Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Shigella Infections Conferences | Shigella Infections Conference | Shigella Infections Events | Shigella Infections Congress

  https://infectiouscongress.com/program/scientific-sessions/shigella-infections

  Shigella is a group of bacteria that cause shigellosis, a highly contagious gastrointestinal infection. […] Preventive measures include practicing good hygiene, especially handwashing, ensuring the safety of food and water sources, and promoting sanitation infrastructure. […] Vaccines are also under development to provide additional tools for shigellosis prevention. […] Public health interventions aim to reduce the burden of Shigella infections globally, emphasizing the importance of sanitation, hygiene education, and access to clean water.

• #2 Prevention of shigellosis (Shigella) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/shigella/prevention.html

  It can be difficult to prevent illness because contaminated foods and beverages look, smell and taste normal. […] Lower your chance of getting shigellosis by: […] following general food safety practices […] washing your hands often and properly […] cooking food to a safe internal temperature […] washing raw fruits and vegetables thoroughly before eating […] drinking water from a safe (treated or boiled) source […] avoiding sexual activity with those who have diarrhea or who recently recovered from diarrhea. […] Do not prepare food or pour water for other people if you think you are: […] sick with shigellosis […] suffering from any other contagious illness causing diarrhea. […] You can help prevent others from getting sick by contacting your local public health authority to report: […] unclean restaurants or grocery stores […] suspected food poisoning from a restaurant or other food establishments.

• #3 Shigella Infection: Treatment, Symptoms, Outbreaks & Vaccine

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/shigellosis_shigella_infection/article_em.htm

  Although there is no vaccine available to prevent shigellosis, good hand-washing techniques, avoiding contaminated water and foods, and avoiding sexual activity with a person who has recently recovered are ways to reduce the risk of infection. […] Currently, there is no vaccine available to prevent shigellosis or Shigella infection. You can reduce the risk of infection by good hand-washing techniques, avoiding swallowing water from ponds, lakes, and other untreated sources, and avoiding sexual activity with a person who has recently recovered from the disease for a few weeks. Travelers should take precautions to avoid eating raw food items, drink only bottled water, and avoid ice in drinks when in areas where a recent outbreak has occurred.

• #4 Preventing Shigella Infection | Shigella – Shigellosis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/shigella/prevention/index.html

  Shigella germs can spread easily from one person to another. […] You can reduce your chance of getting infected by following these tips: […] Carefully wash your hands with soap and water during key times: Before any sexual activity. Before preparing food or eating. After going to the bathroom, changing a diaper, or cleaning up after someone who went to the bathroom. […] Take care when changing diapers. As soon as you change a diaper, throw it away in a covered, lined garbage can. Clean up any leaks or spills from the diaper right away. Wash your hands and the child’s hands with soap and water right away. […] Avoid swallowing water from ponds, lakes, or swimming pools. […] When traveling internationally, follow safe food and water habits and wash hands often with soap and water. […] If you or your partner has been diagnosed with shigellosis, do not have sex. To reduce the chance of Shigella spreading, wait at least two weeks after diarrhea ends to have sex.

• #5 Shigellosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482337/

  Frequent handwashing with soap and water is recommended, especially after using the bathroom and before food preparation. Food handlers should not engage in food preparation if stool cultures remain positive. […] Patients with shigellosis should be educated about appropriate infection control practices to prevent transmission of shigellae to others. Stool precautions and careful handwashing can prevent the dissemination of shigellosis. Primary preventive measures include universal availability of potable water, improved personal and food hygiene, and provision of sanitation methods. […] Although no vaccine has been developed to prevent shigellosis, measures can be taken to avoid transmitting shigellae. Regularly implementing these measures, especially in high-risk settings and during high-risk practices, could prevent the disease altogether or minimize the severity of illness in those infected. These infection prevention measures include: Perform frequent and thorough handwashing with soap and water, especially before meals and in case of contact with people at high risk of transmitting shigellae. […] Avoid sexual contact with people who have diarrhea, confirmed shigellosis, or have recently recovered from diarrheal illness.

