Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Keloid Scar: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatment & Removal

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/keloid-scar

  A keloid scar happens when your body produces more collagen than it needs to heal an injury. Collagen is a protein that gives your skin support and strength. After an injury, collagen helps bring structure to the wound and aids in rebuilding your skin. Too much collagen after damage to your skin causes a keloid. Providers dont know exactly why this happens. […] Keloids could develop after changes to your skin or an injury like: Acne. A bug bite. Chickenpox. A cut or burn. A piercing or tattoo. Shaving. A surgical incision like a cesarean section (C-section). […] You may be more at risk of developing a keloid scar if you: Have a biological relative who gets these scars. Have a dark skin tone. Are of African, Asian or Hispanic descent. Are between 10 and 30 years old. Are pregnant or going through puberty (or other hormonal changes). Have an underlying genetic condition like Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. […] You may have a genetic trait that makes your body more likely to make more collagen. This is known as keloid-prone skin. The exact gene that causes this is unknown.

• #2 Keloid – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507899/

  Keloids result from abnormal wound healing in response to skin trauma or inflammation. Keloid development rests on genetic and environmental factors. Higher incidences are seen in darker skinned individuals of African, Asian, and Hispanic descent. Overactive fibroblasts producing high amounts of collagen and growth factors are implicated in the pathogenesis of keloids. […] Both genetic and environmental factors play a role in keloid development. Predisposed individuals may develop a keloid following any level of skin trauma including surgery, piercings, acne, tattooing, insect bites, burns, lacerations, abrasions, vaccinations, and any other process resulting in cutaneous inflammation. Increased tension in a wound also may contribute to keloid formation. […] Dark-skinned individuals of African, Asian, and Hispanic descent have higher rates of keloid development compared to Caucasians. The incidence in these darker-pigmented populations ranges from 4.5% to 16%. The incidence is notably higher during pregnancy and puberty. A positive family history increases the risk for the development of keloids although no specific gene has been identified. Rare genetic syndromes can also confer increased risk for the development of keloids including Rubinstein-Taybi and Goeminne syndrome.

• #3 Keloid Scars: Risks, Causes, Prevention, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/keloid-scars-2328343

  Keloid scars are defined as abnormal scars that are hard, smooth, and grow beyond the boundary of the original skin injury. […] It is not fully understood why or how keloid scars form. Skin trauma appears to be the most common cause, although scars can also form for no apparent reason. […] There does appear to be a genetic factor to keloid scarring as well. If someone in your family has keloids, then you are at increased risk. […] Another theory for why keloids form involves collagen—the major protein in your skin that keeps it strong and supple. Collagen plays a vital role in wound healing and scar formation. It’s thought that an imbalance of collagen production can affect the wound healing process and contribute to keloid scars. […] Work is being done to identify the exact causes of keloids. Knowing precisely what causes them will likely lead to better preventive medicine and more effective treatments in the future.

• #4 Keloid – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507899/

  Keloids result from abnormal wound healing in response to skin trauma or inflammation. Keloid development rests on genetic and environmental factors. Higher incidences are seen in darker skinned individuals of African, Asian, and Hispanic descent. Overactive fibroblasts producing high amounts of collagen and growth factors are implicated in the pathogenesis of keloids. […] Both genetic and environmental factors play a role in keloid development. Predisposed individuals may develop a keloid following any level of skin trauma including surgery, piercings, acne, tattooing, insect bites, burns, lacerations, abrasions, vaccinations, and any other process resulting in cutaneous inflammation. Increased tension in a wound also may contribute to keloid formation. […] Dark-skinned individuals of African, Asian, and Hispanic descent have higher rates of keloid development compared to Caucasians. The incidence in these darker-pigmented populations ranges from 4.5% to 16%. The incidence is notably higher during pregnancy and puberty. A positive family history increases the risk for the development of keloids although no specific gene has been identified. Rare genetic syndromes can also confer increased risk for the development of keloids including Rubinstein-Taybi and Goeminne syndrome.

• #5 Keloids: A Review of Etiology, Prevention, and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7158916/

  Keloid formation is theorized to occur as a result of an imbalance between an increased synthesis of collagen and extracellular matrix and decreased degradation of these products. […] Increased synthesis of ECM collagen is thought to be related to the overactivation of keloid fibroblasts via the overexpression of inflammatory mediatorsnamely, TGF-1. […] Differential production of isoforms of TGF- is proposed to be responsible for the excessive collagen production by fibroblasts seen in pathologic scarring. […] Overexpression of TGF-1 and TGF-2 with decreased expression of TGF-3 production results in increased fibroblast activity and ECM collagen formation. […] TGF-1 has been shown to increase TIMP and decrease MMP production, resulting in reduced collagen degradation. […] Other inflammatory proteins such as VEGF and PDGF have been thought to contribute to the overproduction of collagen as well. […] The activity of these molecules increasing fibroblast activation might be the result of activating mechano-transduction pathways, stimulated by mechanical stress at certain areas of the body, such as the sternum, shoulder, and suprapubic areas.

• #6 Keloid Scars: Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://patient.info/skin-conditions/keloid-leaflet

  A keloid (also called a keloid scar) is an overgrowth of a scar, after the skin has been damaged. […] Science hasn’t yet managed to explain why some people go on to develop keloid scars after their skin is damaged, and others don’t. But we have a pretty good idea of how it happens. […] Keloid scars are an overgrowth of skin after a cut or injury that is larger than the original wound. They can also occur after surgery, done by doctors – for example, after ear reduction surgery (where there is a surgical scar behind the ears) or for surgical removal of a suspicious skin growth. […] Keloid scars form because the normal process of scarring, that we all have, goes into overdrive: In a keloid scar too much collagen is laid down in the skin after the damage has happened. It heals 'too much’. […] No one quite knows why this happens. It seems to be unique to humans: other animals do not get keloid scars.

• #7 Risk Factors of Keloids: A Mini Review

  https://austinpublishinggroup.com/dermatology/fulltext/ajd-v4-id1074.php

  Keloid is a benign fibrous growth, which presents in scar tissue of predisposed individuals. It is a result of irregular wound healing, but the exact mechanism is unknown. However, it is possible that several factors such as age of onset, sex, cause of scarring, blood groups, anatomical site, presence of family history and number of injured sites (multiple/single) have an important role in keloid formation and consequentially in predicting keloids behavior in response to treatment and prognosis. […] The process by which keloid develops is poorly understood, but it is known to be induced by skin insults in predisposed individuals. There are several theories of keloid etiology, most of them are related to fibroblast dysfunction. Keloid fibroblasts, when compared with fibroblasts isolated from a normal wound, have excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components, especially collagen, fibronectin, elastin, proteoglycans. In addition, these cells have lower rates of apoptosis.

• #8 Keloid – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507899/

  Keloids result from abnormal wound healing in response to skin trauma or inflammation. Keloid development rests on genetic and environmental factors. Higher incidences are seen in darker skinned individuals of African, Asian, and Hispanic descent. Overactive fibroblasts producing high amounts of collagen and growth factors are implicated in the pathogenesis of keloids. […] Both genetic and environmental factors play a role in keloid development. Predisposed individuals may develop a keloid following any level of skin trauma including surgery, piercings, acne, tattooing, insect bites, burns, lacerations, abrasions, vaccinations, and any other process resulting in cutaneous inflammation. Increased tension in a wound also may contribute to keloid formation. […] Dark-skinned individuals of African, Asian, and Hispanic descent have higher rates of keloid development compared to Caucasians. The incidence in these darker-pigmented populations ranges from 4.5% to 16%. The incidence is notably higher during pregnancy and puberty. A positive family history increases the risk for the development of keloids although no specific gene has been identified. Rare genetic syndromes can also confer increased risk for the development of keloids including Rubinstein-Taybi and Goeminne syndrome.

