Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Chapter 1: Epidemiology of Type 1 Diabetes

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2925303/

  This chapter describes the epidemiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) around the world and across the lifespan. Epidemiologic patterns of T1D by demographic, geographic, biologic, cultural and other factors in populations are presented to gain insight about the etiology, natural history, risks, and complications of T1D. […] Data from large epidemiologic studies worldwide indicate that the incidence of T1D has been increasing by 25% worldwide and that the prevalence of T1D is approximately 1 in 300 in the US by 18 years of age. […] Epidemiologic studies have an important on-going role to investigate the complex causes, clinical care, prevention, and cure of T1D. […] The current prevailing paradigm on the etiology of T1D hypothesizes that environmentally triggered autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells occurs against the background of genetic risk, although alternate hypotheses exist.

• #1 Epidemiology of Type 1 Diabetes | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/1202136

  The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing globally. […] In 2021, it was estimated that over 1.2 million children and adolescents were living with type 1 diabetes. […] In 2021, it was estimated that around 8.4 million people worldwide were living with type 1 diabetes (T1DM), with 500,000 new cases reported that year. […] The incidence and prevalence of T1DM are increasing each year due to rising incidence in many countries and reductions in mortality. […] The highest incidence rates are found in populations of Northern European descent, as well as in countries from the Middle East and North Africa. […] The highest prevalence of T1DM in people under 20 years of age is in India (229,400), followed by the USA (157,900) and Brazil (92,300). […] The highest incidence of adult-onset type 1 diabetes is in Eritrea with 46.2/100,000/year and the lowest in Spain with 9.9/100,000/year.

• #1 Diabetes in America: Prevalence, Statistics, and Economic Impact

  https://diabetes.org/about-diabetes/statistics/about-diabetes

  2 million Americans have type 1 diabetes, including about 304,000 children and adolescents. […] In 2017-2018, the annual incidence of diagnosed diabetes in youth was estimated at 18,200 with type 1 diabetes.

• #1 Prevalence of Diagnosed Diabetes in Adults by Diabetes Type — United States, 2016 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6712a2.htm

  In 2016, the prevalence of diagnosed type 1 diabetes was 0.55%, representing 1.3 million U.S. adults; the prevalence of diagnosed type 2 diabetes was 8.6%, representing 21.0 million U.S. adults. […] Understanding the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes by type is important for monitoring trends, planning public health responses, assessing the burden of disease for education and management programs, and prioritizing national plans for future type-specific health services. […] In 2016, the estimated prevalences of diagnosed type 1 and type 2 diabetes were 0.55% (corresponding to 1.3 million U.S. adults) and 8.6% (corresponding to 21.0 million U.S. adults), respectively. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes accounted for approximately 6% and 91% of all cases of diagnosed diabetes, respectively. […] Because the prevalence of type 2 diabetes is so much higher than that of type 1, current diabetes surveillance data that do not distinguish diabetes type are more reflective of persons with type 2 diabetes. […] Knowledge about national prevalences of type 1 and type 2 diabetes might facilitate assessment of the long-term cost-effectiveness of public health interventions and policies aimed at improving diabetes management and help to prioritize national plans for future type-specific health services.

• #1 Chapter 1: Epidemiology of Type 1 Diabetes

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2925303/

  Reports on trends in T1D are more commonly available from countries with better established public health surveillance systems and diabetes research infrastructure. […] The DIAMOND project was initiated by the World Health Organization in 1990 to address the public health implications of T1D with a main objective to describe the incidence of T1D in children. […] The incidence of T1D increased with age in most populations with the highest incidence observed in the 10-14 year olds. […] A statistically significant male-to-female excess in incidence was reported in 3 centers, but no populations reported a female excess. […] In the United States, the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study has been designed to identify incident and prevalent cases of diabetes among individuals 20 years of age in a multi-center study design with a goal of estimating the incidence and prevalence of diabetes in the US by age, sex, and race/ethnicity.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02374468

  Nearly 70 registries from more than 40 countries have collected and published incidence data of childhood Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus up to the end of the 1980s. […] The aim of this paper is to review and compare the most recent epidemiology data on the incidence of Type 1 diabetes among children under the age of 15 years. […] A clear difference in incidence appeared between northern and southern hemisphere with no countries below the equator having an incidence greater than 15.0 per 100,000. […] The incidence varied from 0.6 per 100,000 in Korea and Mexico to 35.3 per 100,000 in Finland showing prominent worldwide variation in incidence of Type 1 diabetes. […] The largest intracontinental variation in incidence appeared in Europe, varying from the highest in Finland to the lowest (4.6 per 100,000) in northern Greece. […] The worldwide variation in incidence reflects the distribution of ethnic populations and demonstrates the importance of the differential genetic susceptibility between populations.

• #1 Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes in the IDF Western Pacific Region – International Diabetes Federation

  https://idf.org/news/epidemiology-of-type-1-diabetes-in-the-idf-western-pacific-region/

  A systematic review related to the incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the IDF Western Pacific region has been published in the IDF official journal Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. […] Based on 45 publications, T1D incidence in 11 WPR countries varied widely, ranging from 0.9 (95 % confidence intervals (CI), 0.6-1.3) in Fiji to 23.2 (95 % CI, 21.3-25.2) in Australia. The mean annual increase over time ranged from 2.8 % in Australia (1990-2002) to 14.2 % in Shanghai (1997-2011). T1D incidence is increasing over time, the greatest increase being in China (2.7-fold over 30-years), followed by Thailand (2-fold over 15-years). […] The results will help improve understanding of regional T1D incidence and inform future research and healthcare strategies.

