Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Type 1 Diabetes: Causes, Symptoms, Complications & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21500-type-1-diabetes

  Type 1 diabetes requires daily management with insulin injections and blood sugar monitoring. […] People with Type 1 diabetes need synthetic insulin every day in order to live and be healthy. […] Three of the main components of Type 1 diabetes management include: Insulin, Blood glucose (sugar) monitoring, Carbohydrate counting. […] There are several different types of synthetic insulin. […] You can take insulin in the following ways: Multiple daily injections (MDI), Pen, Pump, Rapid-acting inhaled insulin. […] People with Type 1 diabetes need to monitor their blood sugar closely throughout the day. […] A large part of Type 1 diabetes management is counting carbohydrates (carbs) in the food and drinks you consume in order to give yourself proper doses of insulin. […] The main side effect of diabetes treatment through insulin is low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). […] There is currently no cure for Type 1 diabetes, but scientists are working on ways to prevent or slow down the progression of the condition through studies such as TrialNet.

• #2 Insulin, Medicines, & Other Diabetes Treatments – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/insulin-medicines-treatments

  Taking insulin or other diabetes medicines is often part of treating diabetes. […] If you have type 1 diabetes, you must take insulin because your pancreas does not make it. You will need to take insulin several times during the day, including when you eat and drink, to control your blood glucose level. […] There are different ways to take insulin. You can use a needle and syringe, an insulin pen, or an insulin pump. An artificial pancreas also called an automated insulin delivery system may be another option for some people. […] If you have type 1 diabetes, your doctor may recommend you take other medicines, in addition to insulin, to help control your blood glucose. Some of these medicines work to slow how fast food and beverages move through your stomach. […] Pancreatic islet transplantation is a treatment for type 1 diabetes in people who struggle to manage their blood glucose levels.

• #3 Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Self-Monitoring of Glucose Levels, Continuous Glucose Monitoring

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117739-treatment

  Patients with type 1 DM require lifelong insulin therapy. Most require two or more injections of insulin daily, with doses adjusted on the basis of self-monitoring of blood glucose levels. Long-term management requires a multidisciplinary approach that includes physicians, nurses, dietitians, and selected specialists. […] Ultimately, however, the disease recurs, and patients require insulin therapy. […] Often, the patient with new-onset type 1 DM who presents with mild manifestations and who is judged to be compliant can begin insulin therapy as an outpatient. […] The ADA recommends using patient age as one consideration in the establishment of glycemic goals, with targets for preprandial, bedtime/overnight, and HbA1c levels. […] In addition to diagnosis and management, the new statement also covers screening for long-term complications, workplace management, diabetes in older patients, and diabetes in pregnancy, and recommends unimpeded access to glucose test strips for blood glucose testing and use of continuous glucose monitoring.

• #4 Type 1 Diabetes | Diabetes | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/about/about-type-1-diabetes.html

  People with type 1 diabetes need to take insulin every day. […] Currently, type 1 diabetes can’t be prevented, but it can be treated effectively. […] Type 1 diabetes is managed mostly by you, with support from your health care team. […] You’ll need to take insulin shots (or wear an insulin pump) every day. Insulin is needed to manage your blood sugar levels and give your body energy. […] Your doctor will work with you to figure out the most effective type and dosage of insulin for you. […] You’ll also need to do regular blood sugar checks. […] Keeping your blood sugar levels as close to target as possible will help you prevent or delay diabetes-related complications. […] Regular appointments with your health care team can help you stay on track with your treatment plan and offer new ideas and strategies if needed.

• #5 Insulin for type 1 diabetes – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/insulin/insulin-for-type-1-diabetes/

  Insulin is a medicine that helps your body use glucose (sugar) for energy. […] If you have type 1 diabetes, your body cannot produce insulin. You’ll need to be prescribed insulin to stop your blood glucose from getting too high. […] You can inject insulin using an insulin pen. This is a device that helps you inject safely and take the right dose. […] Some people use an insulin pump instead of a pen. This is a device you attach to your body that gives you small amounts of insulin throughout the day and night. […] Most people with type 1 diabetes take both: a long-acting insulin (also called background or basal insulin) once or twice a day and a rapid-acting insulin (also called mealtime or bolus insulin) before meals. […] This combination is sometimes known as a basal bolus regimen.

• #6 Type 1 Diabetes Treatment and Therapy – Breakthrough T1D

  https://www.breakthrought1d.org/t1d-basics/treatments/

  Treatment for type 1 diabetes […] Insulin is the primary type 1 diabetes treatment. People with type 1 diabetes (T1D) must take insulin to survive because their body does not make enough of it. Insulin is administered by injection, inhalation, or insulin pump. […] There are several different types of insulin used today, with most individuals with T1D using basal (long-acting) and bolus (short-acting) insulins. […] Managing type 1 diabetes involves three main steps: checking blood sugar, administering insulin, and counting carbohydrates. […] There are four primary methods for administering insulin: injections with syringe or pen, inhaler, insulin pump, or artificial pancreas system/automated insulin delivery system. […] Adjunctive therapies complement insulin to achieve better glucose control.

