Options for Anorexia Nervosa

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/treatment-options-for-anorexia-nervosa

  Despite the increased prevalence of obesity, there is still a population of patients who suffer from eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa (anorexia) […] Drug treatment alone is not enough; some form of counseling also needs to be in place for anorexic patients. When anorexia is identified and diagnosed, treatment should begin as soon as possible to minimize the detrimental effects of the condition itself and the complications that often coexist. Early diagnosis and treatment may reduce the chance of a relapse. According to the American Psychiatric Association, treatment goals include the following: return to and sustain a normal weight; eliminate binge eating and purging of food; motivate patients to be proactive with their health care regimen; change negative thoughts about eating; improve self-image; address physical problems; treat psychiatric problems that may exist; administer counseling; and prevent relapse. Weight gain is the primary focus of treatment because this is a key factor in success with other treatments. High relapse rates are a challenge when treating anorexic patients, and patients should be monitored regularly for relapse. In addition, patients must be educated on healthy nutrition and exercise patterns. It is essential that patients be willing to fully cooperate and have the support to follow the necessary treatment. However, getting patients to comply fully has often proved difficult for clinicians. Nonpharmacologic therapy for anorexia includes weight gain, nutritional rehabilitation, and counseling. The first form of treatment that many practitioners suggest is weight restoration. Some patients may require inpatient treatment to achieve normal weight. It has been shown that patients who regain weight to a normal BMI at inpatient treatment facilities have better long-term outcomes. It is strongly recommended that patients receive some form of counseling. Individual, group, or family sessions are commonly utilized. The type of counseling that a patient undergoes depends on his or her personal needs. Family counseling appears to be the most commonly used form of psychotherapy for adolescents with anorexia, and results from studies appear promising. Individual therapy has also shown positive results. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a form of individual therapy, is the most commonly used method. Group therapy offers a different dynamic that some patients find supportive. Group therapy can provide acceptance and camaraderie and help patients realize they are not alone. Unfortunately, there is little evidence indicating the best type of counseling. This may be attributed to the high relapse rate and patients’ reluctance to comply with either initial treatment or follow-up examinations. Direct pharmacologic treatment for anorexia currently does not exist due to the varied symptoms and range of other psychological problems that often coexist with this disorder. There are currently no FDA-approved agents for the treatment of anorexia. However, clinicians often use medications in anorexic patients to treat comorbidities and to help patients feel more comfortable with themselves. The literature is varied on the best time to begin pharmacologic treatment, and studies have not shown consistent results. It has been suggested to not begin pharmacologic treatment until weight gain has been established and instead to rely on counseling and the other nonpharmacologic treatments mentioned earlier. One common problem facing patients is that they are often not willing to begin treatments or take medications. Conversely, patients may be more willing to regain weight if associated conditions are first alleviated with medication. Anorexic patients are also likely to have high rates of psychiatric conditions, including personality disorders, delusional thoughts about their body, and mood disturbances. The antipsychotic agents impact dopamine levels, which may alleviate the psychiatric conditions and reduce the patient’s resistance to gaining weight. The atypical antipsychotics are associated with reducing severe agitation and promoting mood stability, and weight gain, which may help anorexics with psychiatric comorbidities. The results from this study indicate that olanzapine may make anorexic patients less resistant to treatment and help with compliance. The quality of life for recovering anorexics can improve as pharmacists incorporate their knowledge of medications and compassion with patients’ requirements. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that can affect any patient population and displays widely varying comorbidities. It is important to promote more research in this area to improve outcomes in relapse and in symptoms associated with this eating disorder. Health care providers, including pharmacists, need to be aware of the signs of anorexia nervosa so that they can identify this disorder and recommend early and appropriate treatment.

• #7 How Anorexia Is Treated

  https://www.verywellmind.com/how-is-anorexia-treated-5196439

  Anorexia is an eating disorder that can cause severe health problems and be life-threatening. This condition has the highest death rate among mental illnesses. People with anorexia have a five times higher risk of premature death and 18 times higher risk of death by suicide. […] Its important to treat anorexia as soon as possible, in order to prevent serious complications. The longer anorexia is left untreated, the worse it gets. Earlier diagnosis and treatment can help improve treatment outcomes. […] Treatment goals for people with anorexia can include: Helping the person understand the causes of their eating disorder, Eliminating unhealthy eating patterns, such as binge eating, purging, or ritualistic eating, Improving their relationship with food and encouraging healthy eating patterns, Treating emotional issues such as low self-esteem, distorted body image, and harmful thoughts and beliefs, Restoring weight and stabilizing it, Treating other symptoms and health conditions caused by anorexia.

• #8 Anorexia nervosa – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anorexia-nervosa/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353597

  You may need to be monitored often because of all the complications anorexia causes. This includes your vital signs, hydration level and electrolytes, as well as related physical conditions. In severe cases, you may at first require feeding through a tube that’s placed in your nose and goes to the stomach. This is called a nasogastric tube. […] The first goal of treatment is to get to a healthy weight based on your personal growth history. You can’t recover from anorexia without returning to a healthy weight and good eating habits. […] Family-based treatment, sometimes called FBT, is the only proven outpatient treatment for teenagers with anorexia. A person with anorexia can’t make good choices about eating and health due to the impact of the disorder on the brain. So this therapy helps parents help their child eat right and get to a healthy weight until the child can make good choices about health.

• #9 Anorexia nervosa – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anorexia-nervosa/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353597

  It’s best to treat anorexia nervosa using a team approach. The team includes doctors, mental health professionals and other healthcare professionals all with experience in treating eating disorders. […] If your life is in danger now, you may need to be treated in a hospital emergency department. This may be needed for issues such as a heart rhythm problem, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances or a mental health emergency. A hospital stay may be needed to treat medical complications, severe mental health problems, severe malnutrition or continued refusal to eat. […] Some clinics specialize in treating eating disorders. They may offer day treatment programs or residential treatment programs rather than a hospital stay. Specialized eating disorder programs may offer more-intensive treatment over longer periods of time. The main goal is to make eating patterns more typical and promote behaviors to support weight gain. The second goal is to help change distorted beliefs and thoughts that maintain limited eating.

• #10 Anorexia Nervosa Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Types of Psychological Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/912187-treatment

  The approach to the treatment of individuals with anorexia nervosa is multidisciplinary. Consultations with specialists in adolescent medicine, nutrition, psychiatry or behavioral-developmental pediatrics, and psychology may be required. […] For patients with the mild stage of anorexia nervosa, reevaluate in 1-2 months to check that the weight is not decreasing, that health is maintained, and that the patient has not developed bad eating habits.

• #11 Anorexia nervosa: Outpatient treatment and medical management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9048449/

  Outpatient psychotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for AN, as it is less costly and disruptive than other, more intensive levels of care. […] Over the past 20 years there has been empirical support for the efficacy of several treatments for AN. Moreover, outpatient treatment with family-based therapy or individual psychotherapy is associated with good outcomes for a substantial proportion of patients. Early intervention improves outcomes and should be a priority for all patients. Outpatient treatment is usually the best format for early intervention, and it has been demonstrated that even patients with severe or extreme AN can be treated as outpatients if they are medically stable. […] The core aim of this opinion review is to provide the knowledge base needed for performing safe outpatient treatment of AN.

• #12 Eating Disorders Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/eating-disorders-treatment-5112475

  Eating disorders treatment takes a team approach to ensure you get the medical care, nutritional counseling, and behavioral therapy that meets your unique needs. […] Your treatment may include individual, family, or group therapy. During therapy, you’ll learn to identify and change thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that trigger your eating disorder. […] Eating disorder treatment should be individualized. Effective treatment methods will differ based on the type of eating disorder a person has. […] Anorexia nervosa is sometimes treated with second-generation antipsychotics like olanzapine and transdermal hormones (to treat hormonal imbalances caused by the chronic lack of food and nutrients). These treatments can aid in weight gain and improving bone density but are not the sole treatment for an eating disorder.

• #13 Anorexia Nervosa | Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute | Condition | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/conditions-treatments/anorexia-nervosa/

  Anorexia nervosa is a serious eating disorder that can become life-threatening without treatment. At UT Southwestern Medical Center, our experienced team of eating disorder specialists psychiatrists, psychologists, and other providers works closely with each patient for personalized care to help them regain their health in body, mind, and spirit. […] With treatment, people with anorexia nervosa can learn better coping skills, build healthier eating habits, and reverse serious complications of the disorder. […] Our eating disorders program provides outpatient care and services for people who have anorexia nervosa. We work closely with patients to customize their care, which can include: Evaluation and diagnosis, Psychological and psychiatric treatment such as medications for mental health disorders and individual, family, and group therapy, Medical care, including treatment and referrals if necessary for physical health, Referrals to supportive services such as nutrition counseling and supported group meals, Recommendations about more intensive services (inpatient, residential, partial hospital, and intensive outpatient programs).