• #6 Shigella infection // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/shigella-infection

  Help prevent shigella infection by washing hands often, especially after changing a diaper or using the bathroom. And if you swim in ponds, lakes or swimming pools, try not to swallow the water. […] Take the following steps to help prevent shigella infection: […] Wash hands often. Use soap and water, and scrub for at least 20 seconds. This is key before you prepare or eat food, and before sexual activity. It’s also important to wash after you use the bathroom or change a diaper. […] Throw away soiled diapers in a covered, lined garbage can. […] Disinfect diaper-changing areas right after use, especially if the diaper leaks or spills. […] Try not to swallow water from ponds, lakes or untreated pools. […] Do not have sexual contact with anyone who has diarrhea or who recently recovered from diarrhea. Wait at least two weeks.

• #7 Shigella | State of Alaska | Department of Health

  https://health.alaska.gov/en/education/shigella/

  Wash your hands thoroughly after using the bathroom, changing diapers, or before preparing food […] Wash your hands after contact with animals or their environments […] Avoid swallowing water when swimming or playing in lakes, streams, pools, and kiddie pools […] Avoid sexual activity with those who have diarrhea or who recently recovered from diarrhea […] People who work in food service, healthcare, or child care should stay home from work until they have no episodes of diarrhea for 24 hours, antibiotics have been taken for 48 hours, and two stool cultures collected at least 24 hours apart have both tested negative.

• #8 Shigella-Shigellosis

  https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/content/sdc/hhsa/programs/phs/community_epidemiology/dc/Shigella.html

  Take steps to avoid getting, or spreading, Shigella: […] Wash your hands with soap and water after using the bathroom, before preparing food and eating, and after changing a diaper. […] If soap and water are not available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol. […] Avoid swallowing water while swimming. […] When traveling internationally, follow safe food and water habits and clean your hands often. […] If you, or your partner, has been diagnosed with shigellosis, do not have sex for at least two weeks after the diarrhea ends.

• #9 Shigellosis | Thunder Bay District Health Unit

  https://www.tbdhu.com/health-topics/diseases-infections/diseases-z/shigellosis

  Proper hand washing is the best prevention. […] Proper hand washing includes soap and water for at least 15 seconds. […] If soap and water are not available, use alcohol-based hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol. […] Make sure hands are washed after using the toilet and changing diapers and before handling and eating foods. […] Drink water from a safe supply. […] When travelling, use bottled water or boil the water for at least 5 minutes if the water supply is unknown. […] Avoid eating raw shellfish harvested from unknown sources. […] Protect food against flies and cockroaches by keeping it covered. […] Wash all fruits and vegetables before use.

• #10 WHO EMRO | Shigella: risk communication and community engagement guidance | Publications | Health Emergency Preparedness and Internat

  https://www.emro.who.int/cpi/publications/shigella-risk-communication-and-community-engagement-guidance.html

  Effective hygiene practices, consumption of safe food and water and vigilance when it comes to sanitation are crucial in preventing shigellosis. […] Hygiene in resource-limited settings: If sinks are not available in patient care areas, Veronica buckets (portable handwashing stations) can be installed to provide water for hand hygiene close to the point of care. […] Hygiene practices: Maintain cleanliness to prevent infection. Regularly clean surfaces and practice good food hygiene. […] Food and water safety: Boil or treat water and thoroughly cook food to kill bacteria. In resource-limited settings, use any available methods to purify water, including bringing it to a rolling boil for at least a minute. […] Prioritizing at-risk groups: Focus on securing preventive measures and medical support for individuals with compromised immune systems, such as those with chronic diseases, the elderly and young children, as they are more susceptible to severe complications. Early intervention and regular health monitoring are crucial to manage symptoms effectively and prevent disease progression. […] Develop community awareness about shigella, focusing on symptoms, transmission and effective prevention techniques. Share knowledge on food and water safety and maintaining good hygiene practices.

