Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Type 1 Diabetes (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568751/

  Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease that leads to the destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells. People with T1DM require life-long insulin replacement therapy. Without insulin, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) develops and is life-threatening. […] All patients with T1DM require insulin therapy. Multiple daily insulin injections (MDI) using a basal/bolus insulin regimen or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion through an insulin pump are the preferred treatment. […] It is important to note that insulin requirements vary across the lifespan and under specific circumstances. […] Blood glucose readings should be monitored throughout the day. Patients should check their blood glucose pre-meals, 2 to 3 hours post meals (when adjusting prandial dosing), before bedtime, and when they suspect hypoglycemia.

• #2 Type 1 Diabetes: Causes, Symptoms, Complications & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21500-type-1-diabetes

  Type 1 diabetes is a chronic (life-long) autoimmune disease that prevents your pancreas from making insulin. It requires daily management with insulin injections and blood sugar monitoring. Both children and adults can be diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes. […] People with Type 1 diabetes need synthetic insulin every day in order to live and be healthy. […] Youll need to see your endocrinologist regularly to ensure that your Type 1 diabetes management is working well. Your insulin needs will change throughout your life. […] People with Type 1 diabetes need to monitor their blood sugar closely throughout the day. Maintaining a healthy blood sugar range is the best way to avoid health complications. […] A large part of Type 1 diabetes management is counting carbohydrates (carbs) in the food and drinks you consume in order to give yourself proper doses of insulin.

• #3 Nursing care of a child with type 1 diabetes mellitus – a…

  https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pielxxiw-2020-0029

  Type 1 diabetes is the most common chronic childhood disease. […] The aim of the study is to present the process of nursing a child with DMT1 and its family using the terminology from ICNP. […] Proper nursing care, intensive diabetes education and optimal treatment are essential to ensure the best quality of life while minimizing the risk of acute metabolic disorders and chronic complications. […] Using ICNP terminology enables the creation of a detailed and holistic nursing process for a child with DMT1 and its family. […] Based on the information obtained, nursing diagnoses were formulated: dyspnea, nausea, hyperglycaemia, hypoglycaemia, lack of knowledge of illness, lack of knowledge of treatment regime, lack of knowledge of diet regime, overweight, anxiety, impaired socialization, risk of impaired parenting. […] The nursing interventions will help to achieve an appropriate standard of living as well as reduce the risk of acute metabolic disorders and chronic diabetes complications.

• #4 Nursing Care Plan For Juvenile Diabetes – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-juvenile-diabetes/

  Juvenile Diabetes, also known as Type 1 Diabetes, is a chronic autoimmune condition primarily affecting children and young adults. This condition occurs when the bodys immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, leading to a lack of insulin. As a result, individuals with juvenile diabetes require lifelong insulin replacement therapy and careful management of their blood glucose levels. […] Developing a nursing care plan for juvenile diabetes is essential to ensure that children and adolescents with this condition receive the necessary care, education, and support to lead healthy lives. […] Nurses play a critical role in the care of young individuals with diabetes by providing education, monitoring blood glucose levels, assisting with insulin administration, and addressing the psychosocial aspects of living with a chronic condition.

• #5 Diabetes: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/diabetes/?srsltid=AfmBOorgY17T7BIUrf1tKazBoJoJIfyZJ4aOo8UDaVXcI3ig9v24Ukk6

  Nurses help monitor blood glucose levels, manage complications, and provide education to prevent long-term complications. […] Nurses must assess for signs of hyperglycemia (elevated blood sugar) and hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and monitor for complications like diabetic ketoacidosis, neuropathy, and infections. They also educate patients on medication adherence, proper diet, and lifestyle changes to manage diabetes effectively. […] Administer insulin/oral hypoglycemics as prescribed, ensuring the correct dose and timing. […] Educate on blood glucose monitoring. Teach patients how to check their glucose levels, interpret the results, and adjust their diet or medications accordingly. […] Provide foot care education. Instruct patients on proper foot hygiene, regular inspections for injuries, and the importance of wearing well-fitting shoes.

