Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Anorexia Nervosa: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9794-anorexia-nervosa

  Anorexia is a complex condition that involves physical, behavioral and mental signs and symptoms. […] Anorexia is a complex condition. Theres no single cause. Research suggests that a combination of certain factors might be responsible, like: […] Genetics: Research suggests that approximately 50% to 80% of the risk of developing an eating disorder is genetic. People with first-degree relatives (biological siblings or parents) with an eating disorder are 10 times more likely to develop one. […] Brain changes: Changes in brain chemistry may play a role, particularly changes to your brains reward system and balance of neurotransmitters (chemical messengers). Neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine can affect appetite, mood and impulse regulation. […] Trauma: Many experts believe that eating disorders happen when someone attempts to cope with overwhelming feelings and painful emotions by having intense control over something else. In the case of anorexia, its controlling how much food you consume. Physical abuse or sexual assault, for example, can contribute to some people developing an eating disorder.

• #2 Anorexia nervosa – types, causes, treatment and symptoms | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/anorexia-nervosa

  Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder and a serious mental illness. […] The causes of anorexia nervosa are not fully understood. […] There are some things that can increase your risk: Genetic risk factors anorexia nervosa can run in families, suggesting there may be a genetic cause. […] Cultural factors related ideals of thinness promoted by the media and social media. […] Environmental factors including the onset of puberty, stressful life events and relationship problems. […] For some people, anorexia is a way of controlling areas of life that feel out of control. Their body image can define their entire sense of self-worth. […] Psychological factors such as anxiety may also play a role in the development of anorexia.

• #3 Anorexia Nervosa – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/eating-disorders/anorexia-nervosa

  Anorexia nervosa occurs predominantly in girls and young women. Onset is usually during adolescence and rarely after age 40. […] The etiology of anorexia nervosa is unknown. Other than being female, few risk factors have been identified. In some cultures, obesity is considered unattractive and unhealthy, and the desire to be thin is pervasive, even among children. More than 50% of prepubertal girls in the US diet or take other measures to control their weight. Excessive concern about weight or a history of dieting appears to indicate increased risk, and there is a genetic predisposition, and genome-wide studies have begun to identify specific loci that are associated with increased risk. […] Family and social factors probably play a role. Many patients belong to middle or upper socioeconomic classes, are meticulous and compulsive, have average intelligence, and have very high standards for achievement and success.

• #4 Anorexia Nervosa: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/912187-overview

  Indeed, there is evidence from twin studies to suggest that the genetic contribution to the disease is as high as 50-80%, a heritability estimate similar to that for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. […] There may be variations of the 5HTT (serotonin transporter gene) genome (eg, biallelic, triallelic) that are associated with subtypes of eating disorders and that interact with life-history factors. […] Individuals with anorexia nervosa maintain a lifelong increased incidence of anxiety, depressive disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. […] Neurobiologists hypothesize that disruption of both serotonergic and dopaminergic pathways in the brain mediate the development of anorexia nervosa and may account for the frequent coexistence of other psychological disturbances. […] Anorexia nervosa is often heralded by a patients desire to lose an insignificant amount of weight through dieting. Once the weight loss is in progress, immunologic and hormonal factors, including leptins (involved with signaling satiety) and alpha-melanocytestimulating hormone, may play a role in the downward spiraling and maintenance of anorexia nervosa.

• #5 Anorexia Nervosa | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-abnormalpsych/chapter/eating-disorders/

  Estimations are that between 0.3%2% of young women and 0.1%0.3 % of males will develop anorexia. Anorexia is a serious disease, especially given that people with anorexia aged 15 to 24 have 10 times the risk of dying compared to their similar-age peers. Furthermore, male individuals with anorexia are at even higher risk of dying due to late diagnosis as a result of sociocultural influences than males do not have eating disorders. […] Anorexia nervosa is highly heritable. Twin studies have shown a heritability rate of between 28%58%, with many studies estimating the heritability of the disorder in the higher range, above 50%. First-degree relatives of those with anorexia have roughly 12 times the risk of developing anorexia. Some studies have shown some associations between anorexia and 43 different genes that are connected to regulating eating behavior, motivation, reward mechanics, personality, and emotion. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, may contribute to the development or maintenance of anorexia nervosa, though clinical research in this area is in its infancy.

• #6 Anorexia Nervosa: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9794-anorexia-nervosa

  Anorexia is a complex condition that involves physical, behavioral and mental signs and symptoms. […] Anorexia is a complex condition. Theres no single cause. Research suggests that a combination of certain factors might be responsible, like: […] Genetics: Research suggests that approximately 50% to 80% of the risk of developing an eating disorder is genetic. People with first-degree relatives (biological siblings or parents) with an eating disorder are 10 times more likely to develop one. […] Brain changes: Changes in brain chemistry may play a role, particularly changes to your brains reward system and balance of neurotransmitters (chemical messengers). Neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine can affect appetite, mood and impulse regulation. […] Trauma: Many experts believe that eating disorders happen when someone attempts to cope with overwhelming feelings and painful emotions by having intense control over something else. In the case of anorexia, its controlling how much food you consume. Physical abuse or sexual assault, for example, can contribute to some people developing an eating disorder.

• #7 Risk factors for eating disorders: findings from a rapid review | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text

  https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-022-00717-4

  Genetic risk factors and polymorphisms (variations in gene expression), relating to core EDs have been widely studied. […] A substantial amount of research exists supporting the role of inherited genetic risk in the development of eating disorders, with biological risk factors, such as the role of gut microbiota in dysregulation of appetite, an area of emerging evidence. […] Genetic factors have been shown to strongly contribute to both AN and BN. […] An individual is 11 times more likely to develop AN if they have a relative with the disorder as compared to someone with no family history. […] Evidence of genetic risk factors for other EDs is growing, although there have been no genetic studies to date conducted with Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID). […] Genetic associations have been found between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and all EDs, with the strongest correlation to binge/purge-type ED behaviours.

• #8 Anorexia Nervosa: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/912187-overview

  Indeed, there is evidence from twin studies to suggest that the genetic contribution to the disease is as high as 50-80%, a heritability estimate similar to that for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. […] There may be variations of the 5HTT (serotonin transporter gene) genome (eg, biallelic, triallelic) that are associated with subtypes of eating disorders and that interact with life-history factors. […] Individuals with anorexia nervosa maintain a lifelong increased incidence of anxiety, depressive disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. […] Neurobiologists hypothesize that disruption of both serotonergic and dopaminergic pathways in the brain mediate the development of anorexia nervosa and may account for the frequent coexistence of other psychological disturbances. […] Anorexia nervosa is often heralded by a patients desire to lose an insignificant amount of weight through dieting. Once the weight loss is in progress, immunologic and hormonal factors, including leptins (involved with signaling satiety) and alpha-melanocytestimulating hormone, may play a role in the downward spiraling and maintenance of anorexia nervosa.

• #9 Anorexia Nervosa – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/eating-disorders/anorexia-nervosa

  Anorexia nervosa occurs predominantly in girls and young women. Onset is usually during adolescence and rarely after age 40. […] The etiology of anorexia nervosa is unknown. Other than being female, few risk factors have been identified. In some cultures, obesity is considered unattractive and unhealthy, and the desire to be thin is pervasive, even among children. More than 50% of prepubertal girls in the US diet or take other measures to control their weight. Excessive concern about weight or a history of dieting appears to indicate increased risk, and there is a genetic predisposition, and genome-wide studies have begun to identify specific loci that are associated with increased risk. […] Family and social factors probably play a role. Many patients belong to middle or upper socioeconomic classes, are meticulous and compulsive, have average intelligence, and have very high standards for achievement and success.