• #1 Epidemiology of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Korea through an Investigation of the National Registration Project of Type 1 Diabetes for the Reimbursement of Glucometer Strips with Additional Analyses Using Claims Data

  https://www.e-dmj.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.4093/dmj.2016.40.1.35

  Epidemiology of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Korea through an Investigation of the National Registration Project of Type 1 Diabetes for the Reimbursement of Glucometer Strips with Additional Analyses Using Claims Data. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in Korea. To obtain nationwide data on the incidence and prevalence of T1DM, we extracted claims data from July 2011 to August 2013 from the Registration Project of Type 1 diabetes on the reimbursement of consumable materials in the National Health Insurance (NHI) Database. Of the 8,256 subjects enrolled over the 26 months, the male to female ratio was 1 to 1.12, the median age was 37.1 years, and an average of 136 new T1DM patients were registered to the T1DM registry each month, resulting in 1,632 newly diagnosed T1DM patients each year. We found that the incidence rate of new T1DM cases was 3.28 per 100,000 people. The prevalence of T1DM over the course of the study was approximately 0.017% to 0.021% of the entire population of Korea, and the annual incidence of T1DM was 3.28:100,000 overall and 3.25:100,000 for Koreans under 20 years old. There has been a scarcity of reliable epidemiological data on T1DM in Korea. According to the T1DM registration project in Seoul from 1985 to 1988, the incidence of T1DM in school-age children was estimated to be approximately 1.3 people per 100,000 per year. The Korean Pediatric Society found that the average annual incidence of T1DM from 1995 to 2000 was 1.36/100,000 and that the incidence of T1DM in Korea had been increasing slightly over the 6-year span. The incidence of T1DM varies across countries and by ethnicity; however, the global pattern of the incidence of T1DM has not changed markedly since reports published in the 1970s and 1980s. The overall incidence rates of T1DM have varied from 0.1/100,000 to 36.8/100,000 person-year.

• #1 Type 1 diabetes – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-1-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20353011

  Type 1 diabetes is a chronic condition that affects the insulin making cells of the pancreas. It’s estimated that about 1.25 million Americans live with it. […] We don’t know what exactly causes type 1 diabetes. We believe that it is an auto-immune disorder where the body mistakenly destroys insulin producing cells in the pancreas. […] Type 1 diabetes becomes more common as you travel away from the equator. […] Type 1 diabetes can appear at any age, but it appears at two noticeable peaks. The first peak occurs in children between 4 and 7 years old. The second is in children between 10 and 14 years old. […] The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. Usually, the body’s own immune system which normally fights harmful bacteria and viruses destroys the insulin-producing (islet) cells in the pancreas. […] Some factors that can raise your risk for type 1 diabetes include family history, genetics, geography, and age.

• #1 Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/919999-overview

  Type 1 diabetes mellitus can occur at any age, but incidence rates generally increase with age until midpuberty and then decline. Onset in the first year of life, although unusual, can occur. Type 1 diabetes mellitus must be considered in any infant or toddler, because these children have the greatest risk for mortality if diagnosis is delayed. […] In areas with high prevalence rates, a bimodal variation of incidence has been reported that shows a definite peak in early childhood (ie, ages 4-6 y) and a second, much greater peak of incidence during early puberty (ie, ages 10-14 y).

• #1 Epidemiology of Type 1 Diabetes | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/1202136

  The studies showed that the incidence of adult-onset type 1 diabetes is, in general, higher among men than women and did not decline with increasing age, remaining substantial across the life course. […] The incidence of type 1 DM shows great variability over time, depending on age, sex, race, ethnicity, and geographic location. […] Recent studies indicate that more adults than children are diagnosed with T1DM each year (316,000 vs. 194,000 incident cases globally in 2021), with an average diagnosis age of 32 years. […] Because genetic factors alone cannot explain the rapid increase in T1DM incidence, various environmental and socioeconomic factors have been implicated. […] One of the most important features of type 1 DM is the great geographic variability in the incidence of cases.

• #1 Type 1 Diabetes Research | Johns Hopkins | Bloomberg School of Public Health

  https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2024/type-1-diabetes-research

  A large body of research on Type 2 diabetes has helped to develop guidance, informing how patients are diagnosed, treated, and manage their lifestyle. In contrast, Type 1 diabetes, often mistakenly associated only with childhood, has received less attention. […] Type 1 diabetes was called juvenile diabetes for the longest time, and it was thought to be a disease that had a childhood onset. When diabetes occurred in adulthood it would be type 2 diabetes. But it turns out that approximately half of the cases of Type 1 diabetes may occur during adulthood right past the age of 20 or past the age of 30. […] We were fortunate because the CDC has collected new data that explores Type 1 diabetes in the U.S. Some of the questions they included in their national data were, Do you have diabetes? If you do, do you have Type 1 or Type 2? And, at what age were you diagnosed?