• #7 Type 1 Diabetes: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments & Diagnosis

  https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/type-1-diabetes

  You can be diagnosed with type 1 diabetes and live a long, healthy life. Keeping a close eye on your blood sugar levels will be key. Your doctor will give you a target range, and making healthy choices daily will help you stay within that range. It’s also important to know the symptoms of very high or low blood sugar, and how to treat them. […] You’ll also need to use insulin every day. […] When your doctor talks about insulin, theyll mention three main things: „Onset” is how long it takes to reach your bloodstream and begin lowering your blood sugar. „Peak time” is when insulin is doing the most work in terms of lowering your blood sugar. „Duration” is how long it keeps working after onset. […] Several types of insulin are available. […] Insulin doesn’t come in pill form, so you’ll have to rely on other ways to get it into your body: Insulin injections. Most insulin shots come in a small glass bottle called a vial. You draw it out with a syringe that has a needle on the end and give yourself the shot. Some kinds come in a prefilled pen.

• #8 Insulin for type 1 diabetes – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/insulin/insulin-for-type-1-diabetes/

  Your diabetes care team will discuss your insulin treatment with you and recommend the treatment they think is best for you. The type of insulin you take and your dose may change over time. […] Your diabetes care team will usually recommend taking insulin detemir (Levemir) twice a day. […] They may recommend insulin glargine (Lantus, Toujeo, Semglee or Abasaglar) if you either cannot take insulin detemir or prefer to have fewer injections. […] Insulin glargine is usually taken once a day. […] Your diabetes care team may recommend a type of insulin that lasts for longer, called insulin degludec (Tresiba), if you either get low blood glucose (hypoglycaemia, or hypos) at night or need help from a carer to take injections. […] Insulin degludec is taken once a day. […] Your diabetes care team will usually recommend either insulin aspart (NovoRapid, Fiasp or Trurapi), insulin lispro (Humalog, Admelog or Lyumjev), or insulin glulisine (Apidra). […] You’ll usually need to take this around 15 minutes before each meal.

• #9 Treatment for type 1 diabetes – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/type-1-diabetes/treatment/

  Your diabetes care team will help you find the insulin routine that’s best for you. […] An insulin pump is a small device you attach to your skin and wear all the time. It gives you tiny amounts of insulin throughout the day and night. This can reduce hypos and improve your blood glucose levels, compared to insulin injections. […] Some types of insulin pump work with a continuous glucose monitor to automatically give you the right amount of insulin based on your blood glucose levels. This is called a hybrid closed loop system. […] A hybrid closed loop system can reduce hypos, improve your blood glucose levels and reduce the burden of managing diabetes. […] Diabetes courses are recommended for everyone with type 1 diabetes. They’re designed to give you the confidence and skills you need to manage diabetes.

• #10 Diagnosis and treatment of type 1 diabetes at the dawn of the personalized medicine era | Journal of Translational Medicine | Full Text

  https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12967-021-02778-6

  Progress in recognition of the need for personalized diagnosis in T1D has been accompanied by intense research efforts towards personalized therapies. […] That said, innovative ways of achieving improved insulin-mediated glycemic control are becoming accessible to patients, while tissue transplants, genetic modification and stem-cell therapies are showing promise in pre-clinical models and human trials in specific sub-groups of patients. […] By far, the most common T1D treatment approach is manual testing of blood sugar levels followed by sub-cutaneous injections of insulin, repeated throughout the day. […] Insulin pumps may be used in place of traditional injections; these have the advantage of being able to continuously infuse small amounts of insulin sub-cutaneously, helping those patients with difficult-to-control glucose levels to better treat their disease.

• #11 Diagnosis and treatment of type 1 diabetes at the dawn of the personalized medicine era | Journal of Translational Medicine | Full Text

  https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12967-021-02778-6

  Taking the combination of CGM and continuous insulin infusion to the next level is the advent of the artificial pancreas. […] A closed-loop artificial pancreas approach removes the need for the patients to manage their dosages at all, and some models also incorporate the pancreatic hormone glucagon, enabling glucose-responsive hormone delivery guided by real-time glucose sensor readings. […] Gene therapy offers a promising alternative to insulin injection for T1D treatment. […] Pre-clinical trials of gene therapy have now been tested with the aims of preventing or delaying onset of T1D, correcting insulin deficiency, promoting -cell proliferation and survival, modulating the immune/inflammatory response or inducing insulin secretion by non- cells. […] Perhaps the most promising innovation in T1D therapy has been the exploration of the potential of stem cells.

• #12 Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Self-Monitoring of Glucose Levels, Continuous Glucose Monitoring

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117739-treatment

  For many patients, the HbA1c target should be less than 7%, with a premeal blood glucose level of 80-130 mg/dL. […] Although tight glycemic control is beneficial, an increased risk of severe hypoglycemia accompanies lower blood glucose levels. […] Optimal diabetic control requires frequent self-monitoring of blood glucose levels, which allows rational adjustments in insulin doses. […] Continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) contain transcutaneous or subcutaneous sensors that measure interstitial glucose levels every 1-5 minutes, providing alarms when glucose levels are too high or too low or are rapidly rising or falling. […] Use of CGMs may help to prevent significant glucose variability in patients receiving either multiple daily injection therapy or continuous insulin infusion therapy.