• #10 Anorexia Nervosa: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9794-anorexia-nervosa

  Anorexia is a complex condition that involves physical, behavioral and mental signs and symptoms. […] Anorexia is a complex condition. Theres no single cause. Research suggests that a combination of certain factors might be responsible, like: […] Genetics: Research suggests that approximately 50% to 80% of the risk of developing an eating disorder is genetic. People with first-degree relatives (biological siblings or parents) with an eating disorder are 10 times more likely to develop one. […] Brain changes: Changes in brain chemistry may play a role, particularly changes to your brains reward system and balance of neurotransmitters (chemical messengers). Neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine can affect appetite, mood and impulse regulation. […] Trauma: Many experts believe that eating disorders happen when someone attempts to cope with overwhelming feelings and painful emotions by having intense control over something else. In the case of anorexia, its controlling how much food you consume. Physical abuse or sexual assault, for example, can contribute to some people developing an eating disorder.

• #11 Anorexia Nervosa: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/anorexia-nervosa

  What Causes Anorexia Nervosa? The exact cause of anorexia nervosa isnt known. People who develop anorexia may have a negative body image. They may be focused on being perfect. They may be looking for ways to control their lives. Other factors like biology, environment, and psychology are believed to play a role. […] Genetics and hormones might have an effect on the development of anorexia nervosa. Some evidence suggests a link between anorexia and serotonin, a chemical produced in the brain. […] Pressure from society to look thin may also contribute to the development of anorexia nervosa. Unrealistic body images from media outlets like magazines and television can greatly influence young people and spark the desire to be thin. […] Someone with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) might be more predisposed to maintaining the strict diet and exercise regimen that those with anorexia nervosa often maintain. Thats because people with OCD are prone to obsessions and compulsions.

• #12 Anorexia Nervosa | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-abnormalpsych/chapter/eating-disorders/

  Obstetric complications, prenatal and perinatal issues, may factor into the development of anorexia nervosa, such as preterm birth, maternal anemia, diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, placental infarction, and neonatal heart abnormalities. Neonatal complications may also have an influence on harm avoidance, one of the personality traits associated with the development of anorexia nervosa. […] Neuroendocrine dysregulation, or altered signaling of peptides that facilitate communication between the gut, brain, and adipose tissue, such as ghrelin, leptin, neuropeptide Y, and orexin, may contribute to the pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa by disrupting the regulation of hunger and satiety. […] Studies have hypothesized the continuance of disordered eating patterns may be epiphenomena of starvation. The results of the Minnesota Starvation Experiment showed normal controls exhibit many of the behavioral patterns of anorexia nervosa when subjected to starvation. This may be due to the numerous changes in the neuroendocrine system, which results in a self-perpetuating cycle.

• #13 McCallum Place | Eating Disorder Causes

  https://www.mccallumplace.com/eating-disorder/causes-effects/

  There is strong evidence that points to biological factors, including genetics and brain chemistry, as main causes of eating disorders. […] Additionally, eating disorders, especially anorexia and bulimia, tend to run in families. […] Therefore, individuals who have a biological relative that suffered from an eating disorder are 10 times more likely to develop an eating disorder themselves. […] Another biological cause of eating disorders may relate to differences in reward pathways in the brain. […] Individuals suffering from eating disorders also tend to have higher levels of cortisol, which is a hormone that helps control and regulate stress, and vasopressin, a chemical that is also high in clients suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder. […] Abnormalities in the hypothamitic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which controls the production and release of many of these chemicals, may be one of the causes of eating disorders.

• #14 Anorexia nervosa – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anorexia-nervosa/symptoms-causes/syc-20353591

  The causes of anorexia nervosa aren’t known. As with many diseases, it’s probably a mix of factors: […] Although it isn’t yet clear which genes are involved, genetic changes may make you more likely to develop anorexia. That involves having genetic traits that include feeling the need to be perfect or being very sensitive. […] People with eating disorders sometimes have obsessive-compulsive personality traits that make it easier to stick to strict diets and not eat, even though they’re hungry. They also may try to be perfect in everything they do. […] Modern Western culture puts a lot of focus on being thin. Social media plays a big role. Peer pressure may cause you to want to be thin, lean or muscular. A constant push to eat a healthy diet could lead to very strict eating habits. These habits could turn into eating disorders.

• #15 Causes of Anorexia Nervosa: Factors, Triggers, and Social Influences

  https://psychcentral.com/eating-disorders/anorexia-nervosa-causes

  Some other environmental risk factors of anorexia are: bullying, especially about weight, childhood adversity or trauma, isolation and loneliness, being in environments with high pressure to have a smaller body (like modeling and ballet), history of family or generational trauma, living in a culture that promotes small bodies as ideal. […] Certain personality traits are more common in people with anorexia. […] Anorexia has been linked to: body dissatisfaction and frequent thoughts about an ideal appearance, perfectionism, anxiety disorders such as social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), history of dieting or other weight-control methods, autistic features, rigid ideas, beliefs, or plans. […] For decades, people believed social, cultural, and family behaviors were the main cause of anorexia. But anorexia can run in families, and twin studies suggest genetics play an important role.

• #16 Anorexia nervosa – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anorexia-nervosa/symptoms-causes/syc-20353591

  The causes of anorexia nervosa aren’t known. As with many diseases, it’s probably a mix of factors: […] Although it isn’t yet clear which genes are involved, genetic changes may make you more likely to develop anorexia. That involves having genetic traits that include feeling the need to be perfect or being very sensitive. […] People with eating disorders sometimes have obsessive-compulsive personality traits that make it easier to stick to strict diets and not eat, even though they’re hungry. They also may try to be perfect in everything they do. […] Modern Western culture puts a lot of focus on being thin. Social media plays a big role. Peer pressure may cause you to want to be thin, lean or muscular. A constant push to eat a healthy diet could lead to very strict eating habits. These habits could turn into eating disorders.

• #17 Anorexia nervosa – types, causes, treatment and symptoms | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/anorexia-nervosa

  Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder and a serious mental illness. […] The causes of anorexia nervosa are not fully understood. […] There are some things that can increase your risk: Genetic risk factors anorexia nervosa can run in families, suggesting there may be a genetic cause. […] Cultural factors related ideals of thinness promoted by the media and social media. […] Environmental factors including the onset of puberty, stressful life events and relationship problems. […] For some people, anorexia is a way of controlling areas of life that feel out of control. Their body image can define their entire sense of self-worth. […] Psychological factors such as anxiety may also play a role in the development of anorexia.

• #18 Causes of Anorexia Nervosa: Factors, Triggers, and Social Influences

  https://psychcentral.com/eating-disorders/anorexia-nervosa-causes

  Genetic risk factors of anorexia include: having a family member with an eating disorder, having a family member with a mental health condition, living with type 1 diabetes. […] Your chance of developing anorexia is much higher if a close family member has it. […] Social and cultural pressures to have a small body can also be risk factors for eating disorders. […] Low self-esteem is another known risk factor for anorexia. […] So what causes anorexia? Its caused by a complex interaction of your environment and genetics. Social situations and personality could play especially big roles in whether someone has anorexia.

• #19 What is the Cause of Anorexia Nervosa? – Center For Discovery

  https://centerfordiscovery.com/blog/what-is-the-cause-of-anorexia-nervosa/

  Known co-occurring psychological disorders associated with anorexia nervosa are anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder and self-harm behavior. […] Whether the cause of your anorexia nervosa stemmed from societal factors, past traumatic experiences or because of something in your genes, you can find help to overcome it.

