Jadłowstręt psychiczny
Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby

Jadłowstręt psychiczny (anorexia nervosa, AN) to poważne zaburzenie psychiczne o wysokim ryzyku śmiertelności, charakteryzujące się znacznym upośledzeniem funkcjonowania medycznego i psychospołecznego. Długoterminowe badania wykazują, że około 50,6% pacjentów osiąga pełne wyzdrowienie, 10,4% utrzymuje kryteria diagnostyczne, a 15,6% umiera z powodu powikłań choroby. Kluczowymi czynnikami prognostycznymi są m.in. BMI przy wypisie (wyższe wartości sprzyjają utrzymaniu prawidłowej masy ciała), czas trwania choroby (dłuższy wiąże się z gorszym rokowaniem), nasilenie objawów, poziom lęku, obecność zaburzeń osobowości obsesyjno-kompulsyjnej oraz cech autystycznych. Przejście z typu restrykcyjnego (AN-R) do typu z objadaniem się i przeczyszczaniem (BPB) pogarsza rokowanie, a około 41,84% pacjentów z AN-R doświadcza takiej zmiany. W krótkoterminowej ocenie leczenia młodzieży, 23,2% osiąga pełną remisję, a 31,3% częściową, przy czym wyższy percentyl BMI i niższe nasilenie objawów przy przyjęciu korelują z lepszymi wynikami.

Prognostyka jadłowstrętu psychicznego

Jadłowstręt psychiczny (anorexia nervosa, AN) to zagrażające życiu zaburzenie psychiczne związane ze znacznym upośledzeniem funkcjonowania medycznego i psychospołecznego. Rokowanie w jadłowstręcie psychicznym jest zróżnicowane i zależy od wielu czynników, które mogą wpływać na przebieg choroby oraz efektywność leczenia.123

Wskaźniki długoterminowego rokowania

Badania długoterminowe wskazują na zróżnicowane wyniki leczenia jadłowstrętu psychicznego. W prospektywnym badaniu z 21-letnim okresem obserwacji po pierwszej hospitalizacji z powodu anoreksji wykazano, że 50,6% pacjentów osiągnęło pełne wyzdrowienie, 10,4% nadal spełniało pełne kryteria diagnostyczne jadłowstrętu psychicznego, a 15,6% zmarło z przyczyn związanych z chorobą. Rokowanie było zależne od zmiennych fizycznych, społecznych i psychologicznych.4

W 18-letnim badaniu obserwacyjnym dotyczącym jadłowstrętu psychicznego o początku w okresie dojrzewania wykazano relatywnie korzystne rokowanie w odniesieniu do śmiertelności i utrzymywania się zaburzeń odżywiania. Jednak około 39% badanych miało inne zaburzenia psychiczne niż zaburzenia odżywiania. Niekorzystne rokowanie było przewidywane przez przedchorobowe zaburzenie osobowości obsesyjno-kompulsyjne, niski wiek w momencie zachorowania oraz cechy autystyczne.5

Czynniki predykcyjne przebiegu choroby

Na podstawie różnych badań zidentyfikowano szereg kluczowych predyktorów przebiegu jadłowstrętu psychicznego:

Czynniki kliniczne
  • Stan odżywienia przy wypisie – wyższy wskaźnik masy ciała (BMI) przy wypisie ze szpitala był znacząco związany z utrzymywaniem prawidłowej masy ciała w okresie obserwacji67
  • Czas trwania choroby – dłuższy czas trwania choroby wiązał się z szybszą utratą masy ciała po wypisie oraz większym upośledzeniem funkcjonowania w życiu codziennym89
  • Nasilenie objawów zaburzeń odżywiania – zwiększone nasilenie objawów zaburzeń odżywiania przy wypisie wiązało się z większym upośledzeniem klinicznym w okresie obserwacji10
  • Niższy BMI przy przyjęciu i wypisie – przewiduje gorszy wynik leczenia w większości badań1112
Czynniki psychologiczne
  • Lęk jako cecha – wyższy poziom lęku jako cechy przy wypisie był związany z niższym BMI w okresie obserwacji1314
  • Obsesyjność i kompulsyjność – przedchorobowe zaburzenie osobowości obsesyjno-kompulsyjne jest predyktorem niekorzystnego rokowania1516
  • Cechy autystyczne – obecność cech autystycznych wiąże się z gorszym rokowaniem1718
Czynniki związane z zachowaniem
  • Zmiana typu jadłowstrętu – przejście z jadłowstrętu typu restrykcyjnego (AN-R) do zaburzeń obejmujących zachowania związane z objadaniem się i przeczyszczaniem (BPB) wiąże się z pogorszeniem obrazu klinicznego i gorszymi wynikami długoterminowymi, przy czym badania wskazują, że aż 41,84% pacjentów z AN-R przejdzie na typ z objadaniem/przeczyszczaniem19
  • Wzorce żywieniowe – niższa gęstość energetyczna diety (DED) i mniejsza różnorodność diety (DVS) wiązały się z gorszym wynikiem u kobiet, które niedawno przywróciły prawidłową masę ciała20
Czynniki neurobiologiczne

