Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Type 1 diabetes – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-1-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20353011

  We don’t know what exactly causes type 1 diabetes. We believe that it is an auto-immune disorder where the body mistakenly destroys insulin producing cells in the pancreas. […] Different factors, such as genetics and some viruses, may cause type 1 diabetes. […] The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. Usually, the body’s own immune system which normally fights harmful bacteria and viruses destroys the insulin-producing (islet) cells in the pancreas. […] Some factors that can raise your risk for type 1 diabetes include: Family history. Anyone with a parent or sibling with type 1 diabetes has a slightly higher risk of developing the condition. Genetics. Having certain genes increases the risk of developing type 1 diabetes. Geography. The number of people who have type 1 diabetes tends to be higher as you travel away from the equator. Age. Type 1 diabetes can appear at any age, but it appears at two noticeable peaks. The first peak occurs in children between 4 and 7 years old. The second is in children between 10 and 14 years old.

• #1 Type 1 Diabetes – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507713/

  Type 1 diabetes results from the autoimmune destruction of the -cells in Langerhans pancreatic islets, ultimately leading to absolute insulin deficiency. […] The exact etiology of T1D remains unknown. However, a genetic predisposition is strongly associated with specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles DR and DQ. […] Environmental factors are generally believed to trigger autoimmune -cell destruction in genetically susceptible people. […] Besides genetic and environmental factors, several T1D-related autoantibodies target pancreatic -cell autoantigens, leading to immune-mediated -cell destruction.

• #1 Type 1 diabetes: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/type-1-diabetes/

  However, these variants are also found in the general population, and only about 5 percent of individuals with the gene variants develop type 1 diabetes. HLA variations account for approximately 40 percent of the genetic risk for the condition. Other HLA variations appear to be protective against the disease. Additional contributors, such as environmental factors and variations in other genes, are also thought to influence the development of this complex disorder.

• #1 Type 1 Diabetes: Causes, Symptoms, Complications & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21500-type-1-diabetes

  Type 1 diabetes develops when your immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys cells in your pancreas that make insulin. This destruction can happen over months or years, ultimately resulting in a total lack (deficiency) of insulin. […] Although scientists dont yet know the exact cause of Type 1 diabetes, they believe theres a strong genetic component. The risk of developing the disease with no family history is approximately 0.4%. If your biological mother has Type 1 diabetes, your risk is 1% to 4%, and your risk is 3% to 8% if your biological father has it. If both of your biological parents have Type 1 diabetes, your risk of developing the condition is as high as 30%. […] Scientists believe that certain factors, such as a virus or environmental toxins, can trigger your immune system to attack cells in your pancreas if you have a genetic predisposition for developing Type 1 diabetes.

• #1 Causes of type 1 diabetes | Breakthrough T1D UK

  https://breakthrought1d.org.uk/knowledge-support/about-type-1-diabetes/causes-of-type-1-diabetes/

  Type 1 diabetes is not caused by any type of diet or lifestyle. It isnt caused by anything that you did or didnt do, and there was nothing you could have done to prevent it. […] More than 50 genes have been identified that can influence a persons risk of developing type 1 diabetes, but genes are only part of the cause. […] Destruction of insulin-producing beta cells is due to damage inflicted by your immune system. […] Something triggered your immune system to attack your beta cells. […] Certain genes put people at a greater risk of developing type 1 diabetes, but are not the only factors involved. […] While there are no proven environmental triggers, researchers are looking for possible culprits, such as viral infections and the microbes that live in our guts. […] While 90 per cent of people who develop type 1 diabetes have no family connection with the condition, genetic factors can pre-dispose people to developing type 1 diabetes.

• #1 Research spotlight – what causes Type 1 diabetes? | Diabetes UK

  https://www.diabetes.org.uk/our-research/about-our-research/hot-topics/what-causes-type-1

  Our immune system normally protects us against infection and illness. But in Type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the cells in the pancreas that make insulin the hormone responsible for regulating levels of glucose in the blood. […] Scientists believe that our environment plays a role in the development of Type 1 diabetes, in combination with these high risk genes. […] Several viruses have been associated with Type 1 diabetes, but one type of virus, called Human Enteroviruses (HEVs), have the strongest body of evidence. […] Studies have shown that the gut microbiome in children with Type 1 diabetes is different compared to children without Type 1. […] Scientists have questioned whether our diet during childhood could influence our risk of Type 1 diabetes. […] Hygiene, pollutants, vaccines, maternal age, psychological stress and seasonal variation have all been put forward as possible environmental factors involved in Type 1 diabetes. […] The take home message: the full picture is still unclear. We still dont fully understand whether one, or a combination, of these factors causes someone at high risk of Type 1 diabetes to actually develop the condition.

• #1 Type 1 Diabetes Causes – Breakthrough T1D

  https://www.breakthrought1d.org/t1d-basics/causes/

  We don’t fully understand the causes of type 1 diabetes, but we do know there are a few factors at play. […] Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune condition where the pancreas stops producing insulin due to the immune system attacking the beta cells, which produce insulin. Research is ongoing to identify type 1 diabetes causes—and how to stop it. […] Certain genes increase the likelihood of an individual developing T1D, as can a family history of the condition. If you have an immediate family member with type 1 diabetes, your chances of developing the condition are 1 in 20, which is 15 times higher than the general population. […] Environmental factors, including viruses, are another factor behind T1D onset. Some researchers believe that certain viruses may specifically target beta cells, and as the body’s immune response tries to combat these viruses, it may mistakenly attack and damage the beta cells.