• #9 Keloids: A Review of Etiology, Prevention, and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7158916/

  Keloid formation is theorized to occur as a result of an imbalance between an increased synthesis of collagen and extracellular matrix and decreased degradation of these products. […] Increased synthesis of ECM collagen is thought to be related to the overactivation of keloid fibroblasts via the overexpression of inflammatory mediatorsnamely, TGF-1. […] Differential production of isoforms of TGF- is proposed to be responsible for the excessive collagen production by fibroblasts seen in pathologic scarring. […] Overexpression of TGF-1 and TGF-2 with decreased expression of TGF-3 production results in increased fibroblast activity and ECM collagen formation. […] TGF-1 has been shown to increase TIMP and decrease MMP production, resulting in reduced collagen degradation. […] Other inflammatory proteins such as VEGF and PDGF have been thought to contribute to the overproduction of collagen as well. […] The activity of these molecules increasing fibroblast activation might be the result of activating mechano-transduction pathways, stimulated by mechanical stress at certain areas of the body, such as the sternum, shoulder, and suprapubic areas.

• #10 Keloids: Causes, Clinical Features, & Treatment

  https://www.theplasticsfella.com/keloid-scars/

  Keloids are fibrotic scars extending beyond the original wound, driven by genetic predisposition, inflammation, and abnormal fibroblast activity. […] Keloid is a dermo-fibroproliferative disorder thought to result from abnormal proliferation of fibroblasts. […] Keloid formation results from a combination of genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, and chronic inflammation that disrupts normal wound healing. The primary pathology involves dysregulated fibroblast activity and excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. […] Keloids arise from chronic inflammation in the reticular dermis. It usually has a triggering event which is then influenced by genetic predisposition, inflammatory processes, and mechanical stress. […] Overactive fibroblasts synthesize excessive collagen and resist apoptosis, leading to persistent scarring. […] Elevated TGF- levels drive fibroblast recruitment and chronic inflammation. […] Estrogen-induced vasodilation, especially during pregnancy, aggravates keloid formation. […] Hypoxia, mechanical stress, and conditions like vitamin D deficiency or hypertension exacerbate keloid progression.

• #11 Keloids: A Review of Etiology, Prevention, and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7158916/

  Keloid formation is theorized to occur as a result of an imbalance between an increased synthesis of collagen and extracellular matrix and decreased degradation of these products. […] Increased synthesis of ECM collagen is thought to be related to the overactivation of keloid fibroblasts via the overexpression of inflammatory mediatorsnamely, TGF-1. […] Differential production of isoforms of TGF- is proposed to be responsible for the excessive collagen production by fibroblasts seen in pathologic scarring. […] Overexpression of TGF-1 and TGF-2 with decreased expression of TGF-3 production results in increased fibroblast activity and ECM collagen formation. […] TGF-1 has been shown to increase TIMP and decrease MMP production, resulting in reduced collagen degradation. […] Other inflammatory proteins such as VEGF and PDGF have been thought to contribute to the overproduction of collagen as well. […] The activity of these molecules increasing fibroblast activation might be the result of activating mechano-transduction pathways, stimulated by mechanical stress at certain areas of the body, such as the sternum, shoulder, and suprapubic areas.

• #12 Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids: A Complete Overview — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/keloid-and-hypertrophic-scar

  A keloid scar is a firm, smooth, hard growth that occurs as a result of excessive scar formation. Keloids occur after skin injury; rarely, keloids can occur spontaneously without any significant preceding skin injury. […] The exact pathogenesis of keloids and hypertrophic scar formation is unknown. Keloids may develop after minor injuries such as trauma, burns, insect bites, surgery, cryotherapy, topical therapies (eg, imiquimod), acne, infections (eg, shingles), and immunisation. They are more common in wounds that have been allowed to heal by secondary intention. Keloids can arise months to years after an injury. […] The pathogenesis is hypothesised to involve dysregulation of the normal healing process resulting in excessive production of collagen, elastin, proteoglycans, and extracellular matrix proteins. There is an increase in the number of fibroblasts and mast cells. Growth factors and cytokines are altered in keloid scars, with increased amounts of TNF alpha, interferon-beta and interleukin 6.

• #13 Keloid and Hypertrophic Scars Are the Result of Chronic Inflammation in the Reticular Dermis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/18/3/606

  Keloids and hypertrophic scars are caused by cutaneous injury and irritation, including trauma, insect bite, burn, surgery, vaccination, skin piercing, acne, folliculitis, chicken pox, and herpes zoster infection. Notably, superficial injuries that do not reach the reticular dermis never cause keloidal and hypertrophic scarring. […] This suggests that these pathological scars are due to injury to this skin layer and the subsequent aberrant wound healing therein, which is characterized by continuous and histologically localized inflammation. As a result, the reticular layer of keloids and hypertrophic scars contains inflammatory cells, increased numbers of fibroblasts, newly formed blood vessels, and collagen deposits. […] Moreover, proinflammatory factors, such as interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α are upregulated in keloid tissues, which suggests that, in patients with keloids, proinflammatory genes in the skin are sensitive to trauma. This may promote chronic inflammation, which in turn may cause the invasive growth of keloids.

• #14 Risk Factors of Keloids: A Mini Review

  https://austinpublishinggroup.com/dermatology/fulltext/ajd-v4-id1074.php

  Several factors play a significant role in keloids formation. The genetic predisposition is the most important factor; other factors are blood groups, melanin, the anatomical site, the type of skin injury, the age of onset, and sex. […] There is a clear genetic component given the correlation with family history, which supported by the following phenomena: (a) some patients with keloids report a positive family history. 19.3% of Syrian patients had a family history, 50% of Afro Caribbean patients, and 36.4% of Nigerian patients. (b) High occurrence in identical twins. (c) There are higher predisposition in Blacks, Hispanics and Asians, less frequently in Caucasians. (d) Increased incidence of keloids in patients with some genetic syndromes like Turner syndrome, Opitz-Kaveggia syndrome, Rubinstein Taybi syndrome and Ehlers Danlos syndrome.

• #15 Keloid – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507899/

  Keloids result from abnormal wound healing in response to skin trauma or inflammation. Keloid development rests on genetic and environmental factors. Higher incidences are seen in darker skinned individuals of African, Asian, and Hispanic descent. Overactive fibroblasts producing high amounts of collagen and growth factors are implicated in the pathogenesis of keloids. […] Both genetic and environmental factors play a role in keloid development. Predisposed individuals may develop a keloid following any level of skin trauma including surgery, piercings, acne, tattooing, insect bites, burns, lacerations, abrasions, vaccinations, and any other process resulting in cutaneous inflammation. Increased tension in a wound also may contribute to keloid formation. […] Dark-skinned individuals of African, Asian, and Hispanic descent have higher rates of keloid development compared to Caucasians. The incidence in these darker-pigmented populations ranges from 4.5% to 16%. The incidence is notably higher during pregnancy and puberty. A positive family history increases the risk for the development of keloids although no specific gene has been identified. Rare genetic syndromes can also confer increased risk for the development of keloids including Rubinstein-Taybi and Goeminne syndrome.