• #6 Type 1 Diabetes (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568751/

  Continuous glucose monitors (CGM) are extremely useful tools for people with T1DM. […] In addition to insulin therapy, diet, and physical activity, individuals with T1DM should generally have an annual eye exam by an eye care specialist. […] A diabetic nurse should educate the patient on self-insulin injection and how to perform fingerstick tests for blood glucose level monitoring. […] The critical factor in preventing complications is patient compliance with their medications and follow-up with specialists and educators. […] Type 1 diabetes is a systemic disorder with diverse presentations and very high morbidity; for this reason, the condition is best managed by an interprofessional team of healthcare professionals.

• #7 Diabetes Nursing Care Plan | Diagnosis, Assessment, Intervention

  https://simplenursing.com/nursing-care-plan-for-diabetes/

  Type 1 diabetes is caused by an autoimmune response that destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. […] Diabetes can cause long-term damage to the body resulting in multiple complications such as kidney failure, heart disease, blindness, and decreased sensation in the extremities. Careful assessment can evaluate potential secondary conditions with hyper or hypoglycemia. […] The nurse should assess the client’s mental status, cranial nerves, motor and sensory function, and reflexes, as diabetes (hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia) affects each area. […] The nurse should monitor the client’s blood glucose levels and HbA1C levels. They should also monitor the client’s lipid levels, liver function, kidney function, and electrolyte levels. […] Encourage a healthy lifestyle by promoting physical activity and a balanced diet. […] Educate the client on proper medication management, foot care, and blood glucose monitoring. […] Monitor the client’s progress and adjust the care plan accordingly.

• #8 Nursing Care Plan For Juvenile Diabetes – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-juvenile-diabetes/

  A comprehensive nursing assessment for juvenile diabetes is essential for developing an individualized care plan that addresses the unique physical and psychosocial needs of each child or adolescent. […] Nursing diagnoses for juvenile diabetes are essential for guiding care and promoting the well-being of children and adolescents living with this chronic condition. […] Nursing interventions for juvenile diabetes are crucial for empowering children and their families to effectively manage this chronic condition. […] In conclusion, the nursing care plan for juvenile diabetes, also known as Type 1 Diabetes, plays a pivotal role in ensuring that children and adolescents with this chronic condition receive comprehensive care, education, and support to lead healthy and fulfilling lives. […] Through diabetes education, insulin management, blood glucose monitoring, and psychosocial support, nurses contribute significantly to improving glycemic control and reducing the risk of complications. […] Nursing care plans for juvenile diabetes go beyond the clinical aspect of care; they address the emotional and psychosocial needs of young patients and their families.

• #9 Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 (Juvenile Diabetes) Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/maternal-and-child-nursing-notes/diabetes-mellitus-type-1-juvenile-diabetes-nursing-care-plan-management/

  Based on the assessment data, the major nursing diagnoses for diabetes mellitus type 1 are: […] Nursing interventions for diabetes mellitus type 1 are: […] The child’s blood glucose levels must be monitored to maintain it within normal limits; determine the blood glucose level at least twice a day, before breakfast and before the evening meal. […] Provide child and family teaching in the management of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. […] Goals are met as evidenced by: […] The child/caregiver: […] Maintained adequate nutrition. […] Regulated glucose levels.

• #10 Diabetes Mellitus Nursing Care Plans: 20 Nursing Diagnosis – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/diabetes-mellitus-nursing-care-plans/

  After thorough assessment, nursing diagnoses are formulated to address the challenges of diabetes mellitus, guided by the nurses clinical judgment and understanding of the patients unique condition. […] Goals and expected outcomes may include: The patient will consistently maintain blood glucose readings of less than 180 mg/dL, fasting blood glucose levels of less than 140 mg/dL, and a hemoglobin A1C level below 7%. Additionally, the patient will demonstrate understanding of key factors that can impact glucose stability. […] Therapeutic interventions and nursing actions for patients with diabetes may include: Providing Patient Education on Diabetes Management. To ensure successful diabetes care, a systematic approach is needed, including high-quality diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES).

• #11 Type 1 diabetes: treatment, management and the use of insulin | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/diabetes/type-1-diabetes-treatment-management-and-the-use-of-insulin-22-01-2024/

  Insulin should be injected at a 90-degree angle. […] It is essential for people injecting insulin to rotate the injection sites to avoid lipohypertrophy. […] People living with type 1 diabetes will have variable insulin doses throughout the day. […] NICE (2022) recommends initiating twice-daily basal insulin at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes, along with a bolus insulin with meals. […] An insulin pump is a small electronic device that administers insulin continuously into the subcutaneous tissue. […] Insulin pump therapy can have a very positive impact on a person living with type 1 diabetes. […] Patients living with type 1 diabetes should be offered training in carbohydrate counting as part of a structured education programme. […] When a person is diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, they are usually diagnosed and given treatment in a hospital setting.