• #1 What Are the Possible Causes of Type 1 Diabetes? – BETTER

  https://type1better.com/en/what-are-the-possible-causes-of-type-1-diabetes/

  The child of a parent with T1D can have a genetic predisposition, which means that theyll have a greater risk of having type 1 diabetes if one or both parents or their twin sibling have this condition. The odds of getting T1D are less than 1% when there is no family history, but they reach 35% if a parent has it and close to 50% if an identical twin has it. […] For someone with a predisposition, some viruses (e.g., rubella virus, coxsackie virus, mumps virus) could cause an abnormal immune response. This happens when the immune system attacks and destroys the pancreas’s beta cells instead of attacking the virus. This abnormal immune response could be due to similarities between the envelope of those viruses and the surface of the pancreas’s beta cells. […] Swedish researchers found that the risk of getting T1D was greater among individuals who were administered antibiotics before the age of 1. However, this risk factor is controversial and is disproved in other studies with different results.

• #1 Type 1 diabetes: Causes and development

  https://www.diabinfo.de/en/living-with-diabetes/type-1-diabetes/basic-principles/causes-and-development.html

  Because an unusually high number of new cases of type 1 diabetes have occurred since the onset of the coronavirus pandemic, an interrelationship between infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the onset of type 1 diabetes is also being examined. […] The autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes ultimately destroys the beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the beta cells do not produce enough insulin and are eventually no longer able to produce insulin at all. […] With type 1 diabetes, this then destroys the islet cells. The responsible antibodies are called islet auto-antibodies. […] Years before diabetes develops, antibodies against certain parts of the beta cells or insulin itself can be identified. Type 1 diabetes is diagnosed when 2 or more of these autoantibodies are detected. […] The attacks of the immune system against beta cells in the early phase of the development of type 1 diabetes last months to years.

• #1 What are the environmental triggers for type 1 diabetes?

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/type-1-diabetes-environmental-triggers

  Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects blood sugar levels. While the exact cause is unknown, environmental factors, such as infections, likely play a role. […] Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a form of the disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. While the exact cause is unknown, T1D may result from a combination of a persons genetics and certain environmental factors. […] According to a 2022 research review, environmental factors can play a role in triggering T1D or speeding up the disease process. These factors can include viral infections, dietary habits, and changes in gut bacteria. […] A 2018 review suggests that there is a close relationship between intestinal microbiota dysfunction and the development of T1D. It is possible that intestinal microbiota dysfunction affects the immune system or that bacteria build up in the intestines and trigger inflammation. The inflamed cells can then travel into the pancreas and trigger T1D.

• #1 What causes type 1 diabetes?

  https://www.bc.edu/bc-web/bcnews/science-tech-and-health/biology-and-genetics/new-insights-into-type-1-diabetes.html

  A central question for researchers is what turns the body’s immune system against itself. […] Recent type 1 diabetes gut microbiome studies observed that the composition of the gut microbiome in type 1 diabetes patients was significantly different from individuals who do not have the disease. […] However, those studies did not establish a causal relationship between the microbiome and type 1 diabetes. In this study, we identified a gut bacterium that is potentially linked to the disease onset, Altindis said. […] Based on the central role of insulin in type 1 diabetes autoimmunity, we hypothesized that type 1 diabetes is caused by a molecular mimicry mechanism in which exposure to a microbial insulin stimulates the immune system against human insulin, Altindis said. […] Colonization of the gut microbiome with Parabacteriodes distasonis increased type 1 diabetes rates by increasing the inflammation in different tissues, specifically in the pancreas, in mice used in type 1 diabetes T1D research, the team reported in the article „A Gut Microbial Peptide and Molecular Mimicry in the Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes.”

• #1 What causes type 1 diabetes? | Diabetes UK

  https://www.diabetes.org.uk/about-diabetes/type-1-diabetes/causes

  The causes of type 1 diabetes are the same at any age. Your immune system has attacked the insulin-producing cells that are found in your pancreas. […] Like type 1 diabetes in adults, we dont know the exact cause of type 1 diabetes in children. As with adults, the insulin-producing cells that are found in the pancreas stop working. […] Type 1 diabetes is not thought to be caused by what you eat or drink. And theres nothing you can do to prevent the condition developing. […] Type 1 diabetes is thought to develop due to a combination of genetics and other factors which are not yet fully understood. But we dont know more than that. There is nothing to indicate that lifestyle plays a part.

• #1 Type 1 diabetes: Causes and development

  https://www.diabinfo.de/en/living-with-diabetes/type-1-diabetes/basic-principles/causes-and-development.html

  In addition to genetic factors, environmental influences play an important role in the development of type 1 diabetes. But it is not yet known exactly which environmental influences these are. There is evidence that viral infections may trigger the autoimmune process. The gut microbiome and nutrition in infants may also play a role. […] The following environmental factors in particular are suspected to increase the risk of developing type 1 diabetes: Early infection with coxsackieviruses, which can trigger respiratory diseases in children. Infections with rubella or mumps viruses are also suspected of promoting type 1 diabetes. The viruses can damage the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. Feeding food containing gluten to infants before they are 4 months old also appears to increase the risk of type 1 diabetes.

• #1 Causes and Triggers of Type 1 Diabetes – Genetics & Viruses

  https://www.diabetes.co.uk/causes-of-type1-diabetes.html

  Increased demand on insulin has also been put forward as a contributing factor. A study, carried out by the University of Colorado and published in 2008, showed that a diet with high glycaemic index foods could speed up the progression to type 1 diabetes in children with signs of islet autoimmunity.

• #1 What Are the Possible Causes of Type 1 Diabetes? – BETTER

  https://type1better.com/en/what-are-the-possible-causes-of-type-1-diabetes/

  Researchers suggested that the intestinal microbiota could influence the immune system and trigger the onset of T1D in some people, meaning that diet could be a factor in the development of the condition. The link between diet and T1D is disputed, and unfortunately, preliminary studies on the late introduction of certain foods to children are inconclusive on the T1D prevention aspect. […] Vitamin D has been proven to play an important role in the immune system. Researchers studied what role it plays in relation to T1D specifically and found that children under 18 years of age who live with T1D generally have a lower vitamin D level than other children. So, taking vitamin D supplements at a young age could potentially be a way to prevent T1D. […] Northern countries seem to have more T1D cases than southern countries. Some have suggested that this could be due to people living in colder temperatures spending more time in their homes and in enclosed public spaces, and therefore being more vulnerable to viral infections. This hypothesis is in line with those linked to genetic predispositions and vitamin D deficiency – people living in northern parts of the world generally have lower levels because they have less sun exposure. […] The roles of the genetic and environmental factors discussed above are still only hypotheses and observations. The specific causes of T1D are still unclear.

