Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Shigellosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482337/

  Shigellosis is an acute enteric infection caused by shigellae, a facultative gram-negative, anaerobic bacillus. […] This activity for healthcare professionals reviews the etiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and sequelae of shigellosis and highlights the importance of an interprofessional approach to the managements of this infectious disease. […] Apply best practices when treating patients with shigellosis. […] Identify and manage the common complications of shigellosis. […] Implement effective collaboration and communication among the interprofessional team members to improve outcomes for patients with shigellosis. […] The mainstay of shigellosis treatment is supportive care consisting mainly of hydration and electrolyte management. […] Antimicrobial therapy is not usually recommended for mild cases of shigellosis.

• #2 For health professionals: Shigellosis (Shigella) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/shigella/health-professionals.html

  Shigellosis is an acute infectious diarrheal disease caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella. […] Shigellosis is a common cause of diarrhea in Canada. In recent years, approximately 880 cases of shigellosis have been reported annually in Canada. […] Shigella bacteria spread through the direct or indirect fecal-oral route. The illness is highly infectious and can also be spread from person to person. […] Shigellosis is an acute infection with onset of symptoms. In particular, it causes watery diarrhea usually occurring within 24 to 48 hours of ingestion of the etiologic agent. […] Infection may be mild or asymptomatic. Illness can range from mild watery diarrhea to severe inflammatory bacillary dysentery or shigellosis. […] Infections are usually self-limiting. They can become life-threatening in immunocompromised patients. The illness usually lasts for 4 to 7 days.

• #3 Clinical Care of Shigellosis | Shigella – Shigellosis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/shigella/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Shigella is highly contagious; a very small inoculum (10 to 200 organisms) is sufficient to cause infection. […] To prevent the spread of Shigella bacteria, healthcare providers can share these prevention messages with patients with shigellosis. […] Children with shigellosis should not attend childcare, school, or group activities while they have diarrhea. […] Follow the guidance of your local health department about when it is safe to return to childcare or school. […] Urge others you know with similar symptoms to seek health care.

• #4 Treatment of Shigella Infection | Shigella – Shigellosis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/shigella/treatment/index.html

  People with Shigella infection usually get better without antibiotic treatment in 5 to 7 days. […] People with Shigella infection should drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration. […] People with bloody diarrhea should not use anti-diarrheal medicines such as loperamide (Imodium) or diphenoxylate with atropine (Lomotil). These medicines may make symptoms worse. […] People with mild shigellosis may need only fluids and rest. […] Healthcare providers may prescribe antibiotics for people with severe cases of shigellosis to help them get better faster. […] Tell your healthcare provider if you do not get better within a couple of days after starting antibiotics. […] If you have a weakened immune system, you may be more likely to become severely ill. […] Antibiotics can shorten the time you have fever and diarrhea by about 2 days. […] Ciprofloxacin and azithromycin are two recommended oral antibiotics. […] If your healthcare provider prescribes an antibiotic, take it exactly as directed and finish taking all the pills even if you feel better.

• #5 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Shigellosis.aspx

  Shigellosis is an infection caused by bacteria (germs) called Shigella that can easily spread from person to person and make people sick. The most common symptoms of shigellosis include diarrhea, stomach pain/cramps, fever, and a strong urge to pass stool (poop). These symptoms usually start 12 days after contact with Shigella germs and last about a week. There are about 500,000 cases of shigellosis in the United States each year. […] The best way to avoid getting shigellosis and to help prevent the spread of germs if you are sick is to carefully wash your hands with soap and water: After using the bathroom, Before preparing food and eating, After changing a diaper. […] Other ways to help prevent shigellosis: Do not prepare food or share your food with others if you are sick with shigellosis. Do not have sex of any kind with someone who currently has symptoms of shigellosis or has had shigellosis in the past few weeks. Stay home from school or from healthcare, food service, or childcare jobs if you are sick with shigellosis. Avoid swallowing water from ponds, lakes, or swimming pools that are not treated with chlorine. When traveling internationally (especially in developing countries), drink only treated or boiled water, and eat only cooked foods that are served hot or fruits you peel yourself.

• #6 For health professionals: Shigellosis (Shigella) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/shigella/health-professionals.html

  Shigellosis is an acute infectious diarrheal disease caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella. […] Shigellosis is a common cause of diarrhea in Canada. In recent years, approximately 880 cases of shigellosis have been reported annually in Canada. […] Shigella bacteria spread through the direct or indirect fecal-oral route. The illness is highly infectious and can also be spread from person to person. […] Shigellosis is an acute infection with onset of symptoms. In particular, it causes watery diarrhea usually occurring within 24 to 48 hours of ingestion of the etiologic agent. […] Infection may be mild or asymptomatic. Illness can range from mild watery diarrhea to severe inflammatory bacillary dysentery or shigellosis. […] Infections are usually self-limiting. They can become life-threatening in immunocompromised patients. The illness usually lasts for 4 to 7 days.

• #7 Shigella Infection (Shigellosis): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17826-shigellosis

  Shigella infection, also called shigellosis, is a condition that affects your digestive system. The bacteria causes possibly bloody diarrhea. Washing your hands frequently with soap and water is key to preventing the spread of this infection. […] Anyone can be infected with Shigella, but it often occurs in regions with poor sanitation or in crowded places, such as schools, day care centers and nursing homes. Younger children are more likely to be infected because they often put their hands in their mouths. […] If your symptoms are mild, you can treat it with rest and by drinking fluids to prevent dehydration (a dangerous loss of water in your body). […] In more severe cases of shigellosis, and for people with weak immune systems, doctors may prescribe an antibiotic to treat the infection. Your provider may prescribe ciprofloxacin or azithromycin.

• #8 For health professionals: Shigellosis (Shigella) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/shigella/health-professionals.html

  Shigellosis is an acute infectious diarrheal disease caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella. […] Shigellosis is a common cause of diarrhea in Canada. In recent years, approximately 880 cases of shigellosis have been reported annually in Canada. […] Shigella bacteria spread through the direct or indirect fecal-oral route. The illness is highly infectious and can also be spread from person to person. […] Shigellosis is an acute infection with onset of symptoms. In particular, it causes watery diarrhea usually occurring within 24 to 48 hours of ingestion of the etiologic agent. […] Infection may be mild or asymptomatic. Illness can range from mild watery diarrhea to severe inflammatory bacillary dysentery or shigellosis. […] Infections are usually self-limiting. They can become life-threatening in immunocompromised patients. The illness usually lasts for 4 to 7 days.

• #9 Shigella Infection: Treatment, Symptoms, Outbreaks & Vaccine

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/shigellosis_shigella_infection/article_em.htm

  Shigellosis is an infectious disease characterized by diarrhea, fever, and stomach cramps. […] Shigellosis patients are contagious until the person no longer sheds Shigella bacteria in feces. […] Most individuals resolve infection without treatment, but severe infections may require antibiotics. […] Treatment at home can consist of fluids and rest. […] Severe shigellosis may require prescribed antibiotics. Your health care provider can help choose the best antibiotic for you after they have ordered laboratory tests to determine if the bacteria are resistant to certain types of antibiotics. […] Most patients will not experience complications, but severe infections can lead to dysentery, dehydration, hemorrhagic colitis, seizures, and death, especially in young children. […] Because the disease is self-limiting, the prognosis for most individuals with shigellosis is excellent.

• #10 Shigella Infection (Shigellosis): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17826-shigellosis

  Shigella infection, also called shigellosis, is a condition that affects your digestive system. The bacteria causes possibly bloody diarrhea. Washing your hands frequently with soap and water is key to preventing the spread of this infection. […] Anyone can be infected with Shigella, but it often occurs in regions with poor sanitation or in crowded places, such as schools, day care centers and nursing homes. Younger children are more likely to be infected because they often put their hands in their mouths. […] If your symptoms are mild, you can treat it with rest and by drinking fluids to prevent dehydration (a dangerous loss of water in your body). […] In more severe cases of shigellosis, and for people with weak immune systems, doctors may prescribe an antibiotic to treat the infection. Your provider may prescribe ciprofloxacin or azithromycin.

• #11 Shigella: Bacteria that Causes the Foodborne Illness Shigellosis | Ohioline

  https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/HYG-5563

  If you think you might have this disease, you should see your doctor or go to your health center. People with diarrhea or vomiting need extra fluids to treat dehydration. Antibiotics are used to treat severe cases of shigellosis. […] Most cases occur in young children less than 9 years old (11.716.4 cases/100,000 population) with outbreaks often being associated with daycare facilities. Young children are susceptible due to their immature immune systems. […] Wash your hands with warm soapy water before and after handling raw foods. […] Always wash your hands after using the toilet and after changing a baby’s diaper. […] Prepare food for yourself but not others if you are ill with diarrhea. […] Wash fruits and vegetables before eating them. […] Knives, cutting boards, and food preparation surfaces should be washed with hot water and soap after contact with raw foods. […] Wash your hands with soap and warm water after working with raw foods.

• #12 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Shigellosis.aspx

  Shigellosis is an infection caused by bacteria (germs) called Shigella that can easily spread from person to person and make people sick. The most common symptoms of shigellosis include diarrhea, stomach pain/cramps, fever, and a strong urge to pass stool (poop). These symptoms usually start 12 days after contact with Shigella germs and last about a week. There are about 500,000 cases of shigellosis in the United States each year. […] The best way to avoid getting shigellosis and to help prevent the spread of germs if you are sick is to carefully wash your hands with soap and water: After using the bathroom, Before preparing food and eating, After changing a diaper. […] Other ways to help prevent shigellosis: Do not prepare food or share your food with others if you are sick with shigellosis. Do not have sex of any kind with someone who currently has symptoms of shigellosis or has had shigellosis in the past few weeks. Stay home from school or from healthcare, food service, or childcare jobs if you are sick with shigellosis. Avoid swallowing water from ponds, lakes, or swimming pools that are not treated with chlorine. When traveling internationally (especially in developing countries), drink only treated or boiled water, and eat only cooked foods that are served hot or fruits you peel yourself.