• #14 Anorexia Nervosa: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9794-anorexia-nervosa

  The biggest challenge in treating anorexia is helping the person recognize and accept that they have a serious condition. Many people with anorexia deny they have an eating disorder. They often seek medical treatment only when their condition is life-threatening. This is why its important to diagnose and treat anorexia in its beginning stages. […] The goals of anorexia treatment include: stabilizing weight loss, beginning nutrition rehabilitation to restore weight, eliminating binge eating and/or purging behaviors and other problematic eating patterns, treating psychological concerns, like low self-esteem and distorted thinking patterns, and developing long-term behavioral changes. […] Treatment options will vary depending on your needs. You may receive treatment through residential care (inpatient hospitalization) or outpatient care based on your current medical and mental health state. Treatment for anorexia most often involves a combination of: individual and group psychotherapy (talk therapy), medication, and hospitalization.

• #15 Anorexia nervosa – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anorexia-nervosa/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353597

  It’s best to treat anorexia nervosa using a team approach. The team includes doctors, mental health professionals and other healthcare professionals all with experience in treating eating disorders. […] If your life is in danger now, you may need to be treated in a hospital emergency department. This may be needed for issues such as a heart rhythm problem, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances or a mental health emergency. A hospital stay may be needed to treat medical complications, severe mental health problems, severe malnutrition or continued refusal to eat. […] Some clinics specialize in treating eating disorders. They may offer day treatment programs or residential treatment programs rather than a hospital stay. Specialized eating disorder programs may offer more-intensive treatment over longer periods of time. The main goal is to make eating patterns more typical and promote behaviors to support weight gain. The second goal is to help change distorted beliefs and thoughts that maintain limited eating.

• #16 Anorexia Nervosa Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Types of Psychological Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/912187-treatment

  Nutrition is an important part of the treatment for the individual with anorexia nervosa. A nutritionist or dietitian should be an integral part of the treatment plan, because the well-recognized refeeding syndrome can occur during the early stages of refeeding the patient with anorexia. […] Tube feeding must often be initiated on an inpatient basis when the patient’s weight is less than or at 85% of expected weight and/or less than the third percentile for BMI, as outpatient refeeding can be too uncomfortable, and the weight gain can be too rapid for the patient to tolerate, resulting in the patient sabotaging treatment. […] Individuals with anorexia nervosa who are at risk medically or psychiatrically require inpatient treatment. Indications for hospital admission include low weight (85% or less of expected weight and/or less than the third percentile for BMI), lack of any weight gain, significant edema, and physiologic decompensation.

• #17 Inpatient, Residential, Day & Virtual Eating Disorder Care | Monte Nido

  https://www.montenido.com/

  Eating disorder treatment that fits you. We provide inpatient, residential, day, and virtual eating disorder programs to best meet your recovery needs. Each journey is unique, and our team is dedicated to fostering an environment that supports your specific goals for healing. […] This lifesaving level of care rehabilitates and provides continual eating disorder care with 24-hour medical and psychological support. […] Eating disorders can occur in anybody any gender, sexuality, race or ethnicity, age, and size. We are dedicated to providing comprehensive and compassionate care to eliminate eating disorders for everyone by offering personalized treatment plans, evidence-based therapies, and a supportive community. […] Our treatments are backed by science to provide you with the most effective and ethical care.

• #18 Levels of Treatment for Anorexia | The Bulimia Project

  https://bulimia.com/anorexia/treatment/

  The overall goal of inpatient hospitalization is medical stabilization; stays are usually considered temporary. […] Once someone has been medically stabilized, they can move on to residential care. […] A partial hospitalization program (PHP) is also known as day treatment, as patients attend treatment sessions during the day but return home at night. […] Patients often see a medical professional or team of medical professionals up to 10 hours per day, 6 days a week. […] In addition to the therapy and nutritional counseling they receive, part of the care regimen may involve working to treat severe malnutrition, a result of significantly low body weight, which is common among people who have been struggling with anorexia for an extended period. […] Outpatient programs are the least intensive level of care.

• #19 Proven Anorexia Nervosa Treatment Therapy Options

  https://withinhealth.com/learn/articles/treatment-of-anorexia-nervosa

  Residential treatment also houses individuals with anorexia for 24 hours a day and provides multidisciplinary treatment. But its only for medically stable patients. […] Partial hospitalization programs (PHPs) are day treatment programs that still provide a level of structure for people with anorexia, but do not require overnight stays. […] Intensive outpatient care (IOP) is usually for those with anorexia nervosa who are ready to step down from residential treatment or PHP but still need some structure and support to help maintain their recovery. […] Outpatient treatment is the lowest level of care for those with AN and usually involves one-on-one sessions with a dietician and therapist once a week to monitor their progress. […] Proven therapy for anorexia nervosa include the following:

• #20 Anorexia Treatment: Medication, Therapy, or Residential Care?

  https://psychcentral.com/eating-disorders/treatment-for-anorexia

  DBT is a type of CBT originally developed for borderline personality disorder. Its now also used to treat eating disorders and some other mental health conditions like depression and PTSD. […] ACT was designed to increase mental flexibility using acceptance and mindfulness strategies, along with commitment and behavior-changing strategies. […] Inpatient hospitalization is the highest level of care for people with anorexia. […] Inpatient programs involve 24/7 care and can take place in either a medical or psychiatric setting. […] After hospitalization, its common to transfer to: a residential treatment center, partial hospitalization, intensive outpatient care, an outpatient program, like therapy or nutritional counseling. […] Residential treatment takes place in a non-hospital setting but still involves 24/7 care.

• #21 Proven Anorexia Nervosa Treatment Therapy Options

  https://withinhealth.com/learn/articles/treatment-of-anorexia-nervosa

  Residential treatment also houses individuals with anorexia for 24 hours a day and provides multidisciplinary treatment. But its only for medically stable patients. […] Partial hospitalization programs (PHPs) are day treatment programs that still provide a level of structure for people with anorexia, but do not require overnight stays. […] Intensive outpatient care (IOP) is usually for those with anorexia nervosa who are ready to step down from residential treatment or PHP but still need some structure and support to help maintain their recovery. […] Outpatient treatment is the lowest level of care for those with AN and usually involves one-on-one sessions with a dietician and therapist once a week to monitor their progress. […] Proven therapy for anorexia nervosa include the following:

• #22 Proven Anorexia Nervosa Treatment Therapy Options

  https://withinhealth.com/learn/articles/treatment-of-anorexia-nervosa

  Residential treatment also houses individuals with anorexia for 24 hours a day and provides multidisciplinary treatment. But its only for medically stable patients. […] Partial hospitalization programs (PHPs) are day treatment programs that still provide a level of structure for people with anorexia, but do not require overnight stays. […] Intensive outpatient care (IOP) is usually for those with anorexia nervosa who are ready to step down from residential treatment or PHP but still need some structure and support to help maintain their recovery. […] Outpatient treatment is the lowest level of care for those with AN and usually involves one-on-one sessions with a dietician and therapist once a week to monitor their progress. […] Proven therapy for anorexia nervosa include the following:

• #23 Treatment – Anorexia nervosa – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/anorexia/treatment/

  Antidepressants are not used to treat anorexia. But you may be offered an antidepressant, such as fluoxetine (Prozac), in combination with therapy, to help you manage other mental health conditions. […] Most people with anorexia will be able to stay at home during their treatment. […] Occasionally, someone with anorexia may refuse treatment even though they’re seriously ill and their life is at risk. […] It’s important that you receive ongoing support after your treatment is finished.

• #24 Anorexia Nervosa Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Types of Psychological Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/912187-treatment

  Nutrition is an important part of the treatment for the individual with anorexia nervosa. A nutritionist or dietitian should be an integral part of the treatment plan, because the well-recognized refeeding syndrome can occur during the early stages of refeeding the patient with anorexia. […] Tube feeding must often be initiated on an inpatient basis when the patient’s weight is less than or at 85% of expected weight and/or less than the third percentile for BMI, as outpatient refeeding can be too uncomfortable, and the weight gain can be too rapid for the patient to tolerate, resulting in the patient sabotaging treatment. […] Individuals with anorexia nervosa who are at risk medically or psychiatrically require inpatient treatment. Indications for hospital admission include low weight (85% or less of expected weight and/or less than the third percentile for BMI), lack of any weight gain, significant edema, and physiologic decompensation.

• #25 Anorexia Nervosa: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9794-anorexia-nervosa

  Psychotherapy (talk therapy) is a type of individual counseling that focuses on changing your thinking and behavioral patterns. Treatment includes practical techniques for developing healthy attitudes toward food and weight. It also involves approaches for changing how you respond to difficult situations. […] Family support is very important to anorexia treatment success. Family members must understand the eating disorder and recognize its signs and symptoms. […] Hospitalization might be necessary to treat severe weight loss that has resulted in malnutrition and other serious mental or physical health complications. […] The most serious complication of treating anorexia is a condition called refeeding syndrome. It can happen when a seriously malnourished person begins to receive nutrition again.