• #13 Type 1 diabetes: Treatment

  https://www.diabinfo.de/en/living-with-diabetes/type-1-diabetes/treatment.html

  Type 1 diabetes still cannot be cured. However, there are now various treatment options for people with diabetes. Not only technology, but also insulins have been enhanced in the last few years and made accessible for treatment. […] People with type 1 diabetes have to regularly measure their blood glucose and then inject insulin accordingly. This is the only way to keep the blood glucose level in the optimal range. […] Nowadays, continuous blood glucose monitors (CGM for short) allow treatment to be much more precise. Here a sensor in the skin shows the glucose levels in the tissue without gaps. […] To cover the insulin requirements, there are several options available: injection, pen or insulin pump. There are also various types of insulin available, which have different effects and can be used individually.

• #14 Type 1 Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/diabetes/type-1-diabetes

  Studies have shown that people who have better glucose control have fewer complications (such as heart disease or eye problems) compared with those people who have poorer control of their glucose level. […] Therefore, the main aims of treatment are: To keep your blood glucose level as near to normal as possible. To reduce any other risk factors which may increase your risk of developing complications. In particular, to reduce your blood pressure if it is high and to lead a healthy lifestyle. To detect any complications as early as possible. Treatment can prevent or delay some complications from becoming worse. […] It is likely you will need to monitor your blood sugar (glucose) levels by using a monitor at home. […] Continuous glucose monitoring for all adults with type 1 diabetes The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) has updated its guidance for people with type 1 diabetes. It recommends that all adults with type 1 diabetes should be offered a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) device.

• #15 Therapies for Type 1 Diabetes: Current Scenario and Future Perspectives

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6501476/

  The use of GLP-1-based agonists appears beneficial as an add-on therapy in patients with uncontrolled HbA1c and mild obesity. […] Islet transplantation provides an alternative to exogenous insulin treatment. […] The efficiency and consistency in islet isolation procedure and care post-transplantation were further optimised by Edmonton protocol. […] Therefore, efforts are currently underway to enhance islet transplant outcomes by optimising islet isolation method and pre-transplant islet care. […] Stem cells have gained attention due to their potential for providing a limitless source of glucose responsive insulin-producing cells as well as their ability to enhance the survival and function of transplanted islets.

• #16 Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Self-Monitoring of Glucose Levels, Continuous Glucose Monitoring

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117739-treatment

  Pancreatic transplantation for patients with type 1 DM is a possibility in some referral centers. […] Allogeneic pancreatic islet cellular therapy produced from deceased donor pancreatic cells received FDA approval in June 2023. […] The first treatment of its kind, donislecel (Lantidra), is indicated for adults with type 1 diabetes who, owing to current, repeated episodes of severe hypoglycemia, have been unable to approach the target HbA1c, even with intensive diabetes management and education. […] The care of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus is summarized below. […] The association between chronic hyperglycemia and increased risk of microvascular complications in patients with type 1 DM was demonstrated in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT). […] Benefits of tight glycemic control include not only continued reductions in the rates of microvascular complications but also significant differences in cardiovascular events and overall mortality.

• #17 FDA Approves First Cellular Therapy to Treat Patients with Type 1 Diabetes | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-cellular-therapy-treat-patients-type-1-diabetes

  Today, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Lantidra, the first allogeneic (donor) pancreatic islet cellular therapy made from deceased donor pancreatic cells for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. Lantidra is approved for the treatment of adults with type 1 diabetes who are unable to approach target glycated hemoglobin (average blood glucose levels) because of current repeated episodes of severe hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) despite intensive diabetes management and education. […] Todays approval, the first-ever cell therapy to treat patients with type 1 diabetes, provides individuals living with type 1 diabetes and recurrent severe hypoglycemia an additional treatment option to help achieve target blood glucose levels. […] Lantidra provides a potential treatment option for these patients.

• #18 Type 1 diabetes: New cell therapy reduces need for insulin

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/fda-approves-first-cellular-therapy-for-type-1-diabetes-what-does-it-do

  The FDA has approved islet cellular therapy for type 1 diabetes for the first time. […] The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently approved a new therapy for type 1 diabetes called Lantidra. […] Studies show after receiving Lantidra, some study participants did not need to administer insulin for more than 5 years. […] Currently, there is no cure for type 1 diabetes. The main treatment for type 1 diabetes is providing missing insulin through injections or a pump. […] In late June 2023, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a new therapy for type 1 diabetes called Lantidra the first allogeneic pancreatic islet cellular therapy made from deceased donor pancreatic cells. […] Two safety and efficacy studies found that 21 participants who took Lantidra did not need to administer themselves insulin for a year or more.

• #19 FDA Approves First Cellular Therapy to Treat Patients with Type 1 Diabetes | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-cellular-therapy-treat-patients-type-1-diabetes

  The primary mechanism of action of Lantidra is believed to be the secretion of insulin by the infused allogeneic islet beta cells. In some patients with type 1 diabetes, these infused cells can produce enough insulin, so the patient no longer needs to take insulin (by injections or pump) to control their blood sugar levels. […] Lantidra is approved with patient-directed labeling to inform patients with type 1 diabetes about benefits and risks of Lantidra.