• #12 Diabetes: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/diabetes/?srsltid=AfmBOorgY17T7BIUrf1tKazBoJoJIfyZJ4aOo8UDaVXcI3ig9v24Ukk6

  Support dietary modifications. Work with dietitians to help patients plan meals and understand the role of nutrition in glucose management. […] Monitor for signs of complications. Assess for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), hypoglycemia (shakiness, confusion, sweating), and other diabetes-related issues. […] The patient maintains blood glucose levels within target ranges as evidenced by SMBG or CGM readings. […] The patient demonstrates an understanding of diabetes management, including diet, exercise, and medication use. […] The patient experiences no episodes of severe hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia. […] The patient maintains intact skin, particularly in the feet, without signs of ulceration or infection. […] Teach patients how to use glucometers or CGMs and interpret results. […] Educate on the importance of a balanced diet and regular exercise to help control blood sugar.

• #13 Diabetes: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/diabetes/?srsltid=AfmBOorgY17T7BIUrf1tKazBoJoJIfyZJ4aOo8UDaVXcI3ig9v24Ukk6

  Stress the importance of taking medications as prescribed and recognizing signs of hypoglycemia (e.g., shakiness, sweating) or hyperglycemia (e.g., excessive thirst, frequent urination). […] Encourage daily inspection of feet for cuts, blisters, or sores and wearing supportive footwear to prevent injury. […] Emphasize the importance of regular medical checkups to watch for long-term complications, such as neuropathy, retinopathy, and kidney disease.

• #14 Type 1 Diabetes Management: Tools, Tech & Treatment Advances

  https://www.diabetesincontrol.com/type-1-diabetes-management-tools-tech-treatment-advances/

  Managing Type 1 Diabetes is no longer confined to traditional insulin therapy and fingerstick monitoring. […] Effective glycemic control is the cornerstone of Type 1 Diabetes care. […] Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems such as Dexcom G7 and Freestyle Libre 3 have become standard-of-care in many practices. […] On the delivery side, insulin pump technologies like Tandem t:slim X2 with Control-IQ and Medtronic 780G now feature closed-loop systems that automatically adjust basal insulin in response to glucose data. […] Importantly, early adoption of such tools can benefit younger patients and newly diagnosed adults, promoting long-term metabolic stability and fewer complications. […] Though insulin remains the primary therapy for Type 1 Diabetes, adjunct medications are gaining traction.

• #15 Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Self-Monitoring of Glucose Levels, Continuous Glucose Monitoring

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117739-treatment

  Continuous glucose monitoring is associated with reduced time spent in hypoglycemia. […] The goal of treatment in type 1 DM is to provide insulin in as physiologic a manner as possible. Insulin replacement is accomplished by giving a basal insulin and a preprandial (premeal) insulin. […] Multiple subcutaneous insulin injections are administered to control hyperglycemia after meals and to maintain normal plasma glucose levels throughout the day. This may increase the risks of hypoglycemia. Therefore, patients should be well educated about their disease and about self-monitoring of plasma glucose levels. […] Patients with diabetes who present with wounds, infections, or ulcers of the foot should be treated intensively. […] Patients with type 1 DM must take in insulin and carbohydrate at all times to prevent ketosis. It is strongly recommended that continuous IV infusions of dextrose and insulin be used in patients who are undergoing general anesthesia or who are critically ill. […] Patients with type 1 DM should be referred to an endocrinologist for multidisciplinary management.

• #16 Type 1 diabetes – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-1-diabetes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353017

  You’ll regularly visit your provider to talk about managing your diabetes. […] Your target A1C goal may vary depending on your age and various other factors. […] A1C testing shows how well the diabetes treatment plan is working better than daily blood sugar tests. […] Your provider will also take blood and urine samples. […] Treatment for type 1 diabetes includes: Taking insulin, Counting carbohydrates, fats and protein, Monitoring blood sugar often, Eating healthy foods, Exercising regularly and keeping a healthy weight. […] The goal is to keep the blood sugar level as close to normal as possible to delay or prevent complications. […] Anyone who has type 1 diabetes needs insulin therapy throughout their life. […] You’ll probably need several daily injections that include a combination of a long-acting insulin and a rapid-acting insulin.