• #1 Prevalence and incidence of type 1 diabetes in Ireland: a retrospective cross-sectional study using a national pharmacy claims data from 2016 | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/10/4/e032916

  The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence and incidence of type 1 diabetes in the Irish population using a national pharmacy claims database in the absence of a national diabetes register. […] There were 20081 prevalent cases of type 1 diabetes in 2016. The crude prevalence was 0.42% (95% CI 0.42% to 0.43%). […] There were 1527 new cases of type 1 diabetes in 2016, giving an incidence rate of 32 per 100000 population/year (95%CI 30.5 to 33.7). […] This study provides epidemiological estimates of type 1 diabetes across age groups in Ireland, with the majority of prevalent cases in adults. Establishing a national diabetes register is essential to enable updated epidemiological estimates of diabetes and for planning of services in Ireland. […] The prevalence and incidence were 1.2-fold and 1.3-fold higher in men than women, respectively. Significant variations in prevalence (p0.0001) and incidence (p0.001) between the different geographical regions were observed. […] The current study also estimated the incidence rate as 32.07 per 100000 population/year and was similar for both children and adolescents/adults. […] Significant variation was observed between different geographical regions.

• #1 Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes | Health & Environmental Research Online (HERO) | US EPA

  https://hero.epa.gov/hero/index.cfm/reference/details/reference_id/3966564

  Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes […] This article describes the epidemiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) around the world and across the lifespan. Epidemiologic patterns of T1D by demographic, geographic, biologic, cultural, and other factors in populations are presented to gain insight about the causes, natural history, risks, and complications of T1D. Data from large epidemiologic studies worldwide indicate that the incidence of T1D has been increasing by 2% to 5% worldwide and that the prevalence of T1D is approximately 1 in 300 in the United States by 18 years of age. […] Epidemiologic studies have an important ongoing role to investigate the complex causes, clinical care, prevention, and cure of T1D.

• #1 Chapter 1: Epidemiology of Type 1 Diabetes

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2925303/

  The incidence rate of T1D in 2002-03 peaked in the age groups 5-9 years and 10-14 years. […] An updated report from the DIAMOND project examined the trends in incidence of T1D from 1990-1999 in 114 populations from 57 countries. […] The average annual increase in incidence over this time period was 2.8% (95% CI 2.4-3.2%) with a slightly higher rate in the period 1995-1999, 3.4% (95% CI 2.7-4.3%). […] The rates of increase were found to be the highest in the youngest age group: ages 0-4 years (6.3%, 95% CI 1.5-8.5%). […] Epidemiological studies have identified that environmental factors operating early in life appear to trigger the immune-mediated process in genetically susceptible individuals.

• #1 The epidemiology of type 1 diabetes: Helping to fit the puzzle pieces | Endocrinología y Nutrición (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-endocrinologia-nutricion-english-edition–412-articulo-the-epidemiology-type-1-diabetes-S2173509315000537

  On the other hand, according to data reported by the EURODIAB group, its incidence in Europe has increased in recent decades, with a mean annual increase of approximately 3.5%. […] The above described variations may reflect a different degree of genetic susceptibility to diabetes, or be due to a different exposure to environmental risks factors. […] The morbidity of T1DM is caused by its acute and chronic complications. […] Knowledge of the incidence and prevalence rates of T1DM and its complications facilitates the planning and management of the human and financial resources available in those fields where they are most needed. […] Some countries have national registers that allow for deeper epidemiological research into T1DM.

• #1 Epidemiology of Type 1 Diabetes | Johns Hopkins Diabetes Guide

  https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_Diabetes_Guide/547048/all/Epidemiology_of_Type_1_Diabetes

  Incidence and prevalence of type 1 diabetes (T1DM) in the U.S. (SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Group) […] Between 2002 and 2009 there was an increase in the incidence of T1DM, from 24.4/100,000 in 2002 to 27.4/100,000 in 2009 (annual increase 2.7%). […] Significant increases in incidence were present in boys and girls, and all age groups except for children aged 0-4 years of age. The incidence was highest among youth aged 5-9 years (38.7 per 100,000 person years) and lowest among youth aged 15-19 years (14.8 per 100,000 person years) in 2009. […] Prevalence of T1DM has also increased: 0.15% in 2001 to 0.19% in 2009 (30% increase). Significant increases in prevalence were seen among boys and girls, in all age groups, and all race/ethnic groups except for Asian Pacific Islanders and American Indians. […] In 2009, the prevalence of T1DM was highest among children 15-19 (0.32%) and non-Hispanic Whites (0.25%). The lowest prevalence is observed among very young children aged 0-4 (0.03%) and American Indian (0.04%).