• #13 For health professionals: Shigellosis (Shigella) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/shigella/health-professionals.html

  Shigellosis is an acute infectious diarrheal disease caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella. […] Shigellosis is a common cause of diarrhea in Canada. In recent years, approximately 880 cases of shigellosis have been reported annually in Canada. […] Shigella bacteria spread through the direct or indirect fecal-oral route. The illness is highly infectious and can also be spread from person to person. […] Shigellosis is an acute infection with onset of symptoms. In particular, it causes watery diarrhea usually occurring within 24 to 48 hours of ingestion of the etiologic agent. […] Infection may be mild or asymptomatic. Illness can range from mild watery diarrhea to severe inflammatory bacillary dysentery or shigellosis. […] Infections are usually self-limiting. They can become life-threatening in immunocompromised patients. The illness usually lasts for 4 to 7 days.

• #14 WHO EMRO | Shigella: risk communication and community engagement guidance | Publications | Health Emergency Preparedness and Internat

  https://www.emro.who.int/cpi/publications/shigella-risk-communication-and-community-engagement-guidance.html

  Shigella infection (shigellosis) is a highly contagious bacterial infection that primarily targets the intestine, causing severe diarrhoea, fever, stomach pain and an urgent need to pass stool even when the bowels are empty. […] Effective hygiene practices, consumption of safe food and water and vigilance when it comes to sanitation are crucial in preventing shigellosis. Treatment primarily involves hydration and rest, with antibiotics prescribed in severe cases. Public health efforts should include educating the general population, and at-risk groups in particular, on preventing transmission and managing symptoms. […] To manage symptoms effectively, and prevent serious complications such as dehydration, it is essential to consult health care workers immediately if symptoms develop, particularly in vulnerable populations like children and the elderly.

• #15 Shigella: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/food-poisoning/what-is-shigella

  Shigella is a group of bacteria that causes shigellosis, a type of food poisoning. The infection can cause belly pain, fever, and watery or bloody diarrhea. You may feel a sharp cramp in your stomach and lower belly area. […] The disease usually disappears in five to seven days with rest and fluids. But in severe cases, you may need to go to the hospital. […] You should call your doctor if you have: Severe diarrhea, especially if you spot blood or mucus; A fever; Signs of dehydration, such as a dry mouth, dry lips, or lightheadedness. […] In most cases, you can feel better from shigellosis by resting and drinking fluids to replace what you’ve lost from diarrhea. […] Avoid drugs that stop diarrhea or slow down the gut. Drugs such as diphenoxylate with atropine (Lomotil) or loperamide (Imodium) can make shigellosis worse.

• #16

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/abdominal/Pages/Shigella-Infections.aspx

  A Shigella infection can cause mild watery or loose stools with no other symptoms, or it can be more serious, with fever, abdominal cramps or tenderness, crampy rectal pain (tenesmus), and mucous-filled and sometimes bloody stools. […] If your child’s symptoms are mild, your pediatrician may decide that it’s not necessary to prescribe medicine to treat the infection. […] However, antibiotics such as cefixime, ampicillin, or trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole may be prescribed in more severe cases. […] If your child is having lots of watery diarrhea, be sure to give her extra fluids to avoid dehydration. […] It is important that the fluids contain salt because salts are lost in the diarrhea. […] In severe cases, intravenous fluids may be required. […] Do not self-prescribe antidiarrheal medicines, which can actually make your child worse. […] In most cases, Shigella infections run their course in 2 to 3 days. […] If your child attends a child care facility, make sure staff members practice good hygiene, including frequent hand washing, particularly before food preparation and after diaper changes, and regularly disinfect toys.

• #17 For health professionals: Shigellosis (Shigella) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/shigella/health-professionals.html

  Shigellosis is an acute infectious diarrheal disease caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella. […] Shigellosis is a common cause of diarrhea in Canada. In recent years, approximately 880 cases of shigellosis have been reported annually in Canada. […] Shigella bacteria spread through the direct or indirect fecal-oral route. The illness is highly infectious and can also be spread from person to person. […] Shigellosis is an acute infection with onset of symptoms. In particular, it causes watery diarrhea usually occurring within 24 to 48 hours of ingestion of the etiologic agent. […] Infection may be mild or asymptomatic. Illness can range from mild watery diarrhea to severe inflammatory bacillary dysentery or shigellosis. […] Infections are usually self-limiting. They can become life-threatening in immunocompromised patients. The illness usually lasts for 4 to 7 days.

• #18 Shigella infection – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/shigella/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377533

  Diagnosis of shigella infection involves a physical exam and testing to find out if you have the illness. Many other health conditions can cause diarrhea or bloody diarrhea. […] Treatment for shigella infection depends on how serious the illness is. Most often, the illness is mild and gets better within seven days. You may only need to replace lost fluids from diarrhea, especially if your overall health is good. […] For a serious shigella infection, your healthcare professional may recommend medicines called antibiotics that help get rid of germs. Antibiotics may shorten the length of the illness. But some shigella bacteria resist the effects of these medicines. So your healthcare professional may not recommend antibiotics unless your shigella infection is very bad. […] If you’re given antibiotics, take them exactly as prescribed. Finish taking all the pills even if you start to feel better.

• #19 Clinical Care of Shigellosis | Shigella – Shigellosis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/shigella/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Healthcare providers may prescribe medicine to treat illness caused by Shigella. […] However, some antibiotics are not effective against certain types of Shigella. […] Healthcare providers can order laboratory testing of a sample of a patient’s stool to determine if they have a Shigella infection that is resistant to antibiotics. […] People who have Shigella infection usually get better without antibiotic treatment in 5 to 7 days. People with mild shigellosis may need only fluids and rest. […] Healthcare providers may prescribe antibiotics for people with severe cases of shigellosis to help them get better faster. […] As a healthcare provider, you can order laboratory tests to determine which antibiotics are likely to work. […] If your patient does not get better within a couple of days after starting antibiotics, you can do more tests to learn whether their type of Shigella bacteria can be treated effectively with the antibiotic they are taking.

• #20 Shigellosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482337/

  Antimicrobials are recommended if a patient requires hospitalization, is bacteremic or septic, is immunocompromised, is a food handler, or works with small children or in institutions. […] Frequent handwashing with soap and water is recommended, especially after using the bathroom and before food preparation. […] Patients with shigellosis should be educated about appropriate infection control practices to prevent transmission of shigellae to others. […] The definitive diagnosis of shigellosis will need time to wait for cultures to be obtained and for results to be available. […] Managing patients with suspected or proven shigellosis by an interprofessional team that includes an emergency department physician, an infectious disease specialist, a gastroenterologist, and an internist is essential to ensure that the management is done appropriately and in a timely fashion.

• #21 For health professionals: Shigellosis (Shigella) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/shigella/health-professionals.html

  Shigellosis can be clinically diagnosed in most patients based on fresh blood in the stool. Patients presenting with watery diarrhea and fever should be suspected of having shigellosis. […] Most patients recover without complications within 5 to 7 days without specific treatment. […] With proper oral rehydration or electrolyte replacement, shigellosis is generally a self-limiting disease. Fluid replacement is essential in dehydrated patients and can lead to recovery within days. […] Antibiotics are prescribed based on the severity of disease, the age of the patient and the likelihood of further transmission of the infection. […] Shigellosis is a nationally notifiable disease. Health professionals are to report cases to their provincial or territorial public health authorities.

• #22 Shigellosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482337/

  Antimicrobials are recommended if a patient requires hospitalization, is bacteremic or septic, is immunocompromised, is a food handler, or works with small children or in institutions. […] Frequent handwashing with soap and water is recommended, especially after using the bathroom and before food preparation. […] Patients with shigellosis should be educated about appropriate infection control practices to prevent transmission of shigellae to others. […] The definitive diagnosis of shigellosis will need time to wait for cultures to be obtained and for results to be available. […] Managing patients with suspected or proven shigellosis by an interprofessional team that includes an emergency department physician, an infectious disease specialist, a gastroenterologist, and an internist is essential to ensure that the management is done appropriately and in a timely fashion.

• #23 Clinical Care of Shigellosis | Shigella – Shigellosis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/shigella/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Healthcare providers may prescribe medicine to treat illness caused by Shigella. […] However, some antibiotics are not effective against certain types of Shigella. […] Healthcare providers can order laboratory testing of a sample of a patient’s stool to determine if they have a Shigella infection that is resistant to antibiotics. […] People who have Shigella infection usually get better without antibiotic treatment in 5 to 7 days. People with mild shigellosis may need only fluids and rest. […] Healthcare providers may prescribe antibiotics for people with severe cases of shigellosis to help them get better faster. […] As a healthcare provider, you can order laboratory tests to determine which antibiotics are likely to work. […] If your patient does not get better within a couple of days after starting antibiotics, you can do more tests to learn whether their type of Shigella bacteria can be treated effectively with the antibiotic they are taking.

• #24 For health professionals: Shigellosis (Shigella) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/shigella/health-professionals.html

  Shigellosis can be clinically diagnosed in most patients based on fresh blood in the stool. Patients presenting with watery diarrhea and fever should be suspected of having shigellosis. […] Most patients recover without complications within 5 to 7 days without specific treatment. […] With proper oral rehydration or electrolyte replacement, shigellosis is generally a self-limiting disease. Fluid replacement is essential in dehydrated patients and can lead to recovery within days. […] Antibiotics are prescribed based on the severity of disease, the age of the patient and the likelihood of further transmission of the infection. […] Shigellosis is a nationally notifiable disease. Health professionals are to report cases to their provincial or territorial public health authorities.

• #25 For health professionals: Shigellosis (Shigella) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/shigella/health-professionals.html

  Shigellosis can be clinically diagnosed in most patients based on fresh blood in the stool. Patients presenting with watery diarrhea and fever should be suspected of having shigellosis. […] Most patients recover without complications within 5 to 7 days without specific treatment. […] With proper oral rehydration or electrolyte replacement, shigellosis is generally a self-limiting disease. Fluid replacement is essential in dehydrated patients and can lead to recovery within days. […] Antibiotics are prescribed based on the severity of disease, the age of the patient and the likelihood of further transmission of the infection. […] Shigellosis is a nationally notifiable disease. Health professionals are to report cases to their provincial or territorial public health authorities.

