Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Shigellosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482337/

  Shigellosis is an acute enteric infection caused by shigellae, a facultative gram-negative, anaerobic bacillus. […] The etiologic agent of shigellosis is a gram-negative, nonmotile, facultatively anaerobic, nonspore-forming bacillus of the genus Shigella and the Enterobacterales order. […] There are four Shigella species, each representing 1 of the 4 serogroups A to D. […] S flexneri is the most common cause of diarrhea worldwide and is endemic in low- and middle-income countries. […] Although S boydii and S dysenteriae are the least common causes of shigellosis, they are endemic in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. […] S dysenteriae type 1 has a high mortality rate and is a frequent cause of shigellosis outbreaks, causing epidemics in populations going through upheaval. […] In the United States, shigellosis is the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis, accounting for 500,000 cases, 100,000 hospitalizations, and 500 deaths annually; 77% of cases are caused by S sonnei.

• #1 Shigellosis – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/shigellosis

  Shigellosis is a bacterial infection of the lining of the intestines. It is caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella. […] There are several types of Shigella bacteria, including: Shigella sonnei, also called „group D” Shigella, is responsible for most cases of shigellosis in the United States. Shigella flexneri, or „group B” Shigella, causes almost all other cases. Shigella dysenteriae, or „group A” Shigella is rare in the United States. However, it can lead to deadly outbreaks in developing countries. […] People infected with the bacteria release it into their stool. They can spread the bacteria to water or food, or directly to another person. Getting just a little bit of the Shigella bacteria into your mouth is enough to cause infection. […] Outbreaks of shigellosis are linked with poor sanitation, contaminated food and water, and crowded living conditions.

• #1 Shigellosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/182767-overview

  Shigellosis is a diarrheal infection caused by Shigella speciesgram-negative, non-spore forming, facultative anaerobes that infect the intestinal lining and spread by fecal-oral transmission. […] Shigellosis occurs when Shigella species invade the epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal tract, causing diarrhea and bacillary dysentery that ranges from mild to severe disease. […] Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri cause 90% of the cases of shigellosis; Shigella dysenteriae has produced epidemic shigellosis. […] The organism is spread by fecal-oral contact via infected food or water, during travel, or in long-term care facilities, daycare centers, or nursing homes. […] Shigella species (eg, S dysenteriae, S flexneri, S sonnei, S boydii) are aerobic, nonmotile, glucose-fermenting, gram-negative rods that are highly contagious, causing diarrhea after ingestion of as few as 180 organisms.

• #1

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4126259/

  Shigella is comprised of four major species: S. dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella boydii and Shigella sonnei. […] Several investigators have noted an association between Shigella species and socioeconomic conditions. […] S. dysenteriae and S. flexneri, associated with poverty and poor hygiene, are the predominant species in resource limited settings, while S. sonnei is more common in affluent regions. […] The persistence of S. flexneri in Latin America likely reflects the prevailing poverty in the region. […] Shigella can cause severe illness and persistent diarrhea; young infants, the elderly and immunosuppressed individuals are at particular risk and require prompt antimicrobial treatment. […] Shigella dysentery may be effectively treated with inexpensive oral antibiotics such as ampicillin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole when strains are susceptible.

• #1

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4126259/

  Shigella is a highly virulent pathogen comprised of four major species with numerous subtypes. […] Shigella dysenteriae and Shigella flexneri infections are predominant in resource-limited settings. […] S. dysenteriae subtype 1, the producer of Shiga toxin, causes the most severe illness and highest mortality. […] Shigella is a gram-negative intracellular bacterial pathogen that initiates infection by invading cells and causing intense inflammation in the colonic and rectal epithelium. […] A low infective dose, on the order of 10 to 100 organisms is sufficient to produce disease. […] Shigella species possess a large virulence plasmid that carries the genes necessary for cell invasion, including those for a type III secretion system (TTSS) used to gain entry into epithelial cells.

• #1 Shigellosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482337/

  Humans are the only natural reservoir for shigellae. […] The estimated annual global incidence of shigellosis is 188 million cases; approximately 164,000 cases result in death. […] Shigellosis outbreaks occur whenever war or natural disasters result in unhygienic living conditions, overcrowding, and poor sanitation. […] Rising temperatures also remarkably increase the risk of diarrheal diseases such as shigellosis. […] The infecting dose of shigellae is incredibly low; as few as 10 organisms are required to cause disease. […] Shigellae are acid-resistant and survive passage through the stomach to access the intestine. […] Many shigellae produce up to 3 different enterotoxins, including the enterotoxins designated ShET1 and ShET2 and Shiga toxin (Stx). […] The main virulence factor produced by S dysenteriae type 1; production of Stx by S sonnei and S flexneri has been reported.

• #1

  https://step2.medbullets.com/infectious-dis/121803/shigellosis

  Shigella spp. a non-flagellated, non-lactose-fermenting gram – rod produces endotoxin and Shiga toxin. […] Shiga toxin (enterotoxin) „A” subunit inactivates 60S ribosome kills intestinal cells by inhibiting protein synthesis. […] Shiga toxin is neurotoxic, cytotoxic, and enterotoxic. […] Pathogenesis infects gastrointestinal track through invasion of Peyer patch M cells resistant to gastric acid. […] Shigella does not spread hematogenously.

• #1 Causes of shigellosis (Shigella) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/shigella/causes.html

  Shigellosis is an illness of the intestines caused by bacteria called Shigella. […] Water, including untreated drinking water, can become contaminated with Shigella. This happens when feces from infected people or animals enter the water supply. […] Shigella is naturally found in the intestines of humans.

• #1 For health professionals: Shigellosis (Shigella) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/shigella/health-professionals.html

  Shigellosis is an acute infectious diarrheal disease caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella. […] Humans are the only natural reservoir for Shigella, however, prolonged outbreaks have occurred in primate colonies. […] There are 4 species of Shigella: S. sonnei, S. flexneri, S. dysenteriae, and S. boydii. […] S. dysenteriae is considered the most virulent. It can produce a potent cytotoxin known as Shigatoxin. […] Shigella bacteria spread through the direct or indirect fecal-oral route. The illness is highly infectious and can also be spread from person to person. […] Infections are usually self-limiting. They can become life-threatening in immunocompromised patients. […] Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), which has been linked to Shiga toxin, a potent cytotoxin produced by S. dysenteriae that can also cause other neurotoxic effects.