• #1 Type 1 Diabetes | Diabetes | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/about/about-type-1-diabetes.html

  Type 1 diabetes is thought to be caused by an autoimmune reaction (the body attacks itself by mistake). This reaction destroys the cells in the pancreas that make insulin, called beta cells. This process can go on for months or years before any symptoms appear. […] Some people have certain genes (traits passed on from parent to child) that increase their chance of developing type 1 diabetes. However, many of them won’t go on to have type 1 diabetes even if they have the genes. A trigger in the environment, such as a virus, may also play a part in developing type 1 diabetes. Diet and lifestyle habits don’t cause type 1 diabetes.

• #1 Type 1 diabetes: Causes and development

  https://www.diabinfo.de/en/living-with-diabetes/type-1-diabetes/basic-principles/causes-and-development.html

  Experts classify type 1 diabetes as having 3 stages: Stage 1: At least 2 characteristic autoantibodies are detected in the blood. Stage 2: The increasing destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells is having an ever-increasing effect on blood glucose metabolism. Stage 3: Due to the pronounced insulin deficiency, the persons affected show typical symptoms such as excessive thirst, frequent urination, fatigue or weight loss. […] Genetic testing or the detection of specific autoantibodies offer the possibility of early identifying children with an increased risk of developing type 1 diabetes.

• #1 Type 1 diabetes – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_1_diabetes

  Type 1 diabetes is caused by the destruction of -cells, the only cells in the body that produce insulin, and the consequent progressive insulin deficiency. Without insulin, the body cannot respond effectively to increases in blood sugar. Due to this, people with diabetes have persistent hyperglycemia. In 70-90% of cases, -cells are destroyed by one’s own immune system, for reasons that are not entirely clear. The best-studied components of this autoimmune response are -cell-targeted antibodies that begin to develop in the months or years before symptoms arise. Typically, someone will first develop antibodies against insulin or the protein GAD65, followed eventually by antibodies against the proteins IA-2, IA-2, and/or ZNT8. People with a higher level of these antibodies, especially those who develop them earlier in life, are at higher risk for developing symptomatic type 1 diabetes. The trigger for the development of these antibodies remains unclear. A number of explanatory theories have been put forward, and the cause may involve genetic susceptibility, a diabetogenic trigger, and/or exposure to an antigen. The remaining 10-30% of type 1 diabetics have -cell destruction but no sign of autoimmunity; this is called idiopathic type 1 diabetes (its cause is unknown).

• #1 Understanding Type 1 Diabetes | ADA

  https://diabetes.org/about-diabetes/type-1

  Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease. […] When you have type 1 diabetes, your immune system mistakenly treats the beta cells in your pancreas that create insulin as foreign invaders and destroys them. […] Scientists and researchers today aren’t sure how to prevent type 1 diabetes or what triggers it. […] When an adult develops type 1 diabetes, they are often mistakenly told they have type 2 diabetes. […] Early detection and treatment of diabetes can decrease the risk of developing complications both at the time of diagnosis and in the future. […] If you have a family history of type 1 diabetes, your health care provider may suggest screening for type 1 diabetes. […] Second, there are emerging treatments and clinical trials that seek to delay the onset of type 1 diabetes in those who are at high risk.

• #1 Genetics of Diabetes | American Diabetes Association

  https://diabetes.org/about-diabetes/genetics-diabetes

  Type 1 and type 2 diabetes have different causes, but there are two factors that are important in both. You inherit a predisposition to the disease, then something in your environment triggers it. […] In most cases of type 1 diabetes, people need to inherit risk factors from both parents. We think these factors must be more common in white people because white people have the highest rate of type 1 diabetes. […] Because most people who are at risk do not get diabetes, researchers want to find out what the environmental triggers are. One trigger might be related to cold weather. Type 1 diabetes develops more often in winter than summer and is more common in places with cold climates. Another trigger might be viruses. Its possible that a virus that has only mild effects on most people triggers type 1 diabetes in others. Early diet may also play a role. For example, type 1 diabetes is less common in people who were breastfed and in those who first ate solid foods at later ages.

• #1 Causes and Risk Factors for Type 1 Diabetes | Banner Health

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/diabetes/type-1/causes-and-risk-factors

  Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease, which means your immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells (in this case, in your pancreas). Lifestyle choices like diet and exercise have nothing to do with whether you develop type 1 diabetes or not. […] Risk factors for type 1 diabetes are not as clear as other forms of diabetes, but may include: […] Having a blood relative with type 1 diabetes may increase your risk. […] Type 1 diabetes becomes more common as you travel away from the equator. […] Traditionally, people of European ancestry are at an increased risk for type 1 diabetes. However, with more diverse or mixed-race populations increasing, the risk is going up in minority populations. […] While we know some things about what can cause type 1 diabetes, more research is needed to understand it better.

• #1 Type 1 Diabetes Causes – Breakthrough T1D

  https://www.breakthrought1d.org/t1d-basics/causes/

  Once T1D is triggered, the body starts attacking the beta cells, which produce insulin. This attack can be detected through biochemical signs called autoantibodies, which appear well before any symptoms of type 1 diabetes are observed. As the immune system continues to attack and destroy more beta cells, insulin production decreases, leading to abnormal blood-sugar levels. Eventually, the number of destroyed beta cells becomes so high, and insulin production drops so low, that symptoms start to appear. […] It is important to understand that T1D is not caused by diet. However, certain dietary factors might be involved in the development of type 2 diabetes. […] Similarly, the risk of a type 1 diabetes diagnosis is not influenced by factors such as lifestyle, activity level, socioeconomic status, or habits.