• #26 Shigella infection – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/shigella+infection/shigella+infection+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Shigella infection is a notifiable condition. […] Specific antibiotic therapy is available and will reduce the duration and severity of symptoms and the spread of infection. […] The following are general recommendations for the treatment of gastroenteritis: give plenty of fluids. Oral rehydration solution is highly recommended for children with mild to moderate dehydration. It is available at pharmacies and should be administered following the instructions on the packaging. […] Seek medical advice if any of the following symptoms occur. […] Exclude people with Shigella infection from childcare, preschool, school and work until there has been no diarrhoea for at least 24 hours. If working as a food handler in a food business, the exclusion period should be until there has been no diarrhoea or vomiting for 48 hours. […] Shigella infection can be prevented by keeping areas clean, washing your hands thoroughly after going to the toilet, changing nappies, before cooking and always before eating.

• #27 Treatment of Shigella Infection | Shigella – Shigellosis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/shigella/treatment/index.html

  People with Shigella infection usually get better without antibiotic treatment in 5 to 7 days. […] People with Shigella infection should drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration. […] People with bloody diarrhea should not use anti-diarrheal medicines such as loperamide (Imodium) or diphenoxylate with atropine (Lomotil). These medicines may make symptoms worse. […] People with mild shigellosis may need only fluids and rest. […] Healthcare providers may prescribe antibiotics for people with severe cases of shigellosis to help them get better faster. […] Tell your healthcare provider if you do not get better within a couple of days after starting antibiotics. […] If you have a weakened immune system, you may be more likely to become severely ill. […] Antibiotics can shorten the time you have fever and diarrhea by about 2 days. […] Ciprofloxacin and azithromycin are two recommended oral antibiotics. […] If your healthcare provider prescribes an antibiotic, take it exactly as directed and finish taking all the pills even if you feel better.

• #28 Shigella infection – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/shigella/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377533

  Diagnosis of shigella infection involves a physical exam and testing to find out if you have the illness. Many other health conditions can cause diarrhea or bloody diarrhea. […] Treatment for shigella infection depends on how serious the illness is. Most often, the illness is mild and gets better within seven days. You may only need to replace lost fluids from diarrhea, especially if your overall health is good. […] For a serious shigella infection, your healthcare professional may recommend medicines called antibiotics that help get rid of germs. Antibiotics may shorten the length of the illness. But some shigella bacteria resist the effects of these medicines. So your healthcare professional may not recommend antibiotics unless your shigella infection is very bad. […] If you’re given antibiotics, take them exactly as prescribed. Finish taking all the pills even if you start to feel better.

• #29 WHO EMRO | Shigella: risk communication and community engagement guidance | Publications | Health Emergency Preparedness and Internat

  https://www.emro.who.int/cpi/publications/shigella-risk-communication-and-community-engagement-guidance.html

  Initial antibiotic treatment: In resource-limited settings where laboratory testing is not readily available, health care workers should rely on their observation of symptoms and knowledge of disease spread in the community when making decisions on treatment and outbreak management. […] For mild shigellosis, supportive care, such as adequate fluid intake and rest, is often sufficient. […] Preventing antimicrobial resistance: To combat the development and spread of resistant shigella strains, responsible antibiotic use is essential. Take antibiotics only when prescribed and precisely follow the treatment regimen, as directed by a health care provider. […] Hydration and rehydration: Ensure continuous hydration to combat the effects of diarrhoea. Prepare oral rehydration solutions using clean water, sugar and salt. The solution helps replenish fluids and electrolytes lost during bouts of diarrhoea.

• #30 Shigellosis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/shigellosis

  Shigellosis is a bacterial infection of the lining of the intestines. It is caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella. […] The goal of treatment is to replace fluids and electrolytes (salt and minerals) that are lost in diarrhea and stop the infection with antibiotics. […] Self-care measures to avoid dehydration include drinking electrolyte solutions to replace the fluids lost by diarrhea. Several types of electrolyte solutions are available over-the-counter (without a prescription). […] Antibiotics can help shorten the length of the illness. These medicines also help prevent the illness from spreading to others in group living or daycare settings. They may also be prescribed for people with severe symptoms. […] If you have diarrhea and cannot drink fluids by mouth because of severe nausea, you may need medical care and intravenous (IV) fluids. This is more common in small children who have shigellosis.

• #31 For health professionals: Shigellosis (Shigella) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/shigella/health-professionals.html

  Shigellosis can be clinically diagnosed in most patients based on fresh blood in the stool. Patients presenting with watery diarrhea and fever should be suspected of having shigellosis. […] Most patients recover without complications within 5 to 7 days without specific treatment. […] With proper oral rehydration or electrolyte replacement, shigellosis is generally a self-limiting disease. Fluid replacement is essential in dehydrated patients and can lead to recovery within days. […] Antibiotics are prescribed based on the severity of disease, the age of the patient and the likelihood of further transmission of the infection. […] Shigellosis is a nationally notifiable disease. Health professionals are to report cases to their provincial or territorial public health authorities.

• #32 Treatment of Shigella Infection | Shigella – Shigellosis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/shigella/treatment/index.html

  People with Shigella infection usually get better without antibiotic treatment in 5 to 7 days. […] People with Shigella infection should drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration. […] People with bloody diarrhea should not use anti-diarrheal medicines such as loperamide (Imodium) or diphenoxylate with atropine (Lomotil). These medicines may make symptoms worse. […] People with mild shigellosis may need only fluids and rest. […] Healthcare providers may prescribe antibiotics for people with severe cases of shigellosis to help them get better faster. […] Tell your healthcare provider if you do not get better within a couple of days after starting antibiotics. […] If you have a weakened immune system, you may be more likely to become severely ill. […] Antibiotics can shorten the time you have fever and diarrhea by about 2 days. […] Ciprofloxacin and azithromycin are two recommended oral antibiotics. […] If your healthcare provider prescribes an antibiotic, take it exactly as directed and finish taking all the pills even if you feel better.

• #33 Treatment of Shigella Infection | Shigella – Shigellosis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/shigella/treatment/index.html

  People with Shigella infection usually get better without antibiotic treatment in 5 to 7 days. […] People with Shigella infection should drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration. […] People with bloody diarrhea should not use anti-diarrheal medicines such as loperamide (Imodium) or diphenoxylate with atropine (Lomotil). These medicines may make symptoms worse. […] People with mild shigellosis may need only fluids and rest. […] Healthcare providers may prescribe antibiotics for people with severe cases of shigellosis to help them get better faster. […] Tell your healthcare provider if you do not get better within a couple of days after starting antibiotics. […] If you have a weakened immune system, you may be more likely to become severely ill. […] Antibiotics can shorten the time you have fever and diarrhea by about 2 days. […] Ciprofloxacin and azithromycin are two recommended oral antibiotics. […] If your healthcare provider prescribes an antibiotic, take it exactly as directed and finish taking all the pills even if you feel better.

• #34 Treatment of Shigella Infection | Shigella – Shigellosis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/shigella/treatment/index.html

  People with Shigella infection usually get better without antibiotic treatment in 5 to 7 days. […] People with Shigella infection should drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration. […] People with bloody diarrhea should not use anti-diarrheal medicines such as loperamide (Imodium) or diphenoxylate with atropine (Lomotil). These medicines may make symptoms worse. […] People with mild shigellosis may need only fluids and rest. […] Healthcare providers may prescribe antibiotics for people with severe cases of shigellosis to help them get better faster. […] Tell your healthcare provider if you do not get better within a couple of days after starting antibiotics. […] If you have a weakened immune system, you may be more likely to become severely ill. […] Antibiotics can shorten the time you have fever and diarrhea by about 2 days. […] Ciprofloxacin and azithromycin are two recommended oral antibiotics. […] If your healthcare provider prescribes an antibiotic, take it exactly as directed and finish taking all the pills even if you feel better.

• #35 Shigella Infection (Shigellosis): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17826-shigellosis

  Shigella infection, also called shigellosis, is a condition that affects your digestive system. The bacteria causes possibly bloody diarrhea. Washing your hands frequently with soap and water is key to preventing the spread of this infection. […] Anyone can be infected with Shigella, but it often occurs in regions with poor sanitation or in crowded places, such as schools, day care centers and nursing homes. Younger children are more likely to be infected because they often put their hands in their mouths. […] If your symptoms are mild, you can treat it with rest and by drinking fluids to prevent dehydration (a dangerous loss of water in your body). […] In more severe cases of shigellosis, and for people with weak immune systems, doctors may prescribe an antibiotic to treat the infection. Your provider may prescribe ciprofloxacin or azithromycin.

• #36 Shigellosis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-negative-bacilli/shigellosis

  Supportive care is usually adequate, but give antibiotics (a fluoroquinolone, azithromycin, ceftriaxone) to young children and to patients who are older or severely ill or who are immunocompromised; resistance to ampicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX), and tetracyclines is common. […] Fluid loss due to shigellosis is treated symptomatically with oral or IV fluids. […] Antidiarrheal medications (eg, loperamide) may prolong illness and should not be used. […] For severely ill or at-risk patients, a fluoroquinolone, azithromycin, or a third-generation cephalosporin should be administered. […] Antibiotics can reduce the symptoms and shedding of Shigella but are not necessary for healthy adults with mild illness.

• #37 Shigellosis – National Collaborating Centre for Infectious Diseases

  https://nccid.ca/debrief/shigellosis/

  Shigellosis is an acute, invasive, enteric bacterial infection that affects the digestive system. […] Preventing dehydration is part of the treatment for shigellosis. Those who have a Shigella infection should drink fluids frequently; patients with severe dehydration should be given intravenous fluids. […] Recommended antibiotics for shigellosis are fluoroquinolones (such as ciprofloxacin), azithromycin, and third-generation cephalosporins (such as ceftriaxone). […] Antimicrobial susceptibility testing is required prior to treatment, as some Shigella strains are resistant to antibiotics. […] Shigellosis is a nationally notifiable disease in all provinces and territories of Canada. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing should be conducted to ensure that the correct antibiotics are prescribed.