• #1 Global, regional, and national burden of type 1 diabetes in adolescents and young adults | Pediatric Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-024-03107-5

  Type 1 diabetes (T1D) incidence in adolescents varies widely, but has increased globally in recent years. This study reports T1D burden among adolescents and young adults aged 10-24-year-old age group at global, regional, and national levels. T1D incidence among adolescents and young adults increased from 778 per 100,000 population (95% UI, 527-1060) in 1990 to 1107 per 100,000 population (95% UI, 742-1534) in 2019. T1D mortality increased from 570-119 (95% UI, 464-270-644-408) in 1990 to 6,123-04 (95% UI, 532-182-688-708) in 2019, representing a 740% increase in mortality. The European region had the highest T1D incidence in 2019. Middle-SDI countries exhibited the largest increase in T1D incidence between 1990 and 2019. T1D is a growing health concern globally, and T1D burden more heavily affects countries with low SDI. Specific measures and effective collaboration among countries with different SDIs are required to improve diabetes care in adolescents. The increasing burden of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in adolescents and young adults is a major healthcare concern worldwide. T1D incidence in childhood and adolescence is steadily rising and now stands at 229 new cases per year per 100,000 children up to the age of 15 years in Germany. A multicenter study in the US showed that the overall unadjusted estimated incidence rates of T1D in youths increased by 14% annually from 2002 to 2012. Thus, understanding the global burden of T1D in adolescents is important for the optimal utilization of healthcare resources in different countries. The International Diabetes Federation Atlas 10th edition reported that T1D incidence in children and adolescents varies widely, and is increasing in many nations. In our study, we investigated the global burden and the most substantial changes in the trend of T1D in adolescents and young adults aged 10-24 years. Many countries, particularly those with a low or middle social development index (SDI), lack high-quality information regarding T1D trends in adolescents. Thus, there is an urgent need to characterize T1D burden in adolescents and provide more information to local governments to ease this burden. The GBD 2019 analyzed the Socio-demographic index (SDI) for each country, which is an indicator estimated as a composite of income per capita, average years of schooling among adults aged 15 and older, and fertility rate in female under 25 years old. T1D trends among adolescents and young adults varied according to age. Globally, the most rapidly increasing in T1D incidence and prevalence over the past 30 years were observed in young adults aged 20-24 years. Despite the increase in T1D incidence and prevalence among all three age subgroups, mortality in all subgroups decreased. T1D burden among adolescents and young adults differed substantially according to the SDI. Countries with high SDI had the highest T1D prevalence and incidence rates in 2019, but the lowest mortality rate. Notably, countries with a middle SDI had the lowest T1D prevalence and incidence rates in 2019. Countries with a low SDI had the highest mortality and DALY rates in 2019. Over the past 30 years, both T1D prevalence and incidence increased across all SDI quintiles, whereas mortality rates decreased. All countries exhibited a reduction in the DALY rate from 1990 to 2019, with the exception of those countries categorized in the high SDI quintile group. When classified according to World Health Organization (WHO) regions, the European region exhibited the most rapid increase in T1D incidence rate of T1D for adolescents and young adults between 1990 and 2019. The highest mortality rate in 2019 was observed in the Eastern Mediterranean region, followed by the African region. The Western Pacific region showed the lowest incidence, prevalence, mortality, and DALY rates in 2019. This study provided an updated and comprehensive evaluation of global, regional, and national T1D burden among adolescents and young adults aged 10-24 years old, based on data from the GBD Study 2019. Our findings provide further insight into the global burden of the T1D epidemic among adolescents and young adults and highlight the need for government action to improve diabetes management for this age group.

• #1 Changes in the Global Epidemiology of Type 1 Diabetes in an Evolving Landscape of Environmental Factors: Causes, Challenges, and Opportunities

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10141720/

  The worldwide incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has increased in recent decades. […] The prevalence of T1DM increases annually by 0.34%. […] The growing prevalence of T1DM cannot be attributed to genetic reasons; therefore, possible explanations should be sought in the changing landscape of environmental factors, given that societies and human lifestyles tend to evolve over time. […] The incidence of T1DM has recently been shown to increase as one moves closer to the sea. […] The incidence of T1DM has also been associated with the mean consumption of meat in a country, and a diet rich in proteins and fermentable fibers. […] The epidemic of obesity, which leads to insulin resistance and lipid disorders, has been suggested to accelerate the presentation of T1DM in genetically predisposed individuals.

• #1 Epidemiology of Type 1 Diabetes | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/1202136

  The variability within the same country was partly explained by the ethnic heterogeneity of the population, although marked variations were also observed in countries that have a relatively homogeneous population from a genetic point of view. […] In the US, the non-Hispanic white population has a 1.5 times greater risk of developing type 1 DM compared to African Americans or the Hispanic population.

• #1 Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/919999-overview

  Type 1 diabetes mellitus has wide geographic variation in incidence and prevalence. Annual incidence varies from 0.61 cases per 100,000 population in China to 41.4 cases per 100,000 population in Finland. Substantial variations are observed between nearby countries with differing lifestyles, such as Estonia and Finland, and between genetically similar populations, such as those in Iceland and Norway. […] Most countries report that incidence rates have at least doubled in the last 20 years. Incidence appears to increase with distance from the equator. […] Different environmental effects on type 1 diabetes mellitus development complicate the influence of race, but racial differences are evident. Whites have the highest reported incidence, whereas Chinese individuals have the lowest. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is 1.5 times more likely to develop in American Whites than in American Blacks or Hispanics.