• #11 How to Prevent Shigella Infection | Marler Clark

  https://marlerclark.com/foodborne-illnesses/shigella/shigella-prevention

  There are many steps a person can take to prevent infection with Shigella. […] Thus, in the meantime, preventing infection is the best approach, and that means implementing proper sanitation measures. […] A safe water supply is important for the control of shigellosis and is probably the single most important factor in areas with substandard sanitation facilities. […] The spread of Shigella from an infected person to other persons can be avoided by frequent and careful handwashing with soap and hot water. […] Basic food safety precautions and disinfection of drinking water should prevent Shigella bacteria from contaminating food and water. […] Simple precautions taken while traveling to the developing world can prevent shigellosis. Drink only treated or boiled water, and eat only cooked hot foods or fruits you peel yourself.

• #12 Shigellosis

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/diseases/shigellosis.html

  There is no vaccine to prevent shigellosis. However, the spread of Shigella from an infected person to other persons can be stopped by careful handwashing with soap and water. Frequent, supervised handwashing of all children should be followed in day care centers and in homes with young children (including children in diapers). When possible, young children with a Shigella infection who are still in diapers should not be in contact with uninfected children. […] People who have shigellosis should not prepare food or pour water for others until they have been shown to no longer be carrying the Shigella bacterium. […] Basic food safety precautions and regular drinking water treatment prevents shigellosis. At swimming beaches, having enough bathrooms near the swimming area helps to keep the water from becoming contaminated. […] Simple precautions taken while traveling to the developing world can prevent Shigella infections. Drink only treated or boiled water and eat only cooked hot foods or fruits you peel yourself. The same precautions prevent traveler’s diarrhea in general.

• #13 Gastroenteritis – shigellosis | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/gastroenteritis-shigella

  General suggestions on how to reduce the risk of shigellosis include: […] Wash hands thoroughly with soap and hot water after going to the toilet or changing nappies, and before preparing food or eating. […] Use disposable paper towels to dry your hands rather than cloth towels, since the bacteria can survive for some time on cloth. […] Keep cold food cold (below 5 C) and hot food hot (above 60 C) to discourage the growth of bacteria. […] Make sure foods are thoroughly cooked. […] Thoroughly wash raw vegetables before eating. […] Reheat food until the internal temperature of the food reaches at least 75 C. […] Clean the toilet and bathroom regularly, including the toilet seat, door handles and taps, by using a cleaning product that is able to kill bacteria, such as a product containing chlorine.

• #14 Search our Website

  https://www.simcoemuskokahealth.org/topics/InfectiousDiseases/DiseaseInformation/FactSheetsSZ/Shigella.aspx

  Wash your hands before and after using the toilet, before preparing or eating meals, and after changing diapers or helping individuals with toileting. […] Drink only pasteurized milk. […] Drink water from an approved, tested or chemically treated source. If you are unsure of the safety of your water supply, boil your water for 1 minute or use an approved disinfectant. […] Take precautions when traveling in countries where hygiene and sanitation may be inadequate. Make sure fresh fruits and vegetables have been washed and clean water or peel them yourself prior to eating. […] When eating cooked foods, make sure they are still hot when they are served. […] Avoid beverages or ice that may have been prepared with untreated water. […] To prevent spreading the disease to people around you, always practice good hand washing and maintain personal hygiene.

• #15 Shigellosis Overview and Prevention

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/shigellosis/overview-prevention.html

  Wash your hands with soap and water before and after preparing or eating foods, and after using the bathroom or changing a diaper. […] Avoid swallowing water from ponds, lakes, and untreated swimming pools, and, if you have diarrhea, avoid swimming until your symptoms have resolved. […] Avoid sexual activity with people who have diarrhea or recently had diarrhea, and, if you have diarrhea, wait to have sex until your symptoms have resolved. […] If you have diarrhea, do not handle, prepare, or cook foods for others at home or at your job until your symptoms have resolved. […] Cases shall not work as food handlers or in sensitive occupations until diarrhea has ceased for at least 24 hours and two consecutive negative stool specimens are obtained.

• #16 Preventing Shigella Infection | Shigella – Shigellosis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/shigella/prevention/index.html

  Help prevent the spread of Shigella infection to others when you are sick: Wash hands often, especially: Before eating or preparing food. After using the bathroom or changing diapers. […] Don’t prepare food if you are sick or share food with anyone. […] Don’t swim. […] Don’t have sex for at least two weeks after you no longer have diarrhea. […] Stay home from school or from healthcare, food service, or childcare jobs while sick or until your health department says it’s safe to return.

