Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Understanding Type 1 Diabetes | ADA

  https://diabetes.org/about-diabetes/type-1

  Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease. Testing, coupled with education about diabetes symptoms and close follow-up, has been shown to enable earlier diagnosis and to prevent diabetes ketoacidosis. […] If you have type 1 diabetes, you can live a long, healthy life by having a strong support system and managing it with your diabetes care team. […] Symptoms include: Urinating often, Feeling very thirsty, Feeling very hungry even though you are eating, Extreme fatigue, Blurry vision, Cuts/bruises that are slow to heal, Weight loss even though you are eating more. […] It’s important to know when you first develop type 1 diabetes, you may not have any symptoms at all. […] Early detection and treatment of diabetes can decrease the risk of developing complications both at the time of diagnosis and in the future.

• #2 Type 1 Diabetes – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507713/

  Type 1 diabetes is a disease involving the immune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic -cells, leading to insulin deficiency. Individuals with type 1 diabetes require lifelong exogenous insulin replacement. Without insulin, patients can develop severe hyperglycemia and, ultimately, diabetic ketoacidosis, which can be life-threatening. Classic symptoms at the onset include polyuria, polydipsia, and unintentional weight loss, but the clinical presentation varies individually. Adults with new-onset T1D usually present with symptoms similar to those seen in children but may have a more gradual progression. Diabetic ketoacidosis is more prevalent among young patients with new-onset T1D. Stage 3 is characterized by the clinical onset of disease where individuals present with symptomatic hyperglycemia. The diagnostic criteria include diabetes, defined by hyperglycemia (random glucose 200 mg/dL) with clinical symptoms, fasting glucose of at least 126 mg/dL, blood glucose level of at least 200 mg/dL 2 hours after ingesting 75 g of glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test, or HbA1c greater than or equal to 6.5%. T1D classically presents with symptomatic hyperglycemia, especially in children. Individuals with classic new-onset T1D usually present with symptoms of polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, unintentional weight loss, fatigue, and weakness. Life-threatening DKA can develop if T1D is not evaluated and treated promptly. The onset of symptoms in adults is more variable than in younger patients, and DKA is less common. Patients are often misdiagnosed with T2D and later found to be insulin-dependent.

• #3 Type 1 diabetes – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-1-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20353011

  Signs and symptoms of type 1 diabetes can appear rather suddenly, especially in children. They may include increased thirst, frequent urination, bed wetting in children who previously didn’t wet the bed. Extreme hunger, unintended weight loss, fatigue and weakness, blurred vision, irritability, and other mood changes. […] Type 1 diabetes symptoms can appear suddenly and may include: Feeling more thirsty than usual, Urinating a lot, Bed-wetting in children who have never wet the bed during the night, Feeling very hungry, Losing weight without trying, Feeling irritable or having other mood changes, Feeling tired and weak, Having blurry vision. […] In type 1 diabetes, there’s no insulin to let glucose into the cells. Because of this, sugar builds up in the bloodstream. This can cause life-threatening complications.

• #4 Type 1 diabetes | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/diabetes/type-1-diabetes/

  The symptoms of type 1 diabetes usually develop very quickly in young people (over a few hours or days). In adults, the symptoms often take longer to develop (a few days or weeks). […] The symptoms of type 1 diabetes should disappear when you start taking insulin and you get the condition under control. […] The main symptoms of diabetes are: feeling very thirsty, urinating more frequently than usual, particularly at night, feeling very tired, weight loss and loss of muscle bulk, itchiness around the genital area, or regular bouts of thrush (a yeast infection), blurred vision caused by the lens of your eye changing shape. […] Vomiting or heavy, deep breathing can also occur at a later stage. This is a dangerous sign and requires immediate admission to hospital for treatment. […] If diabetes is left untreated, it can cause a number of different health problems. Large amounts of glucose can damage blood vessels, nerves and organs.

• #5 Type 1 Diabetes: Causes, Symptoms, Complications & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21500-type-1-diabetes

  Symptoms of Type 1 diabetes in children and adults include excessive thirst and unexplained weight loss. […] Symptoms of Type 1 diabetes typically start mild and get progressively worse or more intense, which could happen over several days, weeks or months. […] Symptoms of Type 1 diabetes include excessive thirst, frequent urination, including frequent full diapers in infants and bedwetting in children, excessive hunger, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, blurred vision, slow healing of cuts and sores, and vaginal yeast infections. […] If a diagnosis is delayed, untreated Type 1 diabetes can be life-threatening due to a complication called diabetes-related ketoacidosis (DKA). […] Type 1 diabetes develops when your immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys cells in your pancreas that make insulin. This destruction can happen over months or years, ultimately resulting in a total lack (deficiency) of insulin.

• #6 Type 1 Diabetes Symptoms and Warning Signs – Breakthrough T1D

  https://www.breakthrought1d.org/t1d-basics/symptoms/

  Recognize the early warning signs of type 1 diabetes […] Warning signs of new-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D) often appear suddenly and require immediate attention. […] Extreme thirst (polydipsia) […] Increased appetite […] Frequent urination (polyuria) […] Unexplained weight loss […] Heavy or labored breathing […] Fruity odor on the breath […] Drowsiness or tiredness […] Dry mouth and itchy skin […] Sudden vision changes […] Extreme thirst is caused by frequent urination as the kidneys attempt to filter sugar out of the bloodstream. […] Without insulin, your body can’t convert the carbs you eat into energy. Because your cells can’t get energy from food, your brain sends out hunger signals. Increased appetite is most common in children with undiagnosed T1D. […] Polyuria is frequent—and often in large amounts—of urine. When your blood sugar is over 180 mg/dL, your kidneys work to filter it out of your system. This requires fluid to flush it from your system, which can lead to extreme dehydration and increased thirst.

• #7 Type 1 Diabetes: 7 Symptoms

  https://www.health.com/condition/type-1-diabetes/symptoms-of-type-1-diabetes

  Increased thirst (polydipsia) is a common sign of type 1 diabetes, especially among children and adolescents. Excessive thirst might occur if increased urination causes dehydration. […] Type 1 diabetes may cause a breakdown of muscle and fat, leading to fatigue and weakness. Fatigue can limit your physical and mental functioning and worsen your quality of life. You may find that getting enough sleep cannot help your tiredness. […] An increased need to urinate (polyuria) can develop when there are high levels of glucose in the blood. Your kidneys can filter excess glucose from the blood and then excrete it in urine. People with type 1 diabetes might also urinate in larger amounts than usual. Glucose is a solute that attracts water, which increases urine output. […] An increase in hunger even though you are eating (polyphagia) can be a sign of type 1 diabetes, especially in children and adolescents. Type 1 diabetes interrupts your body’s ability to use glucose for energy, making you feel hungry.

• #8 Type 1 Diabetes Symptoms and Warning Signs – Breakthrough T1D

  https://www.breakthrought1d.org/t1d-basics/symptoms/

  Recognize the early warning signs of type 1 diabetes […] Warning signs of new-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D) often appear suddenly and require immediate attention. […] Extreme thirst (polydipsia) […] Increased appetite […] Frequent urination (polyuria) […] Unexplained weight loss […] Heavy or labored breathing […] Fruity odor on the breath […] Drowsiness or tiredness […] Dry mouth and itchy skin […] Sudden vision changes […] Extreme thirst is caused by frequent urination as the kidneys attempt to filter sugar out of the bloodstream. […] Without insulin, your body can’t convert the carbs you eat into energy. Because your cells can’t get energy from food, your brain sends out hunger signals. Increased appetite is most common in children with undiagnosed T1D. […] Polyuria is frequent—and often in large amounts—of urine. When your blood sugar is over 180 mg/dL, your kidneys work to filter it out of your system. This requires fluid to flush it from your system, which can lead to extreme dehydration and increased thirst.

• #9 Type 1 diabetes – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-1-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20353011

  Signs and symptoms of type 1 diabetes can appear rather suddenly, especially in children. They may include increased thirst, frequent urination, bed wetting in children who previously didn’t wet the bed. Extreme hunger, unintended weight loss, fatigue and weakness, blurred vision, irritability, and other mood changes. […] Type 1 diabetes symptoms can appear suddenly and may include: Feeling more thirsty than usual, Urinating a lot, Bed-wetting in children who have never wet the bed during the night, Feeling very hungry, Losing weight without trying, Feeling irritable or having other mood changes, Feeling tired and weak, Having blurry vision. […] In type 1 diabetes, there’s no insulin to let glucose into the cells. Because of this, sugar builds up in the bloodstream. This can cause life-threatening complications.

• #10 Early Signs of Diabetes

  https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/understanding-diabetes-symptoms

  Extreme thirst is one of the most common early symptoms of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. […] In type 1 diabetes, symptoms show up quickly, in just a few days or weeks, especially in children. The four most common symptoms are: Peeing more often, Constant thirst, Tiredness and a lack of energy, Unintended weight loss. […] Early symptoms of type 1 diabetes in children include: Extreme hunger or thirst, Peeing more often, including wetting the bed, Extreme tiredness, Blurred vision, Crankiness or behavior changes, Vaginal yeast infection in prepubescent girls, Diaper rash in babies. […] Diabetes often starts with mild symptoms such as feeling very hungry and tired, needing to pee a lot, being very thirsty, having a dry mouth, itchy skin, and blurry vision. Type 1 diabetes symptoms appear quickly and are more severe, while type 2 symptoms develop slowly.

• #11 Type 1 Diabetes Symptoms and Warning Signs – Breakthrough T1D

  https://www.breakthrought1d.org/t1d-basics/symptoms/

  Unexpected weight loss is often a sign your body can’t get adequate energy from the carbohydrates in the food you eat and is breaking down fat for energy. […] High blood sugar can cause a buildup of ketones, which leads to too much acid in the blood. The body tries to remove carbon dioxide, an acid, from the body by increasing respiration. Heavy or labored breathing occurs when ketones are building up to dangerous levels in the blood and is a sign that emergency care is required. […] Fruity-smelling breath is a sign of a buildup of ketones in the blood. […] One of the more common type 1 diabetes symptoms is fatigue. Being constantly tired may be a sign that the body is having trouble turning sugar in the bloodstream into energy. […] If your body is dehydrated, even for a short period of time, dry mouth and itchy skin can occur.

• #12 Type 1 Diabetes: 7 Symptoms

  https://www.health.com/condition/type-1-diabetes/symptoms-of-type-1-diabetes

  Increased thirst (polydipsia) is a common sign of type 1 diabetes, especially among children and adolescents. Excessive thirst might occur if increased urination causes dehydration. […] Type 1 diabetes may cause a breakdown of muscle and fat, leading to fatigue and weakness. Fatigue can limit your physical and mental functioning and worsen your quality of life. You may find that getting enough sleep cannot help your tiredness. […] An increased need to urinate (polyuria) can develop when there are high levels of glucose in the blood. Your kidneys can filter excess glucose from the blood and then excrete it in urine. People with type 1 diabetes might also urinate in larger amounts than usual. Glucose is a solute that attracts water, which increases urine output. […] An increase in hunger even though you are eating (polyphagia) can be a sign of type 1 diabetes, especially in children and adolescents. Type 1 diabetes interrupts your body’s ability to use glucose for energy, making you feel hungry.

• #13 How quickly do Type 1 Diabetes Symptoms Develop?

  https://www.myhealthexplained.com/diabetes-information/diabetes-videos/type-1-diabetes-onset

  Most people with type 1 diabetes have symptoms of high blood glucose levels (hyperglycaemia). These symptoms can include: excessive thirst, frequent urination, feeling tired, increased hunger, unintentional weight loss, blurred vision, frequent yeast infections or urinary tract infections, slow healing wounds. […] Fatigue is another common symptom of type 1 diabetes. You may often feel tired, regardless of how much you have eaten, because your cells are not able to use the glucose that is broken down from the food. […] If you have type 2 diabetes, there may come a time where you experience weight loss despite eating normally. This occurs when the glucose levels are very high and the pancreas is failing. This is a sign of severe diabetes. This results in not enough glucose being absorbed in the cells to be used for energy, so your body starts to breakdown fat and muscle instead, leading to the weight loss.