• #26 Treatment – Anorexia nervosa – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/anorexia/treatment/

  Treatment for anorexia nervosa (often called anorexia) usually involves a combination of talking therapy and supervised weight gain. […] A number of different talking therapies are available to treat anorexia. The aim of these treatments is to help you understand your eating problems and feel more comfortable with food so you can begin to eat more and reach a healthy weight. […] If you are offered CBT, it’ll usually involve weekly sessions for up to 40 weeks (9 to 10 months), and 2 sessions a week in the first 2 to 3 weeks. […] CBT involves talking to a therapist who’ll work with you to create a personalised treatment plan. […] MANTRA involves talking to a therapist in order to understand your eating disorder and its effects. […] SSCM involves talking to a therapist who’ll help you understand your eating disorder, any problems it’s causing and what to do about them.

• #27 Psychotherapies for eating disorders: findings from a rapid review | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text

  https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-023-00886-w

  Despite substantial research into ED aetiology and pathology, few theories have been translated into effective interventions. Considering high rates of relapse among individuals with an ED, and an estimated 50% of cases progressing to a severe and enduring illness, the low efficacy of current treatments is concerning. […] A total of 30 studies were identified as providing evidence for the efficacy of CBT, the highest number of any psychotherapy in the RR. Of the psychotherapies, CBT has been the most rigorously scrutinised and therefore has the most empirical evidence. […] In people with AN, CBT has been shown to positively impact emotional regulation, increase set-shifting skills, improve ED pathology, lower global EDE scores, reduce subjective feelings of incompetence and, in combination with nutritional rehabilitation, produce significant weight gain.

• #28 Therapy for Eating Disorders: Types, Effectiveness, and Recovery

  https://www.healthline.com/health/eating-disorder/therapy-for-eating-disorders

  Therapy is central to the treatment of eating disorders, as it focuses on the behavioral, psychological, and social factors that contribute to these conditions. […] Recovery from an eating disorder is possible with treatment. This often involves a team of health professionals who work together to help you on your way to recovery. […] Therapy will be one part of your treatment plan. […] Various types of therapy can be used in the treatment of eating disorders, including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and enhanced cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT-E), interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), family-based treatment (FBT), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), cognitive remediation therapy (CRT), and psychodynamic psychotherapy. […] CBT is used for a variety of mental health conditions, and people who take part in CBT for eating disorders experience improvements in related symptoms such as depression and anxiety.

• #29 Psychotherapies for eating disorders: findings from a rapid review | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text

  https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-023-00886-w

  Despite substantial research into ED aetiology and pathology, few theories have been translated into effective interventions. Considering high rates of relapse among individuals with an ED, and an estimated 50% of cases progressing to a severe and enduring illness, the low efficacy of current treatments is concerning. […] A total of 30 studies were identified as providing evidence for the efficacy of CBT, the highest number of any psychotherapy in the RR. Of the psychotherapies, CBT has been the most rigorously scrutinised and therefore has the most empirical evidence. […] In people with AN, CBT has been shown to positively impact emotional regulation, increase set-shifting skills, improve ED pathology, lower global EDE scores, reduce subjective feelings of incompetence and, in combination with nutritional rehabilitation, produce significant weight gain.

• #30 Treatment Approaches

  https://nedc.com.au/eating-disorders/treatment-and-recovery/treatment-options

  Enhanced Cognitive Behavioural Therapy – Enhanced (CBT-E) is a manualised psychological treatment that is transdiagnostic. This means that it is designed to address the key features of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorders and other specified feeding and eating disorders. CBT-E focuses on addressing the characteristic disruptions in eating habits and attitudes to shape and weight that keep an eating disorder in place. […] CBT-E supports individuals to decide and take action to reduce eating disorder behaviours and unhelpful beliefs related to control of body weight, shape and eating. psychopathology. Where indicated, weight gain is an important outcome. CBT-E also aims to equip people with the skills to self-manage and maintain recovery, including identifying and responding to lapses.

• #31 How is anorexia treated?

  https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/how-anorexia-is-treated

  Nutrition therapy takes place within both inpatient and outpatient treatment and may require monitoring by hospital staff or parents to ensure nutrition is entirely consumed and the individual is not engaging in behaviors, such as hiding or throwing away food, or purging. […] Various types of therapy have been found to improve symptoms of anorexia and can be crucial to recovery and in preventing relapse. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a type of talk therapy that helps to reduce negative thoughts and behaviors and teach positive coping strategies. An adapted form of CBT, known as CBT-E, has been created specifically to treat eating disorders. […] CBT-E focuses on altering eating habits and behaviors, reducing excessive exercise, purging, and other compensatory behaviors, and challenging negative thoughts and beliefs about weight. It has been shown to be very effective in the treatment of anorexia and can significantly aid recovery and prevent relapse.

• #32 Treatment – Anorexia nervosa – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/anorexia/treatment/

  Treatment for anorexia nervosa (often called anorexia) usually involves a combination of talking therapy and supervised weight gain. […] A number of different talking therapies are available to treat anorexia. The aim of these treatments is to help you understand your eating problems and feel more comfortable with food so you can begin to eat more and reach a healthy weight. […] If you are offered CBT, it’ll usually involve weekly sessions for up to 40 weeks (9 to 10 months), and 2 sessions a week in the first 2 to 3 weeks. […] CBT involves talking to a therapist who’ll work with you to create a personalised treatment plan. […] MANTRA involves talking to a therapist in order to understand your eating disorder and its effects. […] SSCM involves talking to a therapist who’ll help you understand your eating disorder, any problems it’s causing and what to do about them.

• #33 Current Therapeutic Approaches to Anorexia Nervosa: State of the Art

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8221037/

  Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a devastating psychiatric disorder characterized by extreme restriction of food intake and low body weight, both associated with significant medical and psychological morbidity. The clinical severity of AN has prompted the consideration and study of behavioral and pharmacological treatments in efforts to establish empirically based methods to reduce the burden of the disorder. Among adolescents, family-based treatment is considered a first-line behavioral treatment. […] Several behavioral treatments for adults also exist, including cognitive-behavioral therapy, exposure and response prevention, third-wave acceptance-based treatments, and supportive psychotherapy, all of which help to improve symptoms and promote modest weight gain. […] As such, among adults, there is continued need for development of novel, mechanism-based approaches to better target the core symptoms of AN.

• #34 Initial Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0101/p46.html

  Family-based treatment is helpful for adolescents with anorexia nervosa, whereas short-term psychotherapy, such as cognitive behavior therapy, is effective for most patients with bulimia nervosa. […] Treatment is most effective when it includes a multidisciplinary, team-based approach. […] A minimum weight restoration target for patients with anorexia nervosa is 90% of the average weight expected for the patient’s age, height, and sex. […] Family-based treatment (the Maudsley method) is effective for treating anorexia nervosa in adolescents. […] Psychotherapy is the foundation for successful treatment of an eating disorder. Family-based treatment (the Maudsley method) is one of the more promising approaches for adolescents with anorexia nervosa. […] Clinical trials have shown significant improvement in bulimia nervosa with cognitive behavior therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy.

• #35 Treatment Approaches

  https://nedc.com.au/eating-disorders/treatment-and-recovery/treatment-options

  CBT-E is a leading evidence-based psychological treatment for adults (18+) with moderate to severe: Anorexia Nervosa (AN), Bulimia Nervosa (BN), Binge Eating Disorder (BED), Other Specified Feeding and Eating Disorders (OSFED). […] Family Based Treatment (FBT) for eating disorders is commonly known as The Maudsley Model and is used to treat adolescents with Anorexia. FBT is a manualised treatment that aims to empower the family, namely the parents, to bring about recovery in their child with an eating disorder within their home environment. […] FBT intends to equip parents to restore their child’s weight to normal levels expected based on developmental predictions of the young person’s age and height; hand the control over eating back to the young person, and; encourage normal development for their age.

• #36 Anorexia Nervosa Treatment Help

  https://www.eatingdisorderhope.com/anorexia-treatment

  Effective treatment for anorexia nervosa does not simply involve receiving therapy or attending treatment as there are some therapies proven most effective in supporting an individual toward anorexia recovery. […] Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is the most evidence-based therapy to treat all eating disorder diagnoses. This treatment helps the individual to identify the beliefs and thoughts that influence eating disorder pathology and supports them in replacing these disordered thoughts and beliefs with recovery-focused thoughts and behaviors. […] Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) are types of CBT that are also effective in treating eating disorders. […] Holistic therapies are also often incorporated into anorexia nervosa treatment. Therapies such as dance movement, yoga, somatic awareness, and art can support individuals in connecting with their bodies, engaging in mindfulness, and learning new outlets to communicate.