• #1 Shigella Infection – Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/corporate/health-library/shigella-infection-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Shigella infection is an infection caused by a family of bacteria known as Shigella. […] Shigella infection or shigellosis is a bacterial infection that infects the digestive system, particularly the intestines. It is caused by a group of bacteria known as Shigella. […] The causes are as follows: […] Shigella infection is a highly contagious infection. The most common way to contract the infection is by coming in direct contact with an infected person. […] Eating food prepared by people infected with Shigella bacteria may cause infection. […] Drinking contaminated water: Swimming or drinking water that contains Shigella bacteria may also spread the infection.

• #1 Shigellosis (Shigella) Fact Sheet – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/shigellosis/shigella.html

  Shigella is a bacterium that causes a diarrheal illness called shigellosis. […] Shigella is found in the stool (feces) of infected people, in food or water contaminated by an infected person, and on surfaces that have been touched by infected people. […] People become infected with Shigella by: Eating food or drinking liquids contaminated by an infected person. […] Swallowing recreational water contaminated with Shigella (recreational water includes lakes, streams, rivers, springs, ponds, swimming pools, hot tubs, Jacuzzis, and water park fountains). […] Not washing hands after using the bathroom or changing diapers and then eating foods.

• #1 Shigella infection – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/shigella/symptoms-causes/syc-20377529

  Shigella infection is caused by swallowing shigella bacteria. This can happen when you: […] Touch your mouth. This poses a risk because there are many ways for shigella germs to get on your hands. You might change the diaper of a child who has shigella infection. Or you might touch an object that has germs on it, such as a toy or changing table. The germs also can spread from hand to mouth during sexual contact with someone who has the infection. […] Eat tainted food. A person with a shigella infection who handles food can spread the germs to people who eat the food. Food also can become tainted if it grows in a field that contains sewage. […] Swallow tainted water. Water can become tainted with shigella germs from sewage. Water also can become tainted if a person with shigella infection swims in it.

• #1 Gastroenteritis – shigellosis | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/gastroenteritis-shigella

  Shigellosis is a bowel infection caused by Shigella bacteria. […] Shigella bacteria are excreted (passed) in faeces (poo). If an infected person doesnt wash their hands after going to the toilet, the bacteria can be spread if they touch objects and surfaces that will be touched by other people, or handle food that may be eaten by other people. […] Shigella bacteria can also be spread through sexual contact, especially during oral or oro-anal sex. […] It is also possible to get shigellosis from drinking water that is contaminated with human faeces containing Shigella bacteria.

• #1 Shigellosis Fact Sheet

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/shigellosis/fact_sheet.htm

  Shigellosis is an intestinal (bowel) infection caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella. […] Shigella is found in the intestinal tract (bowels) of infected people and is shed in their feces (poop). […] People get shigellosis by putting anything in their mouth that has touched infected feces, by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with the bacteria, or through contact with someone who is sick or has recently been sick with Shigella infection. […] Even accidentally swallowing a tiny (too small to see) amount of contaminated feces can spread infection to a healthy person. […] Shigella bacteria are present in the feces of infected persons while they are sick and for up to a week or two after they no longer feel ill.

• #1 Shigella Infection (Shigellosis): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17826-shigellosis

  Shigella infection, also called shigellosis, is a condition that affects your digestive system. The bacteria causes possibly bloody diarrhea. […] Shigellosis, or Shigella infection caused by Shigella bacteria, is a disease that affects your digestive system. It produces stomach pain, diarrhea and fever in people who are infected. Shigella is very contagious. […] You can get shigellosis by eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water. If you swim in contaminated water, you may get shigellosis by accidentally swallowing water that you’re swimming in. […] Shigella bacteria are usually found in the stool (feces, or poop) of people who are infected. The bacteria are spread when someone comes into contact with the stool of an infected person or comes into contact with an item that’s been contaminated with the stool or the bacteria. […] People get shigellosis by eating food or drinking water that has been contaminated, or through sexual contact with an infected person. Many different foods can be contaminated, but Shigella is found typically in uncooked vegetables or shellfish.

• #1 Shigella Infection: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/968773-overview

  Shigella infection is a major public health problem in developing countries where sanitation is poor. […] The primary mode of transmission of Shigella infection is fecal-oral contamination by the gram-negative aerobic bacilli. […] Contaminated food usually looks and smells normal. Food may become contaminated by infected food handlers who forget to wash their hands with soap after using the bathroom. […] Shigellosis can be caused by exposure to contaminated treated water and, more likely, from untreated recreational water.

• #1 WHO EMRO | Shigella dysentery and shigella infections | Volume 2, issue 1 | EMHJ volume 2, 1996

  https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-2-1996/volume-2-issue-1/article14.html

  Shigella infection is spread usually by contaminated food and, less frequently, by water. […] The incidence of shigellosis is highest, therefore, in densely populated areas with unsafe or insufficient water supplies and inadequate sanitation. […] The availability of large volumes of safe water is important for the prevention and control of shigella infection. […] WHO estimates that only half of the rural population in the Region has access to safe drinking water. […] Each country aiming to ensure preparedness for an Sd1 epidemic should have effective disease surveillance systems, trained health professionals, reliably supplied health facilities and ongoing health education activities. […] Establishing an interministerial committee to plan and coordinate response to epidemics, including dysentery.

• #1 What Foods Cause Shigella?

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_foods_cause_shigella/article.htm

  Certain groups of people have a higher risk of getting shigellosis, such as young children, travelers to developing countries, men having sex with other men, and people with HIV or those who undergo medical treatment, such as chemotherapy, for cancer. […] Symptoms usually start 1-2 days or sometimes 4 days after eating the contaminated food. […] Your doctor may suggest antibiotics may help you to get better faster in severe cases. However, certain types of Shigella germs may not respond to some antibiotics. […] You can reduce the chance of getting sick from Shigella by taking the following steps: Wash hands carefully with soap and water before preparing food, eating, and after changing a diaper and using the toilet.