• #14 How quickly do Type 1 Diabetes Symptoms Develop?

  https://www.myhealthexplained.com/diabetes-information/diabetes-videos/type-1-diabetes-onset

  Blurred vision occurs when glucose enters the lens in the eye ball. This causes it to swell, changing its shape and changing the refraction. This leads to a change in your eyesight. […] Yeast and other fungi use glucose for energy and thrive in an environment that is high in sugar. Yeast infections can occur in both men and women. […] Neutrophils, white blood cells that fight any infection in our body, are sensitive to high blood glucose levels. These are a very important part of the immune system and are at the front line of a person’s defences, keeping bacterial infections at bay. […] When the body is dehydrated, our skin can become dry and feel itchy. Dry and itchy skin is more easily able to break, causing a cut or wound.

• #15 Type 1 diabetes – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-1-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20353011

  Signs and symptoms of type 1 diabetes can appear rather suddenly, especially in children. They may include increased thirst, frequent urination, bed wetting in children who previously didn’t wet the bed. Extreme hunger, unintended weight loss, fatigue and weakness, blurred vision, irritability, and other mood changes. […] Type 1 diabetes symptoms can appear suddenly and may include: Feeling more thirsty than usual, Urinating a lot, Bed-wetting in children who have never wet the bed during the night, Feeling very hungry, Losing weight without trying, Feeling irritable or having other mood changes, Feeling tired and weak, Having blurry vision. […] In type 1 diabetes, there’s no insulin to let glucose into the cells. Because of this, sugar builds up in the bloodstream. This can cause life-threatening complications.

• #16 How quickly do Type 1 Diabetes Symptoms Develop?

  https://www.myhealthexplained.com/diabetes-information/diabetes-videos/type-1-diabetes-onset

  Blurred vision occurs when glucose enters the lens in the eye ball. This causes it to swell, changing its shape and changing the refraction. This leads to a change in your eyesight. […] Yeast and other fungi use glucose for energy and thrive in an environment that is high in sugar. Yeast infections can occur in both men and women. […] Neutrophils, white blood cells that fight any infection in our body, are sensitive to high blood glucose levels. These are a very important part of the immune system and are at the front line of a person’s defences, keeping bacterial infections at bay. […] When the body is dehydrated, our skin can become dry and feel itchy. Dry and itchy skin is more easily able to break, causing a cut or wound.

• #17 Symptoms of type 1 diabetes and how it’s diagnosed – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/type-1-diabetes/symptoms/

  The most common symptoms of type 1 diabetes are: peeing more than usual, feeling very thirsty, feeling very tired, losing weight quickly without trying to. […] Other symptoms can include: blurred vision, breath that smells sweet or fruity (like nail polish remover or pear drop sweets), cuts and wounds taking longer to heal, getting frequent infections, such as thrush. […] The symptoms develop quickly, over a few days or weeks. […] If it’s not treated, it can lead to a serious condition called diabetic ketoacidosis. […] You or your child have been peeing more, feeling very thirsty and tired, and: your symptoms are getting worse quickly, you have stomach pain, diarrhoea, or you’re feeling or being sick, you’re feeling sleepy or confused, you’re breathing faster and more deeply than usual. […] These could be signs of diabetic ketoacidosis, which can be life threatening if not treated quickly.

• #18 Type 1 Diabetes Symptoms and Warning Signs – Breakthrough T1D

  https://www.breakthrought1d.org/t1d-basics/symptoms/

  Unexpected weight loss is often a sign your body can’t get adequate energy from the carbohydrates in the food you eat and is breaking down fat for energy. […] High blood sugar can cause a buildup of ketones, which leads to too much acid in the blood. The body tries to remove carbon dioxide, an acid, from the body by increasing respiration. Heavy or labored breathing occurs when ketones are building up to dangerous levels in the blood and is a sign that emergency care is required. […] Fruity-smelling breath is a sign of a buildup of ketones in the blood. […] One of the more common type 1 diabetes symptoms is fatigue. Being constantly tired may be a sign that the body is having trouble turning sugar in the bloodstream into energy. […] If your body is dehydrated, even for a short period of time, dry mouth and itchy skin can occur.

• #19 How quickly do Type 1 Diabetes Symptoms Develop?

  https://www.myhealthexplained.com/diabetes-information/diabetes-videos/type-1-diabetes-onset

  Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas, or more specifically specialised cells within the pancreas called beta cells, fail to produce insulin. […] The fall in insulin production can either be rapid or slow. People with type 1 can therefore either develop symptoms rapidly over a few weeks or months or more slowly over a few years. […] When a person initially develops type 1 diabetes, the beta cells of the pancreas rapidly fail to produce adequate amounts of insulin. Since there is little insulin, blood glucose levels rise very quickly. The symptoms of diabetes happen rapidly, are severe, and people notice that they are unwell quite quickly. If a person develops type 1 diabetes slowly, then these symptoms may take months to develop but often it is weeks. […] The most common symptoms are thirst and excessive trips to the toilet to pass urine. This occurs as high blood glucose passes into the urine and with the glucose, goes water. If the blood glucose levels are very elevated, then only a small amount is able to get into the muscle and fat cells. This leads to profound weight loss and a rapid decline in muscle mass. In the early part of the illness, these symptoms can be mild and difficult to detect.

• #20 Understanding Type 1 Diabetes | ADA

  https://diabetes.org/about-diabetes/type-1

  By knowing and recognizing the symptoms above, you can learn if you have type 1 diabetes early and avoid complications, like diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). […] A honeymoon period can last as little as a week or even up to a year. It’s important to know that the absence of symptoms doesn’t mean the diabetes is gone. The pancreas will eventually be unable to make enough insulin, and, if untreated, the symptoms will return.

• #21 Type 1 diabetes | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/diabetes/type-1-diabetes/

  Having a consistently raised glucose level that doesn’t cause any symptoms can have damaging effects in the long term. […] If you develop hyperglycaemia, you may need to adjust your diet or your insulin dose to keep your glucose levels normal. Your diabetes care team can advise you about the best way to do this. […] If hyperglycaemia isn’t treated, it can lead to a condition called diabetic ketoacidosis, where the body begins to break down fats for energy instead of glucose, resulting in a build-up of ketones (acids) in your blood. […] Diabetic ketoacidosis is very serious and, if not addressed quickly, it can lead to unconsciousness and, eventually, death. […] The signs of diabetic ketoacidosis include: frequently passing urine, thirst, tiredness and lethargy (lack of energy), blurry vision, abdominal (stomach) pain, nausea and vomiting, deep breathing, smell of ketones on breath (described as smelling like pear drops), collapse and unconsciousness.

• #22 Type 1 Diabetes Symptoms and Warning Signs – Breakthrough T1D

  https://www.breakthrought1d.org/t1d-basics/symptoms/

  Excess glucose in the body can lodge in the lens of the eye, which sometimes causes blurred vision. […] Children with type 1 diabetes often have the following symptoms: Increased thirst […] Increased urination or bedwetting […] Increased hunger […] Fatigue […] Weight loss […] Diabetic ketoacidosis, or DKA, is a medical emergency and must be treated immediately. […] DKA happens when your cells can’t get fuel from the sugar in your blood and break down fat instead. This creates ketones, which are acids produced in your liver and released into your blood when your body breaks down fat for energy. […] The risk for ketones and DKA is higher during illness and when insulin doses are missed, or infusion sites are occluded. Insulin is essential to help the body clear ketones. […] Signs of DKA include: Ketones in the urine or blood […] Extreme exhaustion or fatigue […] Nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain […] Difficulty breathing […] Fruity odor on the breath […] Confusion or difficulty paying attention […] Loss of consciousness.

• #23 Type 1 diabetes | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/diabetes/type-1-diabetes/

  Having a consistently raised glucose level that doesn’t cause any symptoms can have damaging effects in the long term. […] If you develop hyperglycaemia, you may need to adjust your diet or your insulin dose to keep your glucose levels normal. Your diabetes care team can advise you about the best way to do this. […] If hyperglycaemia isn’t treated, it can lead to a condition called diabetic ketoacidosis, where the body begins to break down fats for energy instead of glucose, resulting in a build-up of ketones (acids) in your blood. […] Diabetic ketoacidosis is very serious and, if not addressed quickly, it can lead to unconsciousness and, eventually, death. […] The signs of diabetic ketoacidosis include: frequently passing urine, thirst, tiredness and lethargy (lack of energy), blurry vision, abdominal (stomach) pain, nausea and vomiting, deep breathing, smell of ketones on breath (described as smelling like pear drops), collapse and unconsciousness.

• #24 Type 1 diabetes | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/diabetes/type-1-diabetes/

  Having a consistently raised glucose level that doesn’t cause any symptoms can have damaging effects in the long term. […] If you develop hyperglycaemia, you may need to adjust your diet or your insulin dose to keep your glucose levels normal. Your diabetes care team can advise you about the best way to do this. […] If hyperglycaemia isn’t treated, it can lead to a condition called diabetic ketoacidosis, where the body begins to break down fats for energy instead of glucose, resulting in a build-up of ketones (acids) in your blood. […] Diabetic ketoacidosis is very serious and, if not addressed quickly, it can lead to unconsciousness and, eventually, death. […] The signs of diabetic ketoacidosis include: frequently passing urine, thirst, tiredness and lethargy (lack of energy), blurry vision, abdominal (stomach) pain, nausea and vomiting, deep breathing, smell of ketones on breath (described as smelling like pear drops), collapse and unconsciousness.

• #25 Type 1 diabetes – symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/type-1-diabetes

  Type 1 diabetes is when your immune system attacks and destroys the cells in your pancreas that normally make insulin. […] Symptoms of type 1 diabetes include thirst, frequent urination (needing to wee often), weight loss and fatigue. […] You may have the following symptoms of type 1 diabetes, which are known as the four 'Ts’: Thirst being very thirsty (and possibly hungry), Toilet urinating (doing a wee) more often, Thinner weight loss when you haven’t been trying to lose weight, Tired feeling unusually tired or weak. […] Some people also have blurred vision. […] You may have these symptoms due to high blood glucose for a few days or a few weeks. […] Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) may be the first sign of type 1 diabetes for some people. […] Symptoms and signs include: fast breathing and heart rate, breath that smells like acetone (like paint thinner or nail polish remover), abdominal (tummy) pain, flushed cheeks, nausea and vomiting, dehydration. […] If you have type 1 diabetes, you can develop diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) if you: miss insulin injections, develop other health problems, such as an infection. […] Type 1 diabetes can’t be prevented, even by adopting a healthy lifestyle.

• #26 Type 1 diabetes | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/diabetes/type-1-diabetes/

  Having a consistently raised glucose level that doesn’t cause any symptoms can have damaging effects in the long term. […] If you develop hyperglycaemia, you may need to adjust your diet or your insulin dose to keep your glucose levels normal. Your diabetes care team can advise you about the best way to do this. […] If hyperglycaemia isn’t treated, it can lead to a condition called diabetic ketoacidosis, where the body begins to break down fats for energy instead of glucose, resulting in a build-up of ketones (acids) in your blood. […] Diabetic ketoacidosis is very serious and, if not addressed quickly, it can lead to unconsciousness and, eventually, death. […] The signs of diabetic ketoacidosis include: frequently passing urine, thirst, tiredness and lethargy (lack of energy), blurry vision, abdominal (stomach) pain, nausea and vomiting, deep breathing, smell of ketones on breath (described as smelling like pear drops), collapse and unconsciousness.

• #27 Type 1 Diabetes Symptoms and Warning Signs – Breakthrough T1D

  https://www.breakthrought1d.org/t1d-basics/symptoms/

  Excess glucose in the body can lodge in the lens of the eye, which sometimes causes blurred vision. […] Children with type 1 diabetes often have the following symptoms: Increased thirst […] Increased urination or bedwetting […] Increased hunger […] Fatigue […] Weight loss […] Diabetic ketoacidosis, or DKA, is a medical emergency and must be treated immediately. […] DKA happens when your cells can’t get fuel from the sugar in your blood and break down fat instead. This creates ketones, which are acids produced in your liver and released into your blood when your body breaks down fat for energy. […] The risk for ketones and DKA is higher during illness and when insulin doses are missed, or infusion sites are occluded. Insulin is essential to help the body clear ketones. […] Signs of DKA include: Ketones in the urine or blood […] Extreme exhaustion or fatigue […] Nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain […] Difficulty breathing […] Fruity odor on the breath […] Confusion or difficulty paying attention […] Loss of consciousness.