• #17 Shigella infection // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/shigella-infection

  If you or your child has diarrhea or a known shigella infection, take these steps to prevent spreading germs: […] Keep washing hands often. And watch small children when they wash their hands. […] Don’t prepare food for others if possible. […] Stay home from healthcare, food service or child care jobs while sick. […] Keep children with diarrhea home from child care, play groups or school. […] Don’t go swimming until you have fully recovered.

• #18 Shigella infection – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/shigella+infection/shigella+infection+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Exclude people with Shigella infection from childcare, preschool, school and work until there has been no diarrhoea for at least 24 hours. If working as a food handler in a food business, the exclusion period should be until there has been no diarrhoea or vomiting for 48 hours. […] Infants, children and adults with Shigella infection should not swim until there has been no diarrhoea for 24 hours. […] Infected people without symptoms who are involved in food preparation or in caring for patients in hospital, the elderly or children should take special care with hand washing. They may require proof that they are no longer infectious (by providing a faecal specimen) before returning to work. […] Infected people should refrain from sexual activity, particularly activities which involve potential contact with faecal matter (i.e. anal sex) for at least seven days after symptoms cease.

• #19 Shigella | Spokane Regional Health District

  https://srhd.org/health-topics/diseases-conditions/shigella

  Shigella can be in feces for two weeks after symptoms end. People who are sick should wash their hands well and often to avoid reinfecting themselves or spreading Shigella to others. People with Shigella should also stay home from healthcare, food service, and childcare jobs until they have been cleared by public health to return to work, after testing negative for Shigella twice, 24 hours apart. […] Take these precautions for two weeks after symptoms end: Do not prepare food for others, Do not engage in water recreation, such as swimming or sitting in hot tubs, Do not have sex, Do not share cigarettes, utensils, pipes, needles, tooters, straws, or other personal items. […] If you or someone in your household has Shigella, you can take additional steps to prevent Shigella from spreading on contaminated surfaces. Most disinfectants kill Shigella, and you should be able to check what germs a disinfectant kills on the product label. If you are unsure if a product kills Shigella, you can use bleach.

• #20 Shigellosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/182767-treatment

  A vaccine for shigellosis is not currently available. Until a vaccine is available, the following measures can help prevent the dissemination of shigellosis: […] Use of safe drinking water […] Chlorination of unreliable water sources […] Strict handwashing […] Refrigeration and proper preparation and cooking of food. Food handlers must be treated with antibiotics and should not be involved in food preparation as long as stool cultures are positive for Shigella infection. At least 48 hours of antibiotic treatment are usually required.

• #21 Controlling Spread of Shigellosis | Health & Human Services

  https://hhs.iowa.gov/center-acute-disease-epidemiology/epi-manual/reportable-diseases/shigellosis-0

  Food handlers, healthcare providers, child care providers and children in child care with shigellosis must be excluded. […] For food handlers, child care providers, and healthcare providers, two negative stool cultures must be obtained after resolution of diarrhea before they may return to work/child care. […] Shigella cases should not cook for others until at least 48 hours after diarrhea has resolved. […] Wash your hands carefully and frequently with soap and water, especially after using the bathroom. […] Do not prepare food for others while you are sick. After you get better, wash your hands carefully with soap and water before preparing food for others. […] Stay home from childcare, school and food service facilities while sick. Your local health department may have a policy on when to return to childcare or school.

• #22 Shigellosis

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/shigellosis

  Appropriate safer sex messages are important, especially for MSM. Advise abstinence from all sexual practices while symptomatic and until one week after diarrhoea has resolved. For a further two weeks, reduce faecal-oral exposure by washing hands and preferably genitals with soap and water before and after sexual activity, such as by showering. Barrier methods (condoms, dental dams, latex gloves) are recommended, particularly for sexual practices involving anal contact. […] Food handlers, staff of residential facilities, childcare and health care workers should be excluded from work pending individual advice from the department. Cases in institutions should be separated from non-infected residents, if possible. Children must be excluded from primary schools and childrens services until 24 hours has passed since the last loose bowel action.