• #38 Shigella | Spokane Regional Health District

  https://srhd.org/health-topics/diseases-conditions/shigella

  Shigella is a bacteria that causes an infection called shigellosis. […] If you think you may have shigellosis, seek medical care and get tested. It may take some time for your body to recover; sometimes it can take several months for bowel movements to return to normal. […] Healthcare providers may prescribe antibiotics for severe cases of shigellosis; however, some antibiotics are not effective against certain types of Shigella. If your symptoms do not improve after a few days on antibiotics, contact your provider. Additional laboratory tests may be needed to make sure that the right antibiotics are prescribed for the type of Shigella infection. […] People who are sick should wash their hands well and often to avoid reinfecting themselves or spreading Shigella to others. People with Shigella should also stay home from healthcare, food service, and childcare jobs until they have been cleared by public health to return to work, after testing negative for Shigella twice, 24 hours apart. […] If you or someone in your household has Shigella, you can take additional steps to prevent Shigella from spreading on contaminated surfaces. Most disinfectants kill Shigella, and you should be able to check what germs a disinfectant kills on the product label.

• #39 WHO EMRO | Shigella: risk communication and community engagement guidance | Publications | Health Emergency Preparedness and Internat

  https://www.emro.who.int/cpi/publications/shigella-risk-communication-and-community-engagement-guidance.html

  Initial antibiotic treatment: In resource-limited settings where laboratory testing is not readily available, health care workers should rely on their observation of symptoms and knowledge of disease spread in the community when making decisions on treatment and outbreak management. […] For mild shigellosis, supportive care, such as adequate fluid intake and rest, is often sufficient. […] Preventing antimicrobial resistance: To combat the development and spread of resistant shigella strains, responsible antibiotic use is essential. Take antibiotics only when prescribed and precisely follow the treatment regimen, as directed by a health care provider. […] Hydration and rehydration: Ensure continuous hydration to combat the effects of diarrhoea. Prepare oral rehydration solutions using clean water, sugar and salt. The solution helps replenish fluids and electrolytes lost during bouts of diarrhoea.

• #40 Treatment of Shigella Infection | Shigella – Shigellosis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/shigella/treatment/index.html

  People with Shigella infection usually get better without antibiotic treatment in 5 to 7 days. […] People with Shigella infection should drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration. […] People with bloody diarrhea should not use anti-diarrheal medicines such as loperamide (Imodium) or diphenoxylate with atropine (Lomotil). These medicines may make symptoms worse. […] People with mild shigellosis may need only fluids and rest. […] Healthcare providers may prescribe antibiotics for people with severe cases of shigellosis to help them get better faster. […] Tell your healthcare provider if you do not get better within a couple of days after starting antibiotics. […] If you have a weakened immune system, you may be more likely to become severely ill. […] Antibiotics can shorten the time you have fever and diarrhea by about 2 days. […] Ciprofloxacin and azithromycin are two recommended oral antibiotics. […] If your healthcare provider prescribes an antibiotic, take it exactly as directed and finish taking all the pills even if you feel better.

• #41 Treatment of Shigella Infection | Shigella – Shigellosis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/shigella/treatment/index.html

  People with Shigella infection usually get better without antibiotic treatment in 5 to 7 days. […] People with Shigella infection should drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration. […] People with bloody diarrhea should not use anti-diarrheal medicines such as loperamide (Imodium) or diphenoxylate with atropine (Lomotil). These medicines may make symptoms worse. […] People with mild shigellosis may need only fluids and rest. […] Healthcare providers may prescribe antibiotics for people with severe cases of shigellosis to help them get better faster. […] Tell your healthcare provider if you do not get better within a couple of days after starting antibiotics. […] If you have a weakened immune system, you may be more likely to become severely ill. […] Antibiotics can shorten the time you have fever and diarrhea by about 2 days. […] Ciprofloxacin and azithromycin are two recommended oral antibiotics. […] If your healthcare provider prescribes an antibiotic, take it exactly as directed and finish taking all the pills even if you feel better.

• #42 Shigella infection and dysentery

  https://www.healthywa.wa.gov.au/Articles/S_T/Shigella-infection-and-dysentery

  Occasionally, people are infected with Shigella bacteria that are resistant to several commonly available antibiotics. These are called multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria, which may require special antibiotic treatment. […] While you have the infection: Do not go to work or school for at least 24 hours after symptoms have finished, or 48 hours if you work in or attend healthcare, residential care, childcare, or are paid to prepare or handle food. […] If any close contacts (including sexual partners) also have diarrhoea, advise them to see a doctor and get tested.

• #43 Treatment of Shigella Infection | Shigella – Shigellosis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/shigella/treatment/index.html

  People with Shigella infection usually get better without antibiotic treatment in 5 to 7 days. […] People with Shigella infection should drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration. […] People with bloody diarrhea should not use anti-diarrheal medicines such as loperamide (Imodium) or diphenoxylate with atropine (Lomotil). These medicines may make symptoms worse. […] People with mild shigellosis may need only fluids and rest. […] Healthcare providers may prescribe antibiotics for people with severe cases of shigellosis to help them get better faster. […] Tell your healthcare provider if you do not get better within a couple of days after starting antibiotics. […] If you have a weakened immune system, you may be more likely to become severely ill. […] Antibiotics can shorten the time you have fever and diarrhea by about 2 days. […] Ciprofloxacin and azithromycin are two recommended oral antibiotics. […] If your healthcare provider prescribes an antibiotic, take it exactly as directed and finish taking all the pills even if you feel better.

• #44 Shigella: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/food-poisoning/what-is-shigella

  Shigella is a group of bacteria that causes shigellosis, a type of food poisoning. The infection can cause belly pain, fever, and watery or bloody diarrhea. You may feel a sharp cramp in your stomach and lower belly area. […] The disease usually disappears in five to seven days with rest and fluids. But in severe cases, you may need to go to the hospital. […] You should call your doctor if you have: Severe diarrhea, especially if you spot blood or mucus; A fever; Signs of dehydration, such as a dry mouth, dry lips, or lightheadedness. […] In most cases, you can feel better from shigellosis by resting and drinking fluids to replace what you’ve lost from diarrhea. […] Avoid drugs that stop diarrhea or slow down the gut. Drugs such as diphenoxylate with atropine (Lomotil) or loperamide (Imodium) can make shigellosis worse.

• #45 Shigellosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/182767-treatment

  Maintain hydration in patients with shigellosis to compensate for fluid losses from diarrhea. […] Antibiotic treatment is indicated in most patients with a positive stool culture for Shigella. Treatment can reduce symptoms by 2 days. […] Indications for treatment per Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations include persons who work in public setting (ie, food handlers, childcare providers, residents of nursing homes), have a immunocompromised state (including individuals with human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] infection), and patients with severe disease (those who require hospitalization or have complications). […] Patients infected with Shigella may shed the bacteria for up to 6 weeks, even after resolution of symptoms. […] Avoid the use of antimotility agents, because they have the potential to worsen the symptoms and may predispose to toxic dilatation of the colon.

• #46 Treatment of Shigella Infection | Shigella – Shigellosis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/shigella/treatment/index.html

  People with Shigella infection usually get better without antibiotic treatment in 5 to 7 days. […] People with Shigella infection should drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration. […] People with bloody diarrhea should not use anti-diarrheal medicines such as loperamide (Imodium) or diphenoxylate with atropine (Lomotil). These medicines may make symptoms worse. […] People with mild shigellosis may need only fluids and rest. […] Healthcare providers may prescribe antibiotics for people with severe cases of shigellosis to help them get better faster. […] Tell your healthcare provider if you do not get better within a couple of days after starting antibiotics. […] If you have a weakened immune system, you may be more likely to become severely ill. […] Antibiotics can shorten the time you have fever and diarrhea by about 2 days. […] Ciprofloxacin and azithromycin are two recommended oral antibiotics. […] If your healthcare provider prescribes an antibiotic, take it exactly as directed and finish taking all the pills even if you feel better.

• #47 WHO EMRO | Shigella: risk communication and community engagement guidance | Publications | Health Emergency Preparedness and Internat

  https://www.emro.who.int/cpi/publications/shigella-risk-communication-and-community-engagement-guidance.html

  Initial antibiotic treatment: In resource-limited settings where laboratory testing is not readily available, health care workers should rely on their observation of symptoms and knowledge of disease spread in the community when making decisions on treatment and outbreak management. […] For mild shigellosis, supportive care, such as adequate fluid intake and rest, is often sufficient. […] Preventing antimicrobial resistance: To combat the development and spread of resistant shigella strains, responsible antibiotic use is essential. Take antibiotics only when prescribed and precisely follow the treatment regimen, as directed by a health care provider. […] Hydration and rehydration: Ensure continuous hydration to combat the effects of diarrhoea. Prepare oral rehydration solutions using clean water, sugar and salt. The solution helps replenish fluids and electrolytes lost during bouts of diarrhoea.

• #48 Shigellosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/182767-treatment

  Clear liquids followed by a low residue, lactose-free diet are recommended until symptoms of shigellosis resolve. […] General supportive care of patients with shigellosis includes the following: Treat high fever in children. […] Avoid narcotic-related antidiarrheals. […] Antibiotic treatment is indicated in most patients. […] Clear liquids followed by a low-residue, lactose-free diet is recommended until symptoms of shigellosis resolve. […] As noted earlier, antimotility agents should be avoided, as they have the potential to worsen symptoms and may predispose to toxic dilatation of the colon. […] For fluid and electrolyte supplementation, oral rehydration solutions are preferable. […] Consult a gastroenterologist or an infectious diseases expert if the Shigella infection is prolonged or if the patient experiences a severe course of shigellosis that is unresponsive to antibiotics.

• #49 Shigella infection – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/shigella/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377533

  Children and adults who are very dehydrated need treatment in a hospital emergency room. Treatment involves salts and fluids given through a vein rather than by mouth. This is called intravenous hydration. It provides the body with water and essential nutrients much more quickly than oral solutions do. […] Many people who have shigella infection get better without medicines. But if you or your child has serious symptoms or a high fever, call your healthcare professional. You may need treatment.