• #20 Type 1 diabetes: New cell therapy reduces need for insulin

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/fda-approves-first-cellular-therapy-for-type-1-diabetes-what-does-it-do

  Lantidra was developed to assist people with type 1 diabetes who are unable to hit healthy blood sugar levels because of repeated episodes of low blood sugar, despite intensive diabetes management and education. […] For these patients, an islet cell transplant can offer great relief and can be considered life-saving, he noted. […] The goal of the BLA approval [Biological License Application] is to provide access to care with islet cell transplantation to those patients in whom the benefits outweigh the known risks. […] Broadly, islet cellular therapy is the transplantation of insulin-producing cells into patients who do not have functional islet cells of their own, explained Dr. Zijian Chen. […] Lantidra is administered by an infusion into the body’s portal vein the big vein that collects blood from the intestines and the pancreas, and channels it to the liver.

• #21 Type 1 diabetes: New cell therapy reduces need for insulin

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/fda-approves-first-cellular-therapy-for-type-1-diabetes-what-does-it-do

  Once engrafted in the recipient, Dr. Oberholzer said, the islets control the blood sugar of the recipient in a fashion very similar to how a healthy pancreas would do this. […] To prevent the rejection of the islets by the host’s immune system, the recipients have to take transplant drugs, similar to organ transplant recipients, he added. […] In order to achieve FDA approval, Dr. Oberholzer and his team conducted clinical trials with accompanying studies starting in 2008 and 2019. […] Upon analysis, researchers found that 21 of the 30 participants were able to stop injecting insulin into their bodies for 1 year or longer. […] Of those 21, 12 did not need insulin for 1 to 5 years, and 9 did not need additional insulin for more than 5 years. […] The most common adverse reactions reported included nausea, fatigue, anemia, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.

• #22 How Immunoscience is Transforming Treatment for Type 1 Diabetes

  https://www.sanofi.com/en/magazine/our-science/immunoscience-transforming-treatment-type-one-diabetes

  November 2022 was a turning point for type 1 diabetes (T1D). After more than 100 years of insulin treatment, patients and doctors now had a new option: the first disease-modifying therapy offered in T1D. This therapy, an anti-CD3 antibody, targets immune T cells that mistakenly attack the body’s insulin-producing beta cells in people with T1D. By holding off that attack, the therapy can delay a patient’s need for insulin treatment by two years. […] This is the first time that an offer can be made to people suffering from T1D at a presymptomatic stage, and we are now building on this momentum to develop potential new therapies that could change the course of disease for people with T1D. […] The first disease-modifying therapy for T1D builds on a new understanding of the natural history of the disease which shows that it develops through distinct stages. It is used at stage 2, where insulin-producing cells are under attack, but symptoms have not yet appeared. To delay a patient’s progression from stage 2 to stage 3, the therapy targets a protein called CD3 on the attacking T cells.

• #23 Type 1 diabetes mellitus: Prevention and disease-modifying therapy – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/type-1-diabetes-mellitus-prevention-and-disease-modifying-therapy

  Teplizumab, a humanized anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody, is the only therapy with regulatory approval in the United States for delaying the onset of clinical type 1 diabetes in individuals with preclinical disease. […] The availability of teplizumab represents a paradigm shift in the treatment of type 1 diabetes; with enhanced understanding of disease pathogenesis and progression, type 1 diabetes can be identified and treated in its preclinical stages before the development of symptomatic hyperglycemia. […] Preservation of endogenous insulin secretion after the clinical diagnosis of type 1 diabetes is associated with enduring benefits, including reduced risks of microvascular complications and severe hypoglycemia. […] Many therapeutic strategies have been investigated for preserving beta cell function after the clinical diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. Although no immune-modulating therapies are approved for use in clinical (stage 3) type 1 diabetes, several have demonstrated a reasonable risk profile and the capacity to modify the underlying disease and preserve insulin secretion.

• #24 Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Self-Monitoring of Glucose Levels, Continuous Glucose Monitoring

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117739-treatment

  The ADA recommends statin use for nearly everyone with diabetes. […] The guidelines on glycemic control in hospitalized patients formulated by the American College of Physicians (ACP) recommend a target blood glucose level of 140-200 mg/dL if insulin therapy is used to manage patients with diabetes in nonsurgical (medical) intensive care units (ICUs). […] Significant improvements in the prediction of type 1 DM have led to several trials of prevention. […] Teplizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody (mAb) that targets the cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3) antigen, which is coexpressed with the T-cell receptor on the surface of T lymphocytes. […] Patients with type 1 DM should be referred to an endocrinologist for multidisciplinary management.

• #25 Breakthrough Drug Helps Children with New-Onset Type 1 Diabetes | UC San Francisco

  https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2023/10/426396/breakthrough-drug-helps-children-new-onset-type-1-diabetes

  Children who were recently diagnosed with type 1 diabetes need less supplemental insulin to keep their blood sugar in a healthy range if they use the immunotherapy drug teplizumab, a new study reports. […] Teplizumab, an immunotherapy drug, was approved by the FDA in 2022 thanks to a UCSF study showing that a 14-day dose of the drug delayed the onset of type 1 diabetes in at-risk children and adults by an average of three years. […] The teplizumab group of 217 patients preserved more of their remaining insulin-producing beta cells and trended toward needing lower doses of supplemental insulin to keep their glucose levels in a near-normal range, compared to the 111 children who received placebo. […] Many more of the teplizumab-treated patients experienced a clinical remission the ability to achieve tight blood sugar control using less supplemental insulin than those in the placebo group, Gitelman said. A full remission would mean not needing insulin at all.