• #1 Shigella: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/food-poisoning/what-is-shigella

  Shigella is a group of bacteria that causes shigellosis, a type of food poisoning. […] The illness is common among young children, who usually get infected at day care or school. […] Shigella bacteria pass through your stomach and then multiply in your small intestines. […] Shigella leaves the body through human feces. […] The disease spreads when bacteria from the stool of the sick person go to the mouth of another person. […] Shigella spreads more easily than you might think. […] People handling or preparing your food may have shigellosis. […] You could go swimming in a pool or pond and get water in your mouth contaminated by feces. […] You could get exposed during sexual activity when it involves oral-anal contact. […] Shigellosis is a foodborne illness caused by shigella bacteria, leading to symptoms like stomach cramps, diarrhea (sometimes bloody), fever, and nausea. […] It spreads easily through poor hygiene, unclean food or water, and close contact, especially in places like day cares. […] Good hygiene practices, especially hand-washing, are key to preventing infection.

• #1 Shigellosis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/shigellosis

  Shigellosis is a bacterial infection of the lining of the intestines. It is caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella. […] There are several types of Shigella bacteria, including: Shigella sonnei, also called „group D” Shigella, is responsible for most cases of shigellosis in the United States. […] People infected with the bacteria release it into their stool. They can spread the bacteria to water or food, or directly to another person. Getting just a little bit of the Shigella bacteria into your mouth is enough to cause infection. […] Outbreaks of shigellosis are linked to poor sanitation, contaminated food and water, and crowded living conditions. […] Shigellosis is common among travelers in developing countries and workers or residents in refugee camps. […] In the United States, the condition is most commonly seen in daycare centers and places where groups of people live, such as nursing homes.

• #1 Shigella: Protect yourself and the Gay/Bi/MSM Community

  https://carethatfitsyou.org/shigella-protect-yourself-and-your-partners/

  Shigella bacteria causes an intestinal infection called shigellosis. Shigellosis is highly infectious and can spread very easily. The CDC estimates that Shigella bacteria causes close to 450,000 infections in the United States every year. […] Shigella is spread when the poop of an infected person even small traces comes into contact with your mouth. It takes only a small amount of bacteria to spread Shigella, which means it passes from person to person very easily. […] Anyone can get Shigella, but gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men are at higher risk of getting infected, particularly antimicrobial-resistant Shigella. […] If you get antimicrobial-resistant Shigella, some antibiotics used to treat the infection won’t work. When these routine antibiotics don’t work, shigella bacteria can continue to grow and you can get much sicker, for much longer.

• #1 Shigella | Spokane Regional Health District

  https://srhd.org/health-topics/diseases-conditions/shigella

  Shigella is a bacteria that causes an infection called shigellosis. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Shigella bacteria cause approximately 450,000 infections every year in the United States. Shigella infections are typically the result of bacteria passing from feces (poop) or the contaminated hands of one person to the mouth of another person. […] Shigella spreads easily and can be passed from one person to another when a person swallows bacteria from the feces of another person. […] Shigella infection is most common among children under 5. Children can get the infection by placing their unwashed hands in their mouth after touching something contaminated with Shigella. […] People experiencing homelessness are also at high risk of becoming infected with Shigella.

• #1 Shigellosis | Health | Province of Manitoba

  https://www.gov.mb.ca/health/publichealth/diseases/shigella.html

  Shigellosis is an acute intestinal illness caused by bacteria belonging to the Shigella family. The infection is spread by the fecal-oral route, either directly by person-to-person contact or indirectly by eating or drinking fecally contaminated food or water. […] Shigellosis is very infectious and spreads easily. Most Shigella infections are caused by bacteria passing from stools or soiled fingers of one person to the mouth of another person, when sanitation and hygiene are poor, for example: […] Young children, seniors and individuals with weakened immune systems such as those living with AIDS or cancer, or transplant patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs are more at risk of serious illness.

• #1 Shigellosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigellosis

  Shigellosis, known historically as dysentery, is an infection of the intestines caused by Shigella bacteria. […] Shigellosis is caused by four specific types of Shigella. […] These are typically spread by exposure to infected feces. […] The probability of being infected by any given strain of Shigella varies around the world. […] Shigella is transmitted through the fecal-oral route of individuals infected with the disease, whether or not they are exhibiting symptoms. […] Upon ingestion, the bacteria pass through the gastrointestinal tract until they reach the small intestine. […] In the large intestine, the bacteria cause cell injury and the beginning stages of Shigellosis via two main mechanisms: direct invasion of epithelial cells in the large intestine and production of enterotoxin 1 and enterotoxin 2. […] Unlike other bacteria, Shigella is not destroyed by the gastric acid in the stomach.

• #1 Shigella Infection: Treatment, Symptoms, Outbreaks & Vaccine

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/shigellosis_shigella_infection/article_em.htm

  Shigellosis is caused by Shigella species that multiply within and destroy gastrointestinal epithelial cells. […] The cause of shigellosis is an infection of the gastrointestinal tract by Shigella bacteria. […] The bacterial cells invade gastrointestinal epithelial cells and multiply within them. […] As the bacteria multiply, they destroy epithelial cells and then spread to other epithelial cells. […] The bacteria that cause shigellosis easily infect humans so that the disease is considered a highly contagious disease.

• #1 Shigella – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigella

  Shigellacauses disease in primates, but not in other mammals; it is the causative agent of human shigellosis.[2] […] Shigellais a leading cause of bacterial diarrhea worldwide, with 80165 million annual cases (estimated)[6] and 74,000 to 600,000 deaths.[6][7] […] Shigellainfection is typically by ingestion. Depending on the host’s health, fewer than 100 bacterial cells may cause an infection.[16] […] Toxins produced by some strains contribute to disease during infection.S. flexneristrains produce ShET1 and ShET2, which may contribute to diarrhea.[12]S. dysenteriaestrains produce the hemolytic Shiga toxin, similar to the verotoxin produced by enterohemorrhagicE. coli. […] After infection, Shigella cells multiply intracellularly and spread to neighboring epithelial cells, resulting in tissue destruction and the characteristic pathology of shigellosis.[19][self-published source?][20]

• #1 Shigellosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/182767-overview

  Shigella bacteremia has a reported incidence of 0-7%. […] Infection with Shigella species may be associated with extragastrointestinal complications. […] Reactive arthritis is an uncommon complication that may follow S flexneri infection. […] HUS is a relatively uncommon disease; however, it is the most frequent cause of acute renal failure among infants and young children worldwide. […] The pathogenesis of HUS or TTP involves cytotoxic damage to the vascular endothelium. In most studies, Shiga toxin production by type 1 S dysenteriae is thought to be directly involved.