• #16 Keloid Scar: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatment & Removal

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/keloid-scar

  A keloid scar happens when your body produces more collagen than it needs to heal an injury. Collagen is a protein that gives your skin support and strength. After an injury, collagen helps bring structure to the wound and aids in rebuilding your skin. Too much collagen after damage to your skin causes a keloid. Providers dont know exactly why this happens. […] Keloids could develop after changes to your skin or an injury like: Acne. A bug bite. Chickenpox. A cut or burn. A piercing or tattoo. Shaving. A surgical incision like a cesarean section (C-section). […] You may be more at risk of developing a keloid scar if you: Have a biological relative who gets these scars. Have a dark skin tone. Are of African, Asian or Hispanic descent. Are between 10 and 30 years old. Are pregnant or going through puberty (or other hormonal changes). Have an underlying genetic condition like Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. […] You may have a genetic trait that makes your body more likely to make more collagen. This is known as keloid-prone skin. The exact gene that causes this is unknown.

• #17 Keloid Scars: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/keloids

  Keloid scars form to protect injured skin, such as burns or acne scars. […] When skin is injured, fibrous tissue called scar tissue forms over the wound to repair and protect the injury. In some cases, extra scar tissue grows, forming smooth, hard growths called keloids. […] Most types of skin injury can contribute to keloid scarring, including: acne scars, burns, chickenpox scars, ear piercing, scratches, surgical incision sites, vaccination sites. […] Keloids tend to have a genetic component, which means you’re more likely to have keloids if one or both of your parents have them. […] A 2015 study found that the gene AHNAK may play a role in determining who develops keloids and who doesn’t. The researchers found that people who have the AHNAK gene may be more likely to develop keloid scars than those who don’t have it.

• #18 Keloid Scar Pictures, Causes, Symptoms, Cream & Removal

  https://www.medicinenet.com/keloid/article.htm

  Keloid scar develop after surgery or an injury and may continue to grow for some time. Keloid scars develop after surgery or an injury as a consequence of abnormal scar formation. […] Doctors do not understand exactly why keloids form. Alterations in the cellular signals that control proliferation and inflammation may be related to the process of keloid formation, but these changes have not yet been characterized sufficiently to explain this defect in wound healing. […] Individuals with darkly pigmented skin are 15 times more likely to develop keloids, with those of African, Hispanic, and Asian ethnicity at greatest risk. Keloids are equally common in women and men. They are less common in children and the elderly. […] In some cases, the tendency to form keloids seems to run in families. A mutation in a gene known as the NEDD4 gene may indicate that a person has a predisposition to keloid formation.

• #19

  https://rejuvaskin.com/blogs/science-and-health/what-is-a-keloid-scar-what-causes-keloid-scars?srsltid=AfmBOooP3UlcsJRAmfsw3Ti_cXDD4pLG8ZJSBwr6OhnG3idGXvVepZBw

  What Causes Keloid Scars? […] While medical researchers dont know for sure why some peoples skin creates keloid scars and other peoples doesnt, one study cites that a gene known as the AHNAK gene may play a role in determining who develops keloids and who doesnt. Researchers found that people who have the AHNAK gene may be more likely to develop keloid scars than those who dont. After an injury, your cells attempt to try to heal it by forming a scar. In some people, the scar tissue continues to form even after the wound is healed. […] It’s estimated that 10 percent of people experience keloid scarring. While men and women are equally likely to get keloid scars, it is more common to see keloid scarring among patients with darker skin tones. Keloid scars are most commonly found on the chest, shoulders, and cheeks, but they can occur on any part of the body.

• #20 Keloid – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507899/

  Keloids result from abnormal wound healing in response to skin trauma or inflammation. Keloid development rests on genetic and environmental factors. Higher incidences are seen in darker skinned individuals of African, Asian, and Hispanic descent. Overactive fibroblasts producing high amounts of collagen and growth factors are implicated in the pathogenesis of keloids. […] Both genetic and environmental factors play a role in keloid development. Predisposed individuals may develop a keloid following any level of skin trauma including surgery, piercings, acne, tattooing, insect bites, burns, lacerations, abrasions, vaccinations, and any other process resulting in cutaneous inflammation. Increased tension in a wound also may contribute to keloid formation. […] Dark-skinned individuals of African, Asian, and Hispanic descent have higher rates of keloid development compared to Caucasians. The incidence in these darker-pigmented populations ranges from 4.5% to 16%. The incidence is notably higher during pregnancy and puberty. A positive family history increases the risk for the development of keloids although no specific gene has been identified. Rare genetic syndromes can also confer increased risk for the development of keloids including Rubinstein-Taybi and Goeminne syndrome.

• #21 Risk Factors of Keloids: A Mini Review

  https://austinpublishinggroup.com/dermatology/fulltext/ajd-v4-id1074.php

  Several factors play a significant role in keloids formation. The genetic predisposition is the most important factor; other factors are blood groups, melanin, the anatomical site, the type of skin injury, the age of onset, and sex. […] There is a clear genetic component given the correlation with family history, which supported by the following phenomena: (a) some patients with keloids report a positive family history. 19.3% of Syrian patients had a family history, 50% of Afro Caribbean patients, and 36.4% of Nigerian patients. (b) High occurrence in identical twins. (c) There are higher predisposition in Blacks, Hispanics and Asians, less frequently in Caucasians. (d) Increased incidence of keloids in patients with some genetic syndromes like Turner syndrome, Opitz-Kaveggia syndrome, Rubinstein Taybi syndrome and Ehlers Danlos syndrome.

• #22 Keloid – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507899/

  Keloids result from abnormal wound healing in response to skin trauma or inflammation. Keloid development rests on genetic and environmental factors. Higher incidences are seen in darker skinned individuals of African, Asian, and Hispanic descent. Overactive fibroblasts producing high amounts of collagen and growth factors are implicated in the pathogenesis of keloids. […] Both genetic and environmental factors play a role in keloid development. Predisposed individuals may develop a keloid following any level of skin trauma including surgery, piercings, acne, tattooing, insect bites, burns, lacerations, abrasions, vaccinations, and any other process resulting in cutaneous inflammation. Increased tension in a wound also may contribute to keloid formation. […] Dark-skinned individuals of African, Asian, and Hispanic descent have higher rates of keloid development compared to Caucasians. The incidence in these darker-pigmented populations ranges from 4.5% to 16%. The incidence is notably higher during pregnancy and puberty. A positive family history increases the risk for the development of keloids although no specific gene has been identified. Rare genetic syndromes can also confer increased risk for the development of keloids including Rubinstein-Taybi and Goeminne syndrome.