• #1 What causes type 1 diabetes? | Diabetes UK

  https://www.diabetes.org.uk/about-diabetes/type-1-diabetes/causes

  Its normal to wonder if something youve done could have caused your type 1 diabetes or a childs type 1 diabetes. But theres nothing you could have done to prevent it. […] We dont know the exact cause of type 1 diabetes. Family history can increase your risk, as there are a number of genes linked to type 1 diabetes. But we know genes on their own don’t cause diabetes, because most people with type 1 don’t have a family history of it at all. Scientists think some things in the environment, like viruses, play a role in triggering type 1 diabetes and are doing research all the time to find out more. […] In type 1 diabetes, your body has destroyed the insulin-producing cells in your pancreas called beta cells – so you can’t produce any insulin. This can happen over years. You may hear it called an autoimmune condition. Thats because the immune system that usually protects you against illness has done the opposite.

• #1 Patient education: Type 1 diabetes: Overview (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/type-1-diabetes-overview-beyond-the-basics

  Family members at greatest risk for developing type 1 diabetes have high levels of substances called „pancreatic autoantibodies” circulating in their blood, which can indicate that the body has started to destroy its own insulin-producing cells. These blood tests are available commercially and are measured in research programs. One such program available across the United States is called TrialNet (www.trialnet.org/our-research/risk-screening). Teplizumab is a medication that is given by infusion (through an IV) and can delay the onset of type 1 diabetes. It is available for people ages 8 years and older who do not yet have diabetes but do have abnormal blood sugars and elevated levels of two or more pancreatic autoantibodies.

• #1 Type 1 Diabetes Causes | YourCareEverywhere

  https://stage.yourcareeverywhere.com/health-research/health-insights/diabetes-care-insights/type-1-diabetes-causes.html

  Scientists believe the explanation involves environmental factors that initiate a pancreas-damaging autoimmune response in people with specific genes. For example, exposure to certain viruses could be a possible trigger, causing type 1 diabetes in some people, the National Institute for Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases explains. […] Research being conducted by TrialNet, an international network of physicians and scientists supported by the National Institutes of Health, the American Diabetes Association, and the JDRF, is centered on pinpointing type 1 diabetes causes: how genes and environmental triggers result in the disease.

• #1 Why is type 1 diabetes increasing? in: Journal of Molecular Endocrinology Volume 51 Issue 1 (2013)

  https://jme.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/jme/51/1/R1.xml

  Moreover, due to contrasting evidence in the literature, a single factor is unlikely to cause an increase in the incidence of diabetes all over the world, which suggests that a multifactorial process might be involved. […] Although the immunological mechanisms are still unclear, there seems to be some overlap between the various hypotheses. […] It is thought that the emphasis should be shifted from a single to a multifactorial process and that perhaps the balance shift model should be considered as a possible explanation for the rise in the incidence of type 1 diabetes.

• #1 On the Etiology of Type 1 Diabetes

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3483807/

  The cause of type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains unknown; however, a decisive role for environmental factors is recognized. […] A new animal model was established to test the hypothesis that bacteria entering the pancreatic ductal system could trigger -cell destruction and to provide new insights to the immunopathology of the disease. […] The present findings support the hypothesis that T1D is an organ-specific inflammatory disease. […] The fact that the exocrine pancreas gets affected in patients with T1D is underappreciated, and several studies have found autoantibodies in the exocrine cells before the onset of T1D. […] Collectively, these observations suggest that the injurious process that causes T1D affects both the exocrine and endocrine components of the pancreas and challenge the view that T1D is a -cell-specific autoimmune disease.

• #1 Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes: Established Facts and New Insights

  https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/13/4/706

  Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the T-cell-mediated destruction of insulin-producing β-cells in pancreatic islets. It generally occurs in genetically susceptible individuals, and genetics plays a major role in the development of islet autoimmunity. […] In this review, we highlight the interplay between genetic predisposition and other non-genetic factors, such as viral infections, diet, and gut biome, which all potentially contribute to the aetiology of T1D. […] Another component in T1D predisposition is epigenetic influences, which represent a link between genetic susceptibility and environmental factors and may account for some of the disease heterogeneity. […] It is becoming apparent that T1D is a highly heterogeneous disease influenced by a complex network of different factors, such as age, genetic predisposition, and environmental interactions, and that pancreatic β-cells play a significant role in initiating pathogenic processes through the crosstalk with immune cells.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes

  Type 1 diabetes (previously known as insulin-dependent, juvenile or childhood-onset) is characterized by deficient insulin production and requires daily administration of insulin. […] Neither its cause nor the means to prevent it are known.

• #2 Type 1 Diabetes – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507713/

  Type 1 diabetes results from the autoimmune destruction of the -cells in Langerhans pancreatic islets, ultimately leading to absolute insulin deficiency. […] The exact etiology of T1D remains unknown. However, a genetic predisposition is strongly associated with specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles DR and DQ. […] Environmental factors are generally believed to trigger autoimmune -cell destruction in genetically susceptible people. […] Besides genetic and environmental factors, several T1D-related autoantibodies target pancreatic -cell autoantigens, leading to immune-mediated -cell destruction.