• #20 Causes of Anorexia Nervosa: Factors, Triggers, and Social Influences

  https://psychcentral.com/eating-disorders/anorexia-nervosa-causes

  Some other environmental risk factors of anorexia are: bullying, especially about weight, childhood adversity or trauma, isolation and loneliness, being in environments with high pressure to have a smaller body (like modeling and ballet), history of family or generational trauma, living in a culture that promotes small bodies as ideal. […] Certain personality traits are more common in people with anorexia. […] Anorexia has been linked to: body dissatisfaction and frequent thoughts about an ideal appearance, perfectionism, anxiety disorders such as social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), history of dieting or other weight-control methods, autistic features, rigid ideas, beliefs, or plans. […] For decades, people believed social, cultural, and family behaviors were the main cause of anorexia. But anorexia can run in families, and twin studies suggest genetics play an important role.

• #21 Eating Disorder Risk Factors- National Eating Disorders Association

  https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/risk-factors/

  Being prone to impulsivity or taking actions without consideration of the consequences, especially when experiencing negative emotions, has been linked to an increased risk of binge/purge types of eating disorders (i.e. anorexia nervosa/binge purge subtype or bulimia nervosa). […] Research has found that having difficulty regulating emotions or having a lack of emotional awareness is a risk factor for all types of eating disorders. […] The tendency to avoid thinking, feeling or doing things that are distressing or that may lead to punishment are associated with elevated rates of eating disorders compared to people who do not have a tendency to engage in this type of behavior. […] Body image encompasses how you feel both about and in your body. […] Research has shown that a significant subset of people with eating disorders, experience mood disorders like depression and anxiety disorders (including generalized anxiety, social phobia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder) before the onset of their eating disorder.

• #22 Anorexia nervosa – types, causes, treatment and symptoms | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/anorexia-nervosa

  Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder and a serious mental illness. […] The causes of anorexia nervosa are not fully understood. […] There are some things that can increase your risk: Genetic risk factors anorexia nervosa can run in families, suggesting there may be a genetic cause. […] Cultural factors related ideals of thinness promoted by the media and social media. […] Environmental factors including the onset of puberty, stressful life events and relationship problems. […] For some people, anorexia is a way of controlling areas of life that feel out of control. Their body image can define their entire sense of self-worth. […] Psychological factors such as anxiety may also play a role in the development of anorexia.

• #23 Anorexia Nervosa: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/267432

  Anorexia nervosa is the name of a mental health condition. It is a serious disease, but, with the right treatment, recovery is possible. It is part of a potentially life threatening mental health disorder that involves emotional challenges, an unrealistic body image, and an exaggerated fear of gaining weight. […] Experts do not know exactly why the condition occurs, but genetic, environmental, biological, and other factors may play a role. […] For some people, anorexia nervosa also develops as a way of gaining control over an aspect of their life. As the person exerts control over their food intake, this feels like success, and so, the behavior continues. […] Several factors can increase a persons risk for developing anorexia nervosa, including: past criticism about their eating habits, weight, or body shape; a history of teasing or bullying, especially about weight or body shape; a sense of pressure from society or their profession to be slim; low self-esteem; anxiety; having a personality that tends toward obsession or perfectionism; sexual abuse; a history of dieting; pressure to fit in with cultural norms that are not their own; historical trauma, such as racism.

• #24 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Anorexia-Nervosa-Causes.aspx

  The cause of anorexia nervosa is believed to be multifactorial with psychological, environmental, and biological factors believed to all play a role. […] Therefore, the specific causes of the condition are still unclear. […] Pressure to conform to an idealized body image can also have an impact on the health of an individual and increase their risk of being affected by anorexia nervosa. […] In many cases, anorexia originates from a strict diet that becomes excessive and unhealthy, leading to a pathological mindset and outcomes. […] There appears to be a familial link to anorexia and individuals with a family history of eating disorders, depression, or substance misuse in that these individuals are more likely to be affected. […] This association may be due to the presence of a genetic link that is inherited from the parents. […] The brain and hormonal level changes during puberty are also thought to be associated with anorexia nervosa, and the incidence of the condition is highest during this time. […] An abnormal biochemical makeup of the brain may also be involved.

• #25 What is the Cause of Anorexia Nervosa? – Center For Discovery

  https://centerfordiscovery.com/blog/what-is-the-cause-of-anorexia-nervosa/

  Anorexia nervosa affects millions of men and women in the United States and is not a choice but rather a disorder that stems from underlying triggers and genetic components. […] The cause of anorexia nervosa is rarely about food or weight but rather about unresolved negative emotions and past traumas that result from the complex intertwining relationships between social, biological, and psychological factors, which can be rooted deep within the individual since early childhood. […] Anorexia nervosa results from severe maladaptive behaviors triggered by trauma, anxiety, fear, low self-esteem, and difficulty resolving conflicts. […] Trauma comes in all forms, from sexual abuse physical assault, or severe discipline in childhood, to witnessing a violent attack, natural disasters, or war.

• #26 Causes of Anorexia Nervosa: Factors, Triggers, and Social Influences

  https://psychcentral.com/eating-disorders/anorexia-nervosa-causes

  Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder involving weight loss, food restriction, and sometimes compulsive exercise. A combination of factors may the cause of this condition. […] Past experiences, environment, and personality may be involved in the development of anorexia nervosa, and the urge to lose weight and eat as little as possible. […] Biological and environmental factors can: make you more likely to develop anorexia, activate behaviors related to anorexia, get in the way of healing and recovery. […] In addition, the following factors can be linked to the cause of anorexia: genetics, brain chemistry, family behaviors, other mental health conditions, past trauma, social attitudes about weight. […] Environmental and social factors play a large role in who develops anorexia. […] Eating disorders are often connected to having a history of trauma, especially childhood sexual trauma.

• #27 Eating Disorder Risk Factors- National Eating Disorders Association

  https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/risk-factors/

  Loneliness and isolation are some of the hallmarks of anorexia nervosa and binge eating disorder; many with the disorder report having fewer friends and social activities, and less social support. […] Studies have found that a significant subset of people with eating disorders have experienced past trauma, such as physical, sexual, or emotional abuse and that childhood trauma can be a risk factor for the development of all types of eating disorders.

• #28 What is the Cause of Anorexia Nervosa? – Center For Discovery

  https://centerfordiscovery.com/blog/what-is-the-cause-of-anorexia-nervosa/

  Individuals who have experienced any form of trauma are more at risk for developing an eating disorder if these unresolved feelings from the traumatic experience are not appropriately dealt with. […] Anorexia nervosa is thought to be due to the failure to fit in with today’s society. […] Many young girls become praised when they lose a little bit of weight such as five pounds and this praise leads down a path to more and more weight loss. […] Some people may develop anorexia nervosa because of genetics or psychologically. […] Evidence from twin studies has shown there may be a large genetic component to developing anorexia nervosa. […] Studies have shown that there may be a 50-80% heritability factor contributing to anorexia nervosa. […] Individuals with anorexia nervosa have an increased likelihood of developing another mental health disorder or vice versa.

• #29 Atypical Anorexia Nervosa: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/eating-disorder/atypical-anorexia-nervosa

  Trauma can sometimes trigger the onset of an eating disorder in people who are susceptible. A 2022 study found that sexual interpersonal trauma was significantly linked to anorexia and binge eating disorder. […] Sports can potentially increase the risk of an eating disorder. Restrictive dieting and excessive exercise can result from wanting to obtain the ideal athletic body or reach peak athletic performance. Another possible symptom is intensely exercising even when injured in order to stay in shape.