• #23 Increase in extensively drug-resistant (XDR) shigellosis in the United States – King County, Washington

  https://kingcounty.gov/en/dept/dph/health-safety/disease-illness/health-advisories/2023/9-march

  Be aware that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has been monitoring an increase in extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Shigella infections (shigellosis) reported through national surveillance systems. […] Counsel patients with suspected or confirmed shigellosis on how they can prevent spreading the infection to others: Wash hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after using the toilet, after handling a soiled diaper, and before eating or preparing food; Avoid preparing food for others while symptomatic; Wait to have sex (anal, oral, penile, or vaginal) for at least 1 week (2 weeks preferred) after diarrhea resolved because Shigella may still be in stool for several weeks; People with Shigella should be excluded from food handling, childcare settings and patient care until follow-up is completed by Public Health; Children with active diarrhea should not attend childcare, school, or group activities while ill; Stay out of recreational water settings such as swimming pools, hot tubs, lakes, and rivers until you have fully recovered.

• #24 Shigellosis (Shigella) Fact Sheet – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/shigellosis/shigella.html

  How can I prevent Shigella infections? […] Wash your hands with warm, soapy water for 20 seconds […] Do not send your child to daycare or preschool if he or she has diarrhea. […] Avoid preparing food for others while you have symptoms. […] Clean and disinfect surfaces with household bleach immediately after vomiting or diarrheal accidents. […] Do not swim when you have diarrhea. […] Change diapers in changing rooms, not poolside or on the beach. Wash hands after changing diapers.

• #25 Shigellosis

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/shigellosis

  Good personal hygiene is the single most important preventive measure. Frequent and thorough handwashing is important before eating and food handling, and after toilet use, especially in young children who may not be completely toilet trained. […] Educate travellers on the need for safe food and water consumption. […] For both men and women, abstinence from sexual activity with those who currently have or who have recently recovered from diarrhoea of any cause is recommended this particularly applies to oral-anal contact. […] Cases should be educated on the importance of good hygiene practices, including cleaning of bathroom and kitchen surfaces, handwashing particularly after using the toilet, and before and after food handling. Cases should not prepare food for others until 48 hours after symptoms resolve.

• #26 Shigella | Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment

  https://cdphe.colorado.gov/shigella

  If you do choose to have sex, follow the safer sexual practices below: […] Wash your hands, genitals, and anus with soap and water before and after sexual activity. […] Use barriers like condoms, dental dams, and natural rubber latex sheets during vaginal, anal, and oral sex. […] Use latex gloves during anal fingering or fisting. […] Use condoms with sex toys and wash toys between uses. Wash hands after touching sex toys.

• #27 Department of Public Health – Acute Communicable Disease Control

  http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/acd/Diseases/Shigellosis.htm

  To minimize risk of infection, strategies include avoiding oral-anal contact, not engaging in sexual activity with anyone with a fever, diarrhea or other symptoms, and ensuring hands and toys are all washed with soap and water between use. People with Shigella infection should not prepare food for others while sick. […] Abstaining from sex for at least 2 weeks after infection is important to further reduce transmission (and then maintaining safe sex practices when one resumes sexual relations). People who work in healthcare, food service, or childcare, might be kept from work until they recover. […] Tailor risk reduction and prevention messaging to MSM.

• #28 Shigellosis: symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/shigellosis

  As with all diarrheal diseases, preventive measures focus on improving hygiene: better education on personal hygiene, latrine construction, fly control, regulations on the use of human fecal matter in agriculture, and a clean drinking water supply. Unfortunately, such improvements do not appear a realistic prospect in many regions of the world that have seen rapid population expansion, particularly in urban areas. Vaccine development is therefore an important and urgent priority. Preventive work on this new sexually transmitted infection is necessary in the male homosexual community.