• #1 Diabetes mellitus type 1 epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Diabetes_mellitus_type_1_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Even though the overall incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus decreases after puberty, one fourth of individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus are diagnosed as adults. […] In one study done on young population of the united states, type 1 diabetes mellitus were reported more frequent among non-Hispanic white, Hispanic and African Americans. […] Finland has the highest incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in the world.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/epidem/fulltext/2020/01000/the_prevalence_of_type_1_diabetes_in.25.aspx

  Estimates of type 1 diabetes in All Hispanic and Mexican-American populations were reported in 2013 using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data collected between 1999 and 2010, but this study did not examine sufficient numbers of participants from diverse Hispanic/Latino groups to report group-specific estimates. […] However, there are no estimates of the population prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in diverse Hispanic/Latino groups in the US. […] The overall prevalence of type 1 diabetes in this study was 1.8/1000 persons (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.95, 2.6/1000), i.e., similar to the estimates obtained through NHANES (2.6/1000) and the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study (1.5/1000). […] The prevalence of type 1 diabetes varied by Hispanic/Latino background, with individuals of Dominican backgrounds experiencing the highest prevalence (6.1/1000, 95% CI = 0.0, 12.4/1000). […] Although rare in the general population, type 1 diabetes represents a significant health burden for individuals and populations, and its accurate measurement should be a part of any population-level data collection.

• #1 Changes in the Global Epidemiology of Type 1 Diabetes in an Evolving Landscape of Environmental Factors: Causes, Challenges, and Opportunities

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/4/668

  The worldwide incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has increased in recent decades. […] The prevalence of T1DM increases annually by 0.34%. […] The growing prevalence of T1DM cannot be attributed to genetic reasons; therefore, possible explanations should be sought in the changing landscape of environmental factors, given that societies and human lifestyles tend to evolve over time. […] The incidence of T1DM has recently been shown to increase as one moves closer to the sea. […] In support of the notion that the environment mediates the risk of the presentation of T1DM, several migrant studies demonstrated differences in the incidence of the disease between genetically “identical” populations living in different environments. […] By understanding the exact mechanisms through which environmental factors play a role in the development of T1DM, we can shed light on the complex pathogenesis of the disease, identify new risk factors that are still unknown, and finally figure out what public health measures are required to halt the increase in new T1DM cases.

• #1 Changes in the Global Epidemiology of Type 1 Diabetes in an Evolving Landscape of Environmental Factors: Causes, Challenges, and Opportunities

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10141720/

  The hygiene hypothesis proposes that childhood exposure to microbes helps the immune system mature and develop, and thus in the absence of such exposure, the risk of autoimmune diseases increases. […] Exposure to increased concentrations of ozone in the air, both after birth and in utero, has been associated with an increased risk of developing T1DM. […] The incidence of T1DM has been associated with the average cholesterol concentrations of the population of a country. […] The authors believe that modulation of the microbiome is a key mechanism through which many environmental factors, including breastfeeding, mode of delivery, childhood diet, antibiotic use, and lack of microbial exposure, exert their effect on the risk of T1DM.

• #1 IJPDS International Journal of Population Data Science

  https://ijpds.org/article/view/1387

  This nation-wide retrospective epidemiological study using routine data revealed that the incidence of type 1 diabetes in Wales was greatest in those aged 0-14 years with a higher incidence and prevalence in the most deprived areas. These findings illustrate the need for health-related policies targeted at high deprivation areas to include type 1 diabetes in their remit. […] The prevalence of type 1 diabetes was highest in those aged 15-29 years at 0.52%. The average incidence in the 10 years prior to the index date was 14.0 cases/100,000 people/year, whereas the age group with the highest incidence was those aged 0 to 14 years at 33.6 cases/100,000 people/year. […] The prevalence of type 1 diabetes was 31.0% higher in the most socially deprived areas when compared to the least deprived areas. […] There was a seasonal trend in the rate of diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children and young people which was highest during February and lowest during the months of July and August.

• #1 IJPDS International Journal of Population Data Science

  https://ijpds.org/article/view/1387

  Studies of prevalence and the demographic profile of type 1 diabetes are challenging because of the relative rarity of the condition, however, these outcomes can be determined using routine healthcare data repositories. Understanding the epidemiology of type 1 diabetes allows for targeted interventions and care of this life-affecting condition. […] To describe the prevalence, incidence and demographics of persons with type 1 diabetes diagnosed in Wales, UK, using the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) Databank. […] The prevalence of type 1 diabetes in 2018 was 0.32% in the whole population, being greater in men compared to women (0.35% vs 0.28% respectively); highest in those aged 15-29 years (0.52%) and living in the most socioeconomically deprived areas (0.38%). The incidence of type 1 diabetes over 10 years was 14.0 cases/100,000 people/year for the whole population of Wales. It was highest in children aged 0-14 years (33.6 cases/100,000 people/year) and areas of high socioeconomic deprivation (16.8 cases/100,000 people/year) and least in those aged 45-60 years (6.5 cases/100,000 people/year) and in areas of low socioeconomic deprivation (11.63 cases/100,000 people/year). A seasonal trend in the diagnoses of type 1 diabetes was observed with higher incidence in winter months.