• #37 Anorexia nervosa – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anorexia-nervosa/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353597

  You may need to be monitored often because of all the complications anorexia causes. This includes your vital signs, hydration level and electrolytes, as well as related physical conditions. In severe cases, you may at first require feeding through a tube that’s placed in your nose and goes to the stomach. This is called a nasogastric tube. […] The first goal of treatment is to get to a healthy weight based on your personal growth history. You can’t recover from anorexia without returning to a healthy weight and good eating habits. […] Family-based treatment, sometimes called FBT, is the only proven outpatient treatment for teenagers with anorexia. A person with anorexia can’t make good choices about eating and health due to the impact of the disorder on the brain. So this therapy helps parents help their child eat right and get to a healthy weight until the child can make good choices about health.

• #38 Psychotherapies for eating disorders: findings from a rapid review | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text

  https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-023-00886-w

  A systematic review from 2012 conducted on psychotherapeutic treatments for severe and enduring AN highlighted the limited evidence base for CBT as a treatment for AN over the long-term. […] Research has shown that while specialist ED psychotherapy may have some advantage over TAU, long-term outcomes for AN and BN patients treated with CBT-E is far from adequate, with long-term remission rates far lower than short-term remission. […] Guidelines indicate FBT is the leading treatment for AN, and suggest its use for the treatment of adolescents with other EDs. FBT has demonstrated effectiveness in reducing symptomatology following treatment for AN, sustained at 6 and 12-month follow-up. […] Rapid response to treatment has been found to be strongly associated with a positive prognosis, with early weight gain predicting greater weight gain and remission at the end of treatment, as well as improvements in other ED measures.

• #39 Treatment – Anorexia nervosa – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/anorexia/treatment/

  Treatment for anorexia nervosa (often called anorexia) usually involves a combination of talking therapy and supervised weight gain. […] A number of different talking therapies are available to treat anorexia. The aim of these treatments is to help you understand your eating problems and feel more comfortable with food so you can begin to eat more and reach a healthy weight. […] If you are offered CBT, it’ll usually involve weekly sessions for up to 40 weeks (9 to 10 months), and 2 sessions a week in the first 2 to 3 weeks. […] CBT involves talking to a therapist who’ll work with you to create a personalised treatment plan. […] MANTRA involves talking to a therapist in order to understand your eating disorder and its effects. […] SSCM involves talking to a therapist who’ll help you understand your eating disorder, any problems it’s causing and what to do about them.

• #40 Anorexia Treatment: Medication, Therapy, or Residential Care?

  https://psychcentral.com/eating-disorders/treatment-for-anorexia

  Some types of therapy for anorexia could include: cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), family-based therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). […] Many of these therapies can take place in inpatient (you stay in a treatment center) or outpatient settings. […] CBT is a popular treatment for anorexia. It focuses on identifying and changing thinking patterns, beliefs, and attitudes that drive behaviors. […] Family-based therapy for anorexia is known as the Maudsley method. Its an outpatient treatment where parents play an active role in their childs recovery. […] IPT is a leading evidence-based therapy created to help people with depression. Its also been used to treat eating disorders because it helps people manage their symptoms in terms of their relationships with other people.

• #41 Treatment Approaches

  https://nedc.com.au/eating-disorders/treatment-and-recovery/treatment-options

  Specialist Supportive Clinical Management (SSCM) has demonstrated effectiveness as an outpatient psychological treatment for adults with anorexia nervosa. SSCM combines two therapeutic components; clinical management which prioritises the establishment of normal eating and weight restoration, and provides targeted psycho-education and advice about eating disorders, eating and weight/shape concerns; and supportive psychotherapy which allows the person and their therapist to respond to other life issues that are important to the person, including those that may impact upon the eating disorder. […] The Maudsley Model of Anorexia Nervosa Treatment for Adults (MANTRA) is an empirically based cognitive-interpersonal treatment which has demonstrated effectiveness as an outpatient psychological treatment for adults with anorexia nervosa.

• #42 Treatment Approaches

  https://nedc.com.au/eating-disorders/treatment-and-recovery/treatment-options

  MANTRA intends to support people to develop better ways of coping and overcoming difficulties with emotional processing, relationships, unhelpful thinking styles and identity. […] DBT for Binge Eating and Bulimia (DBT-ED) is a treatment based on an emotion dysregulation model of problem eating, meaning that binge eating occurs in part as a way to cope with difficult emotions. […] DBT-ED intends to support the person to live a rich and meaningful life by assisting them to learn and practice methods of „adaptive” affect regulation that may replace their current „maladaptive” binge-eating strategy. […] Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Eating Disorders (IPT-ED) is an evidence-based manualised, structured and time-limited treatment for adults with Bulimia Nervosa. […] IPT-ED intends to assist the person to establish a sense of themselves as embedded within an accepting, supporting, and respecting social context that provides a viable alternative to the eating disorder in seeking positive esteem and emotional wellbeing.

• #43 Treatment Approaches

  https://nedc.com.au/eating-disorders/treatment-and-recovery/treatment-options

  Specialist Supportive Clinical Management (SSCM) has demonstrated effectiveness as an outpatient psychological treatment for adults with anorexia nervosa. SSCM combines two therapeutic components; clinical management which prioritises the establishment of normal eating and weight restoration, and provides targeted psycho-education and advice about eating disorders, eating and weight/shape concerns; and supportive psychotherapy which allows the person and their therapist to respond to other life issues that are important to the person, including those that may impact upon the eating disorder. […] The Maudsley Model of Anorexia Nervosa Treatment for Adults (MANTRA) is an empirically based cognitive-interpersonal treatment which has demonstrated effectiveness as an outpatient psychological treatment for adults with anorexia nervosa.

• #44 Anorexia Treatment: Medication, Therapy, or Residential Care?

  https://psychcentral.com/eating-disorders/treatment-for-anorexia

  DBT is a type of CBT originally developed for borderline personality disorder. Its now also used to treat eating disorders and some other mental health conditions like depression and PTSD. […] ACT was designed to increase mental flexibility using acceptance and mindfulness strategies, along with commitment and behavior-changing strategies. […] Inpatient hospitalization is the highest level of care for people with anorexia. […] Inpatient programs involve 24/7 care and can take place in either a medical or psychiatric setting. […] After hospitalization, its common to transfer to: a residential treatment center, partial hospitalization, intensive outpatient care, an outpatient program, like therapy or nutritional counseling. […] Residential treatment takes place in a non-hospital setting but still involves 24/7 care.

• #45 Proven Anorexia Nervosa Treatment Therapy Options

  https://withinhealth.com/learn/articles/treatment-of-anorexia-nervosa

  Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) helps people with AN to reduce their disordered eating behaviors, thoughts, and feelings. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a type of talking therapy that helps people living with anorexia nervosa understand the interaction between their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. […] Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is a type of talking therapy best suited to people with AN that feel emotions very intensely. […] Family therapy is particularly useful for parents of a child or teenager with anorexia and teaches them how to restore healthy eating behaviors and achieve a healthy weight. […] Nutrition counseling and meal support should strongly consider including some form of nutrition counseling. […] A treatment plan for anorexia nervosa should strongly consider including some form of nutrition counseling.

• #46 Anorexia Treatment: Medication, Therapy, or Residential Care?

  https://psychcentral.com/eating-disorders/treatment-for-anorexia

  DBT is a type of CBT originally developed for borderline personality disorder. Its now also used to treat eating disorders and some other mental health conditions like depression and PTSD. […] ACT was designed to increase mental flexibility using acceptance and mindfulness strategies, along with commitment and behavior-changing strategies. […] Inpatient hospitalization is the highest level of care for people with anorexia. […] Inpatient programs involve 24/7 care and can take place in either a medical or psychiatric setting. […] After hospitalization, its common to transfer to: a residential treatment center, partial hospitalization, intensive outpatient care, an outpatient program, like therapy or nutritional counseling. […] Residential treatment takes place in a non-hospital setting but still involves 24/7 care.

• #47 Proven Anorexia Nervosa Treatment Therapy Options

  https://withinhealth.com/learn/articles/treatment-of-anorexia-nervosa

  Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) helps people with AN to reduce their disordered eating behaviors, thoughts, and feelings. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a type of talking therapy that helps people living with anorexia nervosa understand the interaction between their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. […] Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is a type of talking therapy best suited to people with AN that feel emotions very intensely. […] Family therapy is particularly useful for parents of a child or teenager with anorexia and teaches them how to restore healthy eating behaviors and achieve a healthy weight. […] Nutrition counseling and meal support should strongly consider including some form of nutrition counseling. […] A treatment plan for anorexia nervosa should strongly consider including some form of nutrition counseling.