• #1 Shigellosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482337/

  Enterocyte injury by Shigella-mediated enterotoxins creates ulcers in the intestinal mucosa, particularly the colon, and adds a hemorrhagic component to the pathophysiologic manifestations of shigellosis. […] Complications of Shigella infection include intestinal and systemic complications listed below. […] Hemolytic uremic syndrome is a microangiopathic hemolytic anemia; its hallmark is schistocytes seen on a peripheral smear.

• #1 Shigellosis: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/shigellosis

  Shigellosis is a bacterial infection that affects the digestive system. Its caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella. […] The Shigella bacterium is spread through contaminated water and food or through contact with contaminated feces. The bacteria release toxins that irritate the intestines, causing the primary symptom of diarrhea.

• #1 Shigellosis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-negative-bacilli/shigellosis

  Shigellosis is an acute infection of the intestine caused by the gram-negative Shigella species. […] The source of infection is the feces of infected people or convalescent carriers; humans are the only natural reservoir for Shigella. Direct spread is by the fecal-oral route. Indirect spread is by contaminated food and fomites. […] Because Shigella are relatively resistant to gastric acid, ingestion of as few as 10 to 100 organisms can cause disease. […] An episode of shigellosis imparts serotype-specific immunity for at least several years. But patients may have additional episodes of shigellosis caused by other serotypes. […] Shigella organisms penetrate the mucosa of the colon, causing mucus secretion, hyperemia, leukocytic infiltration, edema, and often superficial mucosal ulcerations. Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (not commonly present in the United States, except in travelers returning from endemic areas) produces Shiga toxin, which causes marked watery diarrhea and sometimes hemolytic-uremic syndrome.

• #1

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4126259/

  Unfortunately, our capacity to effectively treat severe infections is being undermined by increasing resistance to antimicrobial compounds worldwide. […] At present, countries with the greatest Shigella burden also face greater challenges of multidrug resistance. […] Despite numerous efforts for prevention and control, shigellosis continues to be an important cause of acute diarrhea and dysentery worldwide. […] Factors that contribute to the persistence of shigellosis worldwide are poor socioeconomic conditions, serotype switching and increasing antimicrobial resistance.

• #1 What is Shigella, an increasingly drug-resistant germ the CDC is warning about? : NPR

  https://www.npr.org/2023/03/03/1160584630/shigella-antibiotic-resistant-diarrhea

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention raising a warning to doctors and the public about an increase in extensively drug-resistant (XDR) cases of Shigella, a highly transmissible bacteria that causes an infection called shigellosis, an inflammatory diarrhea. […] The new forms of the bug are resistant to all five of the antimicrobial treatments that are typically used, which was never seen before 2016 and have been increasing in prevalence ever since, says Dr. Louise Francois Watkins, a medical officer at the CDC. […] Shigella spreads when infected fecal matter enters another person’s mouth or nose, directly or indirectly. […] While shigellosis is typically seen in young children, the XDR form of the stomach bug is more prevalent among adults. […] Other strains of Shigella are increasingly drug-resistant, and there are concerns that the bacteria’s the drug-resistant genes mutations could jump to other bacteria, such as E. coli, Francois Watkins says.

• #1

  https://www.cbsnews.com/news/shigella-bacteria-symptoms-causes-what-is-it/

  Cases of „extensively drug-resistant” Shigella bacteria are on the rise and pose a „serious public health threat,” the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention warned last month. […] The bacteria causes an infection called shigellosis, which the CDC says infects about 450,000 people a year in the United States. An estimated 242,000 infections involve antimicrobial-resistant strains. […] Shigella bacteria that have developed resistance to all of the standard frontline antibiotics known as „extensively drug-resistant” or XDR Shigella first began to spread in the U.S. in 2015 from Americans who likely picked it up abroad. […] The CDC says 5% of all Shigella test samples collected in 2022 were classified as XDR, up from 1% in 2019. […] Most of the drug resistant outbreaks have been reported among adults who are international travelers, men who have sex with men (MSM), those living with HIV or experiencing homelessness, the CDC said. […] Lab tests can determine if a Shigella infection involves „extensively drug-resistant” bacteria. XDR Shigella have shown resistance to all of the typically recommended frontline antibiotic treatments: azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and ampicillin.

• #1 What is Shigella, an increasingly drug-resistant germ the CDC is warning about? : NPR

  https://www.npr.org/2023/03/03/1160584630/shigella-antibiotic-resistant-diarrhea

  The problem of antimicrobial resistance is actually bigger than Shigella, Francois Watkins says, and one of the major drivers of antibiotic resistance is inappropriate antibiotic use. […] Normally shigellosis goes away without antibiotic treatment, but it can cause prolonged illness about 6,400 patients in the U.S. need to be hospitalized every year.

• #1 Shigellosis | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/shigellosis

  Shigella is a genus of aerobic, non-motile, glucose-fermenting, Gram-negative bacilli that are highly contagious. Man and apes appear to be the only natural hosts. They cause damage by invasion of the colonic epithelium causing intense inflammation, and by the injection of type III effector proteins into host cells thereby altering their function. This requires comparatively few bacteria to cause disease. […] The organism is spread by faeco-oral contact via infected food or water, during travel, or in long-term care facilities, daycare centres, or nursing homes. Worldwide, shigellosis causes around 160 million cases and more than a million deaths annually, with the majority of cases occurring in the children of developing nations. […] It may also be readily transmitted between children at home or in childcare facilities. In recent years an increase in UK-acquired cases of S. flexneri and S. sonnei has been reported in men who have sex with men (MSM). […] Shigella spp. are highly adaptive organisms, with reports from a number of countries showing changing genotypes and antimicrobial resistance patterns.