• #23 Keloid Scar: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatment & Removal

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/keloid-scar

  A keloid scar happens when your body produces more collagen than it needs to heal an injury. Collagen is a protein that gives your skin support and strength. After an injury, collagen helps bring structure to the wound and aids in rebuilding your skin. Too much collagen after damage to your skin causes a keloid. Providers dont know exactly why this happens. […] Keloids could develop after changes to your skin or an injury like: Acne. A bug bite. Chickenpox. A cut or burn. A piercing or tattoo. Shaving. A surgical incision like a cesarean section (C-section). […] You may be more at risk of developing a keloid scar if you: Have a biological relative who gets these scars. Have a dark skin tone. Are of African, Asian or Hispanic descent. Are between 10 and 30 years old. Are pregnant or going through puberty (or other hormonal changes). Have an underlying genetic condition like Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. […] You may have a genetic trait that makes your body more likely to make more collagen. This is known as keloid-prone skin. The exact gene that causes this is unknown.

• #24 Keloid Scar Pictures, Causes, Symptoms, Cream & Removal

  https://www.medicinenet.com/keloid/article.htm

  Keloid scar develop after surgery or an injury and may continue to grow for some time. Keloid scars develop after surgery or an injury as a consequence of abnormal scar formation. […] Doctors do not understand exactly why keloids form. Alterations in the cellular signals that control proliferation and inflammation may be related to the process of keloid formation, but these changes have not yet been characterized sufficiently to explain this defect in wound healing. […] Individuals with darkly pigmented skin are 15 times more likely to develop keloids, with those of African, Hispanic, and Asian ethnicity at greatest risk. Keloids are equally common in women and men. They are less common in children and the elderly. […] In some cases, the tendency to form keloids seems to run in families. A mutation in a gene known as the NEDD4 gene may indicate that a person has a predisposition to keloid formation.

• #25 Keloid scars: Causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/keloids-causes

  Anything that causes skin to scar can cause a keloid. […] If you have keloid-prone skin (not everyone does), this scar may form after a body piercing (especially ear piercing). […] Its also possible for a keloid to appear on uninjured skin. This keloid is called a spontaneous keloid. […] Exactly what happens inside the body to cause keloids isnt fully understood. Researchers know that the body produces more collagen than its needs to heal the injured skin. […] These facts certainly suggest that melanin might play a role in causing keloids. […] Researchers continue to study keloids to find out what causes them. Knowing exactly what causes this type of scar could lead to better treatment and more effective ways to prevent keloids. […] While studying what causes keloids, dermatologists learned that certain people seem more likely to develop these scars.

• #26 Why some people are more susceptible to Keloid Scarring

  https://1aesthetics.com/why-some-people-are-more-susceptible-to-keloid-scarring/

  Melanin plays a pivotal role in keloid scarring. The high melanin production in people with darker skin tones can result in a heightened inflammatory response to injuries. This increased inflammation can lead to the overproduction of collagen, a hallmark of keloid scars. […] An individual’s inflammatory reaction following an injury or trauma, including severe acne, can significantly influence whether a keloid forms and how it progresses. […] Some individuals possess an immune system that tends to react more intensely to injury, leading to excessive inflammation. This heightened response can result in the overproduction of collagen, causing the scar tissue to extend beyond the original wound boundaries and form a keloid. […] The tension placed on a wound during healing can influence keloid formation. Wounds in areas with high tension, such as the chest or shoulders, are more prone to keloid development.

• #27 Keloid – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507899/

  Keloids result from abnormal wound healing in response to skin trauma or inflammation. Keloid development rests on genetic and environmental factors. Higher incidences are seen in darker skinned individuals of African, Asian, and Hispanic descent. Overactive fibroblasts producing high amounts of collagen and growth factors are implicated in the pathogenesis of keloids. […] Both genetic and environmental factors play a role in keloid development. Predisposed individuals may develop a keloid following any level of skin trauma including surgery, piercings, acne, tattooing, insect bites, burns, lacerations, abrasions, vaccinations, and any other process resulting in cutaneous inflammation. Increased tension in a wound also may contribute to keloid formation. […] Dark-skinned individuals of African, Asian, and Hispanic descent have higher rates of keloid development compared to Caucasians. The incidence in these darker-pigmented populations ranges from 4.5% to 16%. The incidence is notably higher during pregnancy and puberty. A positive family history increases the risk for the development of keloids although no specific gene has been identified. Rare genetic syndromes can also confer increased risk for the development of keloids including Rubinstein-Taybi and Goeminne syndrome.

• #28 Keloid Scar: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatment & Removal

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/keloid-scar

  A keloid scar happens when your body produces more collagen than it needs to heal an injury. Collagen is a protein that gives your skin support and strength. After an injury, collagen helps bring structure to the wound and aids in rebuilding your skin. Too much collagen after damage to your skin causes a keloid. Providers dont know exactly why this happens. […] Keloids could develop after changes to your skin or an injury like: Acne. A bug bite. Chickenpox. A cut or burn. A piercing or tattoo. Shaving. A surgical incision like a cesarean section (C-section). […] You may be more at risk of developing a keloid scar if you: Have a biological relative who gets these scars. Have a dark skin tone. Are of African, Asian or Hispanic descent. Are between 10 and 30 years old. Are pregnant or going through puberty (or other hormonal changes). Have an underlying genetic condition like Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. […] You may have a genetic trait that makes your body more likely to make more collagen. This is known as keloid-prone skin. The exact gene that causes this is unknown.

• #29 What Causes Keloid Scars? | Orlando, FL

  https://www.wetreatkeloids.com/blog/what-causes-keloid-scars/

  Keloid scars are a common skin condition that can occur after any kind of injury, including surgery, burns, piercings and even acne. […] The exact cause of keloid scars is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to an overproduction of collagen in the skin. […] Genetics play a significant role in the development of keloid scars. People with a family history of keloids are more likely to develop them than those without. This suggests that there may be a genetic predisposition to the condition. […] Hormonal changes can also contribute to the formation of keloid scars. During puberty, pregnancy and menopause, hormonal fluctuations can affect the body’s production of collagen, which may increase the risk of keloid formation. […] Certain skin conditions, such as acne or eczema, can also increase the risk of keloid formation. This is because these conditions can cause inflammation in the skin, which can lead to an overproduction of collagen. Additionally, any kind of skin injury, such as a cut or burn, can trigger the formation of keloid scars.

• #30 Keloid scar | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/keloid-scar

  A keloid scar is a thick raised scar. […] Experts don’t completely understand what causes keloid scars. But most agree it’s likely a dysfunction of the wound-healing process. Collagen a protein found throughout the body is useful to wound healing, but when the body produces too much, keloids can form. […] Keloid growth might be triggered by any sort of skin injury an insect bite, acne, an injection, body piercing, burns, hair removal, and even minor scratches and bumps. Sometimes keloids form for no obvious reason. […] Keloids aren’t contagious or cancerous.

• #31 Keloid scars: Causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/keloids-causes

  Anything that causes skin to scar can cause a keloid. […] If you have keloid-prone skin (not everyone does), this scar may form after a body piercing (especially ear piercing). […] Its also possible for a keloid to appear on uninjured skin. This keloid is called a spontaneous keloid. […] Exactly what happens inside the body to cause keloids isnt fully understood. Researchers know that the body produces more collagen than its needs to heal the injured skin. […] These facts certainly suggest that melanin might play a role in causing keloids. […] Researchers continue to study keloids to find out what causes them. Knowing exactly what causes this type of scar could lead to better treatment and more effective ways to prevent keloids. […] While studying what causes keloids, dermatologists learned that certain people seem more likely to develop these scars.