• #28 Signs And Symptoms Of Type 1 Diabetes In Children

  https://londondiabetes.com/type-1/children/signs-and-symptoms-of-type-1-diabetes-in-children/

  Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious diabetes complication that can develop when your child’s body doesn’t have the insulin needed to use glucose as fuel. Instead, their body breaks down fat, creating chemicals called ketones. When these acidic chemicals build up in your child’s bloodstream, they can become extremely unwell, with the symptoms of hyper, including thirst, tiredness, and blurred vision. […] Diabetic ketoacidosis is more common in children who have just developed type 1 diabetes. It can also develop if their diabetes isn’t controlled and they have hyperglycaemia or are unwell with an infection. […] Symptoms and signs of diabetic ketoacidosis in children include: Nausea and vomiting, Abdominal pain, The child may appear tired, floppy, and lethargic, As the condition develops, they may become difficult to rouse, Unconsciousness and coma, The smell of ketones on their breath – a smell like nail varnish remover or pear drops, Dehydration – dry lips and no tears, A deep and laboured pattern of breathing.

• #29 Type 1 Diabetes Symptoms and Warning Signs – Breakthrough T1D

  https://www.breakthrought1d.org/t1d-basics/symptoms/

  Excess glucose in the body can lodge in the lens of the eye, which sometimes causes blurred vision. […] Children with type 1 diabetes often have the following symptoms: Increased thirst […] Increased urination or bedwetting […] Increased hunger […] Fatigue […] Weight loss […] Diabetic ketoacidosis, or DKA, is a medical emergency and must be treated immediately. […] DKA happens when your cells can’t get fuel from the sugar in your blood and break down fat instead. This creates ketones, which are acids produced in your liver and released into your blood when your body breaks down fat for energy. […] The risk for ketones and DKA is higher during illness and when insulin doses are missed, or infusion sites are occluded. Insulin is essential to help the body clear ketones. […] Signs of DKA include: Ketones in the urine or blood […] Extreme exhaustion or fatigue […] Nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain […] Difficulty breathing […] Fruity odor on the breath […] Confusion or difficulty paying attention […] Loss of consciousness.

• #30 Type 1 Diabetes in Children | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/conditions/type-1-diabetes/

  The symptoms of type 1 diabetes typically develop quickly. If children are not diagnosed early, type 1 diabetes symptoms can quickly progress to nausea, vomiting, dehydration and severe illness. If a child has these symptoms, it’s important they come to the hospital immediately, as they often will need to be admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit.

• #31 Type 1 diabetes staging classification opens door for intervention | Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet

  https://www.trialnet.org/events-news/blog/type-1-diabetes-staging-classification-opens-door-intervention

  The new staging classification is vital to understanding how type 1 progresses. […] Clinical research supports the usefulness of diagnosing type 1 diabetes early before beta cell loss advances to stage 3. The earlier diagnosis is made in the disease process, the sooner intervention can take place, and the more beta cells are likely to remain. More beta cells may lead to better outcomes regarding blood sugar control and reduction of long-term complications. […] „TrialNet’s goal is to identify the disease at its earliest stage, delay progression, and ultimately prevent it. We offer screening and clinical trials for every stage of type 1 diabetes and close monitoring for disease progression,” explains Dr. Greenbaum. […] For people who participate in type 1 diabetes prevention research like TrialNet, the risk of DKA at diagnosis decreases from 30 percent to less than 4 percent.

• #32 Staging Presymptomatic Type 1 Diabetes: A Scientific Statement of JDRF, the Endocrine Society, and the American Diabetes Association

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5321245/

  Insights from prospective, longitudinal studies of individuals at risk for developing type 1 diabetes have demonstrated that the disease is a continuum that progresses sequentially at variable but predictable rates through distinct identifiable stages prior to the onset of symptoms. […] Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease with both genetic and environmental contributions that results over time in an immune-mediated loss of functional pancreatic -cell mass, leading to symptomatic diabetes and lifelong insulin dependence. […] The risk of developing symptomatic type 1 diabetes can be identified and quantified, the disease can be characterized into well-defined stages, and the rate of progression to symptomatic disease can be predicted with appreciable accuracy. […] Stage 1 represents individuals who have developed two or more type 1 diabetes-associated islet autoantibodies but are normoglycemic.

• #33 Type 1 diabetes staging classification opens door for intervention | Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet

  https://www.trialnet.org/events-news/blog/type-1-diabetes-staging-classification-opens-door-intervention

  For most people, the onset of type 1 diabetes seems to occur suddenly, often resulting in a trip to the emergency room with life-threatening complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). […] Type 1 diabetes can now be most accurately understood as a disease that progresses in three distinct stages. […] STAGE 1 is the start of type 1 diabetes. Individuals test positive for two or more diabetes-related autoantibodies. The immune system has already begun attacking the insulin-producing beta cells, although there are no symptoms and blood sugar remains normal. […] STAGE 2, like stage 1, includes individuals who have two or more diabetes-related autoantibodies, but now, blood sugar levels have become abnormal due to increasing loss of beta cells. There are still no symptoms. […] STAGE 3 is when clinical diagnosis typically takes place. By this time, there is significant beta cell loss and individuals generally show common symptoms of type 1 diabetes, which include frequent urination, excessive thirst, weight loss, and fatigue.

• #34 Stages of Type 1 | Emory School of Medicine

  https://med.emory.edu/departments/pediatrics/divisions/endocrinology/research/what-is-diabetes/type-1-stages.html

  Stage 1 is now considered the start of T1D. Individuals test positive for two or more diabetes-related autoantibodies identified by TrialNet screening. The immune system has started attacking insulin-producing beta cells, although blood sugar levels remain normal and no symptoms are present. […] Stage 2, like stage 1, includes individuals with two or more diabetes-related autoantibodies, but now blood sugar levels have become abnormal due to increasing loss of beta cells. There are still no symptoms. […] Stage 3 is when clinical diagnosis typically takes place. By this time, there is significant beta cell loss and symptoms of type 1 diabetes are usually present.

• #35 Type 1 diabetes staging classification opens door for intervention | Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet

  https://www.trialnet.org/events-news/blog/type-1-diabetes-staging-classification-opens-door-intervention

  For most people, the onset of type 1 diabetes seems to occur suddenly, often resulting in a trip to the emergency room with life-threatening complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). […] Type 1 diabetes can now be most accurately understood as a disease that progresses in three distinct stages. […] STAGE 1 is the start of type 1 diabetes. Individuals test positive for two or more diabetes-related autoantibodies. The immune system has already begun attacking the insulin-producing beta cells, although there are no symptoms and blood sugar remains normal. […] STAGE 2, like stage 1, includes individuals who have two or more diabetes-related autoantibodies, but now, blood sugar levels have become abnormal due to increasing loss of beta cells. There are still no symptoms. […] STAGE 3 is when clinical diagnosis typically takes place. By this time, there is significant beta cell loss and individuals generally show common symptoms of type 1 diabetes, which include frequent urination, excessive thirst, weight loss, and fatigue.

• #36 Staging Presymptomatic Type 1 Diabetes: A Scientific Statement of JDRF, the Endocrine Society, and the American Diabetes Association

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5321245/

  Insights from prospective, longitudinal studies of individuals at risk for developing type 1 diabetes have demonstrated that the disease is a continuum that progresses sequentially at variable but predictable rates through distinct identifiable stages prior to the onset of symptoms. […] Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease with both genetic and environmental contributions that results over time in an immune-mediated loss of functional pancreatic -cell mass, leading to symptomatic diabetes and lifelong insulin dependence. […] The risk of developing symptomatic type 1 diabetes can be identified and quantified, the disease can be characterized into well-defined stages, and the rate of progression to symptomatic disease can be predicted with appreciable accuracy. […] Stage 1 represents individuals who have developed two or more type 1 diabetes-associated islet autoantibodies but are normoglycemic.

• #37 Stages of Type 1 | Emory School of Medicine

  https://med.emory.edu/departments/pediatrics/divisions/endocrinology/research/what-is-diabetes/type-1-stages.html

  Stage 1 is now considered the start of T1D. Individuals test positive for two or more diabetes-related autoantibodies identified by TrialNet screening. The immune system has started attacking insulin-producing beta cells, although blood sugar levels remain normal and no symptoms are present. […] Stage 2, like stage 1, includes individuals with two or more diabetes-related autoantibodies, but now blood sugar levels have become abnormal due to increasing loss of beta cells. There are still no symptoms. […] Stage 3 is when clinical diagnosis typically takes place. By this time, there is significant beta cell loss and symptoms of type 1 diabetes are usually present.

• #38 T1D Facts | Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet

  https://www.trialnet.org/t1d-facts

  Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that progresses in three stages. […] In stage 1, individuals test positive for two or more diabetes-related autoantibodies, identified by TrialNet T1D risk screening. The immune system has started attacking insulin-making beta cells. Blood sugar levels remain normal and no symptoms are present. […] In stage 2, individuals have two or more diabetes-related autoantibodies, but now blood sugar levels have become abnormal. This is due to an increased loss of beta cells. Still, there are often no symptoms. […] In stage 3, T1D symptoms are present due to significant beta cell loss. Common symptoms include increased thirst and urination, unexplained weight loss, blurred vision, and fatigue. Some people are diagnosed with T1D when they are hospitalized with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a serious and potentially life-threatening condition.

• #39 Staging Presymptomatic Type 1 Diabetes: A Scientific Statement of JDRF, the Endocrine Society, and the American Diabetes Association

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5321245/

  The 5-year and 10-year risks of symptomatic disease are approximately 44% and 70%, respectively, and the lifetime risk approaches 100%. […] Stage 2, like stage 1, includes individuals with two or more islet autoantibodies but whose disease has now progressed to the development of glucose intolerance, or dysglycemia, from loss of functional -cell mass. […] The 5-year risk of symptomatic disease at this stage is approximately 75%, and the lifetime risk approaches 100%. […] Stage 3 represents manifestations of the typical clinical symptoms and signs of diabetes, which may include polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, fatigue, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and others. […] The detection of two or more islet autoantibodies increases the rate of progression to symptomatic type 1 diabetes. […] Thus, the lifetime risk of developing symptomatic type 1 diabetes approaches 100% once two or more islet autoantibodies are detected in genetically at-risk children.

• #40 Staging Presymptomatic Type 1 Diabetes: A Scientific Statement of JDRF, the Endocrine Society, and the American Diabetes Association

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5321245/

  The presence of two or more autoantibodies is used as the major criterion for stage 1. […] The majority of individuals (85%) with a single autoantibody do not progress to overt symptomatic type 1 diabetes within 10 years. […] Stage 2 has been defined in several studies by impaired fasting plasma glucose of 100 mg/dL or 110 mg/dL, impaired glucose tolerance with 2-h plasma glucose with a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) of 140 mg/dL, and/or HbA1c 5.7%. […] At this stage of the disease, there is 60% risk in 2 years and 75% risk in 4-5 years of developing symptomatic type 1 diabetes, with a positive predictive value of 96% within 5 years. […] There is an accelerated decline in the first-phase insulin response on intravenous glucose tolerance tests during the progression to type 1 diabetes, which becomes especially marked between 1.5 and 0.5 years before diagnosis. […] Individuals in this stage have, on average, a prolonged, gradual metabolic deterioration with the persistence of substantial -cell function until at least 6 months before type 1 diabetes occurs.