• #17

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=tw12231

  Type 1 diabetes is a lifelong disease that develops when the pancreas stops making insulin. […] To treat type 1 diabetes, you need insulin. You can give yourself insulin through an insulin pump, an insulin pen, or a syringe (needle). Insulin, exercise, and a healthy diet can help prevent or delay problems from diabetes. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line if you are having problems. […] Take your insulin on time and in the right dose. This helps keep your blood sugar steady. Do not stop or change your insulin without talking to your doctor first. […] Check and record your blood sugar as often as directed. These records can help your doctor see how you are doing and adjust your treatment if needed.

• #18 Diabetes: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/7104-diabetes

  Type 1 diabetes: This type is an autoimmune disease in which your immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells in your pancreas for unknown reasons. Up to 10% of people who have diabetes have Type 1. Its usually diagnosed in children and young adults, but it can develop at any age. […] Symptoms of T1D can develop quickly over a few weeks or months. You may develop additional symptoms that are signs of a severe complication called diabetes-related ketoacidosis (DKA). DKA is life-threatening and requires immediate medical treatment. DKA symptoms include vomiting, stomach pains, fruity-smelling breath and labored breathing. […] People with Type 1 diabetes need to inject synthetic insulin to live and manage diabetes. Some people with Type 2 diabetes also require insulin. There are several different types of synthetic insulin. They each start to work at different speeds and last in your body for different lengths of time. The four main ways you can take insulin include injectable insulin with a syringe (shot), insulin pens, insulin pumps and rapid-acting inhaled insulin.

• #19 Type 1 Diabetes: Management Strategies | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0801/p154.html

  Tight glycemic control remains the standard of care for most patients with type 1 diabetes. […] There is a strong association between more frequent self-monitoring of blood glucose and lower A1C levels. […] Consensus guidelines recommend intensive treatment with a combination of multiple mealtime bolus and basal injections or continuous insulin infusion through an insulin pump. […] Most patients who use the pump use rapid-acting insulin (e.g., aspart [Novolog], glulisine [Apidra], lispro [Humalog]), whereas a small minority still use regular insulin. […] Intensive glucose control requires knowing the various factors affecting a patient’s insulin sensitivity and dosing requirements. […] Adjunctive therapies for patients with type 1 diabetes are under investigation but are not currently recommended.

• #20 Type 1 Diabetes: Management Strategies | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0801/p154.html

  All patients with type 1 diabetes should participate in continuous diabetes self-management education, which works to empower patients to understand how diet, physical activity, and insulin affect their glucose levels and how glycemic levels relate to acute and chronic complications. […] Motivational interviewing techniques can be an effective strategy for improving glycemic control. […] Nutritional therapy should be individualized and supervised under the care of a dietitian. […] The American Diabetes Association suggests that adults with type 1 diabetes should engage in 150 minutes of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity per week with no more than two consecutive days without activity. […] Recommended treatment for hypoglycemia is 15 g of oral glucose. […] One of the most serious acute complications of type 1 diabetes is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). […] Patients often require increased amounts of insulin during acute illness.

• #21 Patient education: Type 1 diabetes and diet (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/type-1-diabetes-and-diet-beyond-the-basics

  Diet and physical activity are critically important in the management of the ABCs (A1C, Blood pressure, and Cholesterol) of type 1 diabetes. To reach your glycated hemoglobin (A1C) goals and achieve blood sugar targets, it is important to understand how to balance food intake, physical activity, and insulin. […] Making healthy food choices every day has both immediate and long-term effects. With education, practice, and assistance from a dietitian, diabetes educator, and/or other diabetes care provider, it is possible to eat well and control diabetes. […] Eating a consistent amount of food every day and taking insulin as directed can greatly improve blood sugar levels. In the long term, it can also lower your risk of diabetes-related complications, such as coronary artery disease, kidney and eye disease, and nerve damage. In addition, these measures impact body weight management.