• #32 Keloid Scar: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatment & Removal

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/keloid-scar

  A keloid scar happens when your body produces more collagen than it needs to heal an injury. Collagen is a protein that gives your skin support and strength. After an injury, collagen helps bring structure to the wound and aids in rebuilding your skin. Too much collagen after damage to your skin causes a keloid. Providers dont know exactly why this happens. […] Keloids could develop after changes to your skin or an injury like: Acne. A bug bite. Chickenpox. A cut or burn. A piercing or tattoo. Shaving. A surgical incision like a cesarean section (C-section). […] You may be more at risk of developing a keloid scar if you: Have a biological relative who gets these scars. Have a dark skin tone. Are of African, Asian or Hispanic descent. Are between 10 and 30 years old. Are pregnant or going through puberty (or other hormonal changes). Have an underlying genetic condition like Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. […] You may have a genetic trait that makes your body more likely to make more collagen. This is known as keloid-prone skin. The exact gene that causes this is unknown.

• #33 Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids: A Complete Overview — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/keloid-and-hypertrophic-scar

  A keloid scar is a firm, smooth, hard growth that occurs as a result of excessive scar formation. Keloids occur after skin injury; rarely, keloids can occur spontaneously without any significant preceding skin injury. […] The exact pathogenesis of keloids and hypertrophic scar formation is unknown. Keloids may develop after minor injuries such as trauma, burns, insect bites, surgery, cryotherapy, topical therapies (eg, imiquimod), acne, infections (eg, shingles), and immunisation. They are more common in wounds that have been allowed to heal by secondary intention. Keloids can arise months to years after an injury. […] The pathogenesis is hypothesised to involve dysregulation of the normal healing process resulting in excessive production of collagen, elastin, proteoglycans, and extracellular matrix proteins. There is an increase in the number of fibroblasts and mast cells. Growth factors and cytokines are altered in keloid scars, with increased amounts of TNF alpha, interferon-beta and interleukin 6.

• #34 Keloids: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000849.htm

  A keloid is a growth of extra scar tissue. It occurs where the skin has healed after an injury. […] Keloids can form after skin injuries from: Acne, Burns, Chickenpox, Ear or body piercing, Minor scratches, Cuts from surgery or trauma, Vaccination sites. […] Keloids are most common in people younger than 30. Black people, Asians, and Hispanics are more prone to developing keloids. Keloids often run in families. Sometimes, a person may not recall what injury caused a keloid to form.

• #35 Keloids – British Skin Foundation

  https://knowyourskin.britishskinfoundation.org.uk/condition/keloids/

  Keloids happen when there is over production of collagen (the skins structural protein). […] Keloid scars are more common after skin injury on the upper chest, breastbone (sternum), shoulders, chin, neck, lower legs and earlobes (especially after ear piercing). […] Keloid scars are most likely to form following burns, acne scars and wounds that become infected or where the skin becomes significantly tight whilst healing. […] Keloid scars may develop from surgical scars. […] Keloid scars are more likely to affect people who have previously had a keloid if their skin is damaged again. […] Keloid scars most commonly arise between puberty and 30 years of age. […] Keloid scars may appear or enlarge during pregnancy.

• #36 Keloids in Children | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/keloids

  Keloids can form whenever skin is damaged. Common causes of keloid scarring include: […] Keloids can appear anywhere on the body, even beyond the injury site. They are most common on the chest, shoulders, earlobes, and cheeks.

• #37 Keloids – British Skin Foundation

  https://knowyourskin.britishskinfoundation.org.uk/condition/keloids/

  Keloids happen when there is over production of collagen (the skins structural protein). […] Keloid scars are more common after skin injury on the upper chest, breastbone (sternum), shoulders, chin, neck, lower legs and earlobes (especially after ear piercing). […] Keloid scars are most likely to form following burns, acne scars and wounds that become infected or where the skin becomes significantly tight whilst healing. […] Keloid scars may develop from surgical scars. […] Keloid scars are more likely to affect people who have previously had a keloid if their skin is damaged again. […] Keloid scars most commonly arise between puberty and 30 years of age. […] Keloid scars may appear or enlarge during pregnancy.

• #38 Risk Factors of Keloids: A Mini Review

  https://austinpublishinggroup.com/dermatology/fulltext/ajd-v4-id1074.php

  Proposed inheritance patterns include autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance, and variable expression. Several genes are considered responsible for keloid disease, but no single gene mutation has thus far been found to be responsible. […] People with blood group A have high probability to develop keloids compared with other blood groups, that may be partly explained by the association between the effect of red cell antigens A and other factors in these patients. […] There is a relationship between keloid formation and skin color, as supported by the following phenomena: (a) Colored skin people such as the Negroid and Mongoloid races have a greater tendency to suffer from keloid compared to the Whites. […] Keloids may develop following any skin injury like noninflammatory conditions such as burn, trauma, surgery, piercings, or inflammatory skin conditions such as acne vulgaris, folliculitis, varicella infection, or vaccinations (particularly BCG vaccination), but not all such insults lead to a keloid scar even in the susceptible individuals.

• #39 Keloids: A Review of Etiology, Prevention, and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7158916/

  Keloid formation is theorized to occur as a result of an imbalance between an increased synthesis of collagen and extracellular matrix and decreased degradation of these products. […] Increased synthesis of ECM collagen is thought to be related to the overactivation of keloid fibroblasts via the overexpression of inflammatory mediatorsnamely, TGF-1. […] Differential production of isoforms of TGF- is proposed to be responsible for the excessive collagen production by fibroblasts seen in pathologic scarring. […] Overexpression of TGF-1 and TGF-2 with decreased expression of TGF-3 production results in increased fibroblast activity and ECM collagen formation. […] TGF-1 has been shown to increase TIMP and decrease MMP production, resulting in reduced collagen degradation. […] Other inflammatory proteins such as VEGF and PDGF have been thought to contribute to the overproduction of collagen as well. […] The activity of these molecules increasing fibroblast activation might be the result of activating mechano-transduction pathways, stimulated by mechanical stress at certain areas of the body, such as the sternum, shoulder, and suprapubic areas.

• #40 Why some people are more susceptible to Keloid Scarring

  https://1aesthetics.com/why-some-people-are-more-susceptible-to-keloid-scarring/

  Melanin plays a pivotal role in keloid scarring. The high melanin production in people with darker skin tones can result in a heightened inflammatory response to injuries. This increased inflammation can lead to the overproduction of collagen, a hallmark of keloid scars. […] An individual’s inflammatory reaction following an injury or trauma, including severe acne, can significantly influence whether a keloid forms and how it progresses. […] Some individuals possess an immune system that tends to react more intensely to injury, leading to excessive inflammation. This heightened response can result in the overproduction of collagen, causing the scar tissue to extend beyond the original wound boundaries and form a keloid. […] The tension placed on a wound during healing can influence keloid formation. Wounds in areas with high tension, such as the chest or shoulders, are more prone to keloid development.