• #1 Shigella Advisory for Health Care Providers – Jan. 23. 2025 | Spokane Regional Health District

  https://srhd.org/shigella-advisory-for-health-care-providers-jan-23-2025

  Shigella bacteria causes a gastrointestinal infection called shigellosis. […] Shigella can spread easily from one person to another via fecal-oral transmission and can be transmitted for 2 weeks or more after diarrhea has subsided, due to bacterial shedding in feces. […] Shigella is highly contagious. It survives on surfaces for months, and a very small inoculum (10 to 200 organisms) is sufficient to cause infection. […] Given the increase in extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Shigella infections (shigellosis), perform antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) if you plan to treat with an antibiotic. […] CDC does not have recommendations for optimal antimicrobial treatment because there are no data from clinical studies of treatment of XDR Shigella infections.

• #1 Post-Travel Diarrhea | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/infections-diseases/shigellosis

  Most cases of TD are the result of bacterial or viral infection and are short-lived and self-limited. […] Shigella spp. (Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli) Fecal-oral: close/household contacts, anal-genital/oral/digital contact Azithromycin. […] Given emergence of extensively drug-resistant strains, for patients with Shigella infection who have severe disease (e.g., bacteremia, hospitalized) or who are immunocompromised, empiric treatment with a carbapenem is recommended while awaiting results of drug susceptibility testing.

• #1 WHO EMRO | Shigella dysentery and shigella infections | Volume 2, issue 1 | EMHJ volume 2, 1996

  https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-2-1996/volume-2-issue-1/article14.html

  Ensuring that treatment facilities record systematically and review regularly all cases of bloody diarrhoea, to detect unusual increases in the weekly number of patients with bloody diarrhoea or in deaths from bloody diarrhoea, which might be indicative of a dysentery outbreak. […] Preparing at least one laboratory for isolation of shigella and making provision for cold transport (at 4 C) of stool specimens. […] Establishing a national treatment policy for epidemic dysentery and training of all front-line health staff in case management. […] In the long run, effective protection can be achieved through improved water supply, sanitation and food safety practices.

• #2 Shigellosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/182767-overview

  Shigellosis is a diarrheal infection caused by Shigella speciesgram-negative, non-spore forming, facultative anaerobes that infect the intestinal lining and spread by fecal-oral transmission. […] Shigellosis occurs when Shigella species invade the epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal tract, causing diarrhea and bacillary dysentery that ranges from mild to severe disease. […] Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri cause 90% of the cases of shigellosis; Shigella dysenteriae has produced epidemic shigellosis. […] The organism is spread by fecal-oral contact via infected food or water, during travel, or in long-term care facilities, daycare centers, or nursing homes. […] Shigella species (eg, S dysenteriae, S flexneri, S sonnei, S boydii) are aerobic, nonmotile, glucose-fermenting, gram-negative rods that are highly contagious, causing diarrhea after ingestion of as few as 180 organisms.

• #2

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4126259/

  Shigella is comprised of four major species: S. dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella boydii and Shigella sonnei. […] Several investigators have noted an association between Shigella species and socioeconomic conditions. […] S. dysenteriae and S. flexneri, associated with poverty and poor hygiene, are the predominant species in resource limited settings, while S. sonnei is more common in affluent regions. […] The persistence of S. flexneri in Latin America likely reflects the prevailing poverty in the region. […] Shigella can cause severe illness and persistent diarrhea; young infants, the elderly and immunosuppressed individuals are at particular risk and require prompt antimicrobial treatment. […] Shigella dysentery may be effectively treated with inexpensive oral antibiotics such as ampicillin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole when strains are susceptible.

• #2 Shigella: Everything you need to know about the causes, symptoms and treatmentSearch IconSearch IconLogin iconFacebook iconInstagram iconX iconSnapchat iconLinkedIn iconYouTube iconSaveX IconFacebook IconWhatsApp IconX IconFacebook IconWhatsApp IconSaveX

  https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/shigella-everything-need-know-causes-symptoms-treatment/

  Shigella boydii and shigella dysenteriae are more common in developing countries – cases of infection with these types of the bacteria found in the UK tend to be among travellers coming back from holiday. Shigella dysenteriae type 1 can be deadly. […] Shigella causes some 165 million cases of disease worldwide each year – mostly among children under five in less wealthy countries. […] More than one million people are estimated to die from shigella infections each year. […] People who go on holiday to developing countries could contract types of shigellosis that are not easily treated by antibiotics. […] There have also been outbreaks of shigella among gay and bisexual men who can transmit the bacteria during sex.

• #2 For health professionals: Shigellosis (Shigella) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/shigella/health-professionals.html

  Shigellosis is an acute infectious diarrheal disease caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella. […] Humans are the only natural reservoir for Shigella, however, prolonged outbreaks have occurred in primate colonies. […] There are 4 species of Shigella: S. sonnei, S. flexneri, S. dysenteriae, and S. boydii. […] S. dysenteriae is considered the most virulent. It can produce a potent cytotoxin known as Shigatoxin. […] Shigella bacteria spread through the direct or indirect fecal-oral route. The illness is highly infectious and can also be spread from person to person. […] Infections are usually self-limiting. They can become life-threatening in immunocompromised patients. […] Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), which has been linked to Shiga toxin, a potent cytotoxin produced by S. dysenteriae that can also cause other neurotoxic effects.

• #2 Shigellosis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000295.htm

  Shigellosis is a bacterial infection of the lining of the intestines. It is caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella. […] There are several types of Shigella bacteria, including: Shigella sonnei, also called „group D” Shigella, is responsible for most cases of shigellosis in the United States. Shigella flexneri, or „group B” Shigella, causes almost all other cases. Shigella dysenteriae, or „group A” Shigella is rare in the United States. However, it can lead to deadly outbreaks in developing countries. […] People infected with the bacteria release it into their stool. They can spread the bacteria to water or food, or directly to another person. Getting just a little bit of the Shigella bacteria into your mouth is enough to cause infection. […] Outbreaks of shigellosis are linked to poor sanitation, contaminated food and water, and crowded living conditions. […] Shigellosis is common among travelers in developing countries and workers or residents in refugee camps.