• #2 Type 1 diabetes: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/type-1-diabetes/

  Type 1 diabetes is a disorder characterized by abnormally high levels of blood glucose, also called blood sugar. […] The causes of type 1 diabetes are unknown, although several risk factors have been identified. The risk of developing type 1 diabetes is increased by certain variants of the HLA-DQA1, HLA-DQB1, and HLA-DRB1 genes. […] Type 1 diabetes is generally considered to be an autoimmune disorder. Autoimmune disorders occur when the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues and organs. For unknown reasons, in people with type 1 diabetes the immune system damages the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Damage to these cells impairs insulin production and leads to the signs and symptoms of type 1 diabetes. […] Certain HLA haplotypes are associated with a higher risk of developing type 1 diabetes, with particular combinations of HLA-DQA1, HLA-DQB1, and HLA-DRB1 gene variations resulting in the highest risk.

• #2 Type 1 diabetes: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/type-1-diabetes/

  However, these variants are also found in the general population, and only about 5 percent of individuals with the gene variants develop type 1 diabetes. HLA variations account for approximately 40 percent of the genetic risk for the condition. Other HLA variations appear to be protective against the disease. Additional contributors, such as environmental factors and variations in other genes, are also thought to influence the development of this complex disorder.

• #2 Type 1 Diabetes: Causes, Symptoms, Complications & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21500-type-1-diabetes

  Type 1 diabetes develops when your immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys cells in your pancreas that make insulin. This destruction can happen over months or years, ultimately resulting in a total lack (deficiency) of insulin. […] Although scientists dont yet know the exact cause of Type 1 diabetes, they believe theres a strong genetic component. The risk of developing the disease with no family history is approximately 0.4%. If your biological mother has Type 1 diabetes, your risk is 1% to 4%, and your risk is 3% to 8% if your biological father has it. If both of your biological parents have Type 1 diabetes, your risk of developing the condition is as high as 30%. […] Scientists believe that certain factors, such as a virus or environmental toxins, can trigger your immune system to attack cells in your pancreas if you have a genetic predisposition for developing Type 1 diabetes.

• #2 Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Causes, Symptoms and Complications PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Numbe

  https://www.pacehospital.com/type-1-diabetes-mellitus-causes-symptoms-risk-factors-and-complications

  Type 1 diabetes causes include the destruction of the beta cells in the pancreatic islets. The pinpoint reason for beta cells damage is idiopathic (unknown), but researchers believe that there is a genetic predisposition (hereditary) with a strong relationship with specific HLA (DR and DQ) alleles, specifically DRB103-DQB10201 and DRB 10401-DQB10302H. […] Without a family history, the risk of having type 1 diabetes is about 0.4%, while the risk is between 1% to 4% in children of afflicted mothers, 3% to 8% in children of affected fathers, and as high as 30% in children of both affected parents. […] Several risk factors may increase the likelihood that a person may acquire type 1 diabetes, that includes age, family history, genetics, and viral exposure (in children). […] The presence of specific genes may increase the risk of developing type 1 diabetes. […] The autoimmune destruction of islet cells may be triggered by the presence of viral infections (enterovirus infection). […] Prevention of type 1 diabetes mellitus is not possible as it is mainly caused by the destruction of the pancreas (beta cells of Langerhans) by the body’s immune system.

• #2 Causes & Symptoms

  https://www.thejdca.org/type-1-diabetes/causes-symptoms.html

  The exact cause of T1D is unknown. Certain factors such as genetics, age, and ethnicity increase the chance of developing type 1 diabetes, while viral infections and environmental stressors are being investigated to see if they trigger the autoimmune attack. […] 90% of those who develop T1D do not have a family history of the disease. […] If a man has T1D, his child has a 1 in 17 chance of developing the disease. If a woman has T1D and gives birth before the age of 25, her child’s risk is 1 in 25. If both parents have T1D, their child has between a 1 in 10 and 1 in 4 chances of developing the disease. The child’s risk of developing the disease doubles if either parent developed diabetes before age 11.

• #2 Type 1 Diabetes Causes – Breakthrough T1D

  https://www.breakthrought1d.org/t1d-basics/causes/

  We don’t fully understand the causes of type 1 diabetes, but we do know there are a few factors at play. […] Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune condition where the pancreas stops producing insulin due to the immune system attacking the beta cells, which produce insulin. Research is ongoing to identify type 1 diabetes causes—and how to stop it. […] Certain genes increase the likelihood of an individual developing T1D, as can a family history of the condition. If you have an immediate family member with type 1 diabetes, your chances of developing the condition are 1 in 20, which is 15 times higher than the general population. […] Environmental factors, including viruses, are another factor behind T1D onset. Some researchers believe that certain viruses may specifically target beta cells, and as the body’s immune response tries to combat these viruses, it may mistakenly attack and damage the beta cells.

• #2 On the Etiology of Type 1 Diabetes

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3483807/

  On the basis of these and similar observations, it is generally assumed that environmental factors may act as triggers of T1D. […] The present study was conducted to establish an animal model for the initial events in T1D to test the hypothesis that bacteria entering into the ductal system of the pancreas could elicit an adverse innate immunity response. […] Findings obtained after inoculation of human pathogens in the pancreatic ductal compartment of healthy rats revealed marked similarities with those observed in the pancreases of patients dying at onset of T1D. […] Obtained results suggest that a bacterial trigger for T1D is plausible (ie, a local inflammatory reaction caused by bacteria, probably entering from the intestine to the ductal system of the pancreas, activates an innate injurious immune response, predominantly causing periductal and islet inflammation and comprising -cell destruction).

• #2 Causes and Triggers of Type 1 Diabetes – Genetics & Viruses

  https://www.diabetes.co.uk/causes-of-type1-diabetes.html

  Researchers have hypothesised that whilst some people have a genetic predisposition to type 1 diabetes, there is likely to be an environmental factor that triggers the initial development of type 1 diabetes. Some of the possible triggers that have been suggested include viral infection, vaccines, low levels of vitamin D, and increased insulin demand. […] Associations have been found between type 1 diabetes and a number of different viruses. Of these, enteroviruses have attracted the most interest from researchers. […] Another theory put forward is that childhood vaccinations could increase the chances of developing type 1 diabetes. […] A link between vitamin D and type 1 diabetes has been drawn. Researchers have noted that countries with the highest incidences of type 1 diabetes tend to be located further from the equator.