• #41 Keloids: A Review of Etiology, Prevention, and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7158916/

  Keloid formation is theorized to occur as a result of an imbalance between an increased synthesis of collagen and extracellular matrix and decreased degradation of these products. […] Increased synthesis of ECM collagen is thought to be related to the overactivation of keloid fibroblasts via the overexpression of inflammatory mediatorsnamely, TGF-1. […] Differential production of isoforms of TGF- is proposed to be responsible for the excessive collagen production by fibroblasts seen in pathologic scarring. […] Overexpression of TGF-1 and TGF-2 with decreased expression of TGF-3 production results in increased fibroblast activity and ECM collagen formation. […] TGF-1 has been shown to increase TIMP and decrease MMP production, resulting in reduced collagen degradation. […] Other inflammatory proteins such as VEGF and PDGF have been thought to contribute to the overproduction of collagen as well. […] The activity of these molecules increasing fibroblast activation might be the result of activating mechano-transduction pathways, stimulated by mechanical stress at certain areas of the body, such as the sternum, shoulder, and suprapubic areas.

• #42 Keloids Scars Paradise Valley, AZ – Phoenix Surgical Dermatology Group

  https://www.psdermgroup.com/medical-dermatology/keloids-scars-phoenix-az/

  Keloids are a type of raised scar composed of excessive scar tissue that develops at the site of a skin injury, regardless of the cause. […] The main cause of keloid formation is excessive tension on the wound. Keloids develop on the surface of the skin in areas, like the neck, chest, trunk, back, face and ears where there is tension on the wound. […] Keloids run in families.

• #43 Keloid Scars: Info & Causes | Cosmedics Skin Clinics

  https://www.cosmedics.co.uk/skin-conditions/keloid-scars/

  An exaggerated or prolonged inflammatory response during the initial stages of wound healing may contribute to keloid development. […] Certain growth factors involved in tissue repair may be overactive in keloid formation. […] Areas of the body with high skin tension, such as the chest, shoulders, upper back, and earlobes, are more prone to developing keloids. […] Factors like wound depth, size, and location can influence the likelihood of keloid formation. Infected or inflamed wounds may also be more susceptible. […] Changes in hormones, such as those that occur during puberty or pregnancy, can also trigger keloid formation.

• #44 Keloids and hypertrophic scars – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/keloids-and-hypertrophic-scars

  Keloids and hypertrophic scars are fibroproliferative disorders that result from aberrant wound healing in predisposed individuals following trauma, inflammation, surgery, or burns. […] The main inciting factor for hypertrophic scars and keloids is injury to the reticular layer of the dermis, including by surgery, burns, and trauma. In individuals with a high propensity to develop keloids, these can arise from extremely minor injuries, such as infection in the deep part of the hair follicle (folliculitis) or even insect bites. […] The pathogenesis of keloids and hypertrophic scars, although incompletely understood, involves a dysregulation in one or more of the wound healing phases (ie, inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling). […] The external mechanical forces that are placed on the wound/scar during daily life are a primary factor involved in abnormal scar formation.

• #45 Keloids and hypertrophic scars – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/keloids-and-hypertrophic-scars

  Keloids and hypertrophic scars are fibroproliferative disorders that result from aberrant wound healing in predisposed individuals following trauma, inflammation, surgery, or burns. […] The main inciting factor for hypertrophic scars and keloids is injury to the reticular layer of the dermis, including by surgery, burns, and trauma. In individuals with a high propensity to develop keloids, these can arise from extremely minor injuries, such as infection in the deep part of the hair follicle (folliculitis) or even insect bites. […] The pathogenesis of keloids and hypertrophic scars, although incompletely understood, involves a dysregulation in one or more of the wound healing phases (ie, inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling). […] The external mechanical forces that are placed on the wound/scar during daily life are a primary factor involved in abnormal scar formation.

• #46 Unraveling the Mysteries of Keloids: Causes and Treatment Insights | Orlando, FL

  https://www.wetreatkeloids.com/blog/unraveling-the-mysteries-of-keloids-causes-and-treatment-insights/

  Keloids are a perplexing dermatological condition characterized by overgrowth of scar tissue beyond the boundaries of the original wound. […] Keloids can arise from various types of skin injuries, including cuts, burns, acne and surgical incisions. […] Certain factors may increase the risk of keloid formation, including: […] Trauma to the skin from piercings or tattoos can trigger keloid formation, particularly in individuals with a genetic predisposition to keloids. […] Surgical procedures involving the abdomen, such as appendectomies, hernia repairs, or C-sections, can result in keloid formation due to the tension placed on the skin during healing. […] Keloids may develop following cosmetic procedures, such as breast augmentation, liposuction, or facelifts, especially if the incisions are located in areas prone to keloid formation, such as the chest or shoulders.

• #47 Keloid – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507899/

  Keloids result from abnormal wound healing in response to skin trauma or inflammation. Keloid development rests on genetic and environmental factors. Higher incidences are seen in darker skinned individuals of African, Asian, and Hispanic descent. Overactive fibroblasts producing high amounts of collagen and growth factors are implicated in the pathogenesis of keloids. […] Both genetic and environmental factors play a role in keloid development. Predisposed individuals may develop a keloid following any level of skin trauma including surgery, piercings, acne, tattooing, insect bites, burns, lacerations, abrasions, vaccinations, and any other process resulting in cutaneous inflammation. Increased tension in a wound also may contribute to keloid formation. […] Dark-skinned individuals of African, Asian, and Hispanic descent have higher rates of keloid development compared to Caucasians. The incidence in these darker-pigmented populations ranges from 4.5% to 16%. The incidence is notably higher during pregnancy and puberty. A positive family history increases the risk for the development of keloids although no specific gene has been identified. Rare genetic syndromes can also confer increased risk for the development of keloids including Rubinstein-Taybi and Goeminne syndrome.

• #48 Causes Of Keloid Scars | Zenith Cosmetic Clinics | Zenith Cosmetic Clinics

  https://zenithcosmeticclinics.co.uk/journal/non-surgical-procedures/causes-of-keloid-scars-zenith-cosmetic-clinics

  Keloid scars are a common and often challenging skin condition that can affect people of all ages and backgrounds. […] While some individuals are more prone to keloids due to genetic factors, various environmental and lifestyle triggers also contribute to their formation. […] One of the most significant factors in keloid formation is genetic predisposition. […] Studies indicate that people with a family history of keloids are more likely to develop them. […] Common triggers include physical trauma, body piercings and tattoos, acne and skin lesions, and burns and severe injuries. […] Injuries that result in inflammation significantly raise the likelihood of keloid scarring. […] Research shows a higher incidence of keloids in individuals with darker skin tones. […] Hormonal changes, particularly during puberty and pregnancy, can also increase keloid risk.

• #49 Keloids: Causes, Clinical Features, & Treatment

  https://www.theplasticsfella.com/keloid-scars/

  Keloids are fibrotic scars extending beyond the original wound, driven by genetic predisposition, inflammation, and abnormal fibroblast activity. […] Keloid is a dermo-fibroproliferative disorder thought to result from abnormal proliferation of fibroblasts. […] Keloid formation results from a combination of genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, and chronic inflammation that disrupts normal wound healing. The primary pathology involves dysregulated fibroblast activity and excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. […] Keloids arise from chronic inflammation in the reticular dermis. It usually has a triggering event which is then influenced by genetic predisposition, inflammatory processes, and mechanical stress. […] Overactive fibroblasts synthesize excessive collagen and resist apoptosis, leading to persistent scarring. […] Elevated TGF- levels drive fibroblast recruitment and chronic inflammation. […] Estrogen-induced vasodilation, especially during pregnancy, aggravates keloid formation. […] Hypoxia, mechanical stress, and conditions like vitamin D deficiency or hypertension exacerbate keloid progression.