• #41 Type 1 diabetes staging classification opens door for intervention | Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet

  https://www.trialnet.org/events-news/blog/type-1-diabetes-staging-classification-opens-door-intervention

  For most people, the onset of type 1 diabetes seems to occur suddenly, often resulting in a trip to the emergency room with life-threatening complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). […] Type 1 diabetes can now be most accurately understood as a disease that progresses in three distinct stages. […] STAGE 1 is the start of type 1 diabetes. Individuals test positive for two or more diabetes-related autoantibodies. The immune system has already begun attacking the insulin-producing beta cells, although there are no symptoms and blood sugar remains normal. […] STAGE 2, like stage 1, includes individuals who have two or more diabetes-related autoantibodies, but now, blood sugar levels have become abnormal due to increasing loss of beta cells. There are still no symptoms. […] STAGE 3 is when clinical diagnosis typically takes place. By this time, there is significant beta cell loss and individuals generally show common symptoms of type 1 diabetes, which include frequent urination, excessive thirst, weight loss, and fatigue.

• #42 Stages of Type 1 | Emory School of Medicine

  https://med.emory.edu/departments/pediatrics/divisions/endocrinology/research/what-is-diabetes/type-1-stages.html

  Stage 1 is now considered the start of T1D. Individuals test positive for two or more diabetes-related autoantibodies identified by TrialNet screening. The immune system has started attacking insulin-producing beta cells, although blood sugar levels remain normal and no symptoms are present. […] Stage 2, like stage 1, includes individuals with two or more diabetes-related autoantibodies, but now blood sugar levels have become abnormal due to increasing loss of beta cells. There are still no symptoms. […] Stage 3 is when clinical diagnosis typically takes place. By this time, there is significant beta cell loss and symptoms of type 1 diabetes are usually present.

• #43 T1D Facts | Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet

  https://www.trialnet.org/t1d-facts

  Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that progresses in three stages. […] In stage 1, individuals test positive for two or more diabetes-related autoantibodies, identified by TrialNet T1D risk screening. The immune system has started attacking insulin-making beta cells. Blood sugar levels remain normal and no symptoms are present. […] In stage 2, individuals have two or more diabetes-related autoantibodies, but now blood sugar levels have become abnormal. This is due to an increased loss of beta cells. Still, there are often no symptoms. […] In stage 3, T1D symptoms are present due to significant beta cell loss. Common symptoms include increased thirst and urination, unexplained weight loss, blurred vision, and fatigue. Some people are diagnosed with T1D when they are hospitalized with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a serious and potentially life-threatening condition.

• #44 Staging Presymptomatic Type 1 Diabetes: A Scientific Statement of JDRF, the Endocrine Society, and the American Diabetes Association

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5321245/

  The presence of two or more autoantibodies is used as the major criterion for stage 1. […] The majority of individuals (85%) with a single autoantibody do not progress to overt symptomatic type 1 diabetes within 10 years. […] Stage 2 has been defined in several studies by impaired fasting plasma glucose of 100 mg/dL or 110 mg/dL, impaired glucose tolerance with 2-h plasma glucose with a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) of 140 mg/dL, and/or HbA1c 5.7%. […] At this stage of the disease, there is 60% risk in 2 years and 75% risk in 4-5 years of developing symptomatic type 1 diabetes, with a positive predictive value of 96% within 5 years. […] There is an accelerated decline in the first-phase insulin response on intravenous glucose tolerance tests during the progression to type 1 diabetes, which becomes especially marked between 1.5 and 0.5 years before diagnosis. […] Individuals in this stage have, on average, a prolonged, gradual metabolic deterioration with the persistence of substantial -cell function until at least 6 months before type 1 diabetes occurs.

• #45 Type 1 diabetes staging classification opens door for intervention | Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet

  https://www.trialnet.org/events-news/blog/type-1-diabetes-staging-classification-opens-door-intervention

  For most people, the onset of type 1 diabetes seems to occur suddenly, often resulting in a trip to the emergency room with life-threatening complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). […] Type 1 diabetes can now be most accurately understood as a disease that progresses in three distinct stages. […] STAGE 1 is the start of type 1 diabetes. Individuals test positive for two or more diabetes-related autoantibodies. The immune system has already begun attacking the insulin-producing beta cells, although there are no symptoms and blood sugar remains normal. […] STAGE 2, like stage 1, includes individuals who have two or more diabetes-related autoantibodies, but now, blood sugar levels have become abnormal due to increasing loss of beta cells. There are still no symptoms. […] STAGE 3 is when clinical diagnosis typically takes place. By this time, there is significant beta cell loss and individuals generally show common symptoms of type 1 diabetes, which include frequent urination, excessive thirst, weight loss, and fatigue.

• #46 Staging Presymptomatic Type 1 Diabetes: A Scientific Statement of JDRF, the Endocrine Society, and the American Diabetes Association

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5321245/

  The presence of two or more autoantibodies is used as the major criterion for stage 1. […] The majority of individuals (85%) with a single autoantibody do not progress to overt symptomatic type 1 diabetes within 10 years. […] Stage 2 has been defined in several studies by impaired fasting plasma glucose of 100 mg/dL or 110 mg/dL, impaired glucose tolerance with 2-h plasma glucose with a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) of 140 mg/dL, and/or HbA1c 5.7%. […] At this stage of the disease, there is 60% risk in 2 years and 75% risk in 4-5 years of developing symptomatic type 1 diabetes, with a positive predictive value of 96% within 5 years. […] There is an accelerated decline in the first-phase insulin response on intravenous glucose tolerance tests during the progression to type 1 diabetes, which becomes especially marked between 1.5 and 0.5 years before diagnosis. […] Individuals in this stage have, on average, a prolonged, gradual metabolic deterioration with the persistence of substantial -cell function until at least 6 months before type 1 diabetes occurs.

• #47 Staging Presymptomatic Type 1 Diabetes: A Scientific Statement of JDRF, the Endocrine Society, and the American Diabetes Association

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5321245/

  The presence of two or more autoantibodies is used as the major criterion for stage 1. […] The majority of individuals (85%) with a single autoantibody do not progress to overt symptomatic type 1 diabetes within 10 years. […] Stage 2 has been defined in several studies by impaired fasting plasma glucose of 100 mg/dL or 110 mg/dL, impaired glucose tolerance with 2-h plasma glucose with a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) of 140 mg/dL, and/or HbA1c 5.7%. […] At this stage of the disease, there is 60% risk in 2 years and 75% risk in 4-5 years of developing symptomatic type 1 diabetes, with a positive predictive value of 96% within 5 years. […] There is an accelerated decline in the first-phase insulin response on intravenous glucose tolerance tests during the progression to type 1 diabetes, which becomes especially marked between 1.5 and 0.5 years before diagnosis. […] Individuals in this stage have, on average, a prolonged, gradual metabolic deterioration with the persistence of substantial -cell function until at least 6 months before type 1 diabetes occurs.

• #48 Stages of Type 1 | Emory School of Medicine

  https://med.emory.edu/departments/pediatrics/divisions/endocrinology/research/what-is-diabetes/type-1-stages.html

  Stage 1 is now considered the start of T1D. Individuals test positive for two or more diabetes-related autoantibodies identified by TrialNet screening. The immune system has started attacking insulin-producing beta cells, although blood sugar levels remain normal and no symptoms are present. […] Stage 2, like stage 1, includes individuals with two or more diabetes-related autoantibodies, but now blood sugar levels have become abnormal due to increasing loss of beta cells. There are still no symptoms. […] Stage 3 is when clinical diagnosis typically takes place. By this time, there is significant beta cell loss and symptoms of type 1 diabetes are usually present.

• #49

  https://starship.org.nz/what-is-type-1-diabetes

  The common signs and symptoms of type 1 diabetes are: […] Passing urine frequently (bedwetting is common) […] Very thirsty and drinking lots […] Weight loss […] Tiredness […] Tummy pain […] Excessive hunger […] Decreased concentration at school […] Mood changes […] Poor healing (chronic infections such as thrush). […] Once the immune system is triggered, the process of beta cell (insulin making cells) destruction in the pancreas begins. The symptoms of diabetes do not happen until approximately 90% of the beta cells are destroyed. […] When the body does not make insulin the glucose in the blood rises and the extra glucose spills over into the urine. […] Because there is no insulin available to allow the glucose to be used as energy, the body starts to break down fat as an alternate energy source. This results in weight loss.

• #50 Type 1 diabetes staging classification opens door for intervention | Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet

  https://www.trialnet.org/events-news/blog/type-1-diabetes-staging-classification-opens-door-intervention

  For most people, the onset of type 1 diabetes seems to occur suddenly, often resulting in a trip to the emergency room with life-threatening complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). […] Type 1 diabetes can now be most accurately understood as a disease that progresses in three distinct stages. […] STAGE 1 is the start of type 1 diabetes. Individuals test positive for two or more diabetes-related autoantibodies. The immune system has already begun attacking the insulin-producing beta cells, although there are no symptoms and blood sugar remains normal. […] STAGE 2, like stage 1, includes individuals who have two or more diabetes-related autoantibodies, but now, blood sugar levels have become abnormal due to increasing loss of beta cells. There are still no symptoms. […] STAGE 3 is when clinical diagnosis typically takes place. By this time, there is significant beta cell loss and individuals generally show common symptoms of type 1 diabetes, which include frequent urination, excessive thirst, weight loss, and fatigue.

• #51 Type 1 Diabetes – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507713/

  Type 1 diabetes is a disease involving the immune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic -cells, leading to insulin deficiency. Individuals with type 1 diabetes require lifelong exogenous insulin replacement. Without insulin, patients can develop severe hyperglycemia and, ultimately, diabetic ketoacidosis, which can be life-threatening. Classic symptoms at the onset include polyuria, polydipsia, and unintentional weight loss, but the clinical presentation varies individually. Adults with new-onset T1D usually present with symptoms similar to those seen in children but may have a more gradual progression. Diabetic ketoacidosis is more prevalent among young patients with new-onset T1D. Stage 3 is characterized by the clinical onset of disease where individuals present with symptomatic hyperglycemia. The diagnostic criteria include diabetes, defined by hyperglycemia (random glucose 200 mg/dL) with clinical symptoms, fasting glucose of at least 126 mg/dL, blood glucose level of at least 200 mg/dL 2 hours after ingesting 75 g of glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test, or HbA1c greater than or equal to 6.5%. T1D classically presents with symptomatic hyperglycemia, especially in children. Individuals with classic new-onset T1D usually present with symptoms of polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, unintentional weight loss, fatigue, and weakness. Life-threatening DKA can develop if T1D is not evaluated and treated promptly. The onset of symptoms in adults is more variable than in younger patients, and DKA is less common. Patients are often misdiagnosed with T2D and later found to be insulin-dependent.

• #52 T1D Facts | Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet

  https://www.trialnet.org/t1d-facts

  Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that progresses in three stages. […] In stage 1, individuals test positive for two or more diabetes-related autoantibodies, identified by TrialNet T1D risk screening. The immune system has started attacking insulin-making beta cells. Blood sugar levels remain normal and no symptoms are present. […] In stage 2, individuals have two or more diabetes-related autoantibodies, but now blood sugar levels have become abnormal. This is due to an increased loss of beta cells. Still, there are often no symptoms. […] In stage 3, T1D symptoms are present due to significant beta cell loss. Common symptoms include increased thirst and urination, unexplained weight loss, blurred vision, and fatigue. Some people are diagnosed with T1D when they are hospitalized with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a serious and potentially life-threatening condition.

• #53 Understanding Type 1 Diabetes | ADA

  https://diabetes.org/about-diabetes/type-1

  By knowing and recognizing the symptoms above, you can learn if you have type 1 diabetes early and avoid complications, like diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). […] A honeymoon period can last as little as a week or even up to a year. It’s important to know that the absence of symptoms doesn’t mean the diabetes is gone. The pancreas will eventually be unable to make enough insulin, and, if untreated, the symptoms will return.

• #54 Stages and diagnosis of T1D | Breakthrough T1D

  https://breakthrought1d.ca/stages-and-diagnosis-of-t1d/

  After beginning insulin therapy at diagnosis, many people with T1D enter a “honeymoon phase”. The introduction of exogenous (external) insulin gives existing beta cells a break from the constant stress that they have been under for months or years. […] Eventually, the majority of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas cease functioning and the diabetes symptoms return. […] No matter how good A1C or blood glucose tests are during the honeymoon phase, the disease is still present and killing beta cells in the pancreas responsible for producing insulin. […] Screening for early-stage T1D and understanding how the autoimmune process attacks beta cells provide an opportunity to create therapies to delay, or maybe even prevent, the progression of type 1 diabetes. […] Teplizumab (brand name Tzield) was approved by the FDA in 2022 for use in stage 2 T1D to delay the progression to diagnosis. […] Ultimately, the hope is that T1D screening will be a pathway to a cure, catching the disease and treating it before it can start.