• #26 Breakthrough Drug Helps Children with New-Onset Type 1 Diabetes | UC San Francisco

  https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2023/10/426396/breakthrough-drug-helps-children-new-onset-type-1-diabetes

  The current study is the culmination of a series of earlier, smaller studies in new onset type 1 diabetes that suggested teplizumab would be safe and effective in preserving beta cell function. […] Their pivotal 2019 trial led to the FDA approval in late 2022 of teplizumab by showing that a 14-day dose of the drug delayed by an average of three years the onset of type 1 diabetes in children and adults who were at risk of developing the condition. […] This is the first phase 3 trial that has worked with immune-modulation. […] Gitelman is already thinking about next steps. His team continues to follow the PROTECT patients to see how long the effects of the current therapy may last, and sees potential for studying whether these patients, or future ones, might benefit from additional teplizumab infusions at later time points.

• #27 How Immunoscience is Transforming Treatment for Type 1 Diabetes

  https://www.sanofi.com/en/magazine/our-science/immunoscience-transforming-treatment-type-one-diabetes

  Rather than eradicate those cell-killing T cells, which leaves us with no way to fight off viruses and other pathogens, the anti-CD3 can switch them to another state where they are exhausted and no longer able to cause cell damage. […] Sanofi is identifying additional gates that we can target through new medicines. These include the CD40/CD40L costimulatory pathway a set of molecules used by immune cells to communicate with each other. Our scientists are developing a monoclonal antibody that blocks this pathway and stops the immune assault on insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. […] With our immunoscience portfolio, our innovation in vaccines and our diabetes heritage, we have the knowledge and experience at Sanofi to develop new medicines to help patients with T1D and maybe even help prevent disease onset altogether. […] Here, instead of reacting to a patient’s disease, we are using immunotherapy to delay the disease, to put off the day the disease appears by as many years as possible.

• #28 Type 1 Diabetes Treatment and Therapy – Breakthrough T1D

  https://www.breakthrought1d.org/t1d-basics/treatments/

  Pramlintide is a synthetic amylin analog administered via syringe. It is approved for people with T1D who use mealtime insulin and do not achieve their glycemic targets despite optimal insulin therapy. […] Therapies such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), statins, and other lipid-lowering drugs may be prescribed to manage cardiovascular disease and reduce the risk of cardiovascular complications. […] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Tzield™ (teplizumab-mzwv) in November 2022, making it the first approved disease-modifying therapy for delaying T1D onset in people at risk of developing the disease. […] Though not approved for T1D, these drugs have tremendous promise as a type 1 diabetes treatment in terms of glucose and metabolic control, weight loss, and more. […] For a treatment, drug, or device to make it into the hands of people with type 1 diabetes, it must first complete a vital step—a clinical trial.

• #29 Therapies for Type 1 Diabetes: Current Scenario and Future Perspectives

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6501476/

  The current treatment regimen for T1D focusses on combining intensive diet treatments coupled with lifelong exogenous insulin administration, either using multiple daily injections or by insulin pumps. […] The current insulin centric therapeutic approach renders a T1D patient susceptible to severe episodes of hypoglycaemia, lifelong dependency on exogenous insulin, insulin resistance, mild obesity, and psychiatric conditions. […] The widespread use of self-monitoring devices for measuring blood glucose and non-enzymatically glycosylated haemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) has enhanced the therapeutic applicability of commercial insulin preparations. […] The use of sodiumglucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibition for the treatment of T2D was evaluated in experimental models and in patients. […] The recent phase II (Dapagliflozin Evaluation in Patients with Inadequately Controlled Type 1 Diabetes [DEPICT-1]) and a 24-week phase III (Tandem3) trial provided clinical evidence of additional reduction of HbA1c levels (0.4%-0.5%) accompanied by weight loss and reduction of daily insulin doses with SGLT2 inhibitors (dapagliflozin and sotagliflozin) in combination with insulin.

• #30 First oral add-on treatment to insulin for treatment of certain patients with type 1 diabetes | European Medicines Agency (EMA)

  https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/first-oral-add-treatment-insulin-treatment-certain-patients-type-1-diabetes

  EMAs human medicines committee (CHMP) has recommended for the first time an adjunct treatment to insulin in the form of a tablet for certain patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. […] Following an assessment of data from new clinical trials, the CHMP is now recommending to extend the indication of dapagliflozin to certain patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, when their insulin alone does not provide adequate control of their blood glucose levels despite optimal insulin therapy. […] Thus, there is a need for new therapies as an adjunct to insulin therapy, to better manage blood sugar levels and other cardiovascular risk factors. […] The main benefit of treatment with dapagliflozin in patients with type 1 diabetes is a combined effect on glycaemic control, weight reduction, effects on blood pressure and reduced variability of glucose levels.