• #48 Treatment Approaches

  https://nedc.com.au/eating-disorders/treatment-and-recovery/treatment-options

  Adolescent-focused therapy is an individual psychotherapy for teenagers suffering from anorexia, and is recommended as a second-line alternative to family-based treatment (FBT). AFT intends to support the young person to develop alternate coping skills and reduce eating disorder behaviours, and to engage and educate parents about anorexia in order to play a major supportive role. […] Focal-Dynamic Psychotherapy is a psychodynamic-oriented individual treatment with an evidence base for adults with Anorexia Nervosa. Focal-Dynamic Psychotherapy intends to support people to reduce eating disorder symptoms and re-establish autonomy and personal responsibility through addressing eating-disorder related beliefs, self-esteem issues and depression, as well as body image and working with the family.

• #49 Treatment Approaches

  https://nedc.com.au/eating-disorders/treatment-and-recovery/treatment-options

  Adolescent-focused therapy is an individual psychotherapy for teenagers suffering from anorexia, and is recommended as a second-line alternative to family-based treatment (FBT). AFT intends to support the young person to develop alternate coping skills and reduce eating disorder behaviours, and to engage and educate parents about anorexia in order to play a major supportive role. […] Focal-Dynamic Psychotherapy is a psychodynamic-oriented individual treatment with an evidence base for adults with Anorexia Nervosa. Focal-Dynamic Psychotherapy intends to support people to reduce eating disorder symptoms and re-establish autonomy and personal responsibility through addressing eating-disorder related beliefs, self-esteem issues and depression, as well as body image and working with the family.

• #50 Treatment – Anorexia nervosa – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/anorexia/treatment/

  Focal psychodynamic therapy is usually offered if you do not feel any of the above therapies are right for you or if they do not work. […] During your treatment you’ll get specialist dietary advice and a meal plan to help you get to a healthy weight. […] Children and young people will usually be offered family therapy. […] Family therapy involves you and your family talking to a therapist, exploring how anorexia has affected you and how your family can support you to get better. […] Adolescent-focused psychotherapy will usually involve up to 40 one-to-one sessions, and normally lasts between 12 and 18 months. […] If you have anorexia, you may not be getting all the vitamins and energy that your body needs to grow and develop properly, which is especially important as you reach puberty.

• #51 Anorexia Nervosa Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Types of Psychological Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/912187-treatment

  Nutrition is an important part of the treatment for the individual with anorexia nervosa. A nutritionist or dietitian should be an integral part of the treatment plan, because the well-recognized refeeding syndrome can occur during the early stages of refeeding the patient with anorexia. […] Tube feeding must often be initiated on an inpatient basis when the patient’s weight is less than or at 85% of expected weight and/or less than the third percentile for BMI, as outpatient refeeding can be too uncomfortable, and the weight gain can be too rapid for the patient to tolerate, resulting in the patient sabotaging treatment. […] Individuals with anorexia nervosa who are at risk medically or psychiatrically require inpatient treatment. Indications for hospital admission include low weight (85% or less of expected weight and/or less than the third percentile for BMI), lack of any weight gain, significant edema, and physiologic decompensation.

• #52 Anorexia Nervosa: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9794-anorexia-nervosa

  Psychotherapy (talk therapy) is a type of individual counseling that focuses on changing your thinking and behavioral patterns. Treatment includes practical techniques for developing healthy attitudes toward food and weight. It also involves approaches for changing how you respond to difficult situations. […] Family support is very important to anorexia treatment success. Family members must understand the eating disorder and recognize its signs and symptoms. […] Hospitalization might be necessary to treat severe weight loss that has resulted in malnutrition and other serious mental or physical health complications. […] The most serious complication of treating anorexia is a condition called refeeding syndrome. It can happen when a seriously malnourished person begins to receive nutrition again.

• #53

• #54 Understanding The Basics Of Anorexia Nervosa Treatment | BetterHelp

  https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/eating-disorders/what-is-the-most-effective-anorexia-nervosa-treatment/

  Nutritional rehabilitation may also be recommended for anorexia nervosa treatment. Individuals with anorexia often have a distorted relationship with food, avoiding certain foods or drastically restricting their intake. Nutritional rehabilitation involves working with a registered dietitian to establish a healthy and balanced eating plan that meets the individual’s unique dietary needs. […] Individual therapy can help individuals address the psychological and behavioral aspects of anorexia. […] Family-based therapy, or the Maudsley approach, is an evidence-based treatment for anorexia nervosa. […] Anorexia often requires a comprehensive and individualized approach to treatment. With the proper medical, nutritional, and psychological interventions, individuals with an eating disorder may recover successfully and lead healthier lives.

• #55

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/anorexia-nervosa/treatment/

  During your treatment, you will be given advice on healthy eating and your diet. This advice alone will not help you recover from anorexia. You will need to have talking therapy as well as dietary advice. […] Antidepressants are not the only treatment for anorexia. An antidepressant in combination with therapy might be more effective. […] Children and young people may receive family therapy. They may be offered CBT, CBT-E or adolescent-focused psychotherapy. […] Systemic family therapy is often used for treating adolescents with anorexia. Family-based treatment (FBT) is the most widely used version of this. […] FBT involves you and your family talking to a therapist. It will explore how anorexia has affected you and how your family can support you to get better. […] During your treatment, your GP will give you advice about the best foods to eat to stay healthy. They will also talk to your family or carers about your diet so they can support you at home. They may also recommend referral to a dietitian for more specialised advice and support.

• #56 Anorexia Nervosa Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Types of Psychological Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/912187-treatment

  Nutrition is an important part of the treatment for the individual with anorexia nervosa. A nutritionist or dietitian should be an integral part of the treatment plan, because the well-recognized refeeding syndrome can occur during the early stages of refeeding the patient with anorexia. […] Tube feeding must often be initiated on an inpatient basis when the patient’s weight is less than or at 85% of expected weight and/or less than the third percentile for BMI, as outpatient refeeding can be too uncomfortable, and the weight gain can be too rapid for the patient to tolerate, resulting in the patient sabotaging treatment. […] Individuals with anorexia nervosa who are at risk medically or psychiatrically require inpatient treatment. Indications for hospital admission include low weight (85% or less of expected weight and/or less than the third percentile for BMI), lack of any weight gain, significant edema, and physiologic decompensation.

• #57 Anorexia Nervosa: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9794-anorexia-nervosa

  Psychotherapy (talk therapy) is a type of individual counseling that focuses on changing your thinking and behavioral patterns. Treatment includes practical techniques for developing healthy attitudes toward food and weight. It also involves approaches for changing how you respond to difficult situations. […] Family support is very important to anorexia treatment success. Family members must understand the eating disorder and recognize its signs and symptoms. […] Hospitalization might be necessary to treat severe weight loss that has resulted in malnutrition and other serious mental or physical health complications. […] The most serious complication of treating anorexia is a condition called refeeding syndrome. It can happen when a seriously malnourished person begins to receive nutrition again.

• #58 How Anorexia Is Treated

  https://www.verywellmind.com/how-is-anorexia-treated-5196439

  Nutrition counseling can help them eat healthier, restore their weight, improve their relationship with food, and understand the importance of a healthy, balanced diet. […] Depending on how severe the persons condition is, hospital care may be required. […] Anorexia treatment can lead to a complication known as refeeding syndrome, which can be life-threatening. […] Here are some steps that can help make treatment for anorexia more effective: Seek help, Get the appropriate treatment, Follow treatment guidelines, Check on local resources. […] If you or someone you love is struggling with anorexia, it is important to remember that help is available. While it can be difficult, recovery is possible. Talk to your health care provider or a mental health professional about your treatment options.

• #59 Anorexia nervosa – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anorexia-nervosa/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353597

  You may need to be monitored often because of all the complications anorexia causes. This includes your vital signs, hydration level and electrolytes, as well as related physical conditions. In severe cases, you may at first require feeding through a tube that’s placed in your nose and goes to the stomach. This is called a nasogastric tube. […] The first goal of treatment is to get to a healthy weight based on your personal growth history. You can’t recover from anorexia without returning to a healthy weight and good eating habits. […] Family-based treatment, sometimes called FBT, is the only proven outpatient treatment for teenagers with anorexia. A person with anorexia can’t make good choices about eating and health due to the impact of the disorder on the brain. So this therapy helps parents help their child eat right and get to a healthy weight until the child can make good choices about health.

• #60 How Anorexia Is Treated

  https://www.verywellmind.com/how-is-anorexia-treated-5196439

  Nutrition counseling can help them eat healthier, restore their weight, improve their relationship with food, and understand the importance of a healthy, balanced diet. […] Depending on how severe the persons condition is, hospital care may be required. […] Anorexia treatment can lead to a complication known as refeeding syndrome, which can be life-threatening. […] Here are some steps that can help make treatment for anorexia more effective: Seek help, Get the appropriate treatment, Follow treatment guidelines, Check on local resources. […] If you or someone you love is struggling with anorexia, it is important to remember that help is available. While it can be difficult, recovery is possible. Talk to your health care provider or a mental health professional about your treatment options.