• #55 Stages and diagnosis of T1D | Breakthrough T1D

  https://breakthrought1d.ca/stages-and-diagnosis-of-t1d/

  After beginning insulin therapy at diagnosis, many people with T1D enter a “honeymoon phase”. The introduction of exogenous (external) insulin gives existing beta cells a break from the constant stress that they have been under for months or years. […] Eventually, the majority of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas cease functioning and the diabetes symptoms return. […] No matter how good A1C or blood glucose tests are during the honeymoon phase, the disease is still present and killing beta cells in the pancreas responsible for producing insulin. […] Screening for early-stage T1D and understanding how the autoimmune process attacks beta cells provide an opportunity to create therapies to delay, or maybe even prevent, the progression of type 1 diabetes. […] Teplizumab (brand name Tzield) was approved by the FDA in 2022 for use in stage 2 T1D to delay the progression to diagnosis. […] Ultimately, the hope is that T1D screening will be a pathway to a cure, catching the disease and treating it before it can start.

• #56 Type 1 diabetes | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/diabetes/type-1-diabetes/

  The symptoms of type 1 diabetes usually develop very quickly in young people (over a few hours or days). In adults, the symptoms often take longer to develop (a few days or weeks). […] The symptoms of type 1 diabetes should disappear when you start taking insulin and you get the condition under control. […] The main symptoms of diabetes are: feeling very thirsty, urinating more frequently than usual, particularly at night, feeling very tired, weight loss and loss of muscle bulk, itchiness around the genital area, or regular bouts of thrush (a yeast infection), blurred vision caused by the lens of your eye changing shape. […] Vomiting or heavy, deep breathing can also occur at a later stage. This is a dangerous sign and requires immediate admission to hospital for treatment. […] If diabetes is left untreated, it can cause a number of different health problems. Large amounts of glucose can damage blood vessels, nerves and organs.

• #57 Type 1 Diabetes | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/endocrinology-diabetes-and-metabolism/type-1-diabetes

  Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas does not make enough insulin because the cells that produce insulin have been destroyed by the immune system. […] Type 1 is the most common type of diabetes found in children and young adults. It is now believed that diabetes develops gradually, over many months or even years. […] People with Type 1 disease are often thin to normal weight and often lose weight prior to diagnosis. […] Symptoms of Type 1 diabetes may include any combination of: Frequent urination, Increased thirst, Increased appetite, Weight loss, Tiredness, Blurred vision, Nausea, vomiting, stomach ache. […] People with type 1 diabetes will need insulin for the rest of their lives; however, there is often a honeymoon period that occurs a short time after the diagnosis of diabetes. […] After the honeymoon period ends, the body will need more insulin. […] People with type 1 diabetes may live a long, healthy life by keeping tight management of their blood sugar.

• #58 Understanding Type 1 Diabetes | ADA

  https://diabetes.org/about-diabetes/type-1

  By knowing and recognizing the symptoms above, you can learn if you have type 1 diabetes early and avoid complications, like diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). […] A honeymoon period can last as little as a week or even up to a year. It’s important to know that the absence of symptoms doesn’t mean the diabetes is gone. The pancreas will eventually be unable to make enough insulin, and, if untreated, the symptoms will return.

• #59 Stages and diagnosis of T1D | Breakthrough T1D

  https://breakthrought1d.ca/stages-and-diagnosis-of-t1d/

  After beginning insulin therapy at diagnosis, many people with T1D enter a “honeymoon phase”. The introduction of exogenous (external) insulin gives existing beta cells a break from the constant stress that they have been under for months or years. […] Eventually, the majority of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas cease functioning and the diabetes symptoms return. […] No matter how good A1C or blood glucose tests are during the honeymoon phase, the disease is still present and killing beta cells in the pancreas responsible for producing insulin. […] Screening for early-stage T1D and understanding how the autoimmune process attacks beta cells provide an opportunity to create therapies to delay, or maybe even prevent, the progression of type 1 diabetes. […] Teplizumab (brand name Tzield) was approved by the FDA in 2022 for use in stage 2 T1D to delay the progression to diagnosis. […] Ultimately, the hope is that T1D screening will be a pathway to a cure, catching the disease and treating it before it can start.

• #60 Understanding Type 1 Diabetes | ADA

  https://diabetes.org/about-diabetes/type-1

  By knowing and recognizing the symptoms above, you can learn if you have type 1 diabetes early and avoid complications, like diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). […] A honeymoon period can last as little as a week or even up to a year. It’s important to know that the absence of symptoms doesn’t mean the diabetes is gone. The pancreas will eventually be unable to make enough insulin, and, if untreated, the symptoms will return.

• #61 Type 1 Diabetes: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/type-1-diabetes-symptoms-causes-treatments

  Symptoms include increased urination and thirst, fatigue, blurred vision […] It can cause a range of symptoms, including more frequent urination than usual, increased thirst, weight loss, fatigue, and blurry vision. […] Symptoms of type 1 diabetes may include: Increased urination, Waking at night to urinate, Loss of control over urination, especially while sleeping (bedwetting), Increased thirst, appetite, and hunger, Feeling tired, Weakness, Blurred vision, Unintentional weight loss, Slow-healing wounds. […] High blood glucose levels cause many symptoms, such as blurry vision and increased urination, and over time, can lead to serious complications. […] Type 1 diabetes is a chronic condition that requires lifelong treatment and monitoring. Unfortunately, there is no cure, but with good control of blood glucose levels and lifestyle changes, people with type 1 diabetes can delay or even prevent the onset of many complications associated with the disorder.

• #62 Type 1 Diabetes: Signs and Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/diabetes-type-1

  Type 1 diabetes is always treated with insulin. An insulin pump or multiple insulin injections each day will help you replace your body’s missing insulin and manage your condition. […] Managing type 1 diabetes is very important. If high blood glucose is not treated, glucose starts attaching to proteins in the body and causes organ damage. This affects the eyes, kidneys, heart, blood vessels and nerves. It happens after many years. The best way to make these less likely is to keep the blood glucose as normal as possible. […] Type 1 diabetes can be managed by insulin injections. If blood glucose is kept under control, then the complications of diabetes are less likely. […] Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) can be very dangerous. If your child has DKA symptoms, contact your health care provider immediately or go to the emergency room.

• #63 Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/type-1-diabetes-mellitus-a-to-z

  Nerve damage (neuropathy) High blood sugar can damage nerves, leading to pain or numbness of the affected body part. Damage to nerves in the feet, legs and hands (peripheral neuropathy) is most common. Nerves that control body functions, such as digestion and urination, also can be damaged. […] Foot problems Sores and blisters commonly occur on the feet of people with diabetes. If peripheral neuropathy causes numbness, a sore may not be noticed. If it is not noticed, it can more easily become infected. Blood circulation can be poor, leading to slow healing. Left untreated, a simple sore can lead to gangrene. Amputation may be necessary. […] Kidney disease (nephropathy) High blood sugar can damage the kidneys. If blood sugar remains high, it can lead to kidney failure. […] Heart and artery disease People with type 1 diabetes are more likely to have heart disease, strokes and problems related to poor circulation.

• #64 Type 1 diabetes – symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/type-1-diabetes

  Type 1 diabetes is when your immune system attacks and destroys the cells in your pancreas that normally make insulin. […] Symptoms of type 1 diabetes include thirst, frequent urination (needing to wee often), weight loss and fatigue. […] You may have the following symptoms of type 1 diabetes, which are known as the four 'Ts’: Thirst being very thirsty (and possibly hungry), Toilet urinating (doing a wee) more often, Thinner weight loss when you haven’t been trying to lose weight, Tired feeling unusually tired or weak. […] Some people also have blurred vision. […] You may have these symptoms due to high blood glucose for a few days or a few weeks. […] Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) may be the first sign of type 1 diabetes for some people. […] Symptoms and signs include: fast breathing and heart rate, breath that smells like acetone (like paint thinner or nail polish remover), abdominal (tummy) pain, flushed cheeks, nausea and vomiting, dehydration. […] If you have type 1 diabetes, you can develop diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) if you: miss insulin injections, develop other health problems, such as an infection. […] Type 1 diabetes can’t be prevented, even by adopting a healthy lifestyle.

• #65 Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/type-1-diabetes-mellitus-a-to-z

  Ketoacidosis occurs because cells can’t use the glucose they need for energy. So the cells have to use something else. In response to low insulin levels, the liver produces an alternative fuel called ketones. Ketones are a kind of acid. When they build up in the blood, it’s called ketoacidosis. Ketoacidosis can cause heart problems and affect the nervous system. Within hours, it may put a person at risk of coma or death. […] Even after it is diagnosed and treatment is begun, type 1 diabetes can affect all body systems. It is less likely to damage the body, and cause symptoms, if the blood sugar levels are well controlled by treatment. […] The serious and potentially life-threatening complications that can occur with type 1 diabetes include: Eye damage (retinopathy) Tiny blood vessels of the retina (the back of the eye, the part that senses light) are damaged by high blood sugar. Damage to the vessels can stop the flow of blood to a part of the retina, or cause bleeding into the retina. Both events damage the ability of the retina to sense light. Diabetes also can cause a proliferation of new blood vessels that don’t effectively feed blood to the retina, but that do leak and bleed. Caught early, retinopathy can be stopped by tightly controlling blood sugar and laser therapy. If blood sugar remains high, retinopathy eventually causes blindness.

• #66 Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/type-1-diabetes-mellitus-a-to-z

  Nerve damage (neuropathy) High blood sugar can damage nerves, leading to pain or numbness of the affected body part. Damage to nerves in the feet, legs and hands (peripheral neuropathy) is most common. Nerves that control body functions, such as digestion and urination, also can be damaged. […] Foot problems Sores and blisters commonly occur on the feet of people with diabetes. If peripheral neuropathy causes numbness, a sore may not be noticed. If it is not noticed, it can more easily become infected. Blood circulation can be poor, leading to slow healing. Left untreated, a simple sore can lead to gangrene. Amputation may be necessary. […] Kidney disease (nephropathy) High blood sugar can damage the kidneys. If blood sugar remains high, it can lead to kidney failure. […] Heart and artery disease People with type 1 diabetes are more likely to have heart disease, strokes and problems related to poor circulation.

• #67 Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/type-1-diabetes-mellitus-a-to-z

  Nerve damage (neuropathy) High blood sugar can damage nerves, leading to pain or numbness of the affected body part. Damage to nerves in the feet, legs and hands (peripheral neuropathy) is most common. Nerves that control body functions, such as digestion and urination, also can be damaged. […] Foot problems Sores and blisters commonly occur on the feet of people with diabetes. If peripheral neuropathy causes numbness, a sore may not be noticed. If it is not noticed, it can more easily become infected. Blood circulation can be poor, leading to slow healing. Left untreated, a simple sore can lead to gangrene. Amputation may be necessary. […] Kidney disease (nephropathy) High blood sugar can damage the kidneys. If blood sugar remains high, it can lead to kidney failure. […] Heart and artery disease People with type 1 diabetes are more likely to have heart disease, strokes and problems related to poor circulation.