• #30 Anorexia Nervosa: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Blog | TalktoAngel

  https://www.talktoangel.com/blog/anorexia-nervosa-symptoms-causes-and-treatment

  Trauma or Abuse: A history of physical, emotional, or sexual abuse can increase the risk of developing anorexia as a coping mechanism. […] […] Family Dynamics: Dysfunctional family relationships, such as over-protectiveness, high expectations, or a lack of emotional support, can contribute to the disorder. […] […] Dieting History: Anorexia may be more likely to develop in people who have previously tried dieting or weight loss, especially if the previous attempt resulted in an obsession with food or weight. […] […] Other Contributing Factors: […] Stressful Life Events: Neurvosa can be triggered by any recurrent unpleasant occurrence, such as moving, starting an unfamiliar institution, or experiencing a loved one’s death. […] […] Co-Occurring Mental Health Disorders: Conditions like anxiety, depression, or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) often co-occur with anorexia, exacerbating its severity.

• #31 Why People Get Eating Disorders – National Centre for Eating Disorders

  https://eating-disorders.org.uk/information/why-people-get-eating-disorders/

  There is no single cause for any eating disorder. This may shock some people who look for causes in childhood experiences or traumas. What we do know is that there are several known risk factors which make it more likely that a person will develop an eating disorder. […] Someone with any kind of eating disorder is more likely to be sensitive, prone to anxiety, has high standards yet poor self-confidence. The reasons why these factors have come together in any one individual will be personal. Sometimes it is just an accident of birth and sometimes it is a build up of experiences. […] Eating Disorders are a response to stress. Eating disorders dont just happen; they are triggered into life most often at a time of stress such as when parents divorce or someone changes school. It starts as a small crisis of coping when a person feels vulnerable and might turn to dieting as a way to feel better or more popular.

• #32 Anorexia Nervosa | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-abnormalpsych/chapter/eating-disorders/

  Anorexia nervosa is more likely to occur during puberty. Some explanatory hypotheses for the rising prevalence of eating disorders in adolescence are increase of adipose tissue in girls, hormonal changes of puberty, societal expectations of increased independence and autonomy that are particularly difficult for anorexic adolescents to meet; [and] increased influence of the peer group and its values. […] Early theories of the cause of anorexia linked it to childhood sexual abuse or dysfunctional families; the evidence is conflicting, and well-designed research is needed. The fear of food is known as sitiophobia, cibophobia, and is part of the differential diagnosis. Other psychological causes of anorexia include low self-esteem, feeling like there is a lack of control, depression, anxiety, and loneliness.

• #33 Anorexia Nervosa: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/912187-overview

  Recognizing the predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors in the disease is important to better facilitate early intervention, especially since nutritional rehabilitation performed simultaneously with family-based treatment (FBT) and the Maudsley method is crucial to recovery. […] Predisposing factors in eating disorders include the following: Female sex, Family history of eating disorders, Perfectionistic personality, Difficulty communicating negative emotions, Difficulty resolving conflict, Low self-esteem. […] Maternal psychopathology (negative expressed emotion, maternal encouragement of weight loss) can also be a risk factor for anorexia nervosa, especially for childhood-onset of this disorder. […] Reported cases of anorexia nervosa in twins and triplets suggest the possibility of an increased genetic predisposition.

• #34

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12144-022-03563-4

  Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is a psychological disorder involving body manipulation, self-inflicted hunger, and fear of gaining weight. […] The main intrafamilial risk factors for AN identified include: increased family food intake, higher parental demands, emotional reactivity, sexual family taboos, low familial involvement, family discord, negative family history for Eating Disorders (ED), family history of psychiatric disorders, alcohol and drug abuse, having a sibling with AN, relational trauma. […] As far as family is concerned, it has been observed that anorexic girls families are often characterized by poor communication with one another, overprotection, conflicts, and hostility. […] Our main hypothesis is that intrafamilial as well as maternal risk factors play an essential role in the development of the disease.

• #35

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12144-022-03563-4

  The major intrafamilial risk factors identified in this review are summarized in the following Table 3. […] Increased food intake in the family seems to play a role in the development of ED. […] Perfectionism is widely recognized as a familiar risk factor across many studies, and it can be assimilated to higher parental demands. […] Emotional reactivity, as well as family taboos regarding nudity and sexuality, low familial involvement, negative affectivity, family discord may lie in the background in the lives of a future AN patient, and should be recognized as environmental risk factors in order to develop a tailored psychotherapeutic intervention that may involve the family as well as the patient. […] Our review established that a familiar history of almost any psychiatric disorder plays a role in the development of AN.

• #36 Anorexia nervosa Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/anorexia-nervosa.html

  Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that affects about one in 100 to 200 girls or women in the United States. […] The cause of anorexia nervosa is not clear. It is likely a combination of inherited (genetic) vulnerability and environmental factors. Based on decades of research, experts see the disorder as having many elements: […] Anorexia nervosa tends to cluster among biological relatives. Sisters of patients with anorexia nervosa have a 6% risk of having the illness themselves. More distant relations have a risk up to 4%. […] Anorexia, depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder tend to run in families, and many people with anorexia nervosa have symptoms of depression or obsessive-compulsive disorder. […] People with anorexia nervosa are often given to compulsiveness and perfectionism. The eating may be an extension of, or a strong expression of, those traits.

• #37 Overview – Anorexia nervosa – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/anorexia/overview/

  We do not know exactly what causes anorexia and other eating disorders. […] You may be more likely to get an eating disorder if: […] you or a member of your family has a history of eating disorders, depression, or alcohol or drug addiction […] you have been criticised for your eating habits, body shape or weight […] you’re overly concerned with being slim, particularly if you also feel pressure from society or your job for example, ballet dancers, jockeys, models or athletes […] you have anxiety, low self-esteem, an obsessive personality or are a perfectionist […] you have been emotionally, physically or sexually abused.

• #38 Anorexia Nervosa – Child and Adolescent Eating Disorder Program – Adolescent Medicine – Golisano Children’s Hospital – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/childrens-hospital/adolescent/eating-disorders/teens/anorexia-nervosa

  Anorexia nervosa does not have a single cause, but is related to many different factors. These factors are sometimes divided into predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors, that make a person vulnerable to develop, trigger the onset, and maintain the eating disorder, respectively. […] Social attitudes toward body appearance, family influences, genetics, and neurochemical and developmental factors may contribute to the development and maintenance of anorexia nervosa. […] A personal or family history of anxiety, depression or obsessive-compulsive habits is common. […] Research suggests that certain areas of the brain function different with an active eating disorder. […] Genetic factors are known to contribute to the anxiety, depression and obsessive-compulsive traits often occurring in anorexia nervosa. This does NOT mean that parents who are anxious, depressed or have obsessive-compulsive traits CAUSE anorexia nervosa, but that there is an increased vulnerability to develop it. […] Innocent teasing about body weight or appearance, especially by fathers and/or brother(s), may contribute to the onset of anorexia nervosa (precipitating cause).

• #39

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12144-022-03563-4

  The major intrafamilial risk factors identified in this review are summarized in the following Table 3. […] Increased food intake in the family seems to play a role in the development of ED. […] Perfectionism is widely recognized as a familiar risk factor across many studies, and it can be assimilated to higher parental demands. […] Emotional reactivity, as well as family taboos regarding nudity and sexuality, low familial involvement, negative affectivity, family discord may lie in the background in the lives of a future AN patient, and should be recognized as environmental risk factors in order to develop a tailored psychotherapeutic intervention that may involve the family as well as the patient. […] Our review established that a familiar history of almost any psychiatric disorder plays a role in the development of AN.