• #50 Shigellosis – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/shigellosis

  Shigellosis is a bacterial infection of the lining of the intestines. It is caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella. […] In the United States, the condition is most commonly seen in daycare centers and places where groups of people live, such as nursing homes. […] The goal of treatment is to replace fluids and electrolytes (salt and minerals) that are lost in diarrhea. […] Self-care measures to avoid dehydration include drinking electrolyte solutions to replace the fluids lost by diarrhea. […] Antibiotics can help shorten the length of the illness. These medicines also help prevent the illness from spreading to others in group living or daycare settings. […] If you have diarrhea and cannot drink fluids by mouth because of severe nausea, you may need medical care and intravenous (IV) fluids. This is more common in small children who have shigellosis. […] Contact your provider if diarrhea does not improve, if there is blood in the stool, or if there are signs of dehydration. […] Prevention includes properly handling, storing, and preparing food, and good personal hygiene. Handwashing is the most effective way to prevent shigellosis.

• #51 Shigellosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/182767-treatment

  Clear liquids followed by a low residue, lactose-free diet are recommended until symptoms of shigellosis resolve. […] General supportive care of patients with shigellosis includes the following: Treat high fever in children. […] Avoid narcotic-related antidiarrheals. […] Antibiotic treatment is indicated in most patients. […] Clear liquids followed by a low-residue, lactose-free diet is recommended until symptoms of shigellosis resolve. […] As noted earlier, antimotility agents should be avoided, as they have the potential to worsen symptoms and may predispose to toxic dilatation of the colon. […] For fluid and electrolyte supplementation, oral rehydration solutions are preferable. […] Consult a gastroenterologist or an infectious diseases expert if the Shigella infection is prolonged or if the patient experiences a severe course of shigellosis that is unresponsive to antibiotics.

• #52 Shigella Infection Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/968773-treatment

  The clinician should rapidly assess the patient’s fluid and electrolyte status and institute parenteral or oral hydration along with antipyretics as needed. Prompt recognition and treatment of seizures and raised intracranial pressure are essential. Nutritional supplementation of vitamin A (200,000 IU) can hasten clinical resolution in malnourished children. […] Zinc supplementation (20 mg elemental zinc for 14 d) has been shown to reduce the duration of diarrhea, improve weight gain during recovery, and result in better immune response to the Shigella along with decreased incidence of diarrheal illness in the subsequent 6 months in malnourished children. […] Surgical care may be required for complications (eg, intestinal perforation). […] Consult a neurologist if seizures and altered sensorium predominate.

• #53 Shigella infection – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/shigella/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377533

  Children and adults who are very dehydrated need treatment in a hospital emergency room. Treatment involves salts and fluids given through a vein rather than by mouth. This is called intravenous hydration. It provides the body with water and essential nutrients much more quickly than oral solutions do. […] Many people who have shigella infection get better without medicines. But if you or your child has serious symptoms or a high fever, call your healthcare professional. You may need treatment.

• #54 Shigellosis – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/shigellosis

  Shigellosis is a bacterial infection of the lining of the intestines. It is caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella. […] In the United States, the condition is most commonly seen in daycare centers and places where groups of people live, such as nursing homes. […] The goal of treatment is to replace fluids and electrolytes (salt and minerals) that are lost in diarrhea. […] Self-care measures to avoid dehydration include drinking electrolyte solutions to replace the fluids lost by diarrhea. […] Antibiotics can help shorten the length of the illness. These medicines also help prevent the illness from spreading to others in group living or daycare settings. […] If you have diarrhea and cannot drink fluids by mouth because of severe nausea, you may need medical care and intravenous (IV) fluids. This is more common in small children who have shigellosis. […] Contact your provider if diarrhea does not improve, if there is blood in the stool, or if there are signs of dehydration. […] Prevention includes properly handling, storing, and preparing food, and good personal hygiene. Handwashing is the most effective way to prevent shigellosis.

• #55 Shigella | Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment

  https://cdphe.colorado.gov/shigella

  Stay home from work in food service, health care, or child care until you’ve spoken to public health. […] Avoid swimming until you have fully recovered. […] Waiting to have sex (vaginal, anal, and oral) for two weeks after you no longer have diarrhea is the best way to prevent transmission to your partner(s). […] If you are experiencing symptoms of Shigella, contact your health care provider. People with mild illness may only need to drink fluids and rest. People who have weakened immune systems due to illness (such as HIV) or medical treatment (such as chemotherapy) can get a more serious illness. A severe Shigella illness can spread into the blood, which can be life threatening.

• #56 Shigella Infection Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/968773-treatment

  The clinician should rapidly assess the patient’s fluid and electrolyte status and institute parenteral or oral hydration along with antipyretics as needed. Prompt recognition and treatment of seizures and raised intracranial pressure are essential. Nutritional supplementation of vitamin A (200,000 IU) can hasten clinical resolution in malnourished children. […] Zinc supplementation (20 mg elemental zinc for 14 d) has been shown to reduce the duration of diarrhea, improve weight gain during recovery, and result in better immune response to the Shigella along with decreased incidence of diarrheal illness in the subsequent 6 months in malnourished children. […] Surgical care may be required for complications (eg, intestinal perforation). […] Consult a neurologist if seizures and altered sensorium predominate.

• #57 Shigellosis | MSF Medical Guidelines

  https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/CG/english/shigellosis-16689596.html

  Shigellosis is a highly contagious bacterial infection resulting in bloody diarrhoea. […] Patients with signs of serious illness or with life-threatening risk factors must be admitted as inpatients. […] Treat patients with neither signs of serious illness nor risk factors as outpatients. […] Supportive therapy: nutrition: nutritional supplement with frequent meals + 2500 kcal daily during hospitalisation + 1000 kcal daily as outpatients. […] Never give loperamide or any other antidiarrhoeal. […] Isolation of hospitalised patients; school exclusion of children treated as outpatients. […] Hygiene (handwashing, hygienic preparation and storage of food, home hygiene, etc.).

• #58 WHO EMRO | Shigella: risk communication and community engagement guidance | Publications | Health Emergency Preparedness and Internat

  https://www.emro.who.int/cpi/publications/shigella-risk-communication-and-community-engagement-guidance.html

  Monitor for complications such as hypokalaemia (low potassium levels), hyponatremia (low sodium levels), hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar), seizures (due electrolyte imbalances) and encephalopathy (brain dysfunction due to toxins or infection). Long-term complications include persistent diarrhoea and prolonged malnutrition which may cause stunting and wasting in children. […] Prioritizing at-risk groups: Focus on securing preventive measures and medical support for individuals with compromised immune systems, such as those with chronic diseases, the elderly and young children, as they are more susceptible to severe complications. Early intervention and regular health monitoring are crucial to manage symptoms effectively and prevent disease progression.

• #59 Shigella Infection Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/968773-treatment

  Consult a nephrologist if HUS is suspected (eg, for patients with anemia, thrombocytopenia, oliguria, and renal failure). […] The diet may need to be restricted according to the severity of the disease. […] Meticulous hand hygiene is the single most important measure to decrease transmission. In situations where access to clean water or soap is limited, waterless hand sanitizers may be an effective option. […] Encourage prolonged breastfeeding in infants because the incidence of disease is markedly decreased in breastfed babies. […] Education of families and child-care center personnel in handwashing techniques, especially after toilet use […] Exclusion of febrile children with diarrhea from daycare centers […] Proper handling and refrigeration of food, even after cooking […] Use of universal precautions and isolation of persons with diarrhea in institutions and hospitals

• #60 WHO EMRO | Shigella: risk communication and community engagement guidance | Publications | Health Emergency Preparedness and Internat

  https://www.emro.who.int/cpi/publications/shigella-risk-communication-and-community-engagement-guidance.html

  Monitor for complications such as hypokalaemia (low potassium levels), hyponatremia (low sodium levels), hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar), seizures (due electrolyte imbalances) and encephalopathy (brain dysfunction due to toxins or infection). Long-term complications include persistent diarrhoea and prolonged malnutrition which may cause stunting and wasting in children. […] Prioritizing at-risk groups: Focus on securing preventive measures and medical support for individuals with compromised immune systems, such as those with chronic diseases, the elderly and young children, as they are more susceptible to severe complications. Early intervention and regular health monitoring are crucial to manage symptoms effectively and prevent disease progression.

• #61 Shigella Infection Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/968773-treatment

  The clinician should rapidly assess the patient’s fluid and electrolyte status and institute parenteral or oral hydration along with antipyretics as needed. Prompt recognition and treatment of seizures and raised intracranial pressure are essential. Nutritional supplementation of vitamin A (200,000 IU) can hasten clinical resolution in malnourished children. […] Zinc supplementation (20 mg elemental zinc for 14 d) has been shown to reduce the duration of diarrhea, improve weight gain during recovery, and result in better immune response to the Shigella along with decreased incidence of diarrheal illness in the subsequent 6 months in malnourished children. […] Surgical care may be required for complications (eg, intestinal perforation). […] Consult a neurologist if seizures and altered sensorium predominate.

• #62 Shigella Infection Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/968773-treatment

  Consult a nephrologist if HUS is suspected (eg, for patients with anemia, thrombocytopenia, oliguria, and renal failure). […] The diet may need to be restricted according to the severity of the disease. […] Meticulous hand hygiene is the single most important measure to decrease transmission. In situations where access to clean water or soap is limited, waterless hand sanitizers may be an effective option. […] Encourage prolonged breastfeeding in infants because the incidence of disease is markedly decreased in breastfed babies. […] Education of families and child-care center personnel in handwashing techniques, especially after toilet use […] Exclusion of febrile children with diarrhea from daycare centers […] Proper handling and refrigeration of food, even after cooking […] Use of universal precautions and isolation of persons with diarrhea in institutions and hospitals

• #63 Shigella: Bacteria that Causes the Foodborne Illness Shigellosis | Ohioline

  https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/HYG-5563

  If you think you might have this disease, you should see your doctor or go to your health center. People with diarrhea or vomiting need extra fluids to treat dehydration. Antibiotics are used to treat severe cases of shigellosis. […] Most cases occur in young children less than 9 years old (11.716.4 cases/100,000 population) with outbreaks often being associated with daycare facilities. Young children are susceptible due to their immature immune systems. […] Wash your hands with warm soapy water before and after handling raw foods. […] Always wash your hands after using the toilet and after changing a baby’s diaper. […] Prepare food for yourself but not others if you are ill with diarrhea. […] Wash fruits and vegetables before eating them. […] Knives, cutting boards, and food preparation surfaces should be washed with hot water and soap after contact with raw foods. […] Wash your hands with soap and warm water after working with raw foods.