• #68 Type 1 Diabetes – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/type-1-diabetes

  After many years, diabetes can lead to serious health problems, and as a result, many other symptoms. […] Type 1 diabetes is a lifelong disease and there is no cure. […] Tight control of blood glucose can prevent, delay, and minimize diabetes complications. But these problems can occur, even in people with good diabetes control. […] After many years, diabetes can lead to serious health problems: You could have eye problems, including trouble seeing (especially at night), cataracts, and sensitivity to light. You could become blind. Your feet and skin could develop sores and infections. If you have these sores for too long, your foot or leg may need to be amputated. Infection can also cause pain, swelling, and itching. Diabetes may make it harder to control your blood pressure and cholesterol. This can lead to heart attack, stroke, and other problems. It can become harder for blood to flow to your legs and feet. Nerves in your body can become damaged, causing pain, itching, tingling, and numbness. Because of nerve damage, you could have problems digesting the food you eat. You could feel weakness or have trouble going to the bathroom. Nerve damage can also make it harder for men to have an erection. High blood sugar and other problems can lead to kidney damage. The kidneys may not work as well as they used to. They may even stop working, so that you would need dialysis or a kidney transplant. High blood sugar can weaken your immune system. This may make it more likely for you to get infections, including life-threatening skin and fungal infections.

• #69 Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/type-1-diabetes-mellitus-a-to-z

  Nerve damage (neuropathy) High blood sugar can damage nerves, leading to pain or numbness of the affected body part. Damage to nerves in the feet, legs and hands (peripheral neuropathy) is most common. Nerves that control body functions, such as digestion and urination, also can be damaged. […] Foot problems Sores and blisters commonly occur on the feet of people with diabetes. If peripheral neuropathy causes numbness, a sore may not be noticed. If it is not noticed, it can more easily become infected. Blood circulation can be poor, leading to slow healing. Left untreated, a simple sore can lead to gangrene. Amputation may be necessary. […] Kidney disease (nephropathy) High blood sugar can damage the kidneys. If blood sugar remains high, it can lead to kidney failure. […] Heart and artery disease People with type 1 diabetes are more likely to have heart disease, strokes and problems related to poor circulation.

• #70 Type 1 Diabetes: Causes, Symptoms, Complications & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21500-type-1-diabetes

  Type 1 diabetes is a challenging condition to manage properly, especially consistently throughout your lifetime. Because of this, T1D is associated with several complications. Close to 50% of people with Type 1 diabetes will develop a serious complication over their lifetime. Some may lose eyesight while others may develop end-stage kidney disease. […] For those who reach the first 20 years after diagnosis without any complications, the prognosis (outlook) is good.

• #71 Diabetes: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/7104-diabetes

  Symptoms of diabetes include increased thirst, frequent urination and slow-healing cuts and sores. The severity of symptoms can vary based on the type of diabetes you have. These symptoms are usually more intense in Type 1 diabetes than Type 2 diabetes. […] Type 1 diabetes: Symptoms of T1D can develop quickly over a few weeks or months. You may develop additional symptoms that are signs of a severe complication called diabetes-related ketoacidosis (DKA). DKA is life-threatening and requires immediate medical treatment. DKA symptoms include vomiting, stomach pains, fruity-smelling breath and labored breathing. […] Diabetes can lead to acute (sudden and severe) and long-term complications mainly due to extreme or prolonged high blood sugar levels. […] Chronic high blood sugar can cause severe complications, which are usually irreversible. Several studies have shown that untreated chronic high blood sugar shortens your lifespan and worsens your quality of life.

• #72 Type 1 Diabetes – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/type-1-diabetes

  After many years, diabetes can lead to serious health problems, and as a result, many other symptoms. […] Type 1 diabetes is a lifelong disease and there is no cure. […] Tight control of blood glucose can prevent, delay, and minimize diabetes complications. But these problems can occur, even in people with good diabetes control. […] After many years, diabetes can lead to serious health problems: You could have eye problems, including trouble seeing (especially at night), cataracts, and sensitivity to light. You could become blind. Your feet and skin could develop sores and infections. If you have these sores for too long, your foot or leg may need to be amputated. Infection can also cause pain, swelling, and itching. Diabetes may make it harder to control your blood pressure and cholesterol. This can lead to heart attack, stroke, and other problems. It can become harder for blood to flow to your legs and feet. Nerves in your body can become damaged, causing pain, itching, tingling, and numbness. Because of nerve damage, you could have problems digesting the food you eat. You could feel weakness or have trouble going to the bathroom. Nerve damage can also make it harder for men to have an erection. High blood sugar and other problems can lead to kidney damage. The kidneys may not work as well as they used to. They may even stop working, so that you would need dialysis or a kidney transplant. High blood sugar can weaken your immune system. This may make it more likely for you to get infections, including life-threatening skin and fungal infections.

• #73 Type 1 symptoms – Diabetes Canada

  https://www.diabetes.ca/about-diabetes/type-1/symptoms

  There are a variety of symptoms associated with type 1 diabetes. These symptoms can develop quickly and range in severity. Most people with type 1 diabetes are diagnosed in childhood and early adulthood, but it can appear at any age. […] Common symptoms of type 1 diabetes: unusual thirst, frequent urination, weight change (gain or loss), extreme fatigue or lack of energy, blurred vision, frequent or recurring infections, cuts and bruises that are slow to heal, tingling or numbness in the hands or feet, trouble getting or maintaining an erection, diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA). […] If you or a loved one suspect type 1 diabetes seek medical attention as soon as possible. These signs could lead to a serious life-threatening situation.

• #74 Type 1 diabetes symptoms | Diabetes UK

  https://www.diabetes.org.uk/about-diabetes/type-1-diabetes/symptoms

  The symptoms of type 1 diabetes are similar at any age, but you may notice certain things in your child that aren’t normal for them. […] If you or a family member is showing any of these symptoms, contact your GP surgery straight away, call 111 for advice or go to AE if your symptoms are getting worse. […] The symptoms of type 1 diabetes tend to come on quickly, over just a few days or weeks, and this is especially true in children. […] During my first year at medical school, that I started to lose weight. In fact, I lost a lot of weight, dropping from about 100 kilos to 70 it got to the point where I couldn’t go an hour without needing the toilet and I was drinking around six or seven litres of water a day – the thirst really was unbelievable.

• #75 Type 1 Diabetes – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507713/

  Type 1 diabetes is a disease involving the immune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic -cells, leading to insulin deficiency. Individuals with type 1 diabetes require lifelong exogenous insulin replacement. Without insulin, patients can develop severe hyperglycemia and, ultimately, diabetic ketoacidosis, which can be life-threatening. Classic symptoms at the onset include polyuria, polydipsia, and unintentional weight loss, but the clinical presentation varies individually. Adults with new-onset T1D usually present with symptoms similar to those seen in children but may have a more gradual progression. Diabetic ketoacidosis is more prevalent among young patients with new-onset T1D. Stage 3 is characterized by the clinical onset of disease where individuals present with symptomatic hyperglycemia. The diagnostic criteria include diabetes, defined by hyperglycemia (random glucose 200 mg/dL) with clinical symptoms, fasting glucose of at least 126 mg/dL, blood glucose level of at least 200 mg/dL 2 hours after ingesting 75 g of glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test, or HbA1c greater than or equal to 6.5%. T1D classically presents with symptomatic hyperglycemia, especially in children. Individuals with classic new-onset T1D usually present with symptoms of polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, unintentional weight loss, fatigue, and weakness. Life-threatening DKA can develop if T1D is not evaluated and treated promptly. The onset of symptoms in adults is more variable than in younger patients, and DKA is less common. Patients are often misdiagnosed with T2D and later found to be insulin-dependent.

• #76

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/chronic/Pages/Diabetes-Mellitus-Type-1-Diabetes.aspx

  Symptoms of type 1 diabetes largely result from the lack of energy caused by the body not being able to use glucose. High ketone levels in the bloodstream can also cause symptoms. So can high sugar levels in the bloodstream that spill into the urine and pull water along with it, causing dehydration (lack of fluids). […] Type 1 diabetes symptoms in children can include: Increased thirst and increased urination (peeing). This can be missed in infants who are not toilet trained, because parents may not realize that they are in need of more frequent diaper changes. Also, „accidents” in a toddler and older children previously toilet-trained may be overlooked. Hunger, at times extreme, associated with weight loss. Fatigue or feeling tired. Headache. Irritability or unusual behavior. Blurry vision (not a common symptom, but this can occur if the sugar is very high).

• #77 Stages and diagnosis of T1D | Breakthrough T1D

  https://breakthrought1d.ca/stages-and-diagnosis-of-t1d/

  A type 1 diabetes (T1D) diagnosis can happen suddenly and unexpectedly. Many times, particularly in children, the disease might first appear to be like a bad cold or flu. […] What we now know from research over the past decade or two is that the autoimmune process is ongoing in the body for months or years before diagnosis. This is now referred to as ‘early stage T1D’ (or stage 1 and stage 2): […] With or without screening, it is important to always be watching for key symptoms of type 1 diabetes. These are often referred to as the 4 T’s: Thirsty, Toilet (frequent urination, possibly bed-wetting in a toilet-trained child), Thin (losing weight without trying), Tired (fatigue and lethargy). […] T1D often initially presents itself with the above symptoms, but it can only be properly identified through a series of tests. It’s important for healthcare providers to be aware of the signs and symptoms of T1D, as often people are only diagnosed at the point of diabetic ketoacidosis or DKA. DKA is a serious life-threatening condition that needs immediate treatment.

• #78 Signs, Symptoms and Diagnosis of Diabetes | HonorHealth

  https://www.honorhealth.com/medical-services/diabetes/signs-symptoms-diagnosis

  The signs and symptoms of Type 1 diabetes usually develop quickly, especially in children, over a period of weeks. In babies and young children, the first indication of Type 1 diabetes may be a yeast infection that causes a severe diaper rash that’s far worse than the common red, puffy and tender skin rash. In young children and infants, lethargy, dehydration and abdominal pain also may indicate Type 1 diabetes. […] Once the symptoms appear, a blood test generally will reveal very high blood glucose. […] The most common symptoms of undiagnosed Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are: […] Extreme thirst and a greater need to urinate: As excess glucose (sugar) builds up in the bloodstream, fluid is pulled from the tissues. The loss of fluid makes you thirsty. As a result, you may drink and urinate more than usual.

• #79 How quickly do Type 1 Diabetes Symptoms Develop?

  https://www.myhealthexplained.com/diabetes-information/diabetes-videos/type-1-diabetes-onset

  Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas, or more specifically specialised cells within the pancreas called beta cells, fail to produce insulin. […] The fall in insulin production can either be rapid or slow. People with type 1 can therefore either develop symptoms rapidly over a few weeks or months or more slowly over a few years. […] When a person initially develops type 1 diabetes, the beta cells of the pancreas rapidly fail to produce adequate amounts of insulin. Since there is little insulin, blood glucose levels rise very quickly. The symptoms of diabetes happen rapidly, are severe, and people notice that they are unwell quite quickly. If a person develops type 1 diabetes slowly, then these symptoms may take months to develop but often it is weeks. […] The most common symptoms are thirst and excessive trips to the toilet to pass urine. This occurs as high blood glucose passes into the urine and with the glucose, goes water. If the blood glucose levels are very elevated, then only a small amount is able to get into the muscle and fat cells. This leads to profound weight loss and a rapid decline in muscle mass. In the early part of the illness, these symptoms can be mild and difficult to detect.

• #80 Type 1 Diabetes – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507713/

  Type 1 diabetes is a disease involving the immune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic -cells, leading to insulin deficiency. Individuals with type 1 diabetes require lifelong exogenous insulin replacement. Without insulin, patients can develop severe hyperglycemia and, ultimately, diabetic ketoacidosis, which can be life-threatening. Classic symptoms at the onset include polyuria, polydipsia, and unintentional weight loss, but the clinical presentation varies individually. Adults with new-onset T1D usually present with symptoms similar to those seen in children but may have a more gradual progression. Diabetic ketoacidosis is more prevalent among young patients with new-onset T1D. Stage 3 is characterized by the clinical onset of disease where individuals present with symptomatic hyperglycemia. The diagnostic criteria include diabetes, defined by hyperglycemia (random glucose 200 mg/dL) with clinical symptoms, fasting glucose of at least 126 mg/dL, blood glucose level of at least 200 mg/dL 2 hours after ingesting 75 g of glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test, or HbA1c greater than or equal to 6.5%. T1D classically presents with symptomatic hyperglycemia, especially in children. Individuals with classic new-onset T1D usually present with symptoms of polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, unintentional weight loss, fatigue, and weakness. Life-threatening DKA can develop if T1D is not evaluated and treated promptly. The onset of symptoms in adults is more variable than in younger patients, and DKA is less common. Patients are often misdiagnosed with T2D and later found to be insulin-dependent.