• #40 Anorexia nervosa – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anorexia-nervosa/symptoms-causes/syc-20353591

  The causes of anorexia nervosa aren’t known. As with many diseases, it’s probably a mix of factors: […] Although it isn’t yet clear which genes are involved, genetic changes may make you more likely to develop anorexia. That involves having genetic traits that include feeling the need to be perfect or being very sensitive. […] People with eating disorders sometimes have obsessive-compulsive personality traits that make it easier to stick to strict diets and not eat, even though they’re hungry. They also may try to be perfect in everything they do. […] Modern Western culture puts a lot of focus on being thin. Social media plays a big role. Peer pressure may cause you to want to be thin, lean or muscular. A constant push to eat a healthy diet could lead to very strict eating habits. These habits could turn into eating disorders.

• #41 Anorexia Nervosa: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9794-anorexia-nervosa

  Environment and culture: Cultures that idealize a particular body type usually thin bodies can place unnecessary pressure on people to achieve unrealistic body standards. Popular culture, social media and advertising images often link thinness to popularity, success, beauty and happiness. […] Peer pressure: Particularly for children and adolescents, peer pressure can be a very powerful force. Experiencing teasing or bullying because of appearance or weight can contribute to the development of anorexia. […] Emotional health: Perfectionism, impulsive behavior and difficult relationships can all play a role in lowering your self-esteem and perceived self-worth. This can make you vulnerable to developing anorexia. […] Its important to note that theres no single path to an eating disorder or anorexia. For many people, irregular eating behaviors (also called disordered eating) make up an inappropriate coping strategy that becomes permanent over time. This disordered eating pathway is true for some, but not all, who develop anorexia.

• #42 Anorexia Nervosa: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/anorexia-nervosa

  What Causes Anorexia Nervosa? The exact cause of anorexia nervosa isnt known. People who develop anorexia may have a negative body image. They may be focused on being perfect. They may be looking for ways to control their lives. Other factors like biology, environment, and psychology are believed to play a role. […] Genetics and hormones might have an effect on the development of anorexia nervosa. Some evidence suggests a link between anorexia and serotonin, a chemical produced in the brain. […] Pressure from society to look thin may also contribute to the development of anorexia nervosa. Unrealistic body images from media outlets like magazines and television can greatly influence young people and spark the desire to be thin. […] Someone with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) might be more predisposed to maintaining the strict diet and exercise regimen that those with anorexia nervosa often maintain. Thats because people with OCD are prone to obsessions and compulsions.

• #43 Anorexia Nervosa: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment – Leaf Complex Care

  https://leafcare.co.uk/blog/anorexia-nervosa-symptoms-causes-and-treatment/

  Anorexia nervosa is a complex mental health condition, and experts still cannot specify the cause of it. However, certain biological, environmental, and psychological factors can increase the risk of developing anorexia. […] Although medical experts haven’t yet discovered the specific genes involved in developing an eating disorder like anorexia, some genetic changes can put individuals at a higher risk. The following groups of people have higher chances of developing anorexia: People with a family history of depression and other mental health challenges, People with a family history of an eating disorder. […] In modern society, physical beauty is perceived as a symbol of discipline, competence, and success. Western cultural norms usually associate physical beauty with thinness and stigmatise weight gain as a personal failure. These values are reinforced through the media, where celebrities are praised for their physical appearance and scrutinised for minor imperfections.

• #44 Anorexia Nervosa – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459148/

  Anorexia nervosa is defined by the restriction of nutrient intake relative to requirements, which leads to significantly low body weight. […] The success of many professions depends on a person’s weight. Models and actors portray a level of thinness that is difficult to attain, and it is enhanced by make-up and photographic alterations. Athletes in sports such as ballet, long-distance running, and martial arts are pressured to maintain lean body weights to outperform the competition. Media outlets promote diet secrets and weight loss tips in excess. Populations such as maturing females identify thin body types with increased self-esteem and link weight loss with self-control. […] Studies demonstrate biological factors play a role in the development of anorexia nervosa in addition to environmental factors. Genetic correlations exist between educational attainment, neuroticism, and schizophrenia.

• #45 Overview – Anorexia nervosa – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/anorexia/overview/

  We do not know exactly what causes anorexia and other eating disorders. […] You may be more likely to get an eating disorder if: […] you or a member of your family has a history of eating disorders, depression, or alcohol or drug addiction […] you have been criticised for your eating habits, body shape or weight […] you’re overly concerned with being slim, particularly if you also feel pressure from society or your job for example, ballet dancers, jockeys, models or athletes […] you have anxiety, low self-esteem, an obsessive personality or are a perfectionist […] you have been emotionally, physically or sexually abused.

• #46 Anorexia Nervosa | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-abnormalpsych/chapter/eating-disorders/

  Anorexia nervosa has been increasingly diagnosed since 1950; the increase has been linked to vulnerability and internalization of body ideals. People in professions where there is a particular social pressure to be thin (such as models and dancers) were more likely to develop anorexia, and those with anorexia have much higher contact with cultural sources that promote weight loss. Anorexia can also be observed for people who partake in certain sports, such as jockeys and wrestlers. There is a higher incidence and prevalence of anorexia nervosa in sports with an emphasis on aesthetics, where low body fat is advantageous, and sports in which one has to make weight for competition. Family group dynamics can play a role in the cause of anorexia. When there is constant pressure from people to be thin, teasing, and bullying can cause low self-esteem and other psychological symptoms.

• #47 Anorexia Nervosa: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/267432

  Anorexia nervosa is the name of a mental health condition. It is a serious disease, but, with the right treatment, recovery is possible. It is part of a potentially life threatening mental health disorder that involves emotional challenges, an unrealistic body image, and an exaggerated fear of gaining weight. […] Experts do not know exactly why the condition occurs, but genetic, environmental, biological, and other factors may play a role. […] For some people, anorexia nervosa also develops as a way of gaining control over an aspect of their life. As the person exerts control over their food intake, this feels like success, and so, the behavior continues. […] Several factors can increase a persons risk for developing anorexia nervosa, including: past criticism about their eating habits, weight, or body shape; a history of teasing or bullying, especially about weight or body shape; a sense of pressure from society or their profession to be slim; low self-esteem; anxiety; having a personality that tends toward obsession or perfectionism; sexual abuse; a history of dieting; pressure to fit in with cultural norms that are not their own; historical trauma, such as racism.

• #48 Eating Disorder Risk Factors- National Eating Disorders Association

  https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/risk-factors/

  Studies have found that up to 50% of individuals with eating disorders use alcohol or illicit drugs, a rate five times higher than the general population. […] Weight stigma is discrimination or stereotyping based on a persons weight, and is damaging and pervasive in our society. […] Being teased or bullied especially about weight is emerging as a risk factor in many eating disorders. […] Buying into the message of the socially-defined ideal body may increase the risk of an eating disorder by increasing the likelihood of dieting and food restriction. […] People from racial and ethnic minority groups, especially those who are undergoing rapid Westernization, may be at increased risk for developing an eating disorder due to complex interactions between stress, acculturation, and body image.