Badania neuroobrazowe wskazują, że reprezentacja neuronalna bodźców żywieniowych jest zmieniona w wtórnych obszarach wzrokowych u pacjentów z ostrą anoreksją (acAN) i normalizuje się wraz z odzyskaniem masy ciała. Dokładność klasyfikacji bodźców żywieniowych w zakręcie wrzecionowatym (FG) u osób z acAN była związana z lepszym wynikiem leczenia po 1 roku.2122

Remisja i wskaźniki powodzenia leczenia

W krótkoterminowej ocenie leczenia szpitalnego młodzieży z jadłowstrętem psychicznym, zgodnie z kryteriami remisji DSM-5, wykazano, że przy wypisie 23,2% pacjentów wykazywało pełną remisję AN, 31,3% częściową remisję, a 45,5% brak remisji. Pacjenci, którzy osiągnęli pełną lub częściową remisję, byli młodsi, z wcześniejszym początkiem zaburzenia odżywiania, mieli wyższy percentyl BMI przy przyjęciu i mniej objawów zaburzeń odżywiania.2324

Istotny jest również fakt, że wyższy wynik kwestionariusza EDE-Q (Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire) przy wypisie znacząco zmniejszał prawdopodobieństwo utrzymania BMI ≥18,5 kg/m² i wyniku EDE-Q ≤2, przy czym wzrost wyniku globalnego EDE-Q o jeden punkt prowadził do 0,29-krotnego zmniejszenia szansy na utrzymanie zdrowej masy ciała przez uczestnika.25

Wyzwania w przewidywaniu rokowania

Wyzwaniem w prognozowaniu przebiegu jadłowstrętu psychicznego jest heterogeniczność choroby oraz wysoki wskaźnik nawrotów po wypisie ze szpitala. Wskaźnik nawrotów szacuje się nawet na 50%.2627

Znaczący wpływ czasu trwania choroby na rokowanie stawia klinicystów przed dylematem: intensywne leczenie wydaje się wskazane, jednak jest obciążające, jeśli wskaźniki nawrotów są wysokie. Korzystniejsze rokowanie związane z krótszym czasem trwania choroby sugeruje, że wczesna interwencja może być istotna.2829

Znaczenie wczesnej interwencji

Wyniki badań potwierdzają zalecenia dotyczące wczesnego rozpoznania, diagnozy i rozpoczęcia leczenia w celu zapobiegania przewlekłemu przebiegowi choroby, nawet u pacjentów bez współistniejących zaburzeń psychicznych.30

Bez wczesnego skutecznego leczenia przebieg choroby jest przedłużony, z fizyczną, psychologiczną i społeczną chorobowością oraz wysoką śmiertelnością. Zaangażowanie rodziny we wspieranie interwencji na wczesnym etapie choroby może prowadzić do trwałych zmian, jednakże osoby z ciężką i/lub przewlekłą chorobą mogą wymagać szpitalnego wsparcia pielęgniarskiego i/lub ambulatoryjnej psychoterapii.31

Implikacje długookresowe

Bez leczenia jadłowstręt psychiczny stanowi potencjalne zagrożenie życia. Zaburzenia odżywiania, w tym jadłowstręt psychiczny, należą do najbardziej śmiertelnych zaburzeń psychicznych. Osoby z jadłowstrętem psychicznym mają pięciokrotnie większe prawdopodobieństwo przedwczesnej śmierci i 18-krotnie większe prawdopodobieństwo samobójstwa.32

Pozytywnym aspektem jest to, że jadłowstręt psychiczny poddaje się leczeniu, a osoba chorująca może powrócić do zdrowej masy ciała i zdrowych wzorców żywieniowych. Niestety, ryzyko nawrotu jest wysokie, dlatego powrót do zdrowia w przypadku jadłowstrętu psychicznego zwykle wymaga długoterminowego leczenia. Wsparcie członków rodziny i przyjaciół może pomóc zapewnić, że pacjent otrzyma i będzie przestrzegał potrzebnego leczenia.33

Znaczenie badań długoterminowych

Badania podłużne prowadzone przez dłuższy okres są kluczowe dla lepszego zrozumienia przebiegu choroby i rokowania w jadłowstręcie psychicznym. Określenie czynników prognostycznych może nie tylko pomóc w planowaniu leczenia, ale również dostarczyć ważnych informacji na temat mechanizmów neurobiologicznych jadłowstrętu psychicznego.3435

Czynnik prognostyczny Wpływ na rokowanie Znaczenie kliniczne
Wyższy BMI przy wypisie Pozytywny Zwiększa prawdopodobieństwo utrzymania prawidłowej masy ciała
Dłuższy czas trwania choroby Negatywny Wiąże się z szybszą utratą masy ciała po wypisie i większym upośledzeniem funkcjonowania
Wyższy poziom lęku przy wypisie Negatywny Związany z niższym BMI w okresie obserwacji
Zaburzenie osobowości obsesyjno-kompulsyjne Negatywny Predyktor niekorzystnego rokowania
Cechy autystyczne Negatywny Wiążą się z gorszym rokowaniem
Przejście z typu restrykcyjnego do typu z objadaniem/przeczyszczaniem Negatywny Pogorszenie obrazu klinicznego i gorsze wyniki długoterminowe
Wczesny początek zaburzenia Negatywny Niski wiek w momencie zachorowania wiąże się z gorszym rokowaniem
Wczesna interwencja Pozytywny Krótszy czas trwania choroby przed rozpoczęciem leczenia poprawia rokowanie