• #50 Why some people are more susceptible to Keloid Scarring

  https://1aesthetics.com/why-some-people-are-more-susceptible-to-keloid-scarring/

  Increased mechanical stress on the healing tissue may trigger an abnormal healing response and the formation of keloids. […] Keloid is caused by inflammation and overgrowth of fibrotic tissue during wound healing. Vitamin D can help to regulate this inflammation and studies have shown that vitamin D deficiency could predispose someone to getting keloids. […] Continual rubbing, scratching, or friction on healing skin can exacerbate inflammation and scar formation. This constant irritation perpetuates the body’s healing response, potentially leading to keloid development. […] Picking at acne, scabs, or existing scars can also introduce additional trauma to the skin, provoking an inflammatory reaction that contributes to the growth of keloids. […] The renin-angiostein system controls blood pressure and has molecules like angiotensin II and receptors called AT1 and AT2. Some studies suggest that when angiotensin II acts on the AT1 receptor, it can make scars worse by causing more inflammation, blood vessel growth, and tissue building. Because of this the renin-angiostein system is linked to keloid formation.

• #51 Keloids: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Race

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1298013-overview

  A keloid is an abnormal proliferation of scar tissue that forms at the site of cutaneous injury (eg, on the site of a surgical incision or trauma); it does not regress and grows beyond the original margins of the scar. […] Keloids are benign dermal fibroproliferative tumors with no malignant potential. […] The excessive proliferation of normal tissue in healing processes results in both hypertrophic scars and keloids. […] The most important risk factor for the development of abnormal scars such as keloids is a wound healing by secondary intention, especially if healing time is greater than 3 weeks. […] Areas of chronic inflammation, such as an earring site or a site of repeated trauma, are also more likely to develop keloids. […] Some evidence supports a relationship between genetic predisposition and an individual’s propensity to form keloid scars.

• #52 Keloid scars: Causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/keloids-causes

  Anything that causes skin to scar can cause a keloid. […] If you have keloid-prone skin (not everyone does), this scar may form after a body piercing (especially ear piercing). […] Its also possible for a keloid to appear on uninjured skin. This keloid is called a spontaneous keloid. […] Exactly what happens inside the body to cause keloids isnt fully understood. Researchers know that the body produces more collagen than its needs to heal the injured skin. […] These facts certainly suggest that melanin might play a role in causing keloids. […] Researchers continue to study keloids to find out what causes them. Knowing exactly what causes this type of scar could lead to better treatment and more effective ways to prevent keloids. […] While studying what causes keloids, dermatologists learned that certain people seem more likely to develop these scars.

• #53 What Are Keloids? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/keloids/guide/

  A keloid, or keloid scar, is a kind of overgrown scar, or an overly aggressive healing response to a wound. […] It’s not clear why some people develop keloids, but doctors believe that these types of scars form when fibroblasts cells found in our connective tissue that secrete collagen overreact and produce high amounts of collagen in response to a wound, notes Stat Pearls. […] If you are prone to developing keloids, any type of skin injury that can cause a scar can lead to the formation of a keloid. Some common causes of keloids include surgical cuts or any other types of cuts, acne and chickenpox blemishes or scars, burns, body or ear piercings, tattoos, insect bites, vaccination shots, and wearing tightly braided hair. […] In rare cases, keloids can form on skin that hasn’t been injured. These are referred to as spontaneous keloids. […] The AAD identifies the following as risk factors that may increase your odds of developing keloids: being of African, Asian, or Hispanic descent; having a family history of keloids; being between 10 and 30 years old.

• #54 What causes keloids on black skin and how to treat them

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/keloids-on-black-skin

  Keloids are a type of raised scar that occurs on the skin after an injury heals. Keloids develop when scar tissue continues to form after the skin healing process ends. […] Although the exact causes remain unclear, the British Association of Dermatologists suggest that keloids develop when the body produces too much collagen during the formation of a scar in response to an injury. […] The American Academy of Dermatology Association (AAD) note that keloids can develop as a result of the following: puncture wounds, cuts, tattoos, piercings, severe acne, insect bites, chickenpox, surgical scars, injection sites, tightly braided hair, shaving. […] In rare instances, keloids may form when individuals have not had a skin injury. These keloids, which doctors call spontaneous keloids, typically appear on the chest and develop in those who have a family history of developing keloids. […] Keloids are common on black skin and may occur after severe acne, a piercing, or any type of skin injury, such as a cut or puncture wound.

• #55 Keloid Scar: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatment & Removal

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/keloid-scar

  A keloid scar happens when your body produces more collagen than it needs to heal an injury. Collagen is a protein that gives your skin support and strength. After an injury, collagen helps bring structure to the wound and aids in rebuilding your skin. Too much collagen after damage to your skin causes a keloid. Providers dont know exactly why this happens. […] Keloids could develop after changes to your skin or an injury like: Acne. A bug bite. Chickenpox. A cut or burn. A piercing or tattoo. Shaving. A surgical incision like a cesarean section (C-section). […] You may be more at risk of developing a keloid scar if you: Have a biological relative who gets these scars. Have a dark skin tone. Are of African, Asian or Hispanic descent. Are between 10 and 30 years old. Are pregnant or going through puberty (or other hormonal changes). Have an underlying genetic condition like Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. […] You may have a genetic trait that makes your body more likely to make more collagen. This is known as keloid-prone skin. The exact gene that causes this is unknown.

• #56 How To Get Rid Of Keloids (Raised Scars) | familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/keloids/

  Keloids are a type of raised scar. They occur where the skin has healed after an injury. They can grow to be much larger than the original injury that caused the scar. Anything that can cause a scar can cause a keloid. This includes being burned, cut, or having severe acne. Keloids can also develop after you get a body piercing, a tattoo, or have surgery. Keloids sometimes show up 3 months or more after your skin is injured. Some continue to grow for years. […] After your skin is injured, your cells try to repair it by forming a scar. In some people, the scar tissue keeps forming long after the wound heals. This extra scar tissue causes the raised area on your skin. Doctors still aren’t sure why some people’s skin scars this way. […] Many different types of skin injuries can lead to a keloid. These include: cuts, puncture wounds, surgical scars, severe acne, chicken pox, insect bites, injection sites, piercings, tattoos. Some people are more likely to develop a keloid when they scar. You are more likely to develop a keloid if: You are Black, Latino, or Asian. You are younger than 30 years of age. You are pregnant. You are a teenager going through puberty. You have a history of keloids in your family. People who have darker skin are 15% to 20% more likely to develop keloids.

• #57 Management of Keloids and Hypertrophic Scars | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0801/p253.html

  Keloids and hypertrophic scars represent an exuberant healing response that poses a challenge for physicians. […] The primary risk factor for keloids is darkly pigmented skin, which carries a 15- to 20-fold increased risk, perhaps because of melanocyte-stimulating hormone anomalies. […] Familial predisposition, with autosomal dominant and recessive genetic variants is recognized. […] Keloids are more common in persons younger than 30 years, with risk peaking between 10 to 20 years of age, and in patients with elevated hormone levels (e.g., during puberty or pregnancy). […] Certain types of trauma and delayed healing (longer than three weeks) heighten keloid incidence even more, with burns carrying the highest risk. […] Acne, ear piercing, chickenpox, vaccinations (particularly bacille Calmette-Gurin vaccination), biopsy procedures, and lacerations may cause abnormal scarring.