• #49 Anorexia Nervosa: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Blog | TalktoAngel

  https://www.talktoangel.com/blog/anorexia-nervosa-symptoms-causes-and-treatment

  Low Self-Esteem: Anorexia can arise as a result of having a poor opinion of oneself and feeling inadequate. […] […] Control Issues: Restricting food intake may be a way for individuals to exert control over their lives, especially in response to stress or trauma. […] […] Sociocultural Factors: […] Cultural Pressures: Societal emphasis on thinness and the idealization of slim body types can lead to body dissatisfaction and the pursuit of extreme dieting. […] […] Media Influence: Exposure to images of thin models and celebrities in the media can reinforce unrealistic body standards. […] […] Peer Pressure: Social environments that prioritize appearance and weight can contribute to the onset of anorexia, particularly in adolescents and young adults. […] […] Environmental Factors:

• #50 Anorexia Nervosa – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/eating-disorders/anorexia-nervosa

  Anorexia nervosa occurs predominantly in girls and young women. Onset is usually during adolescence and rarely after age 40. […] The etiology of anorexia nervosa is unknown. Other than being female, few risk factors have been identified. In some cultures, obesity is considered unattractive and unhealthy, and the desire to be thin is pervasive, even among children. More than 50% of prepubertal girls in the US diet or take other measures to control their weight. Excessive concern about weight or a history of dieting appears to indicate increased risk, and there is a genetic predisposition, and genome-wide studies have begun to identify specific loci that are associated with increased risk. […] Family and social factors probably play a role. Many patients belong to middle or upper socioeconomic classes, are meticulous and compulsive, have average intelligence, and have very high standards for achievement and success.

• #51 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Anorexia-Nervosa-Causes.aspx

  The cause of anorexia nervosa is believed to be multifactorial with psychological, environmental, and biological factors believed to all play a role. […] Therefore, the specific causes of the condition are still unclear. […] Pressure to conform to an idealized body image can also have an impact on the health of an individual and increase their risk of being affected by anorexia nervosa. […] In many cases, anorexia originates from a strict diet that becomes excessive and unhealthy, leading to a pathological mindset and outcomes. […] There appears to be a familial link to anorexia and individuals with a family history of eating disorders, depression, or substance misuse in that these individuals are more likely to be affected. […] This association may be due to the presence of a genetic link that is inherited from the parents. […] The brain and hormonal level changes during puberty are also thought to be associated with anorexia nervosa, and the incidence of the condition is highest during this time. […] An abnormal biochemical makeup of the brain may also be involved.

• #52 Anorexia Nervosa | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-abnormalpsych/chapter/eating-disorders/

  Anorexia nervosa is more likely to occur during puberty. Some explanatory hypotheses for the rising prevalence of eating disorders in adolescence are increase of adipose tissue in girls, hormonal changes of puberty, societal expectations of increased independence and autonomy that are particularly difficult for anorexic adolescents to meet; [and] increased influence of the peer group and its values. […] Early theories of the cause of anorexia linked it to childhood sexual abuse or dysfunctional families; the evidence is conflicting, and well-designed research is needed. The fear of food is known as sitiophobia, cibophobia, and is part of the differential diagnosis. Other psychological causes of anorexia include low self-esteem, feeling like there is a lack of control, depression, anxiety, and loneliness.

• #53 Anorexia Nervosa: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/912187-overview

  Anorexia nervosa results from a complex interplay between biologic, psychological, and social factors; it tends to affect women more than men, and adolescents more than older women. […] Prepubescent patients who subsequently develop anorexia nervosa have a high incidence of premorbid anxiety disorders. The onset of anorexia nervosa during puberty has led to the theory that, by exerting control over food intake and body weight, adolescents are attempting to compensate for a lack of autonomy and selfhood. […] Modern preoccupation with slenderness and beauty in the Western world may contribute to the mindset of thinness as a valued quality in adolescents; however, this link has not been proven. A subset of adolescents who are temperamentally incapable of dealing with age-appropriate challenges without extreme reward-seeking behavior (thinness) may be susceptible to anorexia nervosa.

• #54 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Anorexia-Nervosa-Causes.aspx

  The cause of anorexia nervosa is believed to be multifactorial with psychological, environmental, and biological factors believed to all play a role. […] Therefore, the specific causes of the condition are still unclear. […] Pressure to conform to an idealized body image can also have an impact on the health of an individual and increase their risk of being affected by anorexia nervosa. […] In many cases, anorexia originates from a strict diet that becomes excessive and unhealthy, leading to a pathological mindset and outcomes. […] There appears to be a familial link to anorexia and individuals with a family history of eating disorders, depression, or substance misuse in that these individuals are more likely to be affected. […] This association may be due to the presence of a genetic link that is inherited from the parents. […] The brain and hormonal level changes during puberty are also thought to be associated with anorexia nervosa, and the incidence of the condition is highest during this time. […] An abnormal biochemical makeup of the brain may also be involved.

• #55

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=hw46497

  Anorexia is a type of eating disorder. […] Experts don’t really know what causes anorexia. But it may be due to a mix of genetics, family behaviours, social factors, and personality traits. […] Having a family history of an eating disorder. […] Struggling with depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, or obsessive behaviours. […] Feeling a need to be perfect. […] Feeling social or cultural pressure about thinness or weight. […] Having a poor body image. […] Taking part in sports or activities that encourage thinness. Modelling and dance are examples. […] Having a history of physical or sexual abuse. […] There is no known way to prevent an eating disorder. […] Anorexia almost always begins with a strict weight-loss diet. Over time, strictly limiting foods leads to weight loss that isn’t healthy and malnutrition. […] As malnutrition sets in, the brain and metabolism change. This limits the appetite and how your body uses food. […] Anorexia can take a long time to overcome. Many people have ups and downs.

• #56 Eating Disorder Risk Factors- National Eating Disorders Association

  https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/risk-factors/

  Many people report that their disorder began with deliberate efforts to diet or restrict the amount and/or type of food they were eating. […] Low energy availability (LEA) is a state in which the body does not have enough energy to support all of its functions because the individual is expending more energy than they are taking in through foods and liquids. […] Research has found that up to 39% of women and 15% of men with type one diabetes will develop an eating disorder. […] One of the strongest risk factors for an eating disorder is perfectionism, especially a type of perfectionism called self-oriented perfectionism, which involves setting unrealistically high expectations for yourself. […] Difficulty with going back and forth between different tasks or mental states has been found to be a risk factor for the development of anorexia nervosa.

• #57 Eating Disorder Risk Factors- National Eating Disorders Association

  https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/risk-factors/

  Many people report that their disorder began with deliberate efforts to diet or restrict the amount and/or type of food they were eating. […] Low energy availability (LEA) is a state in which the body does not have enough energy to support all of its functions because the individual is expending more energy than they are taking in through foods and liquids. […] Research has found that up to 39% of women and 15% of men with type one diabetes will develop an eating disorder. […] One of the strongest risk factors for an eating disorder is perfectionism, especially a type of perfectionism called self-oriented perfectionism, which involves setting unrealistically high expectations for yourself. […] Difficulty with going back and forth between different tasks or mental states has been found to be a risk factor for the development of anorexia nervosa.