Strategiczne podejście do leczenia

Biorąc pod uwagę czynniki prognostyczne, strategiczne podejście do leczenia powinno obejmować:363738

  • Wczesne rozpoznanie i interwencję
  • Dążenie do wyższych docelowych wartości masy ciała w leczeniu intensywnym
  • Systematyczną ocenę potwierdzonych czynników ryzyka zmiany typu jadłowstrętu psychicznego z restrykcyjnego na typ z objadaniem/przeczyszczaniem
  • Rozważenie specyficznych metod leczenia (takich jak terapia rodzinna) u pacjentów z wysokim ryzykiem zmiany typu zaburzenia
  • Zrozumienie znaczenia czasu pobytu w szpitalu i jego związku z innymi predyktorami włączonymi do analiz

Identyfikacja wzorców predykcyjnych dla odpowiedzi na leczenie w heterogenicznej prezentacji objawów jadłowstrętu psychicznego oraz współistniejących objawów psychopatologicznych jest kluczowym celem badań klinicznych, które mogą przyczynić się do poprawy efektywności leczenia.39

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Predictors of illness course and health maintenance following inpatient treatment among patients with anorexia nervosa | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text
    https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-020-00348-7
    Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a life-threatening psychiatric disorder associated with significant medical and psychosocial impairment. […] However, relapse rates following discharge are high and thus, there is a need to identify predictors of longitudinal outcome. […] Higher trait anxiety at discharge was associated with a lower BMI during follow-up (p=0.012). […] There was a significant interaction between duration of illness and time, whereby duration of illness was associated with a faster rate of weight loss (p=0.003) during follow-up. […] As duration of illness increased, there was a greater increase in self-reported clinical impairment (p=0.011). […] Increased eating disorder severity at discharge was also associated with greater clinical impairment at follow-up (p=0.004). […] Higher BMI at discharge was significantly associated with maintaining healthy weight across a priori BMI-based definitions of health maintenance.
  • #2 Anorexia nervosa | Nature Reviews Disease Primers
    https://www.nature.com/articles/nrdp201574
    Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric condition characterized by severe weight loss and secondary problems associated with malnutrition. […] Without early effective treatment, the course is protracted with physical, psychological and social morbidity and high mortality. […] Involving the family to support interventions early in the course of the illness can produce sustained changes; however, those with a severe and/or protracted illness might require inpatient nursing support and/or outpatient psychotherapy. […] The low prevalence of AN limits the ability to identify risk factors and to study the timing and sex distribution of the condition. […] However, genetic profiles, premorbid features, and brain structures and functions of patients with AN show similarities with other psychiatric disorders and contrast with obesity and metabolic disorders.
  • #3 Brain, behavior, cognition, and physical health in first-onset adolescent anorexia nervosa: The BRAVE Study design and cohort profile | Published in Aperture Neuro
    https://apertureneuro.org/article/116180-brain-behavior-cognition-and-physical-health-in-first-onset-adolescent-anorexia-nervosa-the-brave-study-design-and-cohort-profile
    Anorexia nervosa is a severe psychiatric disorder with a heterogeneous course with one of the highest rates of morbidity and mortality of all psychiatric disorders. […] The primary aim of the BRAVE Study is to identify predictors of treatment response in a large sample of 12-to-22-year-old females with first-onset typical or atypical anorexia nervosa. […] Patients with AN, clinicians and researchers have stated that the identification of predictors of treatment outcome and illness duration is one of the highest priorities for research into adolescent AN. […] A range of possible predictors of illness course in AN have been identified. […] Social-cultural and behavioral predictors for a worse outcome include purging, compulsivity, interpersonal and social problems, rumination, impulsivity, autistic traits, a history of suicide attempts, alcohol and/or drug abuse, earlier specialized treatments, longer duration of inpatient treatment and a longer duration of AN before treatment.
  • #4 Long-term prognosis in anorexia nervosa: lessons from a 21-year follow-up study – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10703806/
    In a prospective long-term follow-up of 84 patients 21 years after first hospitalisation for anorexia nervosa, we found that 50.6% had achieved a full recovery, 10.4% still met full diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa, and 15.6% had died from causes related to anorexia nervosa. Predictors of outcome included physical, social, and psychological variables.
  • #5 Adolescent-onset anorexia nervosa: 18-year outcome | The British Journal of Psychiatry | Cambridge Core
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/adolescentonset-anorexia-nervosa-18year-outcome/AC73FEB86BE879ACE2FF1CF23F3C5D28
    The long-term outcome of anorexia nervosa is insufficiently researched. […] To study prospectively the long-term outcome and prognostic factors in a representative sample of people with teenage-onset anorexia nervosa. […] Poor outcome was predicted by premorbid obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, age at onset of anorexia nervosa and autistic traits. […] The 18-year outcome of teenage-onset anorexia nervosa is favourable in respect of mortality and persisting eating disorder. […] In our study, 39% had a psychiatric disorder other than an eating disorder. […] Low age at anorexia nervosa onset, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and autistic traits predicted an unfavourable outcome.
  • #6 Predictors of illness course and health maintenance following inpatient treatment among patients with anorexia nervosa | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text
    https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-020-00348-7
    Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a life-threatening psychiatric disorder associated with significant medical and psychosocial impairment. […] However, relapse rates following discharge are high and thus, there is a need to identify predictors of longitudinal outcome. […] Higher trait anxiety at discharge was associated with a lower BMI during follow-up (p=0.012). […] There was a significant interaction between duration of illness and time, whereby duration of illness was associated with a faster rate of weight loss (p=0.003) during follow-up. […] As duration of illness increased, there was a greater increase in self-reported clinical impairment (p=0.011). […] Increased eating disorder severity at discharge was also associated with greater clinical impairment at follow-up (p=0.004). […] Higher BMI at discharge was significantly associated with maintaining healthy weight across a priori BMI-based definitions of health maintenance.