• #2 Type 1 diabetes: Causes and development

  https://www.diabinfo.de/en/living-with-diabetes/type-1-diabetes/basic-principles/causes-and-development.html

  In addition to genetic factors, environmental influences play an important role in the development of type 1 diabetes. But it is not yet known exactly which environmental influences these are. There is evidence that viral infections may trigger the autoimmune process. The gut microbiome and nutrition in infants may also play a role. […] The following environmental factors in particular are suspected to increase the risk of developing type 1 diabetes: Early infection with coxsackieviruses, which can trigger respiratory diseases in children. Infections with rubella or mumps viruses are also suspected of promoting type 1 diabetes. The viruses can damage the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. Feeding food containing gluten to infants before they are 4 months old also appears to increase the risk of type 1 diabetes.

• #2 The Causes Of Type 1 Diabetes: What To Look Out For

  https://londondiabetes.com/news-and-events/causes-type-1-diabetes/

  Researchers have found HEVs in people who have recently developed type 1 diabetes and in those who had the condition for a longer time. We don’t yet know how the viral infection triggers diabetes, but there are a few theories: […] During the COVID-19 pandemic, doctors identified increasing new cases of diabetes; There is some evidence that the coronavirus might trigger diabetes in some people or make the condition worse in people living with the disease. […] Scientists have linked viruses, like HEVs, with type 1 diabetes. Experts have postulated that the coronavirus may also act as a trigger. […] The picture is far from clear- but experts believe that type 1 diabetes develops due to an environmental trigger in combination with one or more of the risky genes. […] Hygiene, pollutants, vaccines, maternal age, psychological stress and seasonal variation have all been put forward as possible environmental factors involved in Type 1 diabetes.

• #2 What causes type 1 diabetes?

  https://www.bc.edu/bc-web/bcnews/science-tech-and-health/biology-and-genetics/new-insights-into-type-1-diabetes.html

  A central question for researchers is what turns the body’s immune system against itself. […] Recent type 1 diabetes gut microbiome studies observed that the composition of the gut microbiome in type 1 diabetes patients was significantly different from individuals who do not have the disease. […] However, those studies did not establish a causal relationship between the microbiome and type 1 diabetes. In this study, we identified a gut bacterium that is potentially linked to the disease onset, Altindis said. […] Based on the central role of insulin in type 1 diabetes autoimmunity, we hypothesized that type 1 diabetes is caused by a molecular mimicry mechanism in which exposure to a microbial insulin stimulates the immune system against human insulin, Altindis said. […] Colonization of the gut microbiome with Parabacteriodes distasonis increased type 1 diabetes rates by increasing the inflammation in different tissues, specifically in the pancreas, in mice used in type 1 diabetes T1D research, the team reported in the article „A Gut Microbial Peptide and Molecular Mimicry in the Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes.”

• #2 What Are the Possible Causes of Type 1 Diabetes? – BETTER

  https://type1better.com/en/what-are-the-possible-causes-of-type-1-diabetes/

  Researchers suggested that the intestinal microbiota could influence the immune system and trigger the onset of T1D in some people, meaning that diet could be a factor in the development of the condition. The link between diet and T1D is disputed, and unfortunately, preliminary studies on the late introduction of certain foods to children are inconclusive on the T1D prevention aspect. […] Vitamin D has been proven to play an important role in the immune system. Researchers studied what role it plays in relation to T1D specifically and found that children under 18 years of age who live with T1D generally have a lower vitamin D level than other children. So, taking vitamin D supplements at a young age could potentially be a way to prevent T1D. […] Northern countries seem to have more T1D cases than southern countries. Some have suggested that this could be due to people living in colder temperatures spending more time in their homes and in enclosed public spaces, and therefore being more vulnerable to viral infections. This hypothesis is in line with those linked to genetic predispositions and vitamin D deficiency – people living in northern parts of the world generally have lower levels because they have less sun exposure. […] The roles of the genetic and environmental factors discussed above are still only hypotheses and observations. The specific causes of T1D are still unclear.

• #2 What are the environmental triggers for type 1 diabetes?

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/type-1-diabetes-environmental-triggers

  A 2021 review suggests that the hygiene hypothesis now extends to the development of autoimmune conditions, including T1D. […] However, a 2021 review suggests that a persons diet in childhood can affect their risk of developing T1D later in life. The research suggests that breastfeeding and introducing solid foods such as gluten, fruit, and cows milk at a later stage can decrease the risk of T1D. […] According to a 2023 review, the number of people particularly children and young people who have both T1D and obesity is increasing. […] A 2024 review notes that epigenetic changes may play a role in the development of T1D. […] Currently, the exact cause of T1D is unknown. However, it likely results from a combination of genetics and environmental factors. […] Environmental factors are any factors beyond a persons genetics that can contribute to the development of a health condition. Several environmental factors, including viral infections and a persons diet during childhood, may increase the risk of T1D.

• #2 Type 1 Diabetes Causes – Breakthrough T1D

  https://www.breakthrought1d.org/t1d-basics/causes/

  Once T1D is triggered, the body starts attacking the beta cells, which produce insulin. This attack can be detected through biochemical signs called autoantibodies, which appear well before any symptoms of type 1 diabetes are observed. As the immune system continues to attack and destroy more beta cells, insulin production decreases, leading to abnormal blood-sugar levels. Eventually, the number of destroyed beta cells becomes so high, and insulin production drops so low, that symptoms start to appear. […] It is important to understand that T1D is not caused by diet. However, certain dietary factors might be involved in the development of type 2 diabetes. […] Similarly, the risk of a type 1 diabetes diagnosis is not influenced by factors such as lifestyle, activity level, socioeconomic status, or habits.