• #22 Type 1 Diabetes Self-Care Manual | American Diabetes Association

  https://diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/type-1/type-1-self-care-manual

  A complete guide to Type 1 Diabetes across the lifespan for the people with diabetes, parents, and caregivers. […] The good news is that this complex disease is manageable. The Type 1 Diabetes Self-Care Manual will help guide you through the different phases of life with type 1 diabetes so you can face these challenges with confidence. […] Knowing how to react to different blood glucose levels is an ongoing task that you/your child will work on with your health-care team. […] Primary care provider, Endocrinologist, Certified diabetes educator, Registered dietitian, Eye doctor, Mental health expert, Podiatrist, Pharmacist, Dentist, Exercise physiologist, and Other specialists. […] There are a few key themes to a healthy diet: lots of fruits and veggies, plenty of whole grains and fiber, and limits on certain proteins, added sugars, and solid fats. […] Related to Eyes, Kidneys, Nerves, Heart, Head, Mental and Sexual Health. […] Download the PDF to learn about Type 1 Diabetes Self-Care.

• #23 Diabetes: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Prevention, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/diabetes

  Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease. The immune system attacks and destroys cells in the pancreas, where insulin is made. It’s unclear what causes this attack. […] Insulin is the main treatment for type 1 and 1.5 diabetes. It replaces the hormone your body isn’t able to produce. […] Your blood sugar level rises or falls based on the types of foods you eat. Starchy or sugary foods make blood sugar levels rise rapidly. Protein and fat cause more gradual increases. […] Your medical team may recommend that you limit the amount of carbohydrates you eat each day. You’ll also need to balance your carb intake with your insulin doses. Counting carbs helps to balance the carb intake with the insulin doses. […] Staying active helps your cells react to insulin more effectively and lower your blood sugar levels. Exercising regularly can also help you reach and maintain a healthy weight, reduce your risk of diabetes-related health complications, boost mood, get better sleep, and improve memory.

• #24 Your Type 1 Diabetes Care Plan

  https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/ss/slideshow-type1-diabetes-care-plan

  Exercise helps move sugar into your cells without using insulin, so it’s an important way to help manage your diabetes. […] When your blood sugar is under the target number for exercise in your plan, have about 15 grams of carbs — maybe a few ounces of sports drink or fruit juice — then wait 15 minutes and test again. […] If you test high before exercise (250 mg/dL or more), check your urine for ketones. It’s OK to work out if you don’t have them, but don’t push yourself hard. […] The hormones your body makes to fight illness also raise your glucose and make insulin less effective, which can lead to ketoacidosis. […] You’ll need to check your blood more often — about every 3 hours — so you can make adjustments to keep your glucose on target. […] Stick to your usual diet plan, if you can.

• #25 Diabetes Mellitus Nursing Care Plans: 20 Nursing Diagnosis – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/diabetes-mellitus-nursing-care-plans/

  The goal of diabetes management is to normalize insulin activity and blood glucose levels to prevent or reduce the development of complications that are neuropathic and vascular in nature. […] Educate the patient on the significance of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) testing and its interpretation. Understanding the concept and interpretation of HbA1C testing empowers the patient to comprehend their long-term glucose control. […] Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels is essential to assess glycemic control and guide insulin administration. Monitoring allows for timely adjustments in insulin dosage and prevents hypo- or hyperglycemia in patients receiving parenteral nutrition. […] Regular foot assessments help identify early signs of neuropathy and detect any changes or abnormalities that require further attention and intervention.

• #26 Patient education: Type 1 diabetes: Overview (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/type-1-diabetes-overview-beyond-the-basics

  Type 1 diabetes requires regular blood sugar monitoring and treatment with insulin. Treatment, lifestyle adjustments, and self-care can manage blood sugar levels and minimize the risk of disease-related complications. […] Treatment of diabetes requires a team approach, including you and your family and health care providers (doctor, nurse, diabetes educator, dietitian), and sometimes other clinicians (mental health professionals, podiatrist, etc). The treatment of type 1 diabetes is discussed separately. […] Keeping your blood sugar near normal can reduce your risk of long-term complications, such as eye and kidney diseases and problems with the nerves in different parts of your body. This means that you will need to check your blood sugar several times per day or use a continuous glucose monitoring device, give insulin shots or use an insulin pump, monitor what you eat, and see your diabetes care team on a regular basis. You should also have your eyes checked by an eye care professional and practice good foot care. Your diabetes care provider will check your kidney function regularly.