  • #7 Predictors of illness course and health maintenance following inpatient treatment among patients with anorexia nervosa | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text
    https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-020-00348-7
    Weight status (higher BMI) and duration of illness are key factors in the prognosis of AN. […] Higher weight targets in intensive treatments may be of value in improving outcomes. […] Longer duration of illness predicted faster weight loss after discharge, and was related to greater self-reported day-to-day impairment over time. […] Higher weight at discharge was associated with maintaining healthy weight over the follow-up period. […] High anxiety at discharge was associated with lower BMI over the 5-years of follow-up, while increased eating disorder severity was associated with greater day-to-day impairment. […] Results of this longitudinal study highlight that weight status at discharge and duration of illness are key factors in the course of AN. […] The significant impact of duration of illness on prognosis presents a clinical conundrum: intensive treatment seems indicated, yet it is burdensome to provide if relapse rates are high.
  • #8 Predictors of illness course and health maintenance following inpatient treatment among patients with anorexia nervosa | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text
    https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-020-00348-7
    Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a life-threatening psychiatric disorder associated with significant medical and psychosocial impairment. […] However, relapse rates following discharge are high and thus, there is a need to identify predictors of longitudinal outcome. […] Higher trait anxiety at discharge was associated with a lower BMI during follow-up (p=0.012). […] There was a significant interaction between duration of illness and time, whereby duration of illness was associated with a faster rate of weight loss (p=0.003) during follow-up. […] As duration of illness increased, there was a greater increase in self-reported clinical impairment (p=0.011). […] Increased eating disorder severity at discharge was also associated with greater clinical impairment at follow-up (p=0.004). […] Higher BMI at discharge was significantly associated with maintaining healthy weight across a priori BMI-based definitions of health maintenance.
  • #9 Predictors of illness course and health maintenance following inpatient treatment among patients with anorexia nervosa | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text
    https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-020-00348-7
    Weight status (higher BMI) and duration of illness are key factors in the prognosis of AN. […] Higher weight targets in intensive treatments may be of value in improving outcomes. […] Longer duration of illness predicted faster weight loss after discharge, and was related to greater self-reported day-to-day impairment over time. […] Higher weight at discharge was associated with maintaining healthy weight over the follow-up period. […] High anxiety at discharge was associated with lower BMI over the 5-years of follow-up, while increased eating disorder severity was associated with greater day-to-day impairment. […] Results of this longitudinal study highlight that weight status at discharge and duration of illness are key factors in the course of AN. […] The significant impact of duration of illness on prognosis presents a clinical conundrum: intensive treatment seems indicated, yet it is burdensome to provide if relapse rates are high.
  • #10 Predictors of illness course and health maintenance following inpatient treatment among patients with anorexia nervosa | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text
    https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-020-00348-7
    Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a life-threatening psychiatric disorder associated with significant medical and psychosocial impairment. […] However, relapse rates following discharge are high and thus, there is a need to identify predictors of longitudinal outcome. […] Higher trait anxiety at discharge was associated with a lower BMI during follow-up (p=0.012). […] There was a significant interaction between duration of illness and time, whereby duration of illness was associated with a faster rate of weight loss (p=0.003) during follow-up. […] As duration of illness increased, there was a greater increase in self-reported clinical impairment (p=0.011). […] Increased eating disorder severity at discharge was also associated with greater clinical impairment at follow-up (p=0.004). […] Higher BMI at discharge was significantly associated with maintaining healthy weight across a priori BMI-based definitions of health maintenance.
  • #11 Short-Term Outcome of Inpatient Treatment for Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa Using DSM-5 Remission Criteria
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/14/3190
    At discharge, 23.2% of patients showed full remission of AN, 31.3% partial remission, and 45.5% no remission according to DSM-5 criteria. […] The findings provide evidence for the short-term effectiveness of our inpatient treatment concept. […] The current evidence does not yet provide a sufficient picture on the factors relevant for favorable treatment outcome on the one hand, and optimal length of inpatient stay on the other hand, primarily due to the inconsistent results and high heterogeneity of the methods used. […] Regarding the treatment outcome, lower BMI at admission and discharge predicted worse outcome in most studies, while BMI at discharge showed less impact on treatment success in adolescents when a structured outpatient treatment was implemented directly after discharge.
  • #12 Brain, behavior, cognition, and physical health in first-onset adolescent anorexia nervosa: The BRAVE Study design and cohort profile | Published in Aperture Neuro
    https://apertureneuro.org/article/116180-brain-behavior-cognition-and-physical-health-in-first-onset-adolescent-anorexia-nervosa-the-brave-study-design-and-cohort-profile