• #64 Shigella Infections (Shigellosis) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/shigella.html

  An infection with shigella (shih-GEL-uh) bacteriais called shigellosis (shih-guh-LOW-sus). It can cause watery diarrhea or diarrhea with blood and/or mucus in it. […] Shigellosis often goes away without treatment. Doctors sometimes give antibiotics to those who have serious symptoms or other medical conditions. Antibiotics can shorten the illness and help prevent the spread of bacteria to others. […] To prevent dehydration, follow your doctor’s advice about what your child should eat and drink. Your doctor may recommend a special drink called an oral rehydration solution (such as Pedialyte) to replace lost body fluids. […] Children who get dehydrated or those with more serious symptoms may need treatment in a hospital. […] The best way to prevent shigellosis and many other infections is to wash hands well and often. This is especially important after using the toilet (or changing a diaper) and before eating or preparing food.

• #65

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=abk7182

  Shigellosis is a type of a foodborne illness. It’s caused by infection with the Shigella bacteria. It can give your child diarrhea and stomach cramps. Your child may also vomit and have a fever. These symptoms usually last 5 to 7 days. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your child’s treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if your child is having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your child’s test results and keep a list of the medicines your child takes. […] If the doctor prescribed antibiotics for your child, give them as directed. Do not stop using them just because your child feels better. Your child needs to take the full course of antibiotics. […] Watch for and treat signs of dehydration, which means that the body has lost too much water. Your child’s mouth may feel very dry. Your child may have sunken eyes with few tears when crying. Your child may lack energy and want to be held a lot. Your child may not urinate as often as usual.

• #66 Clinical Care of Shigellosis | Shigella – Shigellosis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/shigella/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Shigella is highly contagious; a very small inoculum (10 to 200 organisms) is sufficient to cause infection. […] To prevent the spread of Shigella bacteria, healthcare providers can share these prevention messages with patients with shigellosis. […] Children with shigellosis should not attend childcare, school, or group activities while they have diarrhea. […] Follow the guidance of your local health department about when it is safe to return to childcare or school. […] Urge others you know with similar symptoms to seek health care.

• #67 Shigella—Child Care and Schools

  https://www.pedsinbrevard.com/medical-conditions/Shigella

  If you know a child has Shigella […] Follow appropriate health professional advice and care for the ill child. […] Report the infection to the local health department, as the health professional who makes the diagnosis may not report that the infected child is a participant in an early education/child care program or school, and this could delay controlling the spread of the disease. […] Reeducate staff members to ensure strict and frequent handwashing, diapering, toileting, food handling, and cleaning and disinfection procedures. […] Yes, if the local health department determines exclusion is needed to control an outbreak. […] Individuals with Shigella can return once treatment is complete and at least 1 stool culture result is negative. (Some states may require more than 1 negative stool culture result.) […] A health professional must clear child for readmission for all cases of Shigella.

• #68 Treatment of Shigella Infection | Shigella – Shigellosis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/shigella/treatment/index.html

  People with Shigella infection usually get better without antibiotic treatment in 5 to 7 days. […] People with Shigella infection should drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration. […] People with bloody diarrhea should not use anti-diarrheal medicines such as loperamide (Imodium) or diphenoxylate with atropine (Lomotil). These medicines may make symptoms worse. […] People with mild shigellosis may need only fluids and rest. […] Healthcare providers may prescribe antibiotics for people with severe cases of shigellosis to help them get better faster. […] Tell your healthcare provider if you do not get better within a couple of days after starting antibiotics. […] If you have a weakened immune system, you may be more likely to become severely ill. […] Antibiotics can shorten the time you have fever and diarrhea by about 2 days. […] Ciprofloxacin and azithromycin are two recommended oral antibiotics. […] If your healthcare provider prescribes an antibiotic, take it exactly as directed and finish taking all the pills even if you feel better.

• #69 Shigella infection: Treatment and prevention in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/shigella-infection-treatment-and-prevention-in-adults

  Shigella infection: Treatment and prevention in adults […] The treatment and prevention Shigella infection in adults will be reviewed here. […] Infection with Shigella is generally self-limited; the average duration of symptoms associated with untreated Shigella gastroenteritis is seven days. […] In the absence of antibiotic treatment, patients with Shigella gastroenteritis may shed the organism for up to six weeks after the resolution of symptoms; risk factors for asymptomatic shedding are not known. […] Complications of Shigella gastroenteritis, including bacteremia and severe colonic disease resulting in obstruction or perforation, are rare in immunocompetent adults. […] However, individuals with underlying immunodeficiency (including human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] infection) or malnutrition are at increased risk for complications and worse outcomes associated with Shigella infection.

• #70 Shigella | Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment

  https://cdphe.colorado.gov/shigella

  Stay home from work in food service, health care, or child care until you’ve spoken to public health. […] Avoid swimming until you have fully recovered. […] Waiting to have sex (vaginal, anal, and oral) for two weeks after you no longer have diarrhea is the best way to prevent transmission to your partner(s). […] If you are experiencing symptoms of Shigella, contact your health care provider. People with mild illness may only need to drink fluids and rest. People who have weakened immune systems due to illness (such as HIV) or medical treatment (such as chemotherapy) can get a more serious illness. A severe Shigella illness can spread into the blood, which can be life threatening.

• #71 Shigellosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/182767-treatment

  Maintain hydration in patients with shigellosis to compensate for fluid losses from diarrhea. […] Antibiotic treatment is indicated in most patients with a positive stool culture for Shigella. Treatment can reduce symptoms by 2 days. […] Indications for treatment per Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations include persons who work in public setting (ie, food handlers, childcare providers, residents of nursing homes), have a immunocompromised state (including individuals with human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] infection), and patients with severe disease (those who require hospitalization or have complications). […] Patients infected with Shigella may shed the bacteria for up to 6 weeks, even after resolution of symptoms. […] Avoid the use of antimotility agents, because they have the potential to worsen the symptoms and may predispose to toxic dilatation of the colon.

• #72 Controlling Spread of Shigellosis | Health & Human Services

  https://hhs.iowa.gov/center-acute-disease-epidemiology/epi-manual/reportable-diseases/shigellosis-0

  Food handlers, healthcare providers, child care providers and children in child care with shigellosis must be excluded. […] Children with Shigella infection who have diarrhea should be excluded until 48 hours after resolution of diarrhea or until 24 hours after treatment with antibiotics has started AND 24 hours after diarrhea stops. […] Staff with Shigella infection should be excluded until their diarrhea is gone and they have 2 negative stool cultures. […] Students or non food-handling staff with Shigella infection who have diarrhea should be excluded until their diarrhea is gone. […] Students or staff who handle food and have Shigella infection (symptomatic or not) must not prepare food until their diarrhea is gone and they have two negative stool tests (submitted at least 48 hours after completion of antibiotic therapy, if antibiotics are given, and taken at least 24 hours apart).

• #73 Controlling Spread of Shigellosis | Health & Human Services

  https://hhs.iowa.gov/center-acute-disease-epidemiology/epi-manual/reportable-diseases/shigellosis-0

  In long-term care facilities, residents with shigellosis should be placed on Standard (including enteric) Precautions until their symptoms subside. Staff members who provide direct patient care (e.g., feed patients, provide mouth or denture care, or give medications) should be excluded until two stools test negative as described above. Staff members with Shigella infection who do not provide direct patient care and are not food handlers should not work until their diarrhea is completely resolved.

• #74 Shigellosis Fact Sheet

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/shigellosis/fact_sheet.htm

  Shigellosis is an intestinal (bowel) infection caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella. […] Most people with shigellosis will recover on their own by consuming fluids and resting. Some may require intravenous fluids to prevent dehydration (loss of water in the body causing weakness or dizziness). Antibiotics are occasionally used to treat severe cases to shorten the duration of symptoms. […] Most infected people may return to work or school when their diarrhea (loose stool/poop) has stopped, provided that they carefully wash their hands with soap and water after using the bathroom. Food workers, health care personnel, and children in daycare must obtain approval from the local or state health department before returning to work or daycare. […] Since Shigella is passed in feces (poop), careful handwashing with soap and water after using the bathroom, handling diapers, and before preparing food is the most important way to prevent shigellosis. People with shigellosis should avoid sexual contact until at least two weeks after diarrhea resolves.

• #75 Gastroenteritis – shigellosis | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/gastroenteritis-shigella

  The infected person should stay at home until the diarrhoea has stopped, to prevent infecting others at work, school, kindergarten or childcare. It is especially important not to visit vulnerable people such as people in aged care facilities and hospitals. […] If the infected person works in a high-risk occupation, such as a food worker, healthcare worker, childcare worker or in a residential facility; it is important that they stay away from work while awaiting advice from the Department of Health.

• #76 Clinical Care of Shigellosis | Shigella – Shigellosis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/shigella/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Shigella is highly contagious; a very small inoculum (10 to 200 organisms) is sufficient to cause infection. […] To prevent the spread of Shigella bacteria, healthcare providers can share these prevention messages with patients with shigellosis. […] Children with shigellosis should not attend childcare, school, or group activities while they have diarrhea. […] Follow the guidance of your local health department about when it is safe to return to childcare or school. […] Urge others you know with similar symptoms to seek health care.