• #31 Type 1 diabetes treatments | Diabetes UK

  https://www.diabetes.org.uk/about-diabetes/type-1-diabetes/treatments

  Insulin is the main treatment for type 1 diabetes. If you have type 1 diabetes, your body doesnt make any insulin like it normally would. And you cant live without insulin as it helps you manage your blood sugar levels and prevent serious short or long-term health problems known as diabetes complications. So youll need daily insulin injections or use an insulin pump a small device that you attach to your body which releases insulin. […] Along with taking insulin which you cant live without, if you have type 1 diabetes, the best treatment is eating a healthy balanced diet, well, keeping active and maintaining a healthy weight. This will help you manage your blood sugar levels and reduce the risk of developing diabetes complications. […] Although insulin is the main medication for type 1 diabetes, some people with type 1 diabetes may also be prescribed a tablet called Metformin. This is more commonly used by people with type 2 diabetes but is sometimes prescribed for people with type 1 diabetes who have insulin resistance.

• #32 Diagnosis and treatment of type 1 diabetes at the dawn of the personalized medicine era | Journal of Translational Medicine | Full Text

  https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12967-021-02778-6

  Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs) are derived from the undifferentiated inner cell mass of human embryos and have the advantage of being completely pluripotent. […] Several different approaches to generating insulin-producing cells (IPCs) from ESCs have been explored. […] Despite the promise of hESCs, great concern around their potential to initiate teratomas has largely limited their clinical exploration in T1D. […] The first autologous HSCs transplantation in a T1D patient was executed by the Voltarelli group in 2007: 15 patients aged between 14 add 31 years, and with recent T1D onset (previous 6 weeks) diagnosed by clinical findings, hyperglycemia and GAD65 autoantibodies were involved in the study. […] Autologous HSC transplantation has also been used successfully to treat diabetic sequelae, including vascular complications and retinopathy.

• #33 Exploring Novel Treatment Modalities for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Potential and Prospects

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/12/15/1485

  The future of diabetes treatment is centered around promoting beta-cell regeneration, achievable through self-replication or differentiation from progenitor cells via stem cell therapy. […] While the direct transformation of MSCs into beta cells remains unclear, systemic treatment with MSCs has been shown to increase beta cell mass and reverse hyperglycemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. […] Gene therapy in T1DM holds significant promise, leveraging advanced techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 to offer the targeted correction of genetic defects and immune modulation. […] Islet cell transplantation involves extracting pancreatic islet cells from deceased donors and implanting them into the liver of the recipient. […] Teplizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that delays the onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus.

• #34 Vertex Pharmaceuticals | R&D Pipeline | Type 1 Diabetes

  https://www.vrtx.com/our-science/pipeline/type-1-diabetes/

  Living with T1D requires lifelong treatment with insulin. People with T1D need to give themselves multiple injections of insulin per day or use an insulin pump that is attached to the body. […] A minority of patients have been made free of insulin therapy with a transplant of insulin-producing cells (pancreatic islets) from organ donors. […] We’re investigating and advancing cell therapies aimed at treating an underlying cause of T1D the absence of insulin-producing cells. […] Our investigational approach is to replace the insulin-producing cells that have been destroyed in people with T1D. […] One approach, zimislecel (formerly known as VX-880), aims to deliver insulin-producing cells via infusion into the hepatic (liver) portal vein, and requires the ongoing use of anti-rejection medication to ensure immune cells don’t attack transplanted cells.

• #35 Vertex Pharmaceuticals | R&D Pipeline | Type 1 Diabetes

  https://www.vrtx.com/our-science/pipeline/type-1-diabetes/

  A second approach encapsulates these same cells in a device to be surgically implanted in the body. […] This approach is being investigated without the use of anti-rejection medication, which may allow the investigational therapy to reach additional people with T1D. […] We’re investigating zimislecel (formerly VX-880), an allogeneic stem cell-derived, fully differentiated, insulin-producing islet cell therapy manufactured using proprietary technology. […] We’re investigating an approach encapsulating cells in a protective device to be surgically implanted in the body. […] We’re investigating hypoimmune cell therapy approaches which involve using gene editing on the same stem cell-derived, fully differentiated VX-880 islet cells, with the aim to protect the cells from the immune system.

• #36 A Brighter Future for Diabetes: New Advances on the Horizon | AdventHealth News and Stories

  https://www.adventhealth.com/news/a-brighter-future-diabetes-new-advances-horizon

  Closed-loop Insulin Delivery Systems: Often referred to as the „artificial pancreas,” these systems continuously monitor blood glucose levels and automatically adjust insulin delivery, minimizing the risk of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. […] Beta Cell Encapsulation: By encapsulating insulin-producing cells in a protective material, researchers aim to shield them from the immune system, potentially eliminating the need for immunosuppressive drugs after transplantation. […] Gene Therapy: This experimental approach involves reprogramming other cells in the body to produce insulin, offering a potential cure for T1D by replacing the function of the destroyed beta cells.

• #37 Type 1 Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/diabetes/type-1-diabetes

  To stay well and healthy you will need insulin injections for the rest of your life. Your doctor or diabetes nurse will give a lot of advice and instruction on how and when to take the insulin. […] Most people take 2-4 injections of insulin each day. The type and amount of insulin you need may also vary each day, depending on what you eat and the amount of exercise you do. […] Insulin pump therapy continually infuses insulin into the layer of tissue just beneath the skin (the subcutaneous tissue). […] NICE has recommended hybrid closed loop (HCL) systems for managing blood glucose levels in type 1 diabetes. […] You should eat a healthy diet. This diet is the same that is recommended for everyone. […] The Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating and Exercise (DAFNE) programme is designed for people with type 1 diabetes. The programme provides information to show you how to manage your insulin doses to allow for a varied diet and for when you exercise.