    Eating disorder characteristics, including a low body mass index (BMI) and body image disturbances, and more social and psychological problems have been shown to predict a worse outcome. […] Results regarding the predictive value of physical health measures on treatment outcome are mixed. A lower BMI at admission and a higher rate of weight loss predict a poorer long-term outcome in patients with AN. […] The identification of prognostic factors can not only help with treatment planning, but can also provide important insights into the neurobiological mechanisms of AN. […] The goal is that we will be able to identify predictive patterns for treatment response within the heterogeneous presentation of symptoms of AN and co-morbid symptoms of psychopathology in adolescent girls.
  • #13 Predictors of illness course and health maintenance following inpatient treatment among patients with anorexia nervosa | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text
    https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-020-00348-7
    Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a life-threatening psychiatric disorder associated with significant medical and psychosocial impairment. […] However, relapse rates following discharge are high and thus, there is a need to identify predictors of longitudinal outcome. […] Higher trait anxiety at discharge was associated with a lower BMI during follow-up (p=0.012). […] There was a significant interaction between duration of illness and time, whereby duration of illness was associated with a faster rate of weight loss (p=0.003) during follow-up. […] As duration of illness increased, there was a greater increase in self-reported clinical impairment (p=0.011). […] Increased eating disorder severity at discharge was also associated with greater clinical impairment at follow-up (p=0.004). […] Higher BMI at discharge was significantly associated with maintaining healthy weight across a priori BMI-based definitions of health maintenance.
  • #14 Predictors of illness course and health maintenance following inpatient treatment among patients with anorexia nervosa | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text
    https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-020-00348-7
    Weight status (higher BMI) and duration of illness are key factors in the prognosis of AN. […] Higher weight targets in intensive treatments may be of value in improving outcomes. […] Longer duration of illness predicted faster weight loss after discharge, and was related to greater self-reported day-to-day impairment over time. […] Higher weight at discharge was associated with maintaining healthy weight over the follow-up period. […] High anxiety at discharge was associated with lower BMI over the 5-years of follow-up, while increased eating disorder severity was associated with greater day-to-day impairment. […] Results of this longitudinal study highlight that weight status at discharge and duration of illness are key factors in the course of AN. […] The significant impact of duration of illness on prognosis presents a clinical conundrum: intensive treatment seems indicated, yet it is burdensome to provide if relapse rates are high.
  • #15 Adolescent-onset anorexia nervosa: 18-year outcome | The British Journal of Psychiatry | Cambridge Core
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/adolescentonset-anorexia-nervosa-18year-outcome/AC73FEB86BE879ACE2FF1CF23F3C5D28
    The long-term outcome of anorexia nervosa is insufficiently researched. […] To study prospectively the long-term outcome and prognostic factors in a representative sample of people with teenage-onset anorexia nervosa. […] Poor outcome was predicted by premorbid obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, age at onset of anorexia nervosa and autistic traits. […] The 18-year outcome of teenage-onset anorexia nervosa is favourable in respect of mortality and persisting eating disorder. […] In our study, 39% had a psychiatric disorder other than an eating disorder. […] Low age at anorexia nervosa onset, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and autistic traits predicted an unfavourable outcome.
  • #16 Brain, behavior, cognition, and physical health in first-onset adolescent anorexia nervosa: The BRAVE Study design and cohort profile | Published in Aperture Neuro
    https://apertureneuro.org/article/116180-brain-behavior-cognition-and-physical-health-in-first-onset-adolescent-anorexia-nervosa-the-brave-study-design-and-cohort-profile
    Anorexia nervosa is a severe psychiatric disorder with a heterogeneous course with one of the highest rates of morbidity and mortality of all psychiatric disorders. […] The primary aim of the BRAVE Study is to identify predictors of treatment response in a large sample of 12-to-22-year-old females with first-onset typical or atypical anorexia nervosa. […] Patients with AN, clinicians and researchers have stated that the identification of predictors of treatment outcome and illness duration is one of the highest priorities for research into adolescent AN. […] A range of possible predictors of illness course in AN have been identified. […] Social-cultural and behavioral predictors for a worse outcome include purging, compulsivity, interpersonal and social problems, rumination, impulsivity, autistic traits, a history of suicide attempts, alcohol and/or drug abuse, earlier specialized treatments, longer duration of inpatient treatment and a longer duration of AN before treatment.
  • #17 Adolescent-onset anorexia nervosa: 18-year outcome | The British Journal of Psychiatry | Cambridge Core
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/adolescentonset-anorexia-nervosa-18year-outcome/AC73FEB86BE879ACE2FF1CF23F3C5D28
    The long-term outcome of anorexia nervosa is insufficiently researched. […] To study prospectively the long-term outcome and prognostic factors in a representative sample of people with teenage-onset anorexia nervosa. […] Poor outcome was predicted by premorbid obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, age at onset of anorexia nervosa and autistic traits. […] The 18-year outcome of teenage-onset anorexia nervosa is favourable in respect of mortality and persisting eating disorder. […] In our study, 39% had a psychiatric disorder other than an eating disorder. […] Low age at anorexia nervosa onset, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and autistic traits predicted an unfavourable outcome.
  • #18 Brain, behavior, cognition, and physical health in first-onset adolescent anorexia nervosa: The BRAVE Study design and cohort profile | Published in Aperture Neuro
    https://apertureneuro.org/article/116180-brain-behavior-cognition-and-physical-health-in-first-onset-adolescent-anorexia-nervosa-the-brave-study-design-and-cohort-profile