• #2 Type 1 diabetes: Causes and development

  https://www.diabinfo.de/en/living-with-diabetes/type-1-diabetes/basic-principles/causes-and-development.html

  Because an unusually high number of new cases of type 1 diabetes have occurred since the onset of the coronavirus pandemic, an interrelationship between infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the onset of type 1 diabetes is also being examined. […] The autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes ultimately destroys the beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the beta cells do not produce enough insulin and are eventually no longer able to produce insulin at all. […] With type 1 diabetes, this then destroys the islet cells. The responsible antibodies are called islet auto-antibodies. […] Years before diabetes develops, antibodies against certain parts of the beta cells or insulin itself can be identified. Type 1 diabetes is diagnosed when 2 or more of these autoantibodies are detected. […] The attacks of the immune system against beta cells in the early phase of the development of type 1 diabetes last months to years.

• #2 Causes and Risk Factors for Type 1 Diabetes | Banner Health

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/diabetes/type-1/causes-and-risk-factors

  Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease, which means your immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells (in this case, in your pancreas). Lifestyle choices like diet and exercise have nothing to do with whether you develop type 1 diabetes or not. […] Risk factors for type 1 diabetes are not as clear as other forms of diabetes, but may include: […] Having a blood relative with type 1 diabetes may increase your risk. […] Type 1 diabetes becomes more common as you travel away from the equator. […] Traditionally, people of European ancestry are at an increased risk for type 1 diabetes. However, with more diverse or mixed-race populations increasing, the risk is going up in minority populations. […] While we know some things about what can cause type 1 diabetes, more research is needed to understand it better.

• #2 What causes type 1 diabetes? | Diabetes UK

  https://www.diabetes.org.uk/about-diabetes/type-1-diabetes/causes

  The causes of type 1 diabetes are the same at any age. Your immune system has attacked the insulin-producing cells that are found in your pancreas. […] Like type 1 diabetes in adults, we dont know the exact cause of type 1 diabetes in children. As with adults, the insulin-producing cells that are found in the pancreas stop working. […] Type 1 diabetes is not thought to be caused by what you eat or drink. And theres nothing you can do to prevent the condition developing. […] Type 1 diabetes is thought to develop due to a combination of genetics and other factors which are not yet fully understood. But we dont know more than that. There is nothing to indicate that lifestyle plays a part.

• #2 Causes of type 1 diabetes | Breakthrough T1D UK

  https://breakthrought1d.org.uk/knowledge-support/about-type-1-diabetes/causes-of-type-1-diabetes/

  Certain genes are associated with type 1 diabetes risk. However, having these genes alone is not enough to cause someone to develop type 1 diabetes. It is thought that an additional environmental trigger causes type 1 diabetes to develop. […] Type 1 diabetes does not develop because of your lifestyle. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition. Diet and activity levels have nothing to do with whether you develop type 1 diabetes or not.

• #2 Causes of type 1 diabetes | Breakthrough T1D UK

  https://breakthrought1d.org.uk/knowledge-support/about-type-1-diabetes/causes-of-type-1-diabetes/

  Type 1 diabetes is not caused by any type of diet or lifestyle. It isnt caused by anything that you did or didnt do, and there was nothing you could have done to prevent it. […] More than 50 genes have been identified that can influence a persons risk of developing type 1 diabetes, but genes are only part of the cause. […] Destruction of insulin-producing beta cells is due to damage inflicted by your immune system. […] Something triggered your immune system to attack your beta cells. […] Certain genes put people at a greater risk of developing type 1 diabetes, but are not the only factors involved. […] While there are no proven environmental triggers, researchers are looking for possible culprits, such as viral infections and the microbes that live in our guts. […] While 90 per cent of people who develop type 1 diabetes have no family connection with the condition, genetic factors can pre-dispose people to developing type 1 diabetes.

• #2

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/chronic/Pages/Diabetes-Mellitus-Type-1-Diabetes.aspx

  Type 1 diabetes happens when the body cannot make enough of the hormone insulin. […] However, with type 1 diabetes, the immune system becomes confused; it mistakenly attacks and destroys these beta cells, treating them as if they were harmful germs. […] Having ketones in the urine or coming into the hospital with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), where ketone levels have built up to dangerously high levels, strongly suggests type 1 diabetes. […] For a child diagnosed with diabetes, islet autoantibodies indicate type 1 diabetes. […] While type 1 diabetes cannot yet be fully prevented, newer medications can help delay its onset in certain high-risk individuals. […] It works by targeting specific immune cells responsible for attacking insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, helping to slow progression of the disease.

• #2 Research spotlight – what causes Type 1 diabetes? | Diabetes UK

  https://www.diabetes.org.uk/our-research/about-our-research/hot-topics/what-causes-type-1

  Our immune system normally protects us against infection and illness. But in Type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the cells in the pancreas that make insulin the hormone responsible for regulating levels of glucose in the blood. […] Scientists believe that our environment plays a role in the development of Type 1 diabetes, in combination with these high risk genes. […] Several viruses have been associated with Type 1 diabetes, but one type of virus, called Human Enteroviruses (HEVs), have the strongest body of evidence. […] Studies have shown that the gut microbiome in children with Type 1 diabetes is different compared to children without Type 1. […] Scientists have questioned whether our diet during childhood could influence our risk of Type 1 diabetes. […] Hygiene, pollutants, vaccines, maternal age, psychological stress and seasonal variation have all been put forward as possible environmental factors involved in Type 1 diabetes. […] The take home message: the full picture is still unclear. We still dont fully understand whether one, or a combination, of these factors causes someone at high risk of Type 1 diabetes to actually develop the condition.