• #61 Anorexia nervosa – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anorexia-nervosa/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353597

  Unfortunately, no medicines have been found to help treat anorexia nervosa. For people who have anorexia, being underweight may interfere with the effectiveness of medicines they take for other conditions, including depression and anxiety. For people with anorexia, food is truly the medicine. […] One of the biggest challenges in treating anorexia is that you may not want to be treated. Barriers to treatment may include: Thinking that treatment isn’t needed or that you’re not sick enough to be treated. […] Recovery is possible with proven treatment that includes reaching a healthy weight. But you’re at higher risk of anorexia returning during periods of high stress or triggering situations. Ongoing therapy or periodic appointments during times of stress may help you stay healthy.

• #62 Anorexia nervosa in adults: Pharmacotherapy – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anorexia-nervosa-in-adults-pharmacotherapy

  Standard treatment for anorexia nervosa consists of nutritional rehabilitation and psychotherapy. […] In addition, limited evidence supports augmentation with pharmacotherapy; specifically, multiple randomized trials suggest that the antipsychotic olanzapine modestly enhances weight gain. […] However, other psychotropic drugs have demonstrated little or no benefit in accelerating weight gain or relieving eating disorder cognitions. […] Psychotropic pharmacotherapy for anorexia nervosa is reviewed here.

• #63 Anorexia nervosa in adults: Pharmacotherapy – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anorexia-nervosa-in-adults-pharmacotherapy

  Standard treatment for anorexia nervosa consists of nutritional rehabilitation and psychotherapy. […] In addition, limited evidence supports augmentation with pharmacotherapy; specifically, multiple randomized trials suggest that the antipsychotic olanzapine modestly enhances weight gain. […] However, other psychotropic drugs have demonstrated little or no benefit in accelerating weight gain or relieving eating disorder cognitions. […] Psychotropic pharmacotherapy for anorexia nervosa is reviewed here.

• #64 Current Therapeutic Approaches to Anorexia Nervosa: State of the Art

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8221037/

  Although antidepressants impart little benefit on weight or symptoms, the second-generation antipsychotic olanzapine has shown ability to promote modest weight gain in outpatients with AN. […] Taken together, the current research on FBT indicates it is an effective intervention and supports its use as the gold standard behavioral treatment for adolescent AN. […] In sum, CBT-E remains one of the leading treatments for AN and has been proposed as an alternative to FBT for adolescents but its efficacy relative to other treatments has yet to be established. […] Neuromodulation presents an exciting new frontier in the landscape of AN research and may allow for the development of innovative, biologically based treatments. […] In sum, the significant overlap between symptoms characterizing AN and other psychological disorders has encouraged the field to investigate several medications effective for other diagnoses. Although most yield little to no benefit, a recent large study of olanzapine versus placebo suggests that olanzapine may be effective in promoting weight restoration among underweight patients with AN. […] Additional studies in this population are crucial, especially if they might target mechanisms underlying AN or identify core treatment components that help individuals make optimal improvements.

• #65 Anorexia nervosa in adults: Pharmacotherapy – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anorexia-nervosa-in-adults-pharmacotherapy

  Standard treatment for anorexia nervosa consists of nutritional rehabilitation and psychotherapy. […] In addition, limited evidence supports augmentation with pharmacotherapy; specifically, multiple randomized trials suggest that the antipsychotic olanzapine modestly enhances weight gain. […] However, other psychotropic drugs have demonstrated little or no benefit in accelerating weight gain or relieving eating disorder cognitions. […] Psychotropic pharmacotherapy for anorexia nervosa is reviewed here.

• #66 Initial Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0101/p46.html

  Studies have shown only limited benefit of medications in the treatment of anorexia nervosa. Antidepressants, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), may help mitigate symptoms of depression and suicidal ideation in patients with anorexia nervosa. However, they have not proved beneficial in facilitating weight restoration or preventing relapse. […] In patients with bulimia nervosa, studies have suggested SSRIs may be beneficial in decreasing the frequency of binge eating and purging.

• #67

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/anorexia-nervosa/treatment/

  During your treatment, you will be given advice on healthy eating and your diet. This advice alone will not help you recover from anorexia. You will need to have talking therapy as well as dietary advice. […] Antidepressants are not the only treatment for anorexia. An antidepressant in combination with therapy might be more effective. […] Children and young people may receive family therapy. They may be offered CBT, CBT-E or adolescent-focused psychotherapy. […] Systemic family therapy is often used for treating adolescents with anorexia. Family-based treatment (FBT) is the most widely used version of this. […] FBT involves you and your family talking to a therapist. It will explore how anorexia has affected you and how your family can support you to get better. […] During your treatment, your GP will give you advice about the best foods to eat to stay healthy. They will also talk to your family or carers about your diet so they can support you at home. They may also recommend referral to a dietitian for more specialised advice and support.

• #68 A treatment for anorexia nervosa? | Newsroom – McGill University

  https://www.mcgill.ca/newsroom/channels/news/treatment-anorexia-nervosa-357901

  A McGill University-led research team working in collaboration with a French team (CNRS, INSERM and Sorbonne university) believes it has identified both the neurological mechanism underlying anorexia nervosa as well as a possible cure. […] We found that it fully reversed the anorexia-like behaviour in mice, and we believe that it could potentially offer the first mechanism-based treatment of anorexia nervosa. In fact, we are already seeing its effects on some patients with the disease. […] Ongoing independent studies in Toronto and Montreal, led by Dr. Leora Pinhas, an independent psychiatrist, are showing positive results for 10 patients with severe anorexia nervosa who are being treated with low doses of donepezil. […] Further double-blind clinical trials, comparing the results of those taking a placebo with those of taking the medication, are due to take place this year at Columbia University, Denver University, and the Hpital Sainte-Anne in Paris. […] Dr. El Mestikawy cautions, however, that between clinical trials and government approval it may take several years before a new drug can be used to treat anorexic patients.

• #69 Yale Team Uncovers Promising New Therapeutic for Anorexia Nervosa < Yale School of Medicine

  https://medicine.yale.edu/news-article/yale-team-uncovers-promising-new-therapeutic-for-anorexia/

  This small molecule helps mice maintain their food intake, maintain their body weight, and inhibit compulsive behaviors, she says. This drug is also working in mitigating anxious and depressive-like behaviors. […] The team hopes that the molecule may also be useful in treating humans struggling with anorexia nervosa, as well as those struggling with mood disorders. In contrast to typical anti-depressants, which can need weeks to take effect, Bobcat339 was found to improve problems associated with mood in as little as a day.

• #70 Psilocybin therapy for females with anorexia nervosa: a phase 1, open-label feasibility study | Nature Medicine

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-023-02455-9

  Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a deadly illness with no proven treatments to reverse core symptoms and no medications approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Novel treatments are urgently needed to improve clinical outcomes. […] Results suggest that psilocybin therapy is safe, tolerable and acceptable for female AN, which is a promising finding given physiological dangers and problems with treatment engagement. […] Psilocybin therapy, which includes psychological support by trained therapists, was found to be safe and well tolerated for the 10 participants who received treatment in this study. Most participants endorsed the treatment as highly meaningful and the experience as a positive life impact, and yet effects on ED psychopathology were highly variable, with a subset of participants demonstrating a robust response for a single-dose treatment.

• #71 Psilocybin therapy for females with anorexia nervosa: a phase 1, open-label feasibility study | Nature Medicine

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-023-02455-9

  To our knowledge, this is the first data report on the effects of psilocybin therapy in AN in a clinical research trial. […] The lack of negative incidences regarding safety in our study is promising for future research with the AN population; however, larger studies with a more diverse participant group continue to be needed to determine safety. […] These findings may suggest that targeted nutritional rehabilitation emblematic of traditional treatment may be a necessary adjunctive treatment even when significant improvements in ED psychopathology are conferred. […] In conclusion, results from this open-label, single-arm study suggest that psilocybin therapy is safe and tolerable in participants with AN; however, adequately powered, randomized controlled trials are needed to draw any conclusions.

• #72 Anorexia Nervosa: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9794-anorexia-nervosa

  Every persons anorexia recovery journey is different. The important thing to remember is that its possible to recover from anorexia. Treatment often involves many components. And each of these components can take different amounts of time. […] Its not always possible to prevent anorexia. But its helpful to start treatment as soon as you develop signs of it. […] The prognosis (outlook) for someone with anorexia varies depending on certain factors, like how long theyve had anorexia, the severity of the condition, and the type of treatment and adherence to treatment. […] The good news is that anorexia can be treated, and someone with anorexia can return to a healthy weight and healthy eating patterns. Unfortunately, the risk of relapse is high, so recovery from anorexia usually requires long-term treatment. Support of family members and friends can help ensure that the person receives and sticks to their needed treatment.