• #38 Treating Type 1 Diabetes (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/treating-type1.html

  Kids with type 1 diabetes need to find the right balance of food, insulin, and exercise to keep their blood sugars in the healthy range. […] Exercise strengthens your childs muscles and bones, helps them feel good, and controls blood sugar levels. In fact, being active makes insulin work better. Kids with type 1 diabetes can and should exercise. […] Following the plan and staying in touch with the care team is the best way to keep your child healthy.

• #39 Type 1 diabetes | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/diabetes/type-1-diabetes/

  If you have type 1 diabetes, it’s recommended that you carry identification with you so that people are aware of the problem if you become hypoglycaemic. […] Some people with type 1 diabetes may benefit from a fairly new procedure known as islet cell transplantation. […] People with type 1 diabetes who are having a kidney transplant from a donor may also be offered a pancreas transplant at the same time. […] If you develop hyperglycaemia, you may need to adjust your diet or your insulin dose to keep your glucose levels normal. […] Your diabetes care team can advise you about the best way to do this. […] If you have type 1 diabetes, it’s important to review any other medications you take to ensure these are safe to take during pregnancy. […] The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) strongly recommends that all people who have diabetes should be offered a structured patient education programme, providing information and education to help them care for themselves.

• #40 Just Diagnosed With Type 1 Diabetes | Diabetes | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/signs-symptoms/just-diagnosed-type-1.html

  Your health care team will let you know how to spot and treat high and low blood sugar and related health problems. […] Keeping your blood sugar levels on target can help you avoid serious health problems later. But did you know avoiding ups and downs in blood sugar can help you feel better right away? […] If your insurance and finances allow, you may have your child use an insulin pump. This can lower the risk of low blood sugar and help keep blood sugar levels in range. […] Diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES) can help you solve problems, deal with stress, and lower your risk for other health problems. […] Connect with others to share experiences and learn tips and techniques for living well with diabetes.

• #41 Patient education: Type 1 diabetes: Overview (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/type-1-diabetes-overview-beyond-the-basics

  Type 1 diabetes requires regular blood sugar monitoring and treatment with insulin. Treatment, lifestyle adjustments, and self-care can manage blood sugar levels and minimize the risk of disease-related complications. […] Treatment of diabetes requires a team approach, including you and your family and health care providers (doctor, nurse, diabetes educator, dietitian), and sometimes other clinicians (mental health professionals, podiatrist, etc). The treatment of type 1 diabetes is discussed separately. (See „Patient education: Type 1 diabetes: Insulin treatment (Beyond the Basics).”)

• #42 Type 1 diabetes | Diabetes Australiachevron

  https://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/about-diabetes/type-1-diabetes/

  Type 1 diabetes is managed with insulin injections several times a day or the use of an insulin pump. […] Insulin can’t be taken as a tablet as it would be digested down to its building blocks, amino acids, by the body’s normal digestive process. […] Following Australia’s national guidelines on healthy eating and exercise applies to all Australians, including people living with type 1 diabetes. Learning to recognise and count carbohydrate will assist with your accurate dosing of insulin. […] Having a diabetes healthcare team – a number of different health professionals – who you can turn to for advice, support and treatment is recommended. These will include your general practitioner, endocrinologist (a specialist in hormones and diabetes), dietitian, diabetes educator, podiatrist, exercise physiologist, and psychologist, among others. […] Having a regular healthcare routine for preventative checks with your healthcare team is recommended.

• #43 Type 1 diabetes: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000305.htm

  Regular exercise helps control the amount of sugar in the blood. It also helps burn extra calories and fat to reach and maintain a healthy weight. […] Checking your blood sugar level yourself and writing down the results tells you how well you are managing your diabetes. […] Talk to your provider about your target for the A1C test. This lab test shows your average blood sugar level over the past 3 months. It shows how well you are controlling your diabetes. For most people with type 1 diabetes, the A1C target should be 7% or lower. […] Your provider may prescribe medicines or other treatments to reduce your chances of developing common complications of diabetes, including: Eye disease, Kidney disease, Peripheral nerve damage, Heart disease and stroke. […] With type 1 diabetes, you are also at risk of developing conditions such as hearing loss, gum disease, bone disease, or yeast infections (in women). Keeping your blood sugar under good control can help prevent these conditions.

• #44 Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Self-Monitoring of Glucose Levels, Continuous Glucose Monitoring

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117739-treatment

  Management of hyperglycemia is crucial as it impairs leukocyte function through a variety of mechanisms. […] DKA involves acute metabolic changes in the body that develop as a result of lack of insulin or poor response to insulin arising from stress or illness. […] The dawn phenomenon is the normal tendency of the blood glucose to rise in the early morning before breakfast. […] One of the first steps in managing type 1 DM is diet control. […] Exercise is an important aspect of diabetes management. […] Diabetes predisposes patients to a number of infectious diseases. […] Patients with preproliferative or proliferative retinopathy must immediately be referred for ophthalmologic evaluation. […] Current ADA guidelines recommend annual screening for nephropathy. […] The ADA advises that a systolic blood pressure below 130 mm Hg is an appropriate goal for most patients with diabetes and hypertension.