• #58 3 Top Causes of Anorexia (and Less Common Ones)

  https://equip.health/articles/understanding-eds/causes-of-anorexia

  When you’re diagnosed with any sort of health issue or disorder, one of the first questions that probably pops into your mind is, “What caused it?” While it’s an important question to ask, there’s not always one definitive answer for mental health disorders, like eating disorders. […] While eating disorders like anorexia emerge out of a constellation of different psychological, biological, and environmental factors rather than one distinct “cause,” there are some risk factors that have been associated with the development of anorexia. […] Some of the potential causes of anorexia include: Genetics: Certain genetic predispositions have been associated with anorexia. For instance, there are hundreds of genes located in specific regions of chromosome 1 that help to regulate appetite. Studies have shown that variations in these regions are common in people with anorexia. When these appetite-regulating genes are affected, they could interfere with the signaling pathways in your brain that relay feelings of hunger. This interference can make you more susceptible to eating disorders like anorexia. […] Societal pressure: The expectations society puts on a person’s body, particularly their weight, can have a large impact on their mental health. Societal standards often encourage people to compare their body types to the “ideal” body types of others, causing insecurity and self-esteem issues. These pressures can cause someone to dramatically change their diet in hope of emulating those body types. […] Trauma: When you experience trauma, it’s not uncommon to adopt disordered eating habits as a coping mechanism. Trauma can also lead to dissociation—or the feeling of being outside of one’s own body—and this disconnection also has the potential to fuel disordered eating behaviors, for instance by making it easier to ignore hunger. […] Negative energy balance: When you have more calories leaving your body than going into your body, it can result in a negative energy balance. For people predisposed to eating disorders, this imbalance can trigger a switch in the brain and “turning” an eating disorder. That’s why dieting is one of the number one risk factors for developing an eating disorder.

• #59 Anorexia Nervosa: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/912187-overview

  During prolonged food restriction in genetically vulnerable individuals, the ensuing malnutrition perpetuated by the biochemical changes induced by weight loss (ie, ketosis) further magnifies the impact of the malnutrition on the brain, owing to it being in a starvation-illness mode. Thus, it is helpful to conceptualize anorexia nervosa as a developmental condition rather than as a purely mental one. Persistent states of starvation may result in biochemically based treatment resistance due to neuroadaptive changes including increases in angiopoetin-like protein 6 (ANGPTL6) that occur that increase the likelihood that anorexia nervosa will become chronic and persistent.

• #60 Anorexia Nervosa | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-abnormalpsych/chapter/eating-disorders/

  Obstetric complications, prenatal and perinatal issues, may factor into the development of anorexia nervosa, such as preterm birth, maternal anemia, diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, placental infarction, and neonatal heart abnormalities. Neonatal complications may also have an influence on harm avoidance, one of the personality traits associated with the development of anorexia nervosa. […] Neuroendocrine dysregulation, or altered signaling of peptides that facilitate communication between the gut, brain, and adipose tissue, such as ghrelin, leptin, neuropeptide Y, and orexin, may contribute to the pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa by disrupting the regulation of hunger and satiety. […] Studies have hypothesized the continuance of disordered eating patterns may be epiphenomena of starvation. The results of the Minnesota Starvation Experiment showed normal controls exhibit many of the behavioral patterns of anorexia nervosa when subjected to starvation. This may be due to the numerous changes in the neuroendocrine system, which results in a self-perpetuating cycle.

• #61 Anorexia Nervosa: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/912187-overview

  During prolonged food restriction in genetically vulnerable individuals, the ensuing malnutrition perpetuated by the biochemical changes induced by weight loss (ie, ketosis) further magnifies the impact of the malnutrition on the brain, owing to it being in a starvation-illness mode. Thus, it is helpful to conceptualize anorexia nervosa as a developmental condition rather than as a purely mental one. Persistent states of starvation may result in biochemically based treatment resistance due to neuroadaptive changes including increases in angiopoetin-like protein 6 (ANGPTL6) that occur that increase the likelihood that anorexia nervosa will become chronic and persistent.

• #62 Anorexia Nervosa: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9794-anorexia-nervosa

  Environment and culture: Cultures that idealize a particular body type usually thin bodies can place unnecessary pressure on people to achieve unrealistic body standards. Popular culture, social media and advertising images often link thinness to popularity, success, beauty and happiness. […] Peer pressure: Particularly for children and adolescents, peer pressure can be a very powerful force. Experiencing teasing or bullying because of appearance or weight can contribute to the development of anorexia. […] Emotional health: Perfectionism, impulsive behavior and difficult relationships can all play a role in lowering your self-esteem and perceived self-worth. This can make you vulnerable to developing anorexia. […] Its important to note that theres no single path to an eating disorder or anorexia. For many people, irregular eating behaviors (also called disordered eating) make up an inappropriate coping strategy that becomes permanent over time. This disordered eating pathway is true for some, but not all, who develop anorexia.

• #63 Causes of Anorexia Nervosa: Factors, Triggers, and Social Influences

  https://psychcentral.com/eating-disorders/anorexia-nervosa-causes

  Genetic risk factors of anorexia include: having a family member with an eating disorder, having a family member with a mental health condition, living with type 1 diabetes. […] Your chance of developing anorexia is much higher if a close family member has it. […] Social and cultural pressures to have a small body can also be risk factors for eating disorders. […] Low self-esteem is another known risk factor for anorexia. […] So what causes anorexia? Its caused by a complex interaction of your environment and genetics. Social situations and personality could play especially big roles in whether someone has anorexia.

• #64 Anorexia Nervosa – Child and Adolescent Eating Disorder Program – Adolescent Medicine – Golisano Children’s Hospital – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/childrens-hospital/adolescent/eating-disorders/teens/anorexia-nervosa

  Anorexia nervosa does not have a single cause, but is related to many different factors. These factors are sometimes divided into predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors, that make a person vulnerable to develop, trigger the onset, and maintain the eating disorder, respectively. […] Social attitudes toward body appearance, family influences, genetics, and neurochemical and developmental factors may contribute to the development and maintenance of anorexia nervosa. […] A personal or family history of anxiety, depression or obsessive-compulsive habits is common. […] Research suggests that certain areas of the brain function different with an active eating disorder. […] Genetic factors are known to contribute to the anxiety, depression and obsessive-compulsive traits often occurring in anorexia nervosa. This does NOT mean that parents who are anxious, depressed or have obsessive-compulsive traits CAUSE anorexia nervosa, but that there is an increased vulnerability to develop it. […] Innocent teasing about body weight or appearance, especially by fathers and/or brother(s), may contribute to the onset of anorexia nervosa (precipitating cause).

• #65 Anorexia Nervosa: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/912187-overview

  Recognizing the predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors in the disease is important to better facilitate early intervention, especially since nutritional rehabilitation performed simultaneously with family-based treatment (FBT) and the Maudsley method is crucial to recovery. […] Predisposing factors in eating disorders include the following: Female sex, Family history of eating disorders, Perfectionistic personality, Difficulty communicating negative emotions, Difficulty resolving conflict, Low self-esteem. […] Maternal psychopathology (negative expressed emotion, maternal encouragement of weight loss) can also be a risk factor for anorexia nervosa, especially for childhood-onset of this disorder. […] Reported cases of anorexia nervosa in twins and triplets suggest the possibility of an increased genetic predisposition.

• #66 Eating disorders: Overview of epidemiology, clinical features, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/eating-disorders-overview-of-epidemiology-clinical-features-and-diagnosis

  Sociocultural pressure for thinness may contribute to onset of eating disorders. However, these disorders are increasingly understood to have a biological basis arising from the interaction of individual genetic vulnerability and environmental factors. […] In addition, physiological consequences of starvation and of disordered eating behavior, disturbances in reward and appetitive neural circuits, and habitual and conditioned learning responses are recognized contributors to the compulsive nature of these disorders.

• #67 Anorexia nervosa | Description, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, & Helpline | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/anorexia-nervosa

  Anorexia nervosa usually begins in adolescence or early adulthood. The causes of the illness are multifactorial and include genetic and biological risk factors, developmental factors that may contribute to a negative subjective body image, a lack of awareness of internal feelings (including hunger and emotions), a family history of eating disturbances, social influence, and psychological factors. Psychological factors can include a range of influences, such as an anxious temperament, perfectionistic or obsessive tendencies, a history of trauma, a co-occurring psychological disorder (e.g., depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, and certain personality disorders), and either chronic or acute stress. Genetic factors linked to anorexia include variations in genes involved in metabolic function, particularly alterations affecting sugar and fat metabolism.