• #77 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Shigellosis.aspx

  Shigellosis is an infection caused by bacteria (germs) called Shigella that can easily spread from person to person and make people sick. The most common symptoms of shigellosis include diarrhea, stomach pain/cramps, fever, and a strong urge to pass stool (poop). These symptoms usually start 12 days after contact with Shigella germs and last about a week. There are about 500,000 cases of shigellosis in the United States each year. […] The best way to avoid getting shigellosis and to help prevent the spread of germs if you are sick is to carefully wash your hands with soap and water: After using the bathroom, Before preparing food and eating, After changing a diaper. […] Other ways to help prevent shigellosis: Do not prepare food or share your food with others if you are sick with shigellosis. Do not have sex of any kind with someone who currently has symptoms of shigellosis or has had shigellosis in the past few weeks. Stay home from school or from healthcare, food service, or childcare jobs if you are sick with shigellosis. Avoid swallowing water from ponds, lakes, or swimming pools that are not treated with chlorine. When traveling internationally (especially in developing countries), drink only treated or boiled water, and eat only cooked foods that are served hot or fruits you peel yourself.

• #78 Gastroenteritis – shigellosis | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/gastroenteritis-shigella

  Shigellosis is a bowel infection caused by Shigella bacteria. […] Treatment includes antibiotics, plenty of fluids and oral rehydration drinks. […] Treatment options for shigellosis are mostly supportive and may include: plenty of fluids, oral rehydration drinks, available from your chemist, intravenous fluids (in severe cases), eating solid foods, avoiding anti-vomiting or anti-diarrhoea drugs unless prescribed or recommended by your doctor. […] Sometimes, taking appropriate antibiotics to kill the bacteria within a matter of days. Due to increasing levels of antibiotic resistance, these medications are now saved for the very sick or to reduce the spread of infection to vulnerable people or those in residential facilities. […] General suggestions on how to reduce the risk of shigellosis include: Wash hands thoroughly with soap and hot water after going to the toilet or changing nappies, and before preparing food or eating.

• #79 Shigella Infection Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/968773-treatment

  Consult a nephrologist if HUS is suspected (eg, for patients with anemia, thrombocytopenia, oliguria, and renal failure). […] The diet may need to be restricted according to the severity of the disease. […] Meticulous hand hygiene is the single most important measure to decrease transmission. In situations where access to clean water or soap is limited, waterless hand sanitizers may be an effective option. […] Encourage prolonged breastfeeding in infants because the incidence of disease is markedly decreased in breastfed babies. […] Education of families and child-care center personnel in handwashing techniques, especially after toilet use […] Exclusion of febrile children with diarrhea from daycare centers […] Proper handling and refrigeration of food, even after cooking […] Use of universal precautions and isolation of persons with diarrhea in institutions and hospitals

• #80 Shigella | Spokane Regional Health District

  https://srhd.org/health-topics/diseases-conditions/shigella

  Shigella is a bacteria that causes an infection called shigellosis. […] If you think you may have shigellosis, seek medical care and get tested. It may take some time for your body to recover; sometimes it can take several months for bowel movements to return to normal. […] Healthcare providers may prescribe antibiotics for severe cases of shigellosis; however, some antibiotics are not effective against certain types of Shigella. If your symptoms do not improve after a few days on antibiotics, contact your provider. Additional laboratory tests may be needed to make sure that the right antibiotics are prescribed for the type of Shigella infection. […] People who are sick should wash their hands well and often to avoid reinfecting themselves or spreading Shigella to others. People with Shigella should also stay home from healthcare, food service, and childcare jobs until they have been cleared by public health to return to work, after testing negative for Shigella twice, 24 hours apart. […] If you or someone in your household has Shigella, you can take additional steps to prevent Shigella from spreading on contaminated surfaces. Most disinfectants kill Shigella, and you should be able to check what germs a disinfectant kills on the product label.

• #81 Shigella | Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment

  https://cdphe.colorado.gov/shigella

  Shigella is on the rise in Colorado. Shigella is a bacteria that can cause stomach illness. Since the start of 2024, more than 200 cases of Shigella illness among adults have been reported. The most common risk factor in Colorado is recent sexual activity. […] Most people with Shigella have diarrhea that can be bloody, a fever, stomach pain, or feeling the need to pass stool even when the bowels are empty. Symptoms usually start one to two days after exposure and last seven days. […] If you are diagnosed with Shigella, help protect those around you. […] Wash your hands carefully and frequently with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after using the bathroom. If soap and water are not available, use an alcohol-based hand rub. […] Do not prepare food for others while you are sick. After you get better, wash your hands carefully with soap and water before preparing food for others.

• #82

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/abdominal/Pages/Shigella-Infections.aspx

  A Shigella infection can cause mild watery or loose stools with no other symptoms, or it can be more serious, with fever, abdominal cramps or tenderness, crampy rectal pain (tenesmus), and mucous-filled and sometimes bloody stools. […] If your child’s symptoms are mild, your pediatrician may decide that it’s not necessary to prescribe medicine to treat the infection. […] However, antibiotics such as cefixime, ampicillin, or trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole may be prescribed in more severe cases. […] If your child is having lots of watery diarrhea, be sure to give her extra fluids to avoid dehydration. […] It is important that the fluids contain salt because salts are lost in the diarrhea. […] In severe cases, intravenous fluids may be required. […] Do not self-prescribe antidiarrheal medicines, which can actually make your child worse. […] In most cases, Shigella infections run their course in 2 to 3 days. […] If your child attends a child care facility, make sure staff members practice good hygiene, including frequent hand washing, particularly before food preparation and after diaper changes, and regularly disinfect toys.

• #83 Shigellosis – Disease Surveillance Epidemiology Program – MeCDC; DHHS Maine

  https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/infectious-disease/epi/disease/shigellosis.shtml

  Shigella bacteria cause an infection called shigellosis. […] A health care provider diagnoses Shigella infection with a laboratory test for bacteria in a stool sample. Antibiotics may be used to treat shigellosis. Those with an infection should drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration. […] Contact a healthcare provider if you experience bloody or prolonged diarrhea with fever, severe stomach cramps, or dehydration. […] If you or your partner has been diagnosed with shigellosis, do not have sex. To reduce the chance of Shigella spreading, wait at least two weeks after diarrhea ends to have sex.

• #84 Shigella Infection Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/968773-treatment

  Exclusion from daycare centers of symptomatic children, attendees, and staff members with documented Shigella gastroenteritis until diarrhea has ceased and 2 stool culture tests are negative for Shigella […] If a child in diapers has shigellosis, everyone who changes the child’s diapers should be sure the diapers are disposed of properly in a closed-lid garbage can and should wash his or her hands and the child’s hands carefully with soap and warm water immediately after changing the diapers. After use, the diaper changing area should be wiped down with a disinfectant. […] People with diarrhea due to this waterborne pathogen should not use recreational water venues for 2 weeks after symptoms resolve. […] Appropriate case reporting to health authorities is essential to take effective measures to prevent further transmission.

• #85 Shigella (including child care and school information

  https://healthhub.cpcmg.net/docs/shigella-including-child-care-and-school-information

  Follow appropriate health professional advice and care for the ill child. […] Report the infection to the local health department, as the health professional who makes the diagnosis may not report that the infected child is a participant in an early education/child care program or school, and this could delay controlling the spread of the disease. […] Reeducate staff members to ensure strict and frequent handwashing, diapering, toileting, food handling, and cleaning and disinfection procedures. […] Yes, if the local health department determines exclusion is needed to control an outbreak. […] Individuals with Shigella can return once treatment is complete and at least 1 stool culture result is negative.

• #86 Shigella—Child Care and Schools

  https://www.bright-pediatrics.com/medical-conditions/Shigella

  Bacteria that cause an intestinal infection […] Use good hand-hygiene technique at all the times listed in Chapter 2, especially after toilet use or handling soiled diapers and before anything to do with food preparation or eating. […] When one or more staff members or children have Shigella diarrhea in a child care setting, the local health department should be contacted and may recommend that children or staff members with diarrhea be referred to their health professional for stool culture and antibiotic treatment if their culture test result is positive for Shigella. While most Shigella infections will resolve in 2 to 3 days without antibiotics, antibiotics are effective in shortening the duration of diarrhea and eliminating the Shigella bacteria from the stool. […] A child or staff member with bloody diarrhea should have a medical evaluation.

• #87 Shigella—Child Care and Schools

  https://www.pedsinbrevard.com/medical-conditions/Shigella

  Bacteria that cause an intestinal infection […] Use good hand-hygiene technique at all the times listed in Chapter 2, especially after toilet use or handling soiled diapers and before anything to do with food preparation or eating. […] When one or more staff members or children have Shigella diarrhea in a child care setting, the local health department should be contacted and may recommend that children or staff members with diarrhea be referred to their health professional for stool culture and antibiotic treatment if their culture test result is positive for Shigella. While most Shigella infections will resolve in 2 to 3 days without antibiotics, antibiotics are effective in shortening the duration of diarrhea and eliminating the Shigella bacteria from the stool. […] A child or staff member with bloody diarrhea should have a medical evaluation.

• #88 Shigella Infection (Shigellosis): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17826-shigellosis

  Call your doctor if you or someone in your family develop bloody diarrhea, fever or severe stomach cramps. If you have shigellosis and cannot keep down enough fluids to avoid dehydration, let your provider know. […] It’s important to keep hydrated if you have shigellosis. You can drink water, beverages that add electrolytes back to your body or eat Popsicles.

• #89 Shigellosis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/shigellosis

  Contact your provider if diarrhea does not improve, if there is blood in the stool, or if there are signs of dehydration. […] Go to the emergency room if these symptoms occur in a person with shigellosis: Confusion, Headache with stiff neck, Lethargy, Seizures. […] Prevention includes properly handling, storing, and preparing food, and good personal hygiene. Handwashing is the most effective way to prevent shigellosis. Avoid food and water that may be contaminated.

• #90 Shigellosis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/shigellosis

  Contact your provider if diarrhea does not improve, if there is blood in the stool, or if there are signs of dehydration. […] Go to the emergency room if these symptoms occur in a person with shigellosis: Confusion, Headache with stiff neck, Lethargy, Seizures. […] Prevention includes properly handling, storing, and preparing food, and good personal hygiene. Handwashing is the most effective way to prevent shigellosis. Avoid food and water that may be contaminated.