• #1 The epidemiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus in older adults | Nature Reviews Endocrinology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41574-024-01046-z

  Although type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is traditionally viewed as a youth-onset disorder, the number of older adults being diagnosed with this disease is growing. […] We summarize the evidence regarding the epidemiology (incidence, prevalence and excess mortality) of T1DM in older adults (ages 60 years) as well as the genetics, immunology and diagnostic challenges. […] Several studies report an incidence peak of T1DM in older adults of a similar size to or exceeding that in children, and population prevalence generally increases with increasing age. […] Guidelines for differentiating T1DM from type 2 diabetes mellitus in older adults recommend measuring levels of C-peptide and autoantibodies, including glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies. […] However, there is no gold standard for differentiating T1DM from type 2 diabetes mellitus in people aged 60 years and over.

• #1 The epidemiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus in older adults | Nature Reviews Endocrinology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41574-024-01046-z

  With a growing global population of older adults with T1DM, improved genetic and immunological evidence is needed to differentiate diabetes mellitus type at older ages so that a clear epidemiological picture can emerge. […] The increasing population of older adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), including those with late-onset T1DM together with those with early-onset T1DM reaching older ages, necessitates a stronger research focus in this age group. […] Incidence and prevalence of T1DM at older ages vary across the world, partly due to different definitions as well as population characteristics. […] Given the considerably greater incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) than of T1DM at older ages, even low levels of misclassification of T2DM as T1DM can lead to major uncertainty in the epidemiology of T1DM.

• #1 The epidemiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus in older adults | Nature Reviews Endocrinology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41574-024-01046-z

  Although survival among older adults with T1DM has improved, older adults with T1DM still have substantially reduced life expectancy compared with those of the same age in the general population. […] Although glutamic acid decarboxylase positivity and low C-peptide are indicative of T1DM among older adults presenting with new-onset diabetes mellitus, there is no gold standard in differentiating T1DM from T2DM at older ages. […] A more accurate definition of T1DM in older adults should be developed and applied to epidemiological studies globally to understand the true burden of T1DM among older adults compared with that in other age groups. […] This multi-country analysis highlighted the increased mortality in older adults with T1DM compared with the general population, reporting standardized mortality ratios greater than 1 in all older adult age groups. […] This 2023 review described the challenges of diagnosing T1DM in older adults.

• #1 Diabetes surveillance – Children and adolescents – Prevalence of type 1 diabetes

  https://diabsurv.rki.de/Webs/Diabsurv/EN/diabetes-in-germany/child/2-11_Prevalence_of_type_1_diabetes.html

  The diabetes registries provide outpatient or inpatient diagnostic data and information on the type of therapy provided to people with statutory and private health insurance. This includes information about people with different types of diabetes and age groups. These data are provided by practices and clinics participating on a voluntary basis. The data quality depends on the practice providing the data. All documentation is subject to a thorough plausibility check. Statistical methods are used for extrapolation and to ensure full coverage of the reference population.

• #1 Diabetes Prevalence in Ireland – Diabetes Ireland : Diabetes Ireland

  https://www.diabetes.ie/about-us/diabetes-in-ireland/

  There are two main types of diabetes, one of the most prevalent chronic illnesses worldwide: Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes. […] In the absence of a register of people who have diabetes, no-one can be entirely sure how many people in Ireland live with diabetes. […] There is no National Diabetes Registry of people living with diabetes in Ireland, therefore the national estimates below are vague and are likely an overestimate. […] This prevalence estimate method using data from Scotland has been used by the HSE to answer Parliamentary Questions in 2021, and the below table outlines the estimated prevalence of type 2 diabetes (87.7% of the total diabetes population) and type 1 diabetes (10.7% of the total diabetes population) based on the Scottish prevalence data from 2021 and Irish Census 2022.

• #1 The epidemiology of type 1 diabetes: Helping to fit the puzzle pieces | Endocrinología y Nutrición (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-endocrinologia-nutricion-english-edition–412-articulo-the-epidemiology-type-1-diabetes-S2173509315000537

  The epidemiology of type 1 diabetes: Helping to fit the puzzle pieces […] Epidemiology studies both the different factors involved in disease occurrence, frequency, mode of distribution, and course, and the necessary means to eradicate or prevent such factors. In type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), epidemiology provides essential data about prevalence, incidence, and morbidity and mortality to help us improve patient care, which is the ultimate goal of any medical activity. […] The prevalence of T1DM worldwide ranges from 0.8 to 4.6/1000 population, and is 11.5/1000 in most cases. As regards its incidence, differences have been reported by country, race, diagnosis or birth season, age, and sex. […] In 2013, the International Diabetes Federation published the sixth edition of its Atlas, which includes data from 219 countries. The incidence of T1DM in children 14 years of age ranges from 0.1/100,000 population/year in Papua New Guinea and Venezuela to 57.6/100,000 population in Finland.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11886-022-01762-w

  Epidemiological research on type 1 diabetes (T1D) has traditionally focussed on the paediatric age group, but recent data in adults has confirmed it to be a disease of all ages with a wide clinical spectrum. […] While the peak incidence of T1D is still in early adolescence, T1D is now diagnosed more commonly in adulthood than childhood due to increasing recognition of adult-onset T1D and the length of the adult lifespan. […] It still follows the known geographic variations in incidence, being highest in Northern Europe and lowest in Asia. […] Interventions to delay T1D onset are emerging and screening for those at risk at birth is increasingly available. […] Type 1 diabetes can develop at any age and may not present with ketosis or an immediate insulin requirement in adults. […] Macro- and microvascular complications are the greatest cause of excess morbidity and mortality in this population.