• #2 Understanding Type 1 Diabetes: Causes, Risk Factors, and Management – Southeast Diabetes, Inc Diabetic Supply Company Birmingham AL

  https://southeastdiabetes.com/2025/01/understanding-type-1-diabetes-causes-risk-factors-and-management/

  Genetics does appear to play a significant role in the development of Type 1 diabetes. […] Certain genetic markers, particularly those found in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) gene complex, are associated with an increased risk of developing the disease. […] In addition to genetic factors, environmental triggers are believed to play a crucial role in the onset of Type 1 diabetes. […] One of the most widely discussed environmental triggers is viral infections. […] Certain viruses, such as enteroviruses and coxsackieviruses, have been implicated in triggering the autoimmune response that leads to the destruction of beta cells. […] Other environmental factors that may play a role in the development of Type 1 diabetes include diet, early childhood exposures, and even stress. […] Type 1 diabetes is a complex condition that arises from a combination of genetic factors and environmental triggers. […] While the exact cause of the disease is still not fully understood, we know that the immune system plays a central role in the destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.

• #2 What causes type 1 diabetes?

  https://www.bc.edu/bc-web/bcnews/science-tech-and-health/biology-and-genetics/new-insights-into-type-1-diabetes.html

  The cause of type 1 diabetes remains unknown and is a central focus of Boston College Assistant Professor of Biology Emrah Altindis and others in his field hoping to find new ways to help 1.6 million Americans living with the chronic autoimmune disease, a group that is expected to increase to 5 million people by 2050. […] While genetics studies have identified mutations that increase the risk of developing type 1 diabetes, the gene pool alone cannot fully explain who is susceptible to the disease. […] Although we have known type 1 diabetes for thousands of years, its cause is unknown, said Altindis, whose research is supported by the National Institutes of Health, G. Harold and Leila Y. Mathers Charitable Foundation, and JDRF. While genetics studies have identified mutations in some human genes that increase the risk of developing type 1 diabetes, genetics alone cannot fully explain the increasing incidence rates in the world, specifically in industrialized countries.

• #3 Type 1 Diabetes | Diabetes | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/about/about-type-1-diabetes.html

  Type 1 diabetes is thought to be caused by an autoimmune reaction (the body attacks itself by mistake). This reaction destroys the cells in the pancreas that make insulin, called beta cells. This process can go on for months or years before any symptoms appear. […] Some people have certain genes (traits passed on from parent to child) that increase their chance of developing type 1 diabetes. However, many of them won’t go on to have type 1 diabetes even if they have the genes. A trigger in the environment, such as a virus, may also play a part in developing type 1 diabetes. Diet and lifestyle habits don’t cause type 1 diabetes.

• #3 Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Causes, Symptoms and Complications PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Numbe

  https://www.pacehospital.com/type-1-diabetes-mellitus-causes-symptoms-risk-factors-and-complications

  Type 1 diabetes causes include the destruction of the beta cells in the pancreatic islets. The pinpoint reason for beta cells damage is idiopathic (unknown), but researchers believe that there is a genetic predisposition (hereditary) with a strong relationship with specific HLA (DR and DQ) alleles, specifically DRB103-DQB10201 and DRB 10401-DQB10302H. […] Without a family history, the risk of having type 1 diabetes is about 0.4%, while the risk is between 1% to 4% in children of afflicted mothers, 3% to 8% in children of affected fathers, and as high as 30% in children of both affected parents. […] Several risk factors may increase the likelihood that a person may acquire type 1 diabetes, that includes age, family history, genetics, and viral exposure (in children). […] The presence of specific genes may increase the risk of developing type 1 diabetes. […] The autoimmune destruction of islet cells may be triggered by the presence of viral infections (enterovirus infection). […] Prevention of type 1 diabetes mellitus is not possible as it is mainly caused by the destruction of the pancreas (beta cells of Langerhans) by the body’s immune system.

• #3 What Causes Type 1 Diabetes? We Explain the Factors | myT1Dteam

  https://www.myt1dteam.com/resources/what-causes-type-1-diabetes-we-explain-the-factors

  Genetic factors are risk factors passed on from parents to their children, such as gene changes linked with a higher risk of type 1 diabetes. The main genes involved in developing type 1 diabetes are called human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes, which help the immune system distinguish between its own cells and foreign invaders. […] Everyone who develops type 1 diabetes has genetic risk factors for the condition. Having a parent or sibling with type 1 diabetes makes you 15 times as likely to develop it compared to someone who doesn’t have a first-degree relative with the condition. […] Researchers have found that the risk of developing type 1 diabetes is between 1 percent and 4 percent for a person whose mother has type 1 diabetes and between 3 percent and 8 percent for someone with a father with type 1 diabetes. If both parents have type 1 diabetes, their child’s risk can be as high as 30 percent.

• #3 Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Symptoms, Treatment, Causes, Medications, Definition, Pathophysiology — EZmed

  https://www.ezmedlearning.com/blog/type-1-diabetes-mellitus-symptoms-treatment

  Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the body’s own immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. […] The cause of type 1 diabetes development is not yet known. However, there are several theories to the cause: […] The pathophysiology and causes of type 1 diabetes include infections, autoantibodies, and genetics. […] Type 1 diabetes is caused by an autoimmune process in which the T cells (green) destroy the insulin-producing beta cells (yellow) of the pancreas.

• #3 Type 1 vs. Type 2 Diabetes: Difference, Symptoms, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/difference-between-type-1-and-type-2-diabetes

  Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition associated with genetics and may develop suddenly. […] The key difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes is that type 1 is associated with an autoimmune response and usually develops early in life. […] Risk factors for type 1 diabetes are not as clear, but family history may play a role. […] In Type 1 diabetes, the immune system mistakes the body’s healthy cells for foreign ones and tries to fight them. In this case, the immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, preventing the body from producing needed insulin. […] Researchers have yet to establish the mechanisms behind this autoimmune response. They have theorized that it may be related to genetic and environmental factors, such as chronic exposure to viruses. […] Diet and lifestyle habits are not directly linked to type 1 diabetes. […] Type 1 diabetes can’t be prevented.

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