• #91

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=abk7182

  Shigellosis is a type of a foodborne illness. It’s caused by infection with the Shigella bacteria. It can give your child diarrhea and stomach cramps. Your child may also vomit and have a fever. These symptoms usually last 5 to 7 days. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your child’s treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if your child is having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your child’s test results and keep a list of the medicines your child takes. […] If the doctor prescribed antibiotics for your child, give them as directed. Do not stop using them just because your child feels better. Your child needs to take the full course of antibiotics. […] Watch for and treat signs of dehydration, which means that the body has lost too much water. Your child’s mouth may feel very dry. Your child may have sunken eyes with few tears when crying. Your child may lack energy and want to be held a lot. Your child may not urinate as often as usual.

• #92

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=abk7182

  Do not give your child over-the-counter antidiarrhea or upset-stomach medicines without talking to your doctor first. […] Start to offer small amounts of food when your child feels like eating. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if: Your child has new or worse belly pain. Your child has a new or higher fever. Your child is dizzy or light-headed, or feels like he or she may faint. Your child has symptoms of dehydration, such as: Dry eyes and a dry mouth. Passing only a little urine. Feeling thirstier than normal. […] Watch closely for changes in your child’s health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if: Your child does not get better as expected.

• #93 Shigellosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482337/

  Antimicrobials are recommended if a patient requires hospitalization, is bacteremic or septic, is immunocompromised, is a food handler, or works with small children or in institutions. […] Frequent handwashing with soap and water is recommended, especially after using the bathroom and before food preparation. […] Patients with shigellosis should be educated about appropriate infection control practices to prevent transmission of shigellae to others. […] The definitive diagnosis of shigellosis will need time to wait for cultures to be obtained and for results to be available. […] Managing patients with suspected or proven shigellosis by an interprofessional team that includes an emergency department physician, an infectious disease specialist, a gastroenterologist, and an internist is essential to ensure that the management is done appropriately and in a timely fashion.

• #94 Shigellosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482337/

  Shigellosis is an acute enteric infection caused by shigellae, a facultative gram-negative, anaerobic bacillus. […] This activity for healthcare professionals reviews the etiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and sequelae of shigellosis and highlights the importance of an interprofessional approach to the managements of this infectious disease. […] Apply best practices when treating patients with shigellosis. […] Identify and manage the common complications of shigellosis. […] Implement effective collaboration and communication among the interprofessional team members to improve outcomes for patients with shigellosis. […] The mainstay of shigellosis treatment is supportive care consisting mainly of hydration and electrolyte management. […] Antimicrobial therapy is not usually recommended for mild cases of shigellosis.

• #95 Shigellosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/182767-treatment

  Clear liquids followed by a low residue, lactose-free diet are recommended until symptoms of shigellosis resolve. […] General supportive care of patients with shigellosis includes the following: Treat high fever in children. […] Avoid narcotic-related antidiarrheals. […] Antibiotic treatment is indicated in most patients. […] Clear liquids followed by a low-residue, lactose-free diet is recommended until symptoms of shigellosis resolve. […] As noted earlier, antimotility agents should be avoided, as they have the potential to worsen symptoms and may predispose to toxic dilatation of the colon. […] For fluid and electrolyte supplementation, oral rehydration solutions are preferable. […] Consult a gastroenterologist or an infectious diseases expert if the Shigella infection is prolonged or if the patient experiences a severe course of shigellosis that is unresponsive to antibiotics.

• #96 Shigella Infection Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/968773-treatment

  The clinician should rapidly assess the patient’s fluid and electrolyte status and institute parenteral or oral hydration along with antipyretics as needed. Prompt recognition and treatment of seizures and raised intracranial pressure are essential. Nutritional supplementation of vitamin A (200,000 IU) can hasten clinical resolution in malnourished children. […] Zinc supplementation (20 mg elemental zinc for 14 d) has been shown to reduce the duration of diarrhea, improve weight gain during recovery, and result in better immune response to the Shigella along with decreased incidence of diarrheal illness in the subsequent 6 months in malnourished children. […] Surgical care may be required for complications (eg, intestinal perforation). […] Consult a neurologist if seizures and altered sensorium predominate.

• #97 Shigella Infection Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/968773-treatment

  Consult a nephrologist if HUS is suspected (eg, for patients with anemia, thrombocytopenia, oliguria, and renal failure). […] The diet may need to be restricted according to the severity of the disease. […] Meticulous hand hygiene is the single most important measure to decrease transmission. In situations where access to clean water or soap is limited, waterless hand sanitizers may be an effective option. […] Encourage prolonged breastfeeding in infants because the incidence of disease is markedly decreased in breastfed babies. […] Education of families and child-care center personnel in handwashing techniques, especially after toilet use […] Exclusion of febrile children with diarrhea from daycare centers […] Proper handling and refrigeration of food, even after cooking […] Use of universal precautions and isolation of persons with diarrhea in institutions and hospitals

• #98 Shigellosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482337/

  Antimicrobials are recommended if a patient requires hospitalization, is bacteremic or septic, is immunocompromised, is a food handler, or works with small children or in institutions. […] Frequent handwashing with soap and water is recommended, especially after using the bathroom and before food preparation. […] Patients with shigellosis should be educated about appropriate infection control practices to prevent transmission of shigellae to others. […] The definitive diagnosis of shigellosis will need time to wait for cultures to be obtained and for results to be available. […] Managing patients with suspected or proven shigellosis by an interprofessional team that includes an emergency department physician, an infectious disease specialist, a gastroenterologist, and an internist is essential to ensure that the management is done appropriately and in a timely fashion.

• #99 Shigella: Protect yourself and the Gay/Bi/MSM Community

  https://carethatfitsyou.org/shigella-protect-yourself-and-your-partners/

  If you think you might have a Shigella infection, talk to a health care provider. They can order tests to diagnose you and determine what kind of treatment you need. […] If you’ve been diagnosed with shigellosis, it’s important to take care of yourself and keep from spreading it to other people. […] Wash your hands often, especially before you eat and after you’ve used the bathroom. […] Don’t prepare food for anyone else or share food with others. […] Avoid swimming. […] Don’t have sex for at least two weeks after you’re done having diarrhea. […] Stay home and rest while you’re sick.

• #100 Treatment of Shigella Infection | Shigella – Shigellosis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/shigella/treatment/index.html

  People with Shigella infection usually get better without antibiotic treatment in 5 to 7 days. […] People with Shigella infection should drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration. […] People with bloody diarrhea should not use anti-diarrheal medicines such as loperamide (Imodium) or diphenoxylate with atropine (Lomotil). These medicines may make symptoms worse. […] People with mild shigellosis may need only fluids and rest. […] Healthcare providers may prescribe antibiotics for people with severe cases of shigellosis to help them get better faster. […] Tell your healthcare provider if you do not get better within a couple of days after starting antibiotics. […] If you have a weakened immune system, you may be more likely to become severely ill. […] Antibiotics can shorten the time you have fever and diarrhea by about 2 days. […] Ciprofloxacin and azithromycin are two recommended oral antibiotics. […] If your healthcare provider prescribes an antibiotic, take it exactly as directed and finish taking all the pills even if you feel better.

• #101 Shigella: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/food-poisoning/what-is-shigella

  Shigella is a group of bacteria that causes shigellosis, a type of food poisoning. The infection can cause belly pain, fever, and watery or bloody diarrhea. You may feel a sharp cramp in your stomach and lower belly area. […] The disease usually disappears in five to seven days with rest and fluids. But in severe cases, you may need to go to the hospital. […] You should call your doctor if you have: Severe diarrhea, especially if you spot blood or mucus; A fever; Signs of dehydration, such as a dry mouth, dry lips, or lightheadedness. […] In most cases, you can feel better from shigellosis by resting and drinking fluids to replace what you’ve lost from diarrhea. […] Avoid drugs that stop diarrhea or slow down the gut. Drugs such as diphenoxylate with atropine (Lomotil) or loperamide (Imodium) can make shigellosis worse.

• #102 Shigella Infection: Treatment, Symptoms, Outbreaks & Vaccine

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/shigellosis_shigella_infection/article_em.htm

  Shigellosis is an infectious disease characterized by diarrhea, fever, and stomach cramps. […] Shigellosis patients are contagious until the person no longer sheds Shigella bacteria in feces. […] Most individuals resolve infection without treatment, but severe infections may require antibiotics. […] Treatment at home can consist of fluids and rest. […] Severe shigellosis may require prescribed antibiotics. Your health care provider can help choose the best antibiotic for you after they have ordered laboratory tests to determine if the bacteria are resistant to certain types of antibiotics. […] Most patients will not experience complications, but severe infections can lead to dysentery, dehydration, hemorrhagic colitis, seizures, and death, especially in young children. […] Because the disease is self-limiting, the prognosis for most individuals with shigellosis is excellent.

• #103 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Shigellosis.aspx

  Shigellosis is an infection caused by bacteria (germs) called Shigella that can easily spread from person to person and make people sick. The most common symptoms of shigellosis include diarrhea, stomach pain/cramps, fever, and a strong urge to pass stool (poop). These symptoms usually start 12 days after contact with Shigella germs and last about a week. There are about 500,000 cases of shigellosis in the United States each year. […] The best way to avoid getting shigellosis and to help prevent the spread of germs if you are sick is to carefully wash your hands with soap and water: After using the bathroom, Before preparing food and eating, After changing a diaper. […] Other ways to help prevent shigellosis: Do not prepare food or share your food with others if you are sick with shigellosis. Do not have sex of any kind with someone who currently has symptoms of shigellosis or has had shigellosis in the past few weeks. Stay home from school or from healthcare, food service, or childcare jobs if you are sick with shigellosis. Avoid swallowing water from ponds, lakes, or swimming pools that are not treated with chlorine. When traveling internationally (especially in developing countries), drink only treated or boiled water, and eat only cooked foods that are served hot or fruits you peel yourself.

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