    Anorexia nervosa is a severe psychiatric disorder with a heterogeneous course with one of the highest rates of morbidity and mortality of all psychiatric disorders. […] The primary aim of the BRAVE Study is to identify predictors of treatment response in a large sample of 12-to-22-year-old females with first-onset typical or atypical anorexia nervosa. […] Patients with AN, clinicians and researchers have stated that the identification of predictors of treatment outcome and illness duration is one of the highest priorities for research into adolescent AN. […] A range of possible predictors of illness course in AN have been identified. […] Social-cultural and behavioral predictors for a worse outcome include purging, compulsivity, interpersonal and social problems, rumination, impulsivity, autistic traits, a history of suicide attempts, alcohol and/or drug abuse, earlier specialized treatments, longer duration of inpatient treatment and a longer duration of AN before treatment.
  • #19
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40519-021-01226-0
    Numerous studies addressed the topic of behavioral and symptomatic changes in eating disorders. […] Evidence shows that the specific transition from restrictive-type anorexia nervosa (AN-R) to disorders involving binging and purging behaviors (BPB) is related to a worsening of the clinical picture and worse long-term outcomes. […] The pooled rate of AN-R patients who underwent an onset of BPB was 41.84% (95%CI 33.5850.11). […] The onset of BPB in AN-R is consistently reported across studies, with a pooled 41.84% of the patients undergoing this transition at some point during follow-up. […] Almost half of the patients with a diagnosis of AN-R will eventually undergo an onset of BPB, marking an evolution of their clinical condition with longer duration of illness and reduction of their possibility for a sustained recovery. […] Confirmed risk factor for the onset of BPB should be systematically assessed by clinicians in patients AN-R and specific treatments (such as family therapy) should be considered in patients at high risk for the onset of BPB, especially in the evaluation and treatment of first onsets.
  • #20 Dietary energy density and diet variety as predictors of outcome in anorexia nervosa – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18400701/
    Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious psychiatric illness associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Successful treatment results in weight restoration, but recidivism is common, and the rate of relapse is estimated to be as high as 50%. […] In recently weight-restored women with AN, lower DEDS and DVS but not caloric intake were associated with poor outcome.
  • #21 Aberrant neural representation of food stimuli in women with acute anorexia nervosa predicts treatment outcome and is improved in weight restored individuals | Translational Psychiatry
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-021-01630-1
    Anorexia nervosa (AN) has been associated with altered reward processing. […] A multiple regression analysis was conducted to test associations between the accuracy of the neural representation and treatment outcome. […] Our findings suggest that the neural representation of food stimuli is altered in secondary visual areas in acAN and normalizes with weight recovery. […] Classification accuracy was associated with better treatment outcome. […] This suggests that not only the magnitude of the neural response to food stimuli but also the neural representation of food stimuli is altered in acAN and seems to normalize with weight recovery. […] Furthermore, accuracy for the classification of food stimuli in the FG in acAN individuals was associated with better treatment outcome after 1 year.
  • #22 Aberrant neural representation of food stimuli in women with acute anorexia nervosa predicts treatment outcome and is improved in weight restored individuals | Translational Psychiatry
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-021-01630-1
    The distinct neural representation of food stimuli in the right posterior FG, a brain region with a known role in the identification of highly salient stimuli, are present during the acute state of AN but were not detected after weight restoration. […] We suggest that altered representation of food in high-level visual areas constitutes a neural adaptation to the life-threatening state of undernutrition in AN patients and may help to direct attention towards and motivate for food intake and, ultimately, promote recovery.
  • #23 Short-Term Outcome of Inpatient Treatment for Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa Using DSM-5 Remission Criteria
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/14/3190
    At discharge, 23.2% of patients showed full remission of AN, 31.3% partial remission, and 45.5% no remission according to DSM-5 criteria. […] The findings provide evidence for the short-term effectiveness of our inpatient treatment concept. […] The current evidence does not yet provide a sufficient picture on the factors relevant for favorable treatment outcome on the one hand, and optimal length of inpatient stay on the other hand, primarily due to the inconsistent results and high heterogeneity of the methods used. […] Regarding the treatment outcome, lower BMI at admission and discharge predicted worse outcome in most studies, while BMI at discharge showed less impact on treatment success in adolescents when a structured outpatient treatment was implemented directly after discharge.
  • #24 Short-Term Outcome of Inpatient Treatment for Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa Using DSM-5 Remission Criteria
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/14/3190
    Significant differences between the three remission groups were found regarding various baseline variables. Fully or partially remitted patients were at younger age with an earlier onset of the eating disorder, had a higher BMI percentile at admission, and less eating disorder symptoms. […] Thus, our results confirm the current recommendations of early recognition, diagnosis and treatment start to prevent an enduring course also in patients without psychiatric comorbidities. […] The predictive value of psychotropic medication on change in BMI and duration of inpatient treatment that we found, are important findings that expand the current literature, but must be interpreted with caution.
  • #25 Predictors of illness course and health maintenance following inpatient treatment among patients with anorexia nervosa | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text
    https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-020-00348-7
    Higher EDE-Q score at discharge significantly decreased the likelihood of meeting criteria for this category, such that a one-point increase in EDE-Q Global score led to a 0.29-fold decrease in the odds of a participant maintaining a BMI 18.5kg/m2 and an EDE-Q score 2. […] Longitudinal research conducted over an extended time period is critical to better understand illness course and prognosis in AN.
  • #26 Dietary energy density and diet variety as predictors of outcome in anorexia nervosa – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18400701/
    Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious psychiatric illness associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Successful treatment results in weight restoration, but recidivism is common, and the rate of relapse is estimated to be as high as 50%. […] In recently weight-restored women with AN, lower DEDS and DVS but not caloric intake were associated with poor outcome.
  • #27 Anorexia Nervosa: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9794-anorexia-nervosa
    The prognosis (outlook) for someone with anorexia varies depending on certain factors, like: […] Anorexia gets worse the longer it goes untreated. People with anorexia often won’t admit they have a problem and might resist treatment or refuse to follow the treatment plan. […] Without treatment, anorexia is potentially life-threatening. Eating disorders, including anorexia, are among the deadliest mental health conditions. People with anorexia are five times more likely to die prematurely and 18 times more likely to die by suicide. […] The good news is that anorexia can be treated, and someone with anorexia can return to a healthy weight and healthy eating patterns. Unfortunately, the risk of relapse is high, so recovery from anorexia usually requires long-term treatment. Support of family members and friends can help ensure that the person receives and sticks to their needed treatment.
  • #28 Predictors of illness course and health maintenance following inpatient treatment among patients with anorexia nervosa | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text
    https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-020-00348-7
    Weight status (higher BMI) and duration of illness are key factors in the prognosis of AN. […] Higher weight targets in intensive treatments may be of value in improving outcomes. […] Longer duration of illness predicted faster weight loss after discharge, and was related to greater self-reported day-to-day impairment over time. […] Higher weight at discharge was associated with maintaining healthy weight over the follow-up period. […] High anxiety at discharge was associated with lower BMI over the 5-years of follow-up, while increased eating disorder severity was associated with greater day-to-day impairment. […] Results of this longitudinal study highlight that weight status at discharge and duration of illness are key factors in the course of AN. […] The significant impact of duration of illness on prognosis presents a clinical conundrum: intensive treatment seems indicated, yet it is burdensome to provide if relapse rates are high.
  • #29 Predictors of illness course and health maintenance following inpatient treatment among patients with anorexia nervosa | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text
    https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-020-00348-7
    The more favorable prognosis associated with shorter duration of illness suggests that early intervention may be important, as well. […] The findings in the current study are important for treatment settings to consider. […] The significance of length of stay and its relationship with other predictors included in the current analyses may be substantially different when subject to the constraints of financial coverage. […] The potent impact of discharge BMI on outcome in our sample emphasizes the importance of identifying factors that predict which individuals will remain in care to complete weight restoration. […] This study replicates and extends existing literature suggesting that longer duration of illness is associated with worse outcome in AN. […] The role of psychological variables in the course of AN is less consistent across studies.
  • #30 Short-Term Outcome of Inpatient Treatment for Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa Using DSM-5 Remission Criteria
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/14/3190
    Significant differences between the three remission groups were found regarding various baseline variables. Fully or partially remitted patients were at younger age with an earlier onset of the eating disorder, had a higher BMI percentile at admission, and less eating disorder symptoms. […] Thus, our results confirm the current recommendations of early recognition, diagnosis and treatment start to prevent an enduring course also in patients without psychiatric comorbidities. […] The predictive value of psychotropic medication on change in BMI and duration of inpatient treatment that we found, are important findings that expand the current literature, but must be interpreted with caution.
  • #31 Anorexia nervosa | Nature Reviews Disease Primers
    https://www.nature.com/articles/nrdp201574
    Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric condition characterized by severe weight loss and secondary problems associated with malnutrition. […] Without early effective treatment, the course is protracted with physical, psychological and social morbidity and high mortality. […] Involving the family to support interventions early in the course of the illness can produce sustained changes; however, those with a severe and/or protracted illness might require inpatient nursing support and/or outpatient psychotherapy. […] The low prevalence of AN limits the ability to identify risk factors and to study the timing and sex distribution of the condition. […] However, genetic profiles, premorbid features, and brain structures and functions of patients with AN show similarities with other psychiatric disorders and contrast with obesity and metabolic disorders.
  • #32 Anorexia Nervosa: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9794-anorexia-nervosa
    The prognosis (outlook) for someone with anorexia varies depending on certain factors, like: […] Anorexia gets worse the longer it goes untreated. People with anorexia often won’t admit they have a problem and might resist treatment or refuse to follow the treatment plan. […] Without treatment, anorexia is potentially life-threatening. Eating disorders, including anorexia, are among the deadliest mental health conditions. People with anorexia are five times more likely to die prematurely and 18 times more likely to die by suicide. […] The good news is that anorexia can be treated, and someone with anorexia can return to a healthy weight and healthy eating patterns. Unfortunately, the risk of relapse is high, so recovery from anorexia usually requires long-term treatment. Support of family members and friends can help ensure that the person receives and sticks to their needed treatment.
  • #33 Anorexia Nervosa: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9794-anorexia-nervosa