• #27 Diabetes Mellitus Nursing Care Plans: 20 Nursing Diagnosis – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/diabetes-mellitus-nursing-care-plans/

  Assess the patients and familys readiness to learn about diabetes management. Assessing the readiness to learn allows the nurse to tailor the education approach and pace according to the patients and familys emotional readiness and capacity to absorb information effectively. […] Provide emotional support and reassurance to patients and their families as they go through the grieving process associated with the diagnosis of diabetes. […] Diabetes education should encompass not only the management of glucose levels but also the skills to cope with stress. By including stress management and coping strategies in diabetes education, patients are equipped with the tools to navigate stressful situations while maintaining diabetic control. […] Regularly evaluate self-care skills, such as insulin administration, blood glucose monitoring, foot care, and diet planning, especially in patients with deteriorating vision and memory.

• #28 3 Ways to Help Manage Your Child’s Type 1 Diabetes | Diabetes | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/caring/3-ways-help-manage-childs-type-1.html

  As your child grows, they will probably want to manage more of their own diabetes care. […] Blood sugar is harder to manage during puberty because your teen’s body is changing, which can increase their need for insulin. […] Taking insulin is a necessary part of treating type 1 diabetes. It can be delivered in different waysby syringe, insulin pen, or insulin pump. A diabetes education and care specialist can help you understand the pros and cons of different devices. […] Keep the lines of conversation open. Let your child know that you understand diabetes is a lot to handle. […] Call on your health care team for help with medical issues. But also ask them to connect you to other resources like support groups, summer camps, and community forums. […] People of any age with diabetes are more likely to have mental health issues, such as depression and anxiety. […] Keep an eye out for any changes in your child’s behavior or trouble sticking to their treatment plan. Those can signal distress or another emotional problem. […] If you have questions or concerns, reach out to your child’s health care team. They’re there to help!

• #29 Understanding Type 1 Diabetes | ADA

  https://diabetes.org/about-diabetes/type-1

  If you have type 1 diabetes, you can live a long, healthy life by having a strong support system and managing it with your diabetes care team. The treatment plan you develop with your diabetes care team will include insulin, physical activity, and an eating plan to reach your health goals. […] Early detection and treatment of diabetes can decrease the risk of developing complications both at the time of diagnosis and in the future. By knowing and recognizing the symptoms above, you can learn if you have type 1 diabetes early and avoid complications, like diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). […] Work with your diabetes care team for treatment and care to avoid complications like hypoglycemia. […] School nurses play an important role for students with type 1 diabetes and their caregivers. Training resources are available.

• #30

  https://www.oregonschoolnurses.org/oregonschoolnurses/resources/toolkits/t1d-toolkit-for-school-nurses

  Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune metabolic disorder that is characterized by absolute insulin deficiency. This condition requires exogenous insulin in order to sustain life. […] For children T1D this means a plan for continuity of care and insulin administration at school and planning for response to potential complications is central to their access to education. Due to the complex nature of diabetes and both the physiological and the pharmacological implications of T1D and associated regimens, understanding of the nurses role, case management and best practices for school nursing is critical. […] The professional nurse in the school setting should understand and access existing resources and framework for care of students with T1D. […] Effective self-management of T1D at school begins with a supportive physical and social environment in the school setting where students can effectively manage care with the level of support, privacy, and accessibility necessary for the individual student. Best outcomes are achieved when the school team works collaboratively with family members, caregivers and Health Care Providers to encourage the student to develop autonomy of care in all settings: school, play, work, and beyond. […] The American Diabetes Association recommends that all students with T1D be covered under accommodations in a 504 plan; it is advised that nurses provide assessment and recommendation for students with T1D.