• #2 Shigella – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigella

  Shigellacauses disease in primates, but not in other mammals; it is the causative agent of human shigellosis.[2] […] Shigellais a leading cause of bacterial diarrhea worldwide, with 80165 million annual cases (estimated)[6] and 74,000 to 600,000 deaths.[6][7] […] Shigellainfection is typically by ingestion. Depending on the host’s health, fewer than 100 bacterial cells may cause an infection.[16] […] Toxins produced by some strains contribute to disease during infection.S. flexneristrains produce ShET1 and ShET2, which may contribute to diarrhea.[12]S. dysenteriaestrains produce the hemolytic Shiga toxin, similar to the verotoxin produced by enterohemorrhagicE. coli. […] After infection, Shigella cells multiply intracellularly and spread to neighboring epithelial cells, resulting in tissue destruction and the characteristic pathology of shigellosis.[19][self-published source?][20]

• #2 Shigellosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigellosis

  Shigellosis, known historically as dysentery, is an infection of the intestines caused by Shigella bacteria. […] Shigellosis is caused by four specific types of Shigella. […] These are typically spread by exposure to infected feces. […] The probability of being infected by any given strain of Shigella varies around the world. […] Shigella is transmitted through the fecal-oral route of individuals infected with the disease, whether or not they are exhibiting symptoms. […] Upon ingestion, the bacteria pass through the gastrointestinal tract until they reach the small intestine. […] In the large intestine, the bacteria cause cell injury and the beginning stages of Shigellosis via two main mechanisms: direct invasion of epithelial cells in the large intestine and production of enterotoxin 1 and enterotoxin 2. […] Unlike other bacteria, Shigella is not destroyed by the gastric acid in the stomach.

• #2 Shigella Infection: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/968773-overview

  Shigella infection is a major public health problem in developing countries where sanitation is poor. […] The primary mode of transmission of Shigella infection is fecal-oral contamination by the gram-negative aerobic bacilli. […] Contaminated food usually looks and smells normal. Food may become contaminated by infected food handlers who forget to wash their hands with soap after using the bathroom. […] Shigellosis can be caused by exposure to contaminated treated water and, more likely, from untreated recreational water.

• #2 Shigellosis Fact Sheet

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/shigellosis/fact_sheet.htm

  Shigellosis is an intestinal (bowel) infection caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella. […] Shigella is found in the intestinal tract (bowels) of infected people and is shed in their feces (poop). […] People get shigellosis by putting anything in their mouth that has touched infected feces, by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with the bacteria, or through contact with someone who is sick or has recently been sick with Shigella infection. […] Even accidentally swallowing a tiny (too small to see) amount of contaminated feces can spread infection to a healthy person. […] Shigella bacteria are present in the feces of infected persons while they are sick and for up to a week or two after they no longer feel ill.

• #2 Shigella infection – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/shigella/symptoms-causes/syc-20377529

  Shigella infection is caused by swallowing shigella bacteria. This can happen when you: […] Touch your mouth. This poses a risk because there are many ways for shigella germs to get on your hands. You might change the diaper of a child who has shigella infection. Or you might touch an object that has germs on it, such as a toy or changing table. The germs also can spread from hand to mouth during sexual contact with someone who has the infection. […] Eat tainted food. A person with a shigella infection who handles food can spread the germs to people who eat the food. Food also can become tainted if it grows in a field that contains sewage. […] Swallow tainted water. Water can become tainted with shigella germs from sewage. Water also can become tainted if a person with shigella infection swims in it.

• #2 Shigella Advisory for Health Care Providers – Jan. 23. 2025 | Spokane Regional Health District

  https://srhd.org/shigella-advisory-for-health-care-providers-jan-23-2025

  Shigella bacteria causes a gastrointestinal infection called shigellosis. […] Shigella can spread easily from one person to another via fecal-oral transmission and can be transmitted for 2 weeks or more after diarrhea has subsided, due to bacterial shedding in feces. […] Shigella is highly contagious. It survives on surfaces for months, and a very small inoculum (10 to 200 organisms) is sufficient to cause infection. […] Given the increase in extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Shigella infections (shigellosis), perform antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) if you plan to treat with an antibiotic. […] CDC does not have recommendations for optimal antimicrobial treatment because there are no data from clinical studies of treatment of XDR Shigella infections.

• #2 Shigella: Protect yourself and the Gay/Bi/MSM Community

  https://carethatfitsyou.org/shigella-protect-yourself-and-your-partners/

  Shigella bacteria causes an intestinal infection called shigellosis. Shigellosis is highly infectious and can spread very easily. The CDC estimates that Shigella bacteria causes close to 450,000 infections in the United States every year. […] Shigella is spread when the poop of an infected person even small traces comes into contact with your mouth. It takes only a small amount of bacteria to spread Shigella, which means it passes from person to person very easily. […] Anyone can get Shigella, but gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men are at higher risk of getting infected, particularly antimicrobial-resistant Shigella. […] If you get antimicrobial-resistant Shigella, some antibiotics used to treat the infection won’t work. When these routine antibiotics don’t work, shigella bacteria can continue to grow and you can get much sicker, for much longer.

• #2 Shigella Infections (Shigellosis) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/shigella.html

  An infection with shigella (shih-GEL-uh) bacteriais called shigellosis (shih-guh-LOW-sus). […] Shigellosis is very contagious. It is most common in younger children, so outbreaks can happen in childcare settings and schools. People can get infected through contact with something contaminated by stool (poop) from an infected person, such as: […] It doesn’t take many bacteria to cause an infection, so the illness spreads easily in families and childcare centers. […] The bacteria can pass in a person’s stool for about 4 weeks, even after the obvious symptoms of illness have gotten better.

• #2 Causes of shigellosis (Shigella) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/shigella/causes.html

  Shigellosis is an illness of the intestines caused by bacteria called Shigella. […] Water, including untreated drinking water, can become contaminated with Shigella. This happens when feces from infected people or animals enter the water supply. […] Shigella is naturally found in the intestines of humans.