• #45 Type 1 Diabetes: Management Strategies | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0801/p154.html

  There is considerable benefit of tight glucose control in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Tight blood glucose control dramatically decreases the incidence of microvascular and macrovascular complications. […] Intensive insulin treatment is recommended with a combination of multiple mealtime bolus and basal injections or with continuous insulin infusion through an insulin pump. […] All patients with type 1 diabetes should participate in diabetes self-management education and develop individualized premeal insulin bolus plans under the guidance of a dietitian, if possible. […] Advances in diabetes care, including the bionic pancreas and the closed-loop system of glucose monitoring with an automated insulin pump, may have a significant effect on type 1 diabetes care in the years ahead.

• #46 Diabetes treatments

  https://www.diabetes.org.uk/about-diabetes/looking-after-diabetes/treatments

  Everyone with type 1 diabetes needs to take insulin as a medication. […] Insulin helps you manage your blood sugar levels and helps prevents short-term or long-term serious health problems known as diabetes complications. […] Immunotherapies are new treatments that reprogramme the immune system so that it no longer attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. They’re being tested in clinical trials and could give us a way to stop type 1 diabetes in its tracks or prevent the condition entirely.

• #47 Type 1 Diabetes Cure – DRIF

  https://diabetesresearch.org/type-1-diabetes-cure/

  DRI researchers are working toward a biological cure for type 1 diabetes. A biological cure means treatment that would help the body start producing its own insulin again, restoring blood sugars to normal levels without introducing other risks. […] In studies, some patients who had this procedure have been able to reduce the need for insulin injections, or stop injecting insulin altogether. […] DRI scientists have already shown that islet transplantation can eliminate the need for insulin injections. Now they are working to improve the science so that more people can benefit from this treatment. […] A clinical trial is a study that takes treatments that have been developed in lab and pre-clinical research, and tests them in human patients. DRI scientists have a number of clinical trials currently underway, including an islet transplant study that is testing the omentum as an alternative transplant site to the liver. Other ongoing clinical trials include the POSEIDON Trial, which tests whether high doses of vitamin D and Omega-3 fatty acids can help slow or stop the progression of type 1 diabetes in newly diagnosed children and adults. […] With more research, our goal is to effectively reverse type 1 diabetes, restoring the body’s ability to normalize blood sugar levels naturally.

• #48 Type 1 Diabetes Cure: Current Research (2025)

  https://www.dvcstem.com/post/type-1-diabetes-cure

  Type 1 Diabetes cure remains a critical goal, with promising advancements in stem cell therapy and islet transplantation treatments leading the way. […] The primary treatment for T1D is lifelong insulin therapy, which involves regularly monitoring blood sugar levels and the administration of insulin. […] However, significant advancements are being made in the field of T1D research, including stem cell therapy, islet cell transplantation, and immunotherapies, which hold promise for the future. […] One of the main focus areas of T1D research is finding ways to preserve or restore the function of beta cells. […] Another promising area of research is the development of artificial pancreas systems. […] New Type 1 Diabetes Treatments include Artificial Pancreas Systems, Stem Cell Therapy, Islet Cell Transplantation, Immunotherapies, Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists, Inhaled Insulin, Smart Insulin Pens, Closed-loop Insulin Delivery Systems, Beta Cell Encapsulation, and Gene Therapy.

• #49 New 'smart insulin’ marks promising step forward in type 1 diabetes treatment  – Type 1 Diabetes Grand Challenge

  https://type1diabetesgrandchallenge.org.uk/news/new-smart-insulin-promising-step-forward-in-type-1-diabetes-treatment/

  A new study, published in Nature, has demonstrated that in animal models, a newly developed form of insulin can switch on and off in response to changing blood glucose levels, effectively lowering high glucose levels without causing dangerous hypos. […] Smart insulins such as this one have the potential to be truly transformative in the management of type 1 diabetes. Unlike traditional insulin, which needs to be carefully dosed to avoid hypoglycemia, a smart insulin would only activate when needed, making it a safer and more efficient treatment. […] Researchers who developed NNC2215 found it to be as effective as human insulin at lowering blood glucose in rats and pigs. […] This proof of concept highlights how clever chemistry could unlock entirely new options for people with type 1 diabetes.

• #50 Diagnosis and treatment of type 1 diabetes at the dawn of the personalized medicine era | Journal of Translational Medicine | Full Text

  https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12967-021-02778-6

  Type 1 diabetes affects millions of people globally and requires careful management to avoid serious long-term complications, including heart and kidney disease, stroke, and loss of sight. […] At present, the one-size-fits-all treatment for type 1 diabetes is exogenic insulin substitution therapy, but this approach fails to achieve optimal blood glucose control in many individuals. […] In the case of type 1 diabetes, great efforts are now being focused on risk stratification for diabetes development to enable pre-clinical detection, and the application of treatments such as gene therapy, to prevent pancreatic destruction in a sub-set of patients. […] Here we review the recent initiatives in the field of personalized medicine for type 1 diabetes, including the latest discoveries in stem cell and gene therapy for the disease, and current obstacles that must be overcome before the dream of personalized medicine for all type 1 diabetes patients can be realized.

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