• #81 Type 1 Diabetes – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507713/

  Type 1 diabetes is a disease involving the immune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic -cells, leading to insulin deficiency. Individuals with type 1 diabetes require lifelong exogenous insulin replacement. Without insulin, patients can develop severe hyperglycemia and, ultimately, diabetic ketoacidosis, which can be life-threatening. Classic symptoms at the onset include polyuria, polydipsia, and unintentional weight loss, but the clinical presentation varies individually. Adults with new-onset T1D usually present with symptoms similar to those seen in children but may have a more gradual progression. Diabetic ketoacidosis is more prevalent among young patients with new-onset T1D. Stage 3 is characterized by the clinical onset of disease where individuals present with symptomatic hyperglycemia. The diagnostic criteria include diabetes, defined by hyperglycemia (random glucose 200 mg/dL) with clinical symptoms, fasting glucose of at least 126 mg/dL, blood glucose level of at least 200 mg/dL 2 hours after ingesting 75 g of glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test, or HbA1c greater than or equal to 6.5%. T1D classically presents with symptomatic hyperglycemia, especially in children. Individuals with classic new-onset T1D usually present with symptoms of polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, unintentional weight loss, fatigue, and weakness. Life-threatening DKA can develop if T1D is not evaluated and treated promptly. The onset of symptoms in adults is more variable than in younger patients, and DKA is less common. Patients are often misdiagnosed with T2D and later found to be insulin-dependent.

• #82 Type 1 Diabetes Diagnosis in Adulthood: What To Know

  https://www.health.com/condition/type-1-diabetes/living-with-type-1-diabetes

  Though type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in younger individuals, you can develop type 1 diabetes in your 20s and beyond. Type 1 diabetes previously called insulin-dependent or juvenile diabetes is a condition where people can’t make their insulin or make very little. […] Type 1 diabetes in adulthood, also called adult-onset type 1 diabetes, may go undetected because people can be asymptomatic. It is sometimes diagnosed as type 2 diabetes because of how similar they are. […] In some cases, adults with type 1 diabetes may not show any signs of the condition. When adults have symptoms, the signs can differ from those of children and are less severe. […] For example, an adult with type 1 diabetes might experience weight loss or high levels of ketones, a condition called ketoacidosis, less frequently. In addition, their hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) levels which test for average blood sugar levels over a few months can be lower.

• #83 Type 1 Diabetes Diagnosis in Adulthood: What To Know

  https://www.health.com/condition/type-1-diabetes/living-with-type-1-diabetes

  Though type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in younger individuals, you can develop type 1 diabetes in your 20s and beyond. Type 1 diabetes previously called insulin-dependent or juvenile diabetes is a condition where people can’t make their insulin or make very little. […] Type 1 diabetes in adulthood, also called adult-onset type 1 diabetes, may go undetected because people can be asymptomatic. It is sometimes diagnosed as type 2 diabetes because of how similar they are. […] In some cases, adults with type 1 diabetes may not show any signs of the condition. When adults have symptoms, the signs can differ from those of children and are less severe. […] For example, an adult with type 1 diabetes might experience weight loss or high levels of ketones, a condition called ketoacidosis, less frequently. In addition, their hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) levels which test for average blood sugar levels over a few months can be lower.

• #84 When Type 1 Diabetes Strikes Older Adults | Columbia University Irving Medical Center

  https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/news/when-type-1-diabetes-strikes-older-adults

  Teresa’s symptoms were a result of a dangerously high blood glucose (sugar) level far above numbers considered normal. […] After meeting with Teresa at a virtual medical visit, Goland accurately diagnosed Teresa with type 1 diabetes. […] Unlike type 2 diabetes, type 1 is an autoimmune disease. […] Without insulin, the body can’t use glucose for fuel, a situation that can rapidly become deadly. […] At diagnosis, children usually experience a rapid drop in insulin-producing cells that causes their blood sugar to spike, and the sudden arrival of symptoms often sends them to the emergency department. […] However, adults at diagnosis produce more insulin than children, and they usually lose insulin at a slower rate. […] Dr. Goland assured me that type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease and there was nothing I could have done to prevent the disease.

• #85 Understanding Type 1 Diabetes | ADA

  https://diabetes.org/about-diabetes/type-1

  Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease. Testing, coupled with education about diabetes symptoms and close follow-up, has been shown to enable earlier diagnosis and to prevent diabetes ketoacidosis. […] If you have type 1 diabetes, you can live a long, healthy life by having a strong support system and managing it with your diabetes care team. […] Symptoms include: Urinating often, Feeling very thirsty, Feeling very hungry even though you are eating, Extreme fatigue, Blurry vision, Cuts/bruises that are slow to heal, Weight loss even though you are eating more. […] It’s important to know when you first develop type 1 diabetes, you may not have any symptoms at all. […] Early detection and treatment of diabetes can decrease the risk of developing complications both at the time of diagnosis and in the future.

• #86 Type 1 diabetes staging classification opens door for intervention | Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet

  https://www.trialnet.org/events-news/blog/type-1-diabetes-staging-classification-opens-door-intervention

  The new staging classification is vital to understanding how type 1 progresses. […] Clinical research supports the usefulness of diagnosing type 1 diabetes early before beta cell loss advances to stage 3. The earlier diagnosis is made in the disease process, the sooner intervention can take place, and the more beta cells are likely to remain. More beta cells may lead to better outcomes regarding blood sugar control and reduction of long-term complications. […] „TrialNet’s goal is to identify the disease at its earliest stage, delay progression, and ultimately prevent it. We offer screening and clinical trials for every stage of type 1 diabetes and close monitoring for disease progression,” explains Dr. Greenbaum. […] For people who participate in type 1 diabetes prevention research like TrialNet, the risk of DKA at diagnosis decreases from 30 percent to less than 4 percent.

• #87 Type 1 Diabetes in Children | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/conditions/type-1-diabetes/

  The symptoms of type 1 diabetes typically develop quickly. If children are not diagnosed early, type 1 diabetes symptoms can quickly progress to nausea, vomiting, dehydration and severe illness. If a child has these symptoms, it’s important they come to the hospital immediately, as they often will need to be admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit.

• #88 Type 1 diabetes staging classification opens door for intervention | Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet

  https://www.trialnet.org/events-news/blog/type-1-diabetes-staging-classification-opens-door-intervention

  The new staging classification is vital to understanding how type 1 progresses. […] Clinical research supports the usefulness of diagnosing type 1 diabetes early before beta cell loss advances to stage 3. The earlier diagnosis is made in the disease process, the sooner intervention can take place, and the more beta cells are likely to remain. More beta cells may lead to better outcomes regarding blood sugar control and reduction of long-term complications. […] „TrialNet’s goal is to identify the disease at its earliest stage, delay progression, and ultimately prevent it. We offer screening and clinical trials for every stage of type 1 diabetes and close monitoring for disease progression,” explains Dr. Greenbaum. […] For people who participate in type 1 diabetes prevention research like TrialNet, the risk of DKA at diagnosis decreases from 30 percent to less than 4 percent.

• #89 HealthCentral: Why It’s Important to Know the Stages of Type 1 Diabetes

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/newsroom/healthcentral-why-its-important-to-know-the-stages-of-type-1-diabetes/

  Diagnosing type 1 diabetes in its earliest stages, particularly during stage 1, when autoantibodies are present, but blood sugar levels are still normal, offers several important benefits for pediatric patients, Schweiger said. […] Those benefits include medication, which can delay progression by about two years and reduce the risk of potentially deadly complications.

• #90 Stages and diagnosis of T1D | Breakthrough T1D

  https://breakthrought1d.ca/stages-and-diagnosis-of-t1d/

  After beginning insulin therapy at diagnosis, many people with T1D enter a “honeymoon phase”. The introduction of exogenous (external) insulin gives existing beta cells a break from the constant stress that they have been under for months or years. […] Eventually, the majority of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas cease functioning and the diabetes symptoms return. […] No matter how good A1C or blood glucose tests are during the honeymoon phase, the disease is still present and killing beta cells in the pancreas responsible for producing insulin. […] Screening for early-stage T1D and understanding how the autoimmune process attacks beta cells provide an opportunity to create therapies to delay, or maybe even prevent, the progression of type 1 diabetes. […] Teplizumab (brand name Tzield) was approved by the FDA in 2022 for use in stage 2 T1D to delay the progression to diagnosis. […] Ultimately, the hope is that T1D screening will be a pathway to a cure, catching the disease and treating it before it can start.

• #91 Stages and diagnosis of T1D | Breakthrough T1D

  https://breakthrought1d.ca/stages-and-diagnosis-of-t1d/

  After beginning insulin therapy at diagnosis, many people with T1D enter a “honeymoon phase”. The introduction of exogenous (external) insulin gives existing beta cells a break from the constant stress that they have been under for months or years. […] Eventually, the majority of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas cease functioning and the diabetes symptoms return. […] No matter how good A1C or blood glucose tests are during the honeymoon phase, the disease is still present and killing beta cells in the pancreas responsible for producing insulin. […] Screening for early-stage T1D and understanding how the autoimmune process attacks beta cells provide an opportunity to create therapies to delay, or maybe even prevent, the progression of type 1 diabetes. […] Teplizumab (brand name Tzield) was approved by the FDA in 2022 for use in stage 2 T1D to delay the progression to diagnosis. […] Ultimately, the hope is that T1D screening will be a pathway to a cure, catching the disease and treating it before it can start.

• #92 Type 1 diabetes: progression, screening and intervention | Parkview Health

  https://www.parkview.com/blog/type-1-diabetes-progression-screening-and-intervention

  Screening for type 1 diabetes has become a new tool for delaying the disease’s symptoms and effects. Delaying the onset of the disease allows individuals to continue living without the additional challenges caused by diabetes symptoms. […] Screening can help detect which stage type 1 diabetes has progressed even when no symptoms exist, allowing for the timeliest intervention. Some interventions are limited to validation at stage 1 and stage 2. […] While there is no prevention or cure for type 1 diabetes, a medication like TZIELD (teplizumab-mzwv), administered as an intravenous infusion, can delay the onset of the disease while at stage 2. The FDA approved this treatment option in 2022 for individuals aged eight or older. Although medical teams are still in the initial phases of early intervention treatment for type 1 diabetes, TZIELD has the potential to disable the immune system response that triggers an attack on the pancreatic beta cells and slow down the onset of stage 3.

• #93

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/chronic/Pages/Diabetes-Mellitus-Type-1-Diabetes.aspx

  In stage 1 type 1 diabetes, people will have two or more islet autoantibodies repeatedly present in the blood, but have normal blood sugars. The likelihood of developing full-blown type 1 diabetes in their lifetime is extremely high, but it may not happen for years. […] In stage 2 type 1 diabetes, two or more islet autoantibodies are repeatedly present, and blood sugars are in the pre-diabetes range. […] Stage 3 type 1 diabetes is the classic stage where most people receive their diagnosis. Children will typically have symptoms of diabetes and will have blood sugars in the diabetes range. […] While type 1 diabetes cannot yet be fully prevented, newer medications can help delay its onset in certain high-risk individuals. For those at high risk who show early signs of blood sugar abnormalities (stage 2 type 1 diabetes), an FDA-approved medication is available that can delay the progression to full-blown (stage 3) type 1 diabetes by an average of 2 years. It works by targeting specific immune cells responsible for attacking insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, helping to slow progression of the disease.

• #94 Type 1 diabetes staging classification opens door for intervention | Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet

  https://www.trialnet.org/events-news/blog/type-1-diabetes-staging-classification-opens-door-intervention

  The new staging classification is vital to understanding how type 1 progresses. […] Clinical research supports the usefulness of diagnosing type 1 diabetes early before beta cell loss advances to stage 3. The earlier diagnosis is made in the disease process, the sooner intervention can take place, and the more beta cells are likely to remain. More beta cells may lead to better outcomes regarding blood sugar control and reduction of long-term complications. […] „TrialNet’s goal is to identify the disease at its earliest stage, delay progression, and ultimately prevent it. We offer screening and clinical trials for every stage of type 1 diabetes and close monitoring for disease progression,” explains Dr. Greenbaum. […] For people who participate in type 1 diabetes prevention research like TrialNet, the risk of DKA at diagnosis decreases from 30 percent to less than 4 percent.