• #2 Shigella: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/food-poisoning/what-is-shigella

  Shigella is a group of bacteria that causes shigellosis, a type of food poisoning. […] The illness is common among young children, who usually get infected at day care or school. […] Shigella bacteria pass through your stomach and then multiply in your small intestines. […] Shigella leaves the body through human feces. […] The disease spreads when bacteria from the stool of the sick person go to the mouth of another person. […] Shigella spreads more easily than you might think. […] People handling or preparing your food may have shigellosis. […] You could go swimming in a pool or pond and get water in your mouth contaminated by feces. […] You could get exposed during sexual activity when it involves oral-anal contact. […] Shigellosis is a foodborne illness caused by shigella bacteria, leading to symptoms like stomach cramps, diarrhea (sometimes bloody), fever, and nausea. […] It spreads easily through poor hygiene, unclean food or water, and close contact, especially in places like day cares. […] Good hygiene practices, especially hand-washing, are key to preventing infection.

• #2 Shigella | Spokane Regional Health District

  https://srhd.org/health-topics/diseases-conditions/shigella

  Shigella is a bacteria that causes an infection called shigellosis. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Shigella bacteria cause approximately 450,000 infections every year in the United States. Shigella infections are typically the result of bacteria passing from feces (poop) or the contaminated hands of one person to the mouth of another person. […] Shigella spreads easily and can be passed from one person to another when a person swallows bacteria from the feces of another person. […] Shigella infection is most common among children under 5. Children can get the infection by placing their unwashed hands in their mouth after touching something contaminated with Shigella. […] People experiencing homelessness are also at high risk of becoming infected with Shigella.

• #2 Shigella | Spokane Regional Health District

  https://srhd.org/health-topics/diseases-conditions/shigella

  People who travel to countries where sanitation and water treatment are poor may also be more likely to become infected. […] Men who have sex with men are also more likely to be infected with Shigella. […] People with weakened immune systems are more likely to experience severe illness when infected with Shigella.

• #2 Shigellosis | Health | Province of Manitoba

  https://www.gov.mb.ca/health/publichealth/diseases/shigella.html

  Shigellosis is an acute intestinal illness caused by bacteria belonging to the Shigella family. The infection is spread by the fecal-oral route, either directly by person-to-person contact or indirectly by eating or drinking fecally contaminated food or water. […] Shigellosis is very infectious and spreads easily. Most Shigella infections are caused by bacteria passing from stools or soiled fingers of one person to the mouth of another person, when sanitation and hygiene are poor, for example: […] Young children, seniors and individuals with weakened immune systems such as those living with AIDS or cancer, or transplant patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs are more at risk of serious illness.

• #2 Shigella

  https://www.nmhealth.org/about/erd/ideb/eip/foodnet/shigella/

  Shigellosis is an infection caused by the Shigella group of bacteria. […] Shigella bacteria are passed from the stool of an infected person to the mouth of another, also called the oral-fecal route of transmission. […] Bacteria can also be transmitted by ingesting fecal contaminated food or water, swimming in contaminated water, or contact with contaminated objects. […] Children in child care settings and people living in crowded conditions are at increased risk of infection. […] Shigellosis can sometimes spread quickly through entire communities, primarily through person-to-person transmission, causing what is known as a community-wide outbreak.

• #2 Centre for Health Protection – Bacillary Dysentery

  https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/healthtopics/content/24/14.html

  Bacillary dysentery, also known as shigellosis, is an intestinal infection caused by Shigella bacteria (including S. sonnei, S. flexneri, S. boydii and S. dysenteriae). […] Infection by Shigella can be asymptomatic or only cause mild symptoms. […] Bacillary dysentery is transmitted mainly through the faecal-oral route, such as physical contact with the faecal material of a patient or carrier (including diaper-changing and oral-anal sex), or indirectly through consumption of contaminated food and water. […] Young children, travellers to developing countries, homeless people and men who have sex with men are more likely to acquire bacillary dysentery. […] The incubation period is usually 1 – 3 days, but can be up to 7 days.

• #2 Shigella Infection: Treatment, Symptoms, Outbreaks & Vaccine

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/shigellosis_shigella_infection/article_em.htm

  Shigellosis is caused by Shigella species that multiply within and destroy gastrointestinal epithelial cells. […] The cause of shigellosis is an infection of the gastrointestinal tract by Shigella bacteria. […] The bacterial cells invade gastrointestinal epithelial cells and multiply within them. […] As the bacteria multiply, they destroy epithelial cells and then spread to other epithelial cells. […] The bacteria that cause shigellosis easily infect humans so that the disease is considered a highly contagious disease.

• #2

  https://step2.medbullets.com/infectious-dis/121803/shigellosis

  Shigella spp. a non-flagellated, non-lactose-fermenting gram – rod produces endotoxin and Shiga toxin. […] Shiga toxin (enterotoxin) „A” subunit inactivates 60S ribosome kills intestinal cells by inhibiting protein synthesis. […] Shiga toxin is neurotoxic, cytotoxic, and enterotoxic. […] Pathogenesis infects gastrointestinal track through invasion of Peyer patch M cells resistant to gastric acid. […] Shigella does not spread hematogenously.

• #2 Complications of Shigella Infection | Marler Clark

  https://marlerclark.com/foodborne-illnesses/shigella/shigella-complications

  Shigella is a bacterial pathogen that causes an infectious disease known as shigellosis. […] Shigella bacteria multiply in the human intestinal tract and invade the cells, which results in much tissue destruction. […] Many strains produce a toxin called Shiga toxin, which is very potent and destructive. […] The other relatively rare complication that can occur with a Shigella infection is the development of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS).

• #2 Shigellosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/182767-overview

  Shigella bacteremia has a reported incidence of 0-7%. […] Infection with Shigella species may be associated with extragastrointestinal complications. […] Reactive arthritis is an uncommon complication that may follow S flexneri infection. […] HUS is a relatively uncommon disease; however, it is the most frequent cause of acute renal failure among infants and young children worldwide. […] The pathogenesis of HUS or TTP involves cytotoxic damage to the vascular endothelium. In most studies, Shiga toxin production by type 1 S dysenteriae is thought to be directly involved.

• #2

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4126259/

  Unfortunately, our capacity to effectively treat severe infections is being undermined by increasing resistance to antimicrobial compounds worldwide. […] At present, countries with the greatest Shigella burden also face greater challenges of multidrug resistance. […] Despite numerous efforts for prevention and control, shigellosis continues to be an important cause of acute diarrhea and dysentery worldwide. […] Factors that contribute to the persistence of shigellosis worldwide are poor socioeconomic conditions, serotype switching and increasing antimicrobial resistance.