• #1 SciELO Brazil – Epidemiology and risk factors of hypoglycemia in subjects with type 1 diabetes in Brazil: a cross-sectional, multicenter study Epidemiology and risk factors of hypoglycemia in subjects with type 1 diabetes in Brazil: a cross-sectional, mu

  https://www.scielo.br/j/aem/a/xvr6YvDN4CWjHQQTG6jvYBP/

  Of 1,760 individuals evaluated, 1,319 (74.9%) reported at least one episode of hypoglycemia in the previous 4 weeks. […] Severe hypoglycemia (SH), defined as an event requiring third-party assistance, occurs in approximately 30% of the individuals with T1D and is an important cause of morbidity. […] The percentage of SH episodes was evenly distributed across all ranges of HbA1c levels, and there were no correlations between the mean number of nonsevere or severe hypoglycemic events and HbA1c values. […] Although individuals presenting with hypoglycemia had lower HbA1c values than those not presenting hypoglycemia, there were no correlations between the number of nonsevere hypoglycemia or SH and HbA1c values. […] Better adherence to SMBG and higher education level were associated with hypoglycemia, while alcohol consumption, higher doses of basal insulin, and more frequent hospitalizations in the previous year were associated with SH. […] The main factors associated with hypoglycemia were lower hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level, better adherence to self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), and higher education level.

• #1 Epidemiology and risk factors of hypoglycemia in subjects with type 1 diabetes in Brazil: a cross-sectional, multicenter study – Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism

  https://www.aem-sbem.com/article/epidemiology-and-risk-factors-of-hypoglycemia-in-subjects-with-type-1-diabetes-in-brazil-a-cross-sectional-multicenter-study/

  The aim of this study was to investigate the factors associated with hypoglycemia and severe hypoglycemia (SH) in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) in Brazil. […] This multicenter, cross-sectional study was conducted between August 2011 and August 2014 across 10 Brazilian cities. The data were obtained from 1,760 individuals with T1D. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics related to hypoglycemic events in the previous 4 weeks were evaluated. […] Of 1,760 individuals evaluated, 1,319 (74.9%) reported at least one episode of hypoglycemia in the previous 4 weeks. The main factors associated with hypoglycemia were lower hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level, better adherence to self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), and higher education level. […] Episodes of SH were reported by 251 (19%) individuals who, compared with subjects with nonsevere hypoglycemia, received lower doses of prandial insulin and higher doses of basal insulin, in addition to reporting less frequent use of long-acting basal insulin analogs.

• #1 Current epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 1 diabetes: a national multicenter study in Brazil | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-018-5859-x

  Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in economically active populations. The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence and to identify risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 1 diabetes in Brazil. […] The worldwide prevalence of DR has been estimated to be 35%, and the prevalence of vision-threatening DR (VTDR) has been estimated to be 10%. […] The duration of diabetes and poor glycemic control are the most important risk factors associated with the development of DR and the majority of diabetes-related chronic complications. […] Screening for DR is an important tool for detecting VTDR and preventing blindness. […] However, Brazil, along with several other developing countries, does not have a national screening program for DR, neither, as far as we know, data on its prevalence.

• #1 Current epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 1 diabetes: a national multicenter study in Brazil | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-018-5859-x

  The prevalence of any DR was 35%, of which 12% presented VTDR that required immediate referral for treatment evaluation. […] In summary, our data have shown a high prevalence of DR among Brazilian T1D patients consistent with the worldwide prevalence of this condition. We found a high proportion of patients with VTDR. This highlights the need for improving access to eye care and DR screening programs in Brazil, which would be beneficial for the prevention of visual impairment and loss.

• #1 Cardiovascular Disease in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Epidemiology and Management of Cardiovascular Risk

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/8/1798

  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of mortality in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients, and cardiovascular risk (CVR) remains high even in T1DM patients with good metabolic control. […] The prevalence of diagnosed type 1 diabetes (T1DM) among US adults in 2016 and 2017 was 0.5% and is increasing worldwide, which may be partly related to reduced natural selection associated with health advances. […] The main epidemiological studies demonstrate that CVD events are more common and occur earlier in T1DM patients than in the general population, although CVD prevalence varies substantially depending on diabetes duration, age, and gender. […] Since then, many studies progressively have confirmed high CVD prevalence in T1DM patients compared with the overall population. […] A registry-based observational study conducted in a Swedish population of 34,000 T1DM patients reported a higher risk of total death and CVD death rates—two- to nine-fold times and three- to 10-fold times, respectively—in T1DM patients than in matched controls, depending on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels.