• #73 Anorexia nervosa – types, causes, treatment and symptoms | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/anorexia-nervosa

  Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder and a serious mental illness. […] If you have signs of anorexia nervosa, its important to get help as soon as possible. […] If you have anorexia nervosa, the earlier you get help, the better your chances of recovery. Seriously restricting calorie intake is dangerous and can have a serious impact on your health. […] It is possible to recover from anorexia nervosa, even if you have been living with the illness for many years. The road to recovery is often long and challenging. But with the right team supporting you and a high level of commitment, you can recover. […] Seeing a psychologist or psychiatrist has been shown to reduce the length and impact of anorexia nervosa. […] Cognitive behavioural therapy enhanced for eating disorders (CBTE) is usually the first treatment recommended for adults. This is typically delivered over 40 weekly sessions.

• #74 Anorexia nervosa: Outpatient treatment and medical management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9048449/

  Outpatient psychotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for AN, as it is less costly and disruptive than other, more intensive levels of care. […] Over the past 20 years there has been empirical support for the efficacy of several treatments for AN. Moreover, outpatient treatment with family-based therapy or individual psychotherapy is associated with good outcomes for a substantial proportion of patients. Early intervention improves outcomes and should be a priority for all patients. Outpatient treatment is usually the best format for early intervention, and it has been demonstrated that even patients with severe or extreme AN can be treated as outpatients if they are medically stable. […] The core aim of this opinion review is to provide the knowledge base needed for performing safe outpatient treatment of AN.

• #75 Anorexia Nervosa: Treatments, Symptoms, Causes & Therapy – PsychGuides.com

  https://www.psychguides.com/eating-disorder/anorexia/treatment/

  Anorexia is a notoriously difficult disorder to treat. But recovery is possible. Anorexia recovery requires long-term commitment, and relapses are common, particularly during stressful periods. Studies show that early intervention offers the best chance of recovery. […] The first goal of anorexia treatment is to restore a normal, healthy body weight. Some people elect for outpatient anorexia treatment. However, if the person seeking treatment is dangerously underweight, they may need to first enter a hospital. […] Anorexia recovery centers often combine psychotherapy with medical treatment and nutritional support. Professionals will structure rehab differently for each individual. In therapy, patients can address other mental health issues that may be contributing to their anorexia, such as depression and anxiety.

• #76 Anorexia nervosa: Outpatient treatment and medical management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9048449/

  Outpatient psychotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for AN, as it is less costly and disruptive than other, more intensive levels of care. […] Over the past 20 years there has been empirical support for the efficacy of several treatments for AN. Moreover, outpatient treatment with family-based therapy or individual psychotherapy is associated with good outcomes for a substantial proportion of patients. Early intervention improves outcomes and should be a priority for all patients. Outpatient treatment is usually the best format for early intervention, and it has been demonstrated that even patients with severe or extreme AN can be treated as outpatients if they are medically stable. […] The core aim of this opinion review is to provide the knowledge base needed for performing safe outpatient treatment of AN.

• #77 Anorexia Nervosa: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9794-anorexia-nervosa

  Every persons anorexia recovery journey is different. The important thing to remember is that its possible to recover from anorexia. Treatment often involves many components. And each of these components can take different amounts of time. […] Its not always possible to prevent anorexia. But its helpful to start treatment as soon as you develop signs of it. […] The prognosis (outlook) for someone with anorexia varies depending on certain factors, like how long theyve had anorexia, the severity of the condition, and the type of treatment and adherence to treatment. […] The good news is that anorexia can be treated, and someone with anorexia can return to a healthy weight and healthy eating patterns. Unfortunately, the risk of relapse is high, so recovery from anorexia usually requires long-term treatment. Support of family members and friends can help ensure that the person receives and sticks to their needed treatment.

• #78

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/anorexia-nervosa/treatment/

  Most people with anorexia will be able to stay at home during their treatment. You will usually have appointments at your clinic and then be able to go home. […] Your doctors will keep a careful eye on your weight and health if you are in hospital. They will help you to reach a healthy weight over time and either start or continue therapy. […] It is important that you receive ongoing support after your treatment. You should have weight checks and mental and physical health checks at least once a year. This will usually be done by your GP. But it can also be with an eating disorder specialist.

• #79 Anorexia Nervosa: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9794-anorexia-nervosa

  Every persons anorexia recovery journey is different. The important thing to remember is that its possible to recover from anorexia. Treatment often involves many components. And each of these components can take different amounts of time. […] Its not always possible to prevent anorexia. But its helpful to start treatment as soon as you develop signs of it. […] The prognosis (outlook) for someone with anorexia varies depending on certain factors, like how long theyve had anorexia, the severity of the condition, and the type of treatment and adherence to treatment. […] The good news is that anorexia can be treated, and someone with anorexia can return to a healthy weight and healthy eating patterns. Unfortunately, the risk of relapse is high, so recovery from anorexia usually requires long-term treatment. Support of family members and friends can help ensure that the person receives and sticks to their needed treatment.

• #80 Anorexia nervosa – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anorexia-nervosa/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353597

  Unfortunately, no medicines have been found to help treat anorexia nervosa. For people who have anorexia, being underweight may interfere with the effectiveness of medicines they take for other conditions, including depression and anxiety. For people with anorexia, food is truly the medicine. […] One of the biggest challenges in treating anorexia is that you may not want to be treated. Barriers to treatment may include: Thinking that treatment isn’t needed or that you’re not sick enough to be treated. […] Recovery is possible with proven treatment that includes reaching a healthy weight. But you’re at higher risk of anorexia returning during periods of high stress or triggering situations. Ongoing therapy or periodic appointments during times of stress may help you stay healthy.

• #81 Anorexia Nervosa: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9794-anorexia-nervosa

  Every persons anorexia recovery journey is different. The important thing to remember is that its possible to recover from anorexia. Treatment often involves many components. And each of these components can take different amounts of time. […] Its not always possible to prevent anorexia. But its helpful to start treatment as soon as you develop signs of it. […] The prognosis (outlook) for someone with anorexia varies depending on certain factors, like how long theyve had anorexia, the severity of the condition, and the type of treatment and adherence to treatment. […] The good news is that anorexia can be treated, and someone with anorexia can return to a healthy weight and healthy eating patterns. Unfortunately, the risk of relapse is high, so recovery from anorexia usually requires long-term treatment. Support of family members and friends can help ensure that the person receives and sticks to their needed treatment.

• #82 Anorexia nervosa – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anorexia-nervosa/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353597

  Unfortunately, no medicines have been found to help treat anorexia nervosa. For people who have anorexia, being underweight may interfere with the effectiveness of medicines they take for other conditions, including depression and anxiety. For people with anorexia, food is truly the medicine. […] One of the biggest challenges in treating anorexia is that you may not want to be treated. Barriers to treatment may include: Thinking that treatment isn’t needed or that you’re not sick enough to be treated. […] Recovery is possible with proven treatment that includes reaching a healthy weight. But you’re at higher risk of anorexia returning during periods of high stress or triggering situations. Ongoing therapy or periodic appointments during times of stress may help you stay healthy.

• #83 Anorexia nervosa – types, causes, treatment and symptoms | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/anorexia-nervosa

  Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder and a serious mental illness. […] If you have signs of anorexia nervosa, its important to get help as soon as possible. […] If you have anorexia nervosa, the earlier you get help, the better your chances of recovery. Seriously restricting calorie intake is dangerous and can have a serious impact on your health. […] It is possible to recover from anorexia nervosa, even if you have been living with the illness for many years. The road to recovery is often long and challenging. But with the right team supporting you and a high level of commitment, you can recover. […] Seeing a psychologist or psychiatrist has been shown to reduce the length and impact of anorexia nervosa. […] Cognitive behavioural therapy enhanced for eating disorders (CBTE) is usually the first treatment recommended for adults. This is typically delivered over 40 weekly sessions.

• #84

  https://journals.lww.com/co-psychiatry/fulltext/2020/11000/developments_in_the_psychological_treatment_of.5.aspx

  Our aim is to give an overview of the recent literature on psychological treatment for young adults and adults with anorexia nervosa and to discuss the implications of the findings for clinical practice. […] Three systematic reviews and meta-analyses have recently been published on psychological treatments for anorexia nervosa. Treatment outcomes are still modest and mainly focus on weight outcome, although outcomes for eating disorder disease and quality of life have also been reported. Adhering to a treatment protocol might lead to faster and better results. […] For children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa, the major guidelines recommend a family-based treatment. The treatments of choice for young adults and adults with anorexia nervosa are the Maudsley Anorexia Nervosa Treatment for Adults (MANTRA), Cognitive Behaviour Therapy-Enhanced (CBT-E) and Specialist Supportive Clinical Management (SSCM), but none of these treatments seem to be superior.