• #2 What is Shigella, an increasingly drug-resistant germ the CDC is warning about? : NPR

  https://www.npr.org/2023/03/03/1160584630/shigella-antibiotic-resistant-diarrhea

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention raising a warning to doctors and the public about an increase in extensively drug-resistant (XDR) cases of Shigella, a highly transmissible bacteria that causes an infection called shigellosis, an inflammatory diarrhea. […] The new forms of the bug are resistant to all five of the antimicrobial treatments that are typically used, which was never seen before 2016 and have been increasing in prevalence ever since, says Dr. Louise Francois Watkins, a medical officer at the CDC. […] Shigella spreads when infected fecal matter enters another person’s mouth or nose, directly or indirectly. […] While shigellosis is typically seen in young children, the XDR form of the stomach bug is more prevalent among adults. […] Other strains of Shigella are increasingly drug-resistant, and there are concerns that the bacteria’s the drug-resistant genes mutations could jump to other bacteria, such as E. coli, Francois Watkins says.

• #2

  https://sites.medschool.ucsd.edu/som/pediatrics/Divisions/host-microbe-systems/CHARM/challenge/Pages/shigella.aspx

  Shigella causes an estimated 164.7 million cases of diarrhea every year, and 700,000 deaths worldwide. […] It is a gram-negative, rod shaped bacteria, that infects primates but not other mammals. […] The clinical presentation of a Shigella infection is called Shigellosis. This disease is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, requiring only 10-100 organisms to start an infection. […] In the United States, most Shigella is already resistant to the antibiotics ampicillin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.

• #2 Shigellosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482337/

  Humans are the only natural reservoir for shigellae. […] The estimated annual global incidence of shigellosis is 188 million cases; approximately 164,000 cases result in death. […] Shigellosis outbreaks occur whenever war or natural disasters result in unhygienic living conditions, overcrowding, and poor sanitation. […] Rising temperatures also remarkably increase the risk of diarrheal diseases such as shigellosis. […] The infecting dose of shigellae is incredibly low; as few as 10 organisms are required to cause disease. […] Shigellae are acid-resistant and survive passage through the stomach to access the intestine. […] Many shigellae produce up to 3 different enterotoxins, including the enterotoxins designated ShET1 and ShET2 and Shiga toxin (Stx). […] The main virulence factor produced by S dysenteriae type 1; production of Stx by S sonnei and S flexneri has been reported.

• #3 Shigellosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482337/

  Humans are the only natural reservoir for shigellae. […] The estimated annual global incidence of shigellosis is 188 million cases; approximately 164,000 cases result in death. […] Shigellosis outbreaks occur whenever war or natural disasters result in unhygienic living conditions, overcrowding, and poor sanitation. […] Rising temperatures also remarkably increase the risk of diarrheal diseases such as shigellosis. […] The infecting dose of shigellae is incredibly low; as few as 10 organisms are required to cause disease. […] Shigellae are acid-resistant and survive passage through the stomach to access the intestine. […] Many shigellae produce up to 3 different enterotoxins, including the enterotoxins designated ShET1 and ShET2 and Shiga toxin (Stx). […] The main virulence factor produced by S dysenteriae type 1; production of Stx by S sonnei and S flexneri has been reported.

• #3 Shigellosis | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/shigellosis

  Shigella is a genus of aerobic, non-motile, glucose-fermenting, Gram-negative bacilli that are highly contagious. Man and apes appear to be the only natural hosts. They cause damage by invasion of the colonic epithelium causing intense inflammation, and by the injection of type III effector proteins into host cells thereby altering their function. This requires comparatively few bacteria to cause disease. […] The organism is spread by faeco-oral contact via infected food or water, during travel, or in long-term care facilities, daycare centres, or nursing homes. Worldwide, shigellosis causes around 160 million cases and more than a million deaths annually, with the majority of cases occurring in the children of developing nations. […] It may also be readily transmitted between children at home or in childcare facilities. In recent years an increase in UK-acquired cases of S. flexneri and S. sonnei has been reported in men who have sex with men (MSM). […] Shigella spp. are highly adaptive organisms, with reports from a number of countries showing changing genotypes and antimicrobial resistance patterns.

• #3 Shigella: Everything you need to know about the causes, symptoms and treatmentSearch IconSearch IconLogin iconFacebook iconInstagram iconX iconSnapchat iconLinkedIn iconYouTube iconSaveX IconFacebook IconWhatsApp IconX IconFacebook IconWhatsApp IconSaveX

  https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/shigella-everything-need-know-causes-symptoms-treatment/

  Shigella boydii and shigella dysenteriae are more common in developing countries – cases of infection with these types of the bacteria found in the UK tend to be among travellers coming back from holiday. Shigella dysenteriae type 1 can be deadly. […] Shigella causes some 165 million cases of disease worldwide each year – mostly among children under five in less wealthy countries. […] More than one million people are estimated to die from shigella infections each year. […] People who go on holiday to developing countries could contract types of shigellosis that are not easily treated by antibiotics. […] There have also been outbreaks of shigella among gay and bisexual men who can transmit the bacteria during sex.

• #3 Shigella | Spokane Regional Health District

  https://srhd.org/health-topics/diseases-conditions/shigella

  People who travel to countries where sanitation and water treatment are poor may also be more likely to become infected. […] Men who have sex with men are also more likely to be infected with Shigella. […] People with weakened immune systems are more likely to experience severe illness when infected with Shigella.

• #4 Shigella Advisory for Health Care Providers – Jan. 23. 2025 | Spokane Regional Health District

  https://srhd.org/shigella-advisory-for-health-care-providers-jan-23-2025

  Shigella bacteria causes a gastrointestinal infection called shigellosis. […] Shigella can spread easily from one person to another via fecal-oral transmission and can be transmitted for 2 weeks or more after diarrhea has subsided, due to bacterial shedding in feces. […] Shigella is highly contagious. It survives on surfaces for months, and a very small inoculum (10 to 200 organisms) is sufficient to cause infection. […] Given the increase in extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Shigella infections (shigellosis), perform antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) if you plan to treat with an antibiotic. […] CDC does not have recommendations for optimal antimicrobial treatment because there are no data from clinical studies of treatment of XDR Shigella infections.

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