• #29 Shigellosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigellosis

  Simple precautions can be taken to prevent getting shigellosis: wash hands before handling food and thoroughly cook all food before eating. The primary prevention methods are improved sanitation and personal and food hygiene, but a low-cost and efficacious vaccine would complement these methods. […] Since shigellosis is spread very quickly among children, keeping infected children out of daycare for 24 hours after their symptoms have disappeared, will decrease the occurrence of shigellosis in daycares. […] Currently, no licensed vaccine targeting Shigella exists. Several vaccine candidates for Shigella are in various stages of development including live attenuated, conjugate, ribosomal, and proteosome vaccines. Shigella has been a longstanding World Health Organization target for vaccine development, and sharp declines in age-specific diarrhea/dysentery attack rates for this pathogen indicate that natural immunity does develop following exposure; thus, vaccination to prevent the disease should be feasible. Shigella species are resistant to many antibiotics, so vaccination is an important part of the strategy to reduce morbidity and mortality.

• #30 Shigella Infection Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/968773-treatment

  Meticulous hand hygiene is the single most important measure to decrease transmission. In situations where access to clean water or soap is limited, waterless hand sanitizers may be an effective option. […] For individuals who travel to highly endemic areas, recommend that all fruits and vegetables be washed, peeled, and cooked (see the CDC Web site). […] In developed countries, person-to-person transmission is the most common source of infection. In developing countries, water contaminated with human waste is the most common source for infection. […] Encourage prolonged breastfeeding in infants because the incidence of disease is markedly decreased in breastfed babies. […] The following measures help prevent person-to-person transmission of Shigella species: Education of families and child-care center personnel in handwashing techniques, especially after toilet use

• #31 Shigella Infection Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/968773-treatment

  Avoidance of food preparation by personnel who change diapers in daycare centers […] Exclusion of febrile children with diarrhea from daycare centers […] Proper handling and refrigeration of food, even after cooking […] Use of universal precautions and isolation of persons with diarrhea in institutions and hospitals […] Exclusion from daycare centers of symptomatic children, attendees, and staff members with documented Shigella gastroenteritis until diarrhea has ceased and 2 stool culture tests are negative for Shigella […] If a child in diapers has shigellosis, everyone who changes the child’s diapers should be sure the diapers are disposed of properly in a closed-lid garbage can and should wash his or her hands and the child’s hands carefully with soap and warm water immediately after changing the diapers. After use, the diaper changing area should be wiped down with a disinfectant.

• #32 Shigella Can Put a Damper on Summer Swimming Fun – Cincinnati Children’s Blog

  https://blog.cincinnatichildrens.org/safety-and-prevention/shigella-can-put-a-damper-on-summer-swimming-fun/

  There is at least one thing that parents don’t want to bring home from the swimming pool this summer: shigellosis. […] The best way to prevent the spread of Shigella is through frequent and careful hand washing with soap, especially after using the toilet and before meals. […] If you’re caring for a child who has diarrhea, wash your hands before touching other people and before handling food. […] Diapers of a child with shigellosis should be disposed of in a sealed garbage can, and the diaper area should be wiped with disinfectant after use. Young children (especially those still in diapers) with shigellosis or with diarrhea of any cause should be kept away from other kids.

• #33 Controlling Spread of Shigellosis | Health & Human Services

  https://hhs.iowa.gov/center-acute-disease-epidemiology/epi-manual/reportable-diseases/shigellosis-0

  Avoid swimming until you have fully recovered. […] Wait to have sex (vaginal, anal, and oral) for one week after you no longer have diarrhea. […] Children with Shigella infection who have diarrhea should be excluded until 48 hours after resolution of diarrhea or until 24 hours after treatment with antibiotics has started AND 24 hours after diarrhea stops. […] Staff with Shigella infection should be excluded until their diarrhea is gone and they have 2 negative stool cultures. […] Always ensure thorough cleaning of the child care and disinfection of classroom materials (such as toys). […] Students or non food-handling staff with Shigella infection who have diarrhea should be excluded until their diarrhea is gone. […] Students or staff who handle food and have Shigella infection (symptomatic or not) must not prepare food until their diarrhea is gone and they have two negative stool tests.