    The prognosis (outlook) for someone with anorexia varies depending on certain factors, like: […] Anorexia gets worse the longer it goes untreated. People with anorexia often won’t admit they have a problem and might resist treatment or refuse to follow the treatment plan. […] Without treatment, anorexia is potentially life-threatening. Eating disorders, including anorexia, are among the deadliest mental health conditions. People with anorexia are five times more likely to die prematurely and 18 times more likely to die by suicide. […] The good news is that anorexia can be treated, and someone with anorexia can return to a healthy weight and healthy eating patterns. Unfortunately, the risk of relapse is high, so recovery from anorexia usually requires long-term treatment. Support of family members and friends can help ensure that the person receives and sticks to their needed treatment.
  • #34 Predictors of illness course and health maintenance following inpatient treatment among patients with anorexia nervosa | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text
    https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-020-00348-7
    Higher EDE-Q score at discharge significantly decreased the likelihood of meeting criteria for this category, such that a one-point increase in EDE-Q Global score led to a 0.29-fold decrease in the odds of a participant maintaining a BMI 18.5kg/m2 and an EDE-Q score 2. […] Longitudinal research conducted over an extended time period is critical to better understand illness course and prognosis in AN.
  • #35 Brain, behavior, cognition, and physical health in first-onset adolescent anorexia nervosa: The BRAVE Study design and cohort profile | Published in Aperture Neuro
    https://apertureneuro.org/article/116180-brain-behavior-cognition-and-physical-health-in-first-onset-adolescent-anorexia-nervosa-the-brave-study-design-and-cohort-profile
    Eating disorder characteristics, including a low body mass index (BMI) and body image disturbances, and more social and psychological problems have been shown to predict a worse outcome. […] Results regarding the predictive value of physical health measures on treatment outcome are mixed. A lower BMI at admission and a higher rate of weight loss predict a poorer long-term outcome in patients with AN. […] The identification of prognostic factors can not only help with treatment planning, but can also provide important insights into the neurobiological mechanisms of AN. […] The goal is that we will be able to identify predictive patterns for treatment response within the heterogeneous presentation of symptoms of AN and co-morbid symptoms of psychopathology in adolescent girls.
  • #36 Short-Term Outcome of Inpatient Treatment for Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa Using DSM-5 Remission Criteria
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/14/3190
    At discharge, 23.2% of patients showed full remission of AN, 31.3% partial remission, and 45.5% no remission according to DSM-5 criteria. […] The findings provide evidence for the short-term effectiveness of our inpatient treatment concept. […] The current evidence does not yet provide a sufficient picture on the factors relevant for favorable treatment outcome on the one hand, and optimal length of inpatient stay on the other hand, primarily due to the inconsistent results and high heterogeneity of the methods used. […] Regarding the treatment outcome, lower BMI at admission and discharge predicted worse outcome in most studies, while BMI at discharge showed less impact on treatment success in adolescents when a structured outpatient treatment was implemented directly after discharge.
  • #37
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40519-021-01226-0
    Numerous studies addressed the topic of behavioral and symptomatic changes in eating disorders. […] Evidence shows that the specific transition from restrictive-type anorexia nervosa (AN-R) to disorders involving binging and purging behaviors (BPB) is related to a worsening of the clinical picture and worse long-term outcomes. […] The pooled rate of AN-R patients who underwent an onset of BPB was 41.84% (95%CI 33.5850.11). […] The onset of BPB in AN-R is consistently reported across studies, with a pooled 41.84% of the patients undergoing this transition at some point during follow-up. […] Almost half of the patients with a diagnosis of AN-R will eventually undergo an onset of BPB, marking an evolution of their clinical condition with longer duration of illness and reduction of their possibility for a sustained recovery. […] Confirmed risk factor for the onset of BPB should be systematically assessed by clinicians in patients AN-R and specific treatments (such as family therapy) should be considered in patients at high risk for the onset of BPB, especially in the evaluation and treatment of first onsets.
  • #38 Predictors of illness course and health maintenance following inpatient treatment among patients with anorexia nervosa | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text
    https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-020-00348-7
    The more favorable prognosis associated with shorter duration of illness suggests that early intervention may be important, as well. […] The findings in the current study are important for treatment settings to consider. […] The significance of length of stay and its relationship with other predictors included in the current analyses may be substantially different when subject to the constraints of financial coverage. […] The potent impact of discharge BMI on outcome in our sample emphasizes the importance of identifying factors that predict which individuals will remain in care to complete weight restoration. […] This study replicates and extends existing literature suggesting that longer duration of illness is associated with worse outcome in AN. […] The role of psychological variables in the course of AN is less consistent across studies.
  • #39 Brain, behavior, cognition, and physical health in first-onset adolescent anorexia nervosa: The BRAVE Study design and cohort profile | Published in Aperture Neuro
    https://apertureneuro.org/article/116180-brain-behavior-cognition-and-physical-health-in-first-onset-adolescent-anorexia-nervosa-the-brave-study-design-and-cohort-profile
    Eating disorder characteristics, including a low body mass index (BMI) and body image disturbances, and more social and psychological problems have been shown to predict a worse outcome. […] Results regarding the predictive value of physical health measures on treatment outcome are mixed. A lower BMI at admission and a higher rate of weight loss predict a poorer long-term outcome in patients with AN. […] The identification of prognostic factors can not only help with treatment planning, but can also provide important insights into the neurobiological mechanisms of AN. […] The goal is that we will be able to identify predictive patterns for treatment response within the heterogeneous presentation of symptoms of AN and co-morbid symptoms of psychopathology in adolescent girls.