• #95 Staging Presymptomatic Type 1 Diabetes: A Scientific Statement of JDRF, the Endocrine Society, and the American Diabetes Association

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5321245/

  The 5-year and 10-year risks of symptomatic disease are approximately 44% and 70%, respectively, and the lifetime risk approaches 100%. […] Stage 2, like stage 1, includes individuals with two or more islet autoantibodies but whose disease has now progressed to the development of glucose intolerance, or dysglycemia, from loss of functional -cell mass. […] The 5-year risk of symptomatic disease at this stage is approximately 75%, and the lifetime risk approaches 100%. […] Stage 3 represents manifestations of the typical clinical symptoms and signs of diabetes, which may include polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, fatigue, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and others. […] The detection of two or more islet autoantibodies increases the rate of progression to symptomatic type 1 diabetes. […] Thus, the lifetime risk of developing symptomatic type 1 diabetes approaches 100% once two or more islet autoantibodies are detected in genetically at-risk children.

• #96 Staging Presymptomatic Type 1 Diabetes: A Scientific Statement of JDRF, the Endocrine Society, and the American Diabetes Association

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5321245/

  The presence of two or more autoantibodies is used as the major criterion for stage 1. […] The majority of individuals (85%) with a single autoantibody do not progress to overt symptomatic type 1 diabetes within 10 years. […] Stage 2 has been defined in several studies by impaired fasting plasma glucose of 100 mg/dL or 110 mg/dL, impaired glucose tolerance with 2-h plasma glucose with a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) of 140 mg/dL, and/or HbA1c 5.7%. […] At this stage of the disease, there is 60% risk in 2 years and 75% risk in 4-5 years of developing symptomatic type 1 diabetes, with a positive predictive value of 96% within 5 years. […] There is an accelerated decline in the first-phase insulin response on intravenous glucose tolerance tests during the progression to type 1 diabetes, which becomes especially marked between 1.5 and 0.5 years before diagnosis. […] Individuals in this stage have, on average, a prolonged, gradual metabolic deterioration with the persistence of substantial -cell function until at least 6 months before type 1 diabetes occurs.

• #97 What Are the Different Stages of Type 1 Diabetes? | Beyond Type 1

  https://beyondtype1.org/different-stages-type-1-diabetes/

  If diagnosis is not made promptly and treatment is delayed, stage three of T1D can quickly lead to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)—which can be fatal if not treated quickly. […] The five-year and ten-year risks of developing T1D at this stage are 44 percent and 70 percent, respectively—the lifetime risk is near 100 percent. […] However, the five-year risk of developing T1D if you reach stage two is around 75 percent certainty, and the likelihood of developing T1D in your lifetime if you reach stage two is nearly 100 percent.

• #98 Staging Presymptomatic Type 1 Diabetes: A Scientific Statement of JDRF, the Endocrine Society, and the American Diabetes Association

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5321245/

  Insights from prospective, longitudinal studies of individuals at risk for developing type 1 diabetes have demonstrated that the disease is a continuum that progresses sequentially at variable but predictable rates through distinct identifiable stages prior to the onset of symptoms. […] Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease with both genetic and environmental contributions that results over time in an immune-mediated loss of functional pancreatic -cell mass, leading to symptomatic diabetes and lifelong insulin dependence. […] The risk of developing symptomatic type 1 diabetes can be identified and quantified, the disease can be characterized into well-defined stages, and the rate of progression to symptomatic disease can be predicted with appreciable accuracy. […] Stage 1 represents individuals who have developed two or more type 1 diabetes-associated islet autoantibodies but are normoglycemic.

• #99 Type 1 diabetes staging classification opens door for intervention | Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet

  https://www.trialnet.org/events-news/blog/type-1-diabetes-staging-classification-opens-door-intervention

  For most people, the onset of type 1 diabetes seems to occur suddenly, often resulting in a trip to the emergency room with life-threatening complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). […] Type 1 diabetes can now be most accurately understood as a disease that progresses in three distinct stages. […] STAGE 1 is the start of type 1 diabetes. Individuals test positive for two or more diabetes-related autoantibodies. The immune system has already begun attacking the insulin-producing beta cells, although there are no symptoms and blood sugar remains normal. […] STAGE 2, like stage 1, includes individuals who have two or more diabetes-related autoantibodies, but now, blood sugar levels have become abnormal due to increasing loss of beta cells. There are still no symptoms. […] STAGE 3 is when clinical diagnosis typically takes place. By this time, there is significant beta cell loss and individuals generally show common symptoms of type 1 diabetes, which include frequent urination, excessive thirst, weight loss, and fatigue.

• #100 Understanding Type 1 Diabetes | ADA

  https://diabetes.org/about-diabetes/type-1

  Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease. Testing, coupled with education about diabetes symptoms and close follow-up, has been shown to enable earlier diagnosis and to prevent diabetes ketoacidosis. […] If you have type 1 diabetes, you can live a long, healthy life by having a strong support system and managing it with your diabetes care team. […] Symptoms include: Urinating often, Feeling very thirsty, Feeling very hungry even though you are eating, Extreme fatigue, Blurry vision, Cuts/bruises that are slow to heal, Weight loss even though you are eating more. […] It’s important to know when you first develop type 1 diabetes, you may not have any symptoms at all. […] Early detection and treatment of diabetes can decrease the risk of developing complications both at the time of diagnosis and in the future.

• #101 Type 1 Diabetes Diagnosis in Adulthood: What To Know

  https://www.health.com/condition/type-1-diabetes/living-with-type-1-diabetes

  Though type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in younger individuals, you can develop type 1 diabetes in your 20s and beyond. Type 1 diabetes previously called insulin-dependent or juvenile diabetes is a condition where people can’t make their insulin or make very little. […] Type 1 diabetes in adulthood, also called adult-onset type 1 diabetes, may go undetected because people can be asymptomatic. It is sometimes diagnosed as type 2 diabetes because of how similar they are. […] In some cases, adults with type 1 diabetes may not show any signs of the condition. When adults have symptoms, the signs can differ from those of children and are less severe. […] For example, an adult with type 1 diabetes might experience weight loss or high levels of ketones, a condition called ketoacidosis, less frequently. In addition, their hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) levels which test for average blood sugar levels over a few months can be lower.

• #102 Type 1 diabetes | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/diabetes/type-1-diabetes/

  Having a consistently raised glucose level that doesn’t cause any symptoms can have damaging effects in the long term. […] If you develop hyperglycaemia, you may need to adjust your diet or your insulin dose to keep your glucose levels normal. Your diabetes care team can advise you about the best way to do this. […] If hyperglycaemia isn’t treated, it can lead to a condition called diabetic ketoacidosis, where the body begins to break down fats for energy instead of glucose, resulting in a build-up of ketones (acids) in your blood. […] Diabetic ketoacidosis is very serious and, if not addressed quickly, it can lead to unconsciousness and, eventually, death. […] The signs of diabetic ketoacidosis include: frequently passing urine, thirst, tiredness and lethargy (lack of energy), blurry vision, abdominal (stomach) pain, nausea and vomiting, deep breathing, smell of ketones on breath (described as smelling like pear drops), collapse and unconsciousness.

• #103 Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/type-1-diabetes-mellitus-a-to-z

  Ketoacidosis occurs because cells can’t use the glucose they need for energy. So the cells have to use something else. In response to low insulin levels, the liver produces an alternative fuel called ketones. Ketones are a kind of acid. When they build up in the blood, it’s called ketoacidosis. Ketoacidosis can cause heart problems and affect the nervous system. Within hours, it may put a person at risk of coma or death. […] Even after it is diagnosed and treatment is begun, type 1 diabetes can affect all body systems. It is less likely to damage the body, and cause symptoms, if the blood sugar levels are well controlled by treatment. […] The serious and potentially life-threatening complications that can occur with type 1 diabetes include: Eye damage (retinopathy) Tiny blood vessels of the retina (the back of the eye, the part that senses light) are damaged by high blood sugar. Damage to the vessels can stop the flow of blood to a part of the retina, or cause bleeding into the retina. Both events damage the ability of the retina to sense light. Diabetes also can cause a proliferation of new blood vessels that don’t effectively feed blood to the retina, but that do leak and bleed. Caught early, retinopathy can be stopped by tightly controlling blood sugar and laser therapy. If blood sugar remains high, retinopathy eventually causes blindness.

• #104 Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/type-1-diabetes-mellitus-a-to-z

  Nerve damage (neuropathy) High blood sugar can damage nerves, leading to pain or numbness of the affected body part. Damage to nerves in the feet, legs and hands (peripheral neuropathy) is most common. Nerves that control body functions, such as digestion and urination, also can be damaged. […] Foot problems Sores and blisters commonly occur on the feet of people with diabetes. If peripheral neuropathy causes numbness, a sore may not be noticed. If it is not noticed, it can more easily become infected. Blood circulation can be poor, leading to slow healing. Left untreated, a simple sore can lead to gangrene. Amputation may be necessary. […] Kidney disease (nephropathy) High blood sugar can damage the kidneys. If blood sugar remains high, it can lead to kidney failure. […] Heart and artery disease People with type 1 diabetes are more likely to have heart disease, strokes and problems related to poor circulation.

• #105 Type 1 diabetes staging classification opens door for intervention | Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet

  https://www.trialnet.org/events-news/blog/type-1-diabetes-staging-classification-opens-door-intervention

  The new staging classification is vital to understanding how type 1 progresses. […] Clinical research supports the usefulness of diagnosing type 1 diabetes early before beta cell loss advances to stage 3. The earlier diagnosis is made in the disease process, the sooner intervention can take place, and the more beta cells are likely to remain. More beta cells may lead to better outcomes regarding blood sugar control and reduction of long-term complications. […] „TrialNet’s goal is to identify the disease at its earliest stage, delay progression, and ultimately prevent it. We offer screening and clinical trials for every stage of type 1 diabetes and close monitoring for disease progression,” explains Dr. Greenbaum. […] For people who participate in type 1 diabetes prevention research like TrialNet, the risk of DKA at diagnosis decreases from 30 percent to less than 4 percent.

• #106 Stages and diagnosis of T1D | Breakthrough T1D

  https://breakthrought1d.ca/stages-and-diagnosis-of-t1d/

  After beginning insulin therapy at diagnosis, many people with T1D enter a “honeymoon phase”. The introduction of exogenous (external) insulin gives existing beta cells a break from the constant stress that they have been under for months or years. […] Eventually, the majority of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas cease functioning and the diabetes symptoms return. […] No matter how good A1C or blood glucose tests are during the honeymoon phase, the disease is still present and killing beta cells in the pancreas responsible for producing insulin. […] Screening for early-stage T1D and understanding how the autoimmune process attacks beta cells provide an opportunity to create therapies to delay, or maybe even prevent, the progression of type 1 diabetes. […] Teplizumab (brand name Tzield) was approved by the FDA in 2022 for use in stage 2 T1D to delay the progression to diagnosis. […] Ultimately, the hope is that T1D screening will be a pathway to a cure, catching the disease and treating it before it can start.

• #107 Understanding Type 1 Diabetes | ADA

  https://diabetes.org/about-diabetes/type-1

  Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease. Testing, coupled with education about diabetes symptoms and close follow-up, has been shown to enable earlier diagnosis and to prevent diabetes ketoacidosis. […] If you have type 1 diabetes, you can live a long, healthy life by having a strong support system and managing it with your diabetes care team. […] Symptoms include: Urinating often, Feeling very thirsty, Feeling very hungry even though you are eating, Extreme fatigue, Blurry vision, Cuts/bruises that are slow to heal, Weight loss even though you are eating more. […] It’s important to know when you first develop type 1 diabetes, you may not have any symptoms at all. […] Early detection and treatment of diabetes can decrease the risk of developing complications both at the time of diagnosis and in the future.

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