• #34 Risk factors for secondary transmission of Shigellainfection within households: implications for current prevention policy | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2334-12-347

  To identify symptomatic and asymptomatic SSI, faecal screening should be targeted at all household contacts of preschool cases (03 years) and cases attending junior class in primary school (45 years) and any household contact with diarrhoea. […] The current policy, that all contacts with diarrhoea should be investigated for the presence of the bacterium Shigella, is therefore supported. […] Based on our findings, screening of all contacts of cases who are under 6 years is also recommended. […] The policy in the Netherlands of excluding all contacts under 6 years old pending a single negative faecal culture sample is generally not supported by our findings. […] Exclusion of cases and contacts with diarrhoea from work, school and daycare remains important to prevent spread, but our findings do not support exclusion of asymptomatic child contacts under 6 years.

• #35 Gastroenteritis – shigellosis | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/gastroenteritis-shigella

  If the infected person works in a high-risk occupation, such as a food worker, healthcare worker, childcare worker or in a residential facility; it is important that they stay away from work while awaiting advice from the Department of Health. […] Children must not attend childcare centres, kindergartens or school until 24 hours after their symptoms have stopped. […] When travelling overseas to countries with poor sanitation conditions, only drink bottled water. Don’t forget to brush your teeth in bottled water too. Avoid food buffets, uncooked foods or peeled fruits and vegetables, and ice in drinks. […] Avoid having sex for a week after diarrhoea has stopped. For a further two weeks wash hands before and after sex, avoid high risk activities such as oral and oro-anal sex or use barrier methods (such as condoms and dental dams).

• #36

  https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241592330

  Shigellosis continues to be a major public health problem and remains endemic in many developing countries. […] the need to put more emphasis on interventions targeting hand-washing practices, among other prevention methods; […] Fluoroquinolones should be used as the first-line treatment for all patients suffering from shigellosis. Patients should also receive zinc supplementation.

• #37 Shigella infection: Treatment and prevention in children – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/shigella-infection-treatment-and-prevention-in-children

  PREVENTION […] General measures […] Isolation […] School or daycare […] Vaccine […] Antibiotic prophylaxis

• #38 Doxycycline prophylaxis for shigellosis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2404480/

  The efficacy of oral doxycycline, 100 mg/d for 14 days, in reducing the incidence of shigellosis in newcomers to an area hyperendemic for the disease was examined in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. […] Doxycycline prophylaxis apparently is effective and probably does not prevent subclinical infection.

• #39 Shigella spp.

  https://infectionprevention.olympus.com/en-us/scientific-evidence/microorganisms/shigella-spp

  Transmission occurs mainly through close contact with infected/unwell people and through contaminated objects and food, including contaminated water. […] Shigella spp. belongs to the group of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (MRGN) and exhibits resistance in particular to beta-lactam antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins.

• #40 Shigella Advisory for Health Care Providers – Jan. 23. 2025 | Spokane Regional Health District

  https://srhd.org/shigella-advisory-for-health-care-providers-jan-23-2025

  Shigella can spread easily from one person to another via fecal-oral transmission and can be transmitted for 2 weeks or more after diarrhea has subsided, due to bacterial shedding in feces. Shigella is highly contagious. […] Given the increase in extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Shigella infections (shigellosis), perform antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) if you plan to treat with an antibiotic. […] Although antibiotic therapy is not routinely recommended for mild infections, consider antibiotic treatment for patients with more severe illnesses, patients who are immunocompromised, patients in settings where there is elevated concern for transmission to others (e.g., in homeless shelters), and in outbreak settings. […] Food workers, healthcare workers, childcare workers, and people who attend childcare that test positive for Shigella must receive 2 negative PCR or cultured stool specimens (24 hours apart, at least 48 hours after completion of antibiotics) before returning to work/childcare.

• #41 Shigella Infection Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/968773-treatment

  Exclusion of infected people as food handlers and measures to decrease contamination of food by house flies […] People with diarrhea due to this waterborne pathogen should not use recreational water venues for 2 weeks after symptoms resolve. […] Improvements in worker hygiene during vegetable and fruit picking and packing may prevent shigellosis caused by contaminated produce. […] Appropriate case reporting to health authorities is essential to take effective measures to prevent further transmission.