• #85 Psychotherapies for eating disorders: findings from a rapid review | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text

  https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-023-00886-w

  Despite established evidence of its efficacy, researchers consider a need for more RCTs using larger sample sizes to not only determine the generalisability of effectiveness across a much broader representation of the general population; but to further understand CBTs efficacy in treating different sub-types of the same disorder. […] A recent meta-analysis assessing the efficacy of stand-alone psychological interventions for adult outpatients with AN on change in BMI and clinical symptoms, did not find CBT or any of the treatments to outperform TAU. […] In the UK, research into the applicability of outpatient CBT in real-world settings for AN and Atypical-Anorexia Nervosa (A-AN), found treatment to be efficacious, with just under half of the study sample achieving full or partial remission, in the short-term, at end of treatment.

• #86 Psychotherapies for eating disorders: findings from a rapid review | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text

  https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-023-00886-w

  Despite established evidence of its efficacy, researchers consider a need for more RCTs using larger sample sizes to not only determine the generalisability of effectiveness across a much broader representation of the general population; but to further understand CBTs efficacy in treating different sub-types of the same disorder. […] A recent meta-analysis assessing the efficacy of stand-alone psychological interventions for adult outpatients with AN on change in BMI and clinical symptoms, did not find CBT or any of the treatments to outperform TAU. […] In the UK, research into the applicability of outpatient CBT in real-world settings for AN and Atypical-Anorexia Nervosa (A-AN), found treatment to be efficacious, with just under half of the study sample achieving full or partial remission, in the short-term, at end of treatment.

• #87 Psychotherapies for eating disorders: findings from a rapid review | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text

  https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-023-00886-w

  Currently, clinical practice is largely supported by research indicating that behavioural and cognitive-behavioural psychotherapies are most effective for the treatment of eating disorders. However, the efficacy of psychotherapeutic interventions varies across studies, highlighting the need for investment and expansion of research into enhanced variants and novel psychotherapies to improve illness outcomes. […] Results from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are often used to determine which treatments are recommended in national guidelines. The UKs National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines for EDs, consistent with other international guidelines, endorse enhanced cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT-E), Maudsley Anorexia Treatment for Adults (MANTRA) and specialist supportive clinical management (SSCM) for adult Anorexia Nervosa (AN), and family-based therapy (FT-AN) for children and adolescents with AN.

• #88

  https://journals.lww.com/co-psychiatry/fulltext/2020/11000/developments_in_the_psychological_treatment_of.5.aspx

  Taken together, psychological treatments seem to have a moderately positive effect on weight gain, but none of the treatments seems to be superior. […] The recent literature on psychological treatment in anorexia nervosa has some implications for clinical practice, although important questions (as to which treatment is best for whom) remain unanswered. […] The reported outcomes suggest that working with trained therapists and with a protocol enhances treatment outcome. […] As no criteria have been reported that could help to decide which treatment might work best for whom, it is currently a challenge to allocate patients to a specific treatment. […] One way to overcome these obstacles is to use SDM to choose the treatment option. […] By introducing SDM, we can engage patients (and their family) more actively in the decision-making process regarding treatment option, and collaboration might be enhanced, hence increasing the patient’s autonomous motivation for treatment. This might lead to better outcomes and should be examined in future studies. […] For now, SDM seems to be the most practical and patient-centred solution for allocating patients to one of the three recommended treatments.

• #89 Anorexia nervosa: Outpatient treatment and medical management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9048449/

  Medical management is essential for safe outpatient therapy. […] The decision regarding whether to proceed with outpatient treatment or to transfer a patient for inpatient therapy may be difficult, especially in non-specialist or general psychiatry settings. […] Family-based treatment (FBT) is the most empirically supported intervention for children and adolescents with AN. […] The findings of a Cochrane review suggest that the evidence favoring family-based interventions over standard treatment or other psychological approaches is not robust. […] The most common age of onset of EDs is in adolescence and young adulthood, but the clinical services for adolescents and adults are separate in some countries. […] The choice of treatment should be related to the needs of the patients and their families.

• #90

  https://journals.lww.com/co-psychiatry/fulltext/2020/11000/developments_in_the_psychological_treatment_of.5.aspx

  Taken together, psychological treatments seem to have a moderately positive effect on weight gain, but none of the treatments seems to be superior. […] The recent literature on psychological treatment in anorexia nervosa has some implications for clinical practice, although important questions (as to which treatment is best for whom) remain unanswered. […] The reported outcomes suggest that working with trained therapists and with a protocol enhances treatment outcome. […] As no criteria have been reported that could help to decide which treatment might work best for whom, it is currently a challenge to allocate patients to a specific treatment. […] One way to overcome these obstacles is to use SDM to choose the treatment option. […] By introducing SDM, we can engage patients (and their family) more actively in the decision-making process regarding treatment option, and collaboration might be enhanced, hence increasing the patient’s autonomous motivation for treatment. This might lead to better outcomes and should be examined in future studies. […] For now, SDM seems to be the most practical and patient-centred solution for allocating patients to one of the three recommended treatments.

• #91 Psychotherapies for eating disorders: findings from a rapid review | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text

  https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-023-00886-w

  Despite substantial research into ED aetiology and pathology, few theories have been translated into effective interventions. Considering high rates of relapse among individuals with an ED, and an estimated 50% of cases progressing to a severe and enduring illness, the low efficacy of current treatments is concerning. […] A total of 30 studies were identified as providing evidence for the efficacy of CBT, the highest number of any psychotherapy in the RR. Of the psychotherapies, CBT has been the most rigorously scrutinised and therefore has the most empirical evidence. […] In people with AN, CBT has been shown to positively impact emotional regulation, increase set-shifting skills, improve ED pathology, lower global EDE scores, reduce subjective feelings of incompetence and, in combination with nutritional rehabilitation, produce significant weight gain.

• #92 Current Therapeutic Approaches to Anorexia Nervosa: State of the Art

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8221037/

  Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a devastating psychiatric disorder characterized by extreme restriction of food intake and low body weight, both associated with significant medical and psychological morbidity. The clinical severity of AN has prompted the consideration and study of behavioral and pharmacological treatments in efforts to establish empirically based methods to reduce the burden of the disorder. Among adolescents, family-based treatment is considered a first-line behavioral treatment. […] Several behavioral treatments for adults also exist, including cognitive-behavioral therapy, exposure and response prevention, third-wave acceptance-based treatments, and supportive psychotherapy, all of which help to improve symptoms and promote modest weight gain. […] As such, among adults, there is continued need for development of novel, mechanism-based approaches to better target the core symptoms of AN.

• #93 Current Therapeutic Approaches to Anorexia Nervosa: State of the Art

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8221037/

  Although antidepressants impart little benefit on weight or symptoms, the second-generation antipsychotic olanzapine has shown ability to promote modest weight gain in outpatients with AN. […] Taken together, the current research on FBT indicates it is an effective intervention and supports its use as the gold standard behavioral treatment for adolescent AN. […] In sum, CBT-E remains one of the leading treatments for AN and has been proposed as an alternative to FBT for adolescents but its efficacy relative to other treatments has yet to be established. […] Neuromodulation presents an exciting new frontier in the landscape of AN research and may allow for the development of innovative, biologically based treatments. […] In sum, the significant overlap between symptoms characterizing AN and other psychological disorders has encouraged the field to investigate several medications effective for other diagnoses. Although most yield little to no benefit, a recent large study of olanzapine versus placebo suggests that olanzapine may be effective in promoting weight restoration among underweight patients with AN. […] Additional studies in this population are crucial, especially if they might target mechanisms underlying AN or identify core treatment components that help individuals make optimal improvements.

• #94 Current Therapeutic Approaches to Anorexia Nervosa: State of the Art

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8221037/

  Although antidepressants impart little benefit on weight or symptoms, the second-generation antipsychotic olanzapine has shown ability to promote modest weight gain in outpatients with AN. […] Taken together, the current research on FBT indicates it is an effective intervention and supports its use as the gold standard behavioral treatment for adolescent AN. […] In sum, CBT-E remains one of the leading treatments for AN and has been proposed as an alternative to FBT for adolescents but its efficacy relative to other treatments has yet to be established. […] Neuromodulation presents an exciting new frontier in the landscape of AN research and may allow for the development of innovative, biologically based treatments. […] In sum, the significant overlap between symptoms characterizing AN and other psychological disorders has encouraged the field to investigate several medications effective for other diagnoses. Although most yield little to no benefit, a recent large study of olanzapine versus placebo suggests that olanzapine may be effective in promoting weight restoration among underweight patients with AN. […] Additional studies in this population are crucial, especially if they might target mechanisms underlying AN or identify core treatment components that help individuals make optimal improvements.

• #95 Anorexia nervosa: Outpatient treatment and medical management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9048449/

  A substantial subgroup of patients with AN develop SE-AN. […] Outpatient treatment can be a valid alternative to inpatient treatment in cases of severe or extreme AN if the patient is medically stable. […] These findings indicate that outpatient CBT-E is a valid alternative to inpatient treatment for severe and extreme AN when the patient is medically stable. […] The implementation of effective psychotherapies and safe outpatient medical management are valuable tools for improvement of healthcare in AN.

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