• #68 Anorexia Nervosa: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/912187-overview

  Recognizing the predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors in the disease is important to better facilitate early intervention, especially since nutritional rehabilitation performed simultaneously with family-based treatment (FBT) and the Maudsley method is crucial to recovery. […] Predisposing factors in eating disorders include the following: Female sex, Family history of eating disorders, Perfectionistic personality, Difficulty communicating negative emotions, Difficulty resolving conflict, Low self-esteem. […] Maternal psychopathology (negative expressed emotion, maternal encouragement of weight loss) can also be a risk factor for anorexia nervosa, especially for childhood-onset of this disorder. […] Reported cases of anorexia nervosa in twins and triplets suggest the possibility of an increased genetic predisposition.

• #69 What is Anorexia? | Signs, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.alsana.com/blog/anorexia-nervosa-signs-symptoms-causes-treatment/

  Anorexia nervosa has one of the highest mortality rates of any mental illness, but with early detection and treatment intervention, lasting recovery is possible. […] Anorexia is a complex eating disorder characterized by severe restriction of food intake, intense fear of weight gain, and excessive weight loss. Without treatment, anorexia symptoms will intensify, leading to malnutrition and behavioral changes associated with this illness. […] Early intervention for anorexia nervosa is crucial to avoiding long-term changes to brain structure and significant reductions in grey matter. Studies suggest that eating disorder behaviors (such as restriction and compulsive exercise) and significant weight change modulate the brains dopamine-related reward response, altering brain chemistry associated with food intake and potentially reinforcing or contributing to the maintenance of eating disorder behaviors.

• #70 What is Anorexia? | Signs, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.alsana.com/blog/anorexia-nervosa-signs-symptoms-causes-treatment/

  There is no single identifiable cause of anorexia, and each persons experience is unique. However, genetic, environmental, and social factors likely play a role. […] Research has shown that those with first-degree relatives who also experienced eating disorders are more likely to be diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. […] Individuals with extremely perfectionistic or people-pleasing personalities may be more susceptible to the development of anorexia. […] Emotional and physical trauma or other interpersonal conflict can trigger disordered eating behaviors, which may be seen as coping mechanisms. […] Cultural pressures and unrealistic physical ideals can trigger restrictive eating behaviors. In many ways, diet culture has actually normalized many of these maladaptive weight loss behaviors.

• #71 What is Anorexia? | Signs, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.alsana.com/blog/anorexia-nervosa-signs-symptoms-causes-treatment/

  Anorexia nervosa has one of the highest mortality rates of any mental illness, but with early detection and treatment intervention, lasting recovery is possible. […] Anorexia is a complex eating disorder characterized by severe restriction of food intake, intense fear of weight gain, and excessive weight loss. Without treatment, anorexia symptoms will intensify, leading to malnutrition and behavioral changes associated with this illness. […] Early intervention for anorexia nervosa is crucial to avoiding long-term changes to brain structure and significant reductions in grey matter. Studies suggest that eating disorder behaviors (such as restriction and compulsive exercise) and significant weight change modulate the brains dopamine-related reward response, altering brain chemistry associated with food intake and potentially reinforcing or contributing to the maintenance of eating disorder behaviors.

• #72 Anorexia and osteoporosis risk

  https://theros.org.uk/information-and-support/osteoporosis/causes/anorexia/

  Anorexia is a complex medical condition and it can take many years to recover. Your bone health will be at greater risk if you have severe or long-term anorexia. It’s important to get your eating disorder diagnosed and to start treatment for your anorexia as early as possible. This is the most important thing you can do for your overall health and wellbeing, including your bones.

• #73 Anorexia Nervosa – Symptoms, Causes, Risks | Walden

  https://www.waldeneatingdisorders.com/what-we-treat/anorexia/

  Anorexia Nervosa is a serious, potentially life-threatening eating disorder marked by self-starvation and excessive weight loss. It is often driven by an intense fear of gaining weight, in addition to several genetic, biological, and environmental factors. […] Anorexia often stems from a distorted view of self and appearance, which leads to an unhealthy relationship with food and behaviors such as restricting and binge eating/purging. Many times malnutrition results in a loss of hunger cues, which can intensify body distortions and these harmful actions. […] Anorexia is a potentially life-threatening eating disorder with the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric illness. […] The risk of premature death is six to 12 times higher in women with anorexia nervosa (AN) than in the general population, according to the Academy of Eating Disorders (AED).

• #74 Excess mortality, causes of death and prognostic factors in anorexia nervosa | The British Journal of Psychiatry | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/excess-mortality-causes-of-death-and-prognostic-factors-in-anorexia-nervosa/A642E57945167C5C5568CAB0F4091051

  Anorexia nervosa is a mental disorder with high mortality. […] Anorexia nervosa is characterised by high lifetime mortality from both natural and unnatural causes. […] The overall SMR for anorexia nervosa was 6.2 (95% CI 5.5 7.0). Anorexia nervosa, psychoactive substance use and suicide had the highest SMR. […] The SMR was significantly increased for almost all natural and unnatural causes of death. […] The SMR for all causes of death was 6.2 (95% CI 5.5-7.0). The SMR was significantly increased for almost all groups of natural and unnatural causes of death. Anorexia nervosa had the highest SMR at 650.0 (95% CI 462.2-888.6), psychoactive substance use had the second highest at 18.9 (95% CI 10.0-32.3) and suicide followed with an SMR of 13.6 (95% CI 10.9-16.8). […] After the first admission for anorexia nervosa, psychiatric comorbidity in terms of in-patient care for psychiatric disorders was associated with a threefold increased risk of death from unnatural causes (RR=3.0, 95% CI 1.4-6.5) compared with no comorbidity, while both psychiatric and somatic comorbidity were associated with a worse outcome concerning both unnatural and natural causes of death (RR=3.1, 95% CI 1.7-5.7 and RR=2.4, 95% CI 1.3-4.4 respectively).

• #75 Anorexia Nervosa: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/912187-overview

  Recognizing the predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors in the disease is important to better facilitate early intervention, especially since nutritional rehabilitation performed simultaneously with family-based treatment (FBT) and the Maudsley method is crucial to recovery. […] Predisposing factors in eating disorders include the following: Female sex, Family history of eating disorders, Perfectionistic personality, Difficulty communicating negative emotions, Difficulty resolving conflict, Low self-esteem. […] Maternal psychopathology (negative expressed emotion, maternal encouragement of weight loss) can also be a risk factor for anorexia nervosa, especially for childhood-onset of this disorder. […] Reported cases of anorexia nervosa in twins and triplets suggest the possibility of an increased genetic predisposition.

• #76 What is Anorexia? | Signs, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.alsana.com/blog/anorexia-nervosa-signs-symptoms-causes-treatment/

  There is no single identifiable cause of anorexia, and each persons experience is unique. However, genetic, environmental, and social factors likely play a role. […] Research has shown that those with first-degree relatives who also experienced eating disorders are more likely to be diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. […] Individuals with extremely perfectionistic or people-pleasing personalities may be more susceptible to the development of anorexia. […] Emotional and physical trauma or other interpersonal conflict can trigger disordered eating behaviors, which may be seen as coping mechanisms. […] Cultural pressures and unrealistic physical ideals can trigger restrictive eating behaviors. In many ways, diet culture has actually normalized many of these maladaptive weight loss behaviors.

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