• #42 CDC Recommendations for Managing and Reporting Shigella Infections

  https://www.idsociety.org/news–publications-new/cdc-alerts/cdc-recommendations-for-managing-and-reporting-shigella-infections/

  Clinicians should carefully monitor patients with Shigella infections who require fluoroquinolone treatment and report any possible treatment failures. […] If treatment failure is suspected, clinicians should submit a stool specimen for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and consider consulting an infectious disease specialist to identify best treatment options. […] If antibiotic treatment is necessary, monitor patients carefully. […] Consider consulting an infectious disease specialist to identify other treatment options, because some Shigella isolates with susceptible ciprofloxacin MICs may harbor one or more quinolone resistance mechanisms. […] Contact your local health department to coordinate reporting treatment failure information. […] Collect a stool specimen for culture, and work with your clinical microbiology laboratory to submit for additional antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

• #43 CDC Recommendations for Managing and Reporting Shigella Infections

  https://www.idsociety.org/news–publications-new/cdc-alerts/cdc-recommendations-for-managing-and-reporting-shigella-infections/

  CDC is working with CLSI and other partners to collect isolates and clinical information from people with Shigella infection and possible clinical treatment failure occurring after treatment with a fluoroquinolone or azithromycin. […] If treatment failure is suspected, clinicians should consider consulting an infectious disease specialist to identify best treatment options, and submit a stool specimen for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. […] Clinicians should monitor patients carefully and report cases of possible clinical treatment failure to CDC.

• #44 Extensively drug-resistant Shigella infections are increasing. Here’s what you need to know. » Emerging Pathogens Institute » University of Florida

  https://epi.ufl.edu/2023/03/10/extensively-drug-resistant-shigella-infections-are-increasing-heres-what-you-need-to-know/

  Shigellosis is transmitted via the fecal-oral route, that is, when bacteria in feces are swallowed by someone. […] People recovering from shigellosis may continue to shed Shigella in their feces for several weeks after symptoms are over. So it is important that they pay attention to good hygiene even after they start feeling better. […] Proper hygiene habits are also very important. […] That’s why it’s very important that any child who has diarrhea be excluded from daycare centers until they’ve cleared the infection. […] Washing vegetables will generally get rid of at least the surface organisms if there’s potential contamination. […] The CDC offers additional steps that can help limit the transmission of Shigella bacteria during sexual activity. […] Correct stewardship of antibiotics is one of the tools that we still have to slow down the spread of these extremely drug-resistant bacteria.

• #45 Shigellosis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000295.htm

  Prevention includes properly handling, storing, and preparing food, and good personal hygiene. Handwashing is the most effective way to prevent shigellosis. Avoid food and water that may be contaminated.

• #46 Shigella

  https://www.nmhealth.org/about/erd/ideb/eip/foodnet/shigella/

  Shigellosis can sometimes spread quickly through entire communities, primarily through person-to-person transmission, causing what is known as a community-wide outbreak. The best way to prevent the transmission of Shigella is to wash hands with clean water and soap, clean food contact surfaces before and after preparation, and avoid sexual activity until at least 48 hours after symptoms resolve.

• #47 Shigellosis – National Collaborating Centre for Infectious Diseases

  https://nccid.ca/debrief/shigellosis/

  Shigella-caused dysentery can be avoided in large part by taking precautions against the organisms transmission to others and within the community. These comprise […] Handwashing with soap and water, before and after eating, after using the bathroom and changing diapers, before preparing food, and after encountering an infected person. […] Washing raw fruits and vegetables thoroughly. […] Cooking food until the internal temperature reaches a safe level. […] Avoiding swallowing water in pools, lakes, or ponds. […] Throwing away soiled diapers in a lined garbage can with a lid. […] Avoiding sexual activity with someone who has diarrhea or has recently recovered from diarrhea. […] Using a protective barrier such as a condom or gloves during sexual activity, and washing hands, genitals, anus, and any toys used. […] Follow safe food and water instructions when travelling.

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