• #1 At-a-glance – Twenty years of diabetes surveillance using the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/health-promotion-chronic-disease-prevention-canada-research-policy-practice/vol-39-no-11-2019/twenty-years-diabetes-surveillance.html

  Since 2000/01, age-standardized prevalence rates have increased by an average of 3.3% per year (p .001; Figure 1-A). […] In 2016/17, the rate of newly diagnosed diabetes cases was 603.5 per 100 000 Canadians (aged 1 year). […] From 2000/01 to 2016/17, there was a decrease in the all-cause mortality rate (average annual percent change: 2.1, p .001). […] Compared to those without diabetes, the mortality rate ratio for those with diabetes is approximately 1.96 (95% CI: 1.91, 2.02) times higher. […] The CCDSS and its unique architecture provide rich data on chronic diseases and conditions in Canada. […] This report provides the most up-to-date information on diabetes prevalence, incidence and mortality in Canada.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes

  In 2022, 14% of adults aged 18 years and older were living with diabetes, an increase from 7% in 1990. […] Diabetes treatment coverage was lowest in low- and middle-income countries. […] In 2017 there were 9 million people with type 1 diabetes; the majority of them live in high-income countries. […] WHO aims to stimulate and support the adoption of effective measures for the surveillance, prevention and control of diabetes and its complications, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. […] WHO conducts surveillance of diabetes and its risk factors.

• #2 Changes in the Global Epidemiology of Type 1 Diabetes in an Evolving Landscape of Environmental Factors: Causes, Challenges, and Opportunities

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10141720/

  The worldwide incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has increased in recent decades. […] The prevalence of T1DM increases annually by 0.34%. […] The growing prevalence of T1DM cannot be attributed to genetic reasons; therefore, possible explanations should be sought in the changing landscape of environmental factors, given that societies and human lifestyles tend to evolve over time. […] The incidence of T1DM has recently been shown to increase as one moves closer to the sea. […] The incidence of T1DM has also been associated with the mean consumption of meat in a country, and a diet rich in proteins and fermentable fibers. […] The epidemic of obesity, which leads to insulin resistance and lipid disorders, has been suggested to accelerate the presentation of T1DM in genetically predisposed individuals.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes

  In 2022, 14% of adults aged 18 years and older were living with diabetes, an increase from 7% in 1990. […] Diabetes treatment coverage was lowest in low- and middle-income countries. […] In 2017 there were 9 million people with type 1 diabetes; the majority of them live in high-income countries. […] WHO aims to stimulate and support the adoption of effective measures for the surveillance, prevention and control of diabetes and its complications, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. […] WHO conducts surveillance of diabetes and its risk factors.

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02374468

  Nearly 70 registries from more than 40 countries have collected and published incidence data of childhood Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus up to the end of the 1980s. […] The aim of this paper is to review and compare the most recent epidemiology data on the incidence of Type 1 diabetes among children under the age of 15 years. […] A clear difference in incidence appeared between northern and southern hemisphere with no countries below the equator having an incidence greater than 15.0 per 100,000. […] The incidence varied from 0.6 per 100,000 in Korea and Mexico to 35.3 per 100,000 in Finland showing prominent worldwide variation in incidence of Type 1 diabetes. […] The largest intracontinental variation in incidence appeared in Europe, varying from the highest in Finland to the lowest (4.6 per 100,000) in northern Greece. […] The worldwide variation in incidence reflects the distribution of ethnic populations and demonstrates the importance of the differential genetic susceptibility between populations.

• #2 Chapter 1: Epidemiology of Type 1 Diabetes

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2925303/

  This chapter describes the epidemiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) around the world and across the lifespan. Epidemiologic patterns of T1D by demographic, geographic, biologic, cultural and other factors in populations are presented to gain insight about the etiology, natural history, risks, and complications of T1D. […] Data from large epidemiologic studies worldwide indicate that the incidence of T1D has been increasing by 25% worldwide and that the prevalence of T1D is approximately 1 in 300 in the US by 18 years of age. […] Epidemiologic studies have an important on-going role to investigate the complex causes, clinical care, prevention, and cure of T1D. […] The current prevailing paradigm on the etiology of T1D hypothesizes that environmentally triggered autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells occurs against the background of genetic risk, although alternate hypotheses exist.

• #2 Changes in the Global Epidemiology of Type 1 Diabetes in an Evolving Landscape of Environmental Factors: Causes, Challenges, and Opportunities

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/4/668

  The worldwide incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has increased in recent decades. […] The prevalence of T1DM increases annually by 0.34%. […] The growing prevalence of T1DM cannot be attributed to genetic reasons; therefore, possible explanations should be sought in the changing landscape of environmental factors, given that societies and human lifestyles tend to evolve over time. […] The incidence of T1DM has recently been shown to increase as one moves closer to the sea. […] In support of the notion that the environment mediates the risk of the presentation of T1DM, several migrant studies demonstrated differences in the incidence of the disease between genetically “identical” populations living in different environments. […] By understanding the exact mechanisms through which environmental factors play a role in the development of T1DM, we can shed light on the complex pathogenesis of the disease, identify new risk factors that are still unknown, and finally figure out what public health measures are required to halt the increase in new T1DM cases.

• #2 Diabetes Surveillance and Epidemiology

  https://diabetes.jmir.org/themes/438-diabetes-surveillance-and-epidemiology

  Early Detection of Type 1 Diabetes in First-Degree Relatives in Saudi Arabia (VISION-T1D): Protocol for a Pilot Implementation Study […] Addressing Information Biases Within Electronic Health Record Data to Improve the Examination of Epidemiologic Associations With Diabetes Prevalence Among Young Adults: Cross-Sectional Study […] Optimal Look-Back Period to Identify True Incident Cases of Diabetes in Medical Insurance Data in the Chinese Population: Retrospective Analysis Study

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