• #31 Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Nursing Care Management and Study Guide – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/diabetes-mellitus-type-1-juvenile-diabetes/

  Most pediatric patients with diabetes have type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and a lifetime dependence on exogenous insulin. […] Nursing care for a patient with diabetes mellitus type 1 includes the following: […] Nursing assessment for patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 involves: […] Based on the assessment data, the major nursing diagnoses for diabetes mellitus type 1 are: […] The major nursing care planning goals for diabetes mellitus type 1 include: […] Nursing interventions for diabetes mellitus type 1 are: […] Goals are met as evidenced by: […] Documentation in a child with diabetes mellitus type 1 includes:

• #32 Type 1 diabetes – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-1-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20353011

  Type 1 diabetes is a chronic condition that affects the insulin making cells of the pancreas. […] Treatment is directed toward managing the amount of sugar in the blood using insulin, diet and lifestyle to prevent complications. […] If you have been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, you may be wondering what treatment looks like. It could mean taking insulin, counting carbohydrates, fat protein, and monitoring your glucose frequently, eating healthy foods, and exercising regularly to maintain a healthy weight. Generally, those with type 1 diabetes will need lifelong insulin therapy. […] A significant advance in treatment from the last several years has been the development and availability of continuous glucose monitoring and insulin pumps that automatically adjust insulin working with the continuous glucose monitor. This type of treatment is the best treatment at this time for type 1 diabetes.

• #33 Type 1 Diabetes: Management Strategies | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0801/p154.html

  There is considerable benefit of tight glucose control in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Tight blood glucose control dramatically decreases the incidence of microvascular and macrovascular complications. […] Intensive insulin treatment is recommended with a combination of multiple mealtime bolus and basal injections or with continuous insulin infusion through an insulin pump. […] All patients with type 1 diabetes should participate in diabetes self-management education and develop individualized premeal insulin bolus plans under the guidance of a dietitian, if possible. […] Advances in diabetes care, including the bionic pancreas and the closed-loop system of glucose monitoring with an automated insulin pump, may have a significant effect on type 1 diabetes care in the years ahead.

• #34 Type 1 diabetes: treatment, management and the use of insulin | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/diabetes/type-1-diabetes-treatment-management-and-the-use-of-insulin-22-01-2024/

  Insulin passports should be offered to all people using insulin. […] Over the years, the management of type 1 diabetes has come a long way to make it easier for people to improve their quality and longevity of life. […] Nurses who understand how insulin is prepared, prescribed and administered can help reduce levels of harm in clinical areas and benefit patient care.

• #35 Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Self-Monitoring of Glucose Levels, Continuous Glucose Monitoring

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117739-treatment

  The association between chronic hyperglycemia and increased risk of microvascular complications in patients with type 1 DM was demonstrated in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT). […] Benefits of tight glycemic control include not only continued reductions in the rates of microvascular complications but also significant differences in cardiovascular events and overall mortality. […] For many patients, the HbA1c target should be less than 7%, with a premeal blood glucose level of 80-130 mg/dL. However, targets should be individualized. […] Although tight glycemic control is beneficial, an increased risk of severe hypoglycemia accompanies lower blood glucose levels. […] Optimal diabetic control requires frequent self-monitoring of blood glucose levels, which allows rational adjustments in insulin doses. All patients with type 1 DM should learn how to self-monitor and record their blood glucose levels with home analyzers and adjust their insulin doses accordingly.

• #36 Type 1 diabetes: treatment, management and the use of insulin | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/diabetes/type-1-diabetes-treatment-management-and-the-use-of-insulin-22-01-2024/

  It is vitally important to manage type 1 diabetes well to improve the individuals quality of life and reduce the risk of complications. […] Providing a person who is living with type 1 diabetes with the correct treatment can not only avoid life-threatening consequences, but also greatly improve quality of life and prevent long-term complications. […] The main treatment for type 1 diabetes is insulin. Without insulin, people living with type 1 diabetes could experience life-threatening consequences. […] Insulin is usually administered subcutaneously and should be injected into an area of the body with lots of subcutaneous fat. […] Most people living with type 1 diabetes will administer the insulin themselves, and will be taught how to do this at diagnosis; this is discussed later in this article.

• #37 Type 1 Diabetes Management: Tools, Tech & Treatment Advances

  https://www.diabetesincontrol.com/type-1-diabetes-management-tools-tech-treatment-advances/

  Clinicians must evaluate risk of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and ensure patients are well-informed about ketone monitoring. […] Digital health solutions are playing a growing role in the management of Type 1 Diabetes. […] Every patient with Type 1 Diabetes has unique needs. […] Nutrition and exercise guidance should be customized. […] Behavioral health screening is also essential. […] The management of Type 1 Diabetes continues to evolve at a rapid pace. […] By integrating the latest evidence-based strategies, providers can deliver high-quality, patient-centered care that empowers individuals to live fully with Type 1 Diabetes.

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