• #58 Risk Factors of Keloids: A Mini Review

  https://austinpublishinggroup.com/dermatology/fulltext/ajd-v4-id1074.php

  Several factors play a significant role in keloids formation. The genetic predisposition is the most important factor; other factors are blood groups, melanin, the anatomical site, the type of skin injury, the age of onset, and sex. […] There is a clear genetic component given the correlation with family history, which supported by the following phenomena: (a) some patients with keloids report a positive family history. 19.3% of Syrian patients had a family history, 50% of Afro Caribbean patients, and 36.4% of Nigerian patients. (b) High occurrence in identical twins. (c) There are higher predisposition in Blacks, Hispanics and Asians, less frequently in Caucasians. (d) Increased incidence of keloids in patients with some genetic syndromes like Turner syndrome, Opitz-Kaveggia syndrome, Rubinstein Taybi syndrome and Ehlers Danlos syndrome.

• #59 Keloid Scars: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/keloid-pro

  Keloid causes (aetiology) […] The cause is unknown, although there are various theories, including: […] Dysfunction of the extracellular matrix which controls growth factor activity. […] Abnormalities in collagen turnover. […] An inherited abnormal response to dermal injury. […] An immune reaction to sebum. […] Genetic susceptibility – for example, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) found a common genetic risk factor predisposing to the development of keloid, in a sample of Chinese Han and Japanese people. […] Hormonal factors – keloid is associated with pregnancy and puberty.

• #60 Keloids and hypertrophic scars – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/keloids-and-hypertrophic-scars

  Keloids and hypertrophic scars are fibroproliferative disorders that result from aberrant wound healing in predisposed individuals following trauma, inflammation, surgery, or burns. […] The main inciting factor for hypertrophic scars and keloids is injury to the reticular layer of the dermis, including by surgery, burns, and trauma. In individuals with a high propensity to develop keloids, these can arise from extremely minor injuries, such as infection in the deep part of the hair follicle (folliculitis) or even insect bites. […] The pathogenesis of keloids and hypertrophic scars, although incompletely understood, involves a dysregulation in one or more of the wound healing phases (ie, inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling). […] The external mechanical forces that are placed on the wound/scar during daily life are a primary factor involved in abnormal scar formation.

• #61 Keloids: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Race

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1298013-overview

  Genetic associations for the development of abnormal scars have been found for HLA-B14, HLA-B21, HLA-BW16, HLA-BW35, HLA-DR5, HLA-DQW3, and blood group A. […] The frequency of keloid occurrence in persons with highly pigmented skin is 15 times higher than in persons with less pigmented skin. […] Studies have consistently demonstrated that persons of certain races are more susceptible to keloid scar formation. […] The likelihood of having such comorbidities as obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes was greater as well. […] Keloid formation can occur within a year after injury, and keloids enlarge well beyond the original scar margin. […] The collagen fibrils in keloids are more irregular, abnormally thick, and have unidirectional fibers arranged in a highly stressed orientation.

• #62 Keloids: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Race

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1298013-overview

  Genetic associations for the development of abnormal scars have been found for HLA-B14, HLA-B21, HLA-BW16, HLA-BW35, HLA-DR5, HLA-DQW3, and blood group A. […] The frequency of keloid occurrence in persons with highly pigmented skin is 15 times higher than in persons with less pigmented skin. […] Studies have consistently demonstrated that persons of certain races are more susceptible to keloid scar formation. […] The likelihood of having such comorbidities as obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes was greater as well. […] Keloid formation can occur within a year after injury, and keloids enlarge well beyond the original scar margin. […] The collagen fibrils in keloids are more irregular, abnormally thick, and have unidirectional fibers arranged in a highly stressed orientation.

• #63 Keloids: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Race

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1298013-overview

  Biochemical differences in collagen content in normal hypertrophic scars and keloids have been examined in numerous studies. […] The increased numbers of fibroblasts, recruited to the site of tissue damage, synthesize an overabundance of fibronectin, and receptor expression is increased in keloids.

• #64 Risk Factors of Keloids: A Mini Review

  https://austinpublishinggroup.com/dermatology/fulltext/ajd-v4-id1074.php

  Keloid is a benign fibrous growth, which presents in scar tissue of predisposed individuals. It is a result of irregular wound healing, but the exact mechanism is unknown. However, it is possible that several factors such as age of onset, sex, cause of scarring, blood groups, anatomical site, presence of family history and number of injured sites (multiple/single) have an important role in keloid formation and consequentially in predicting keloids behavior in response to treatment and prognosis. […] The process by which keloid develops is poorly understood, but it is known to be induced by skin insults in predisposed individuals. There are several theories of keloid etiology, most of them are related to fibroblast dysfunction. Keloid fibroblasts, when compared with fibroblasts isolated from a normal wound, have excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components, especially collagen, fibronectin, elastin, proteoglycans. In addition, these cells have lower rates of apoptosis.

• #65 Keloid – Formation – Treatment – Risk Factors – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/perioperative/skin/keloids/

  A keloid is an abnormal proliferation of scar tissue which forms at the site of injury, rises above the skin level, projects beyond original wound margins, and does not regress. […] Keloid formation affects both men and women equally, with the highest incidence occurring between the ages of 20 and 30. […] During keloid formation, there is a prolonged inflammatory phase (due to immune cell infiltration into the scar tissue). This contributes to excess fibroblast activity and increased deposition of ECM, resulting in the tissue projecting beyond the original wound margin. […] The major risk factors for keloid formation are: Ethnicity – most common in Black African or Caribbean and Asian populations; Age – the highest incidence occurring between 20-30yrs; Cause of injury – burns carry the highest risk; Anatomical site – most commonly occur in scars on the ear lobe, shoulders, and sternal notch; Previous keloid formation.

• #66 Keloid and Hypertrophic Scars Are the Result of Chronic Inflammation in the Reticular Dermis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/18/3/606

  Keloids and hypertrophic scars are caused by cutaneous injury and irritation, including trauma, insect bite, burn, surgery, vaccination, skin piercing, acne, folliculitis, chicken pox, and herpes zoster infection. Notably, superficial injuries that do not reach the reticular dermis never cause keloidal and hypertrophic scarring. […] This suggests that these pathological scars are due to injury to this skin layer and the subsequent aberrant wound healing therein, which is characterized by continuous and histologically localized inflammation. As a result, the reticular layer of keloids and hypertrophic scars contains inflammatory cells, increased numbers of fibroblasts, newly formed blood vessels, and collagen deposits. […] Moreover, proinflammatory factors, such as interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α are upregulated in keloid tissues, which suggests that, in patients with keloids, proinflammatory genes in the skin are sensitive to trauma. This may promote chronic inflammation, which in turn may cause the invasive growth of keloids.

• #67 Keloid and Hypertrophic Scars Are the Result of Chronic Inflammation in the Reticular Dermis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/18/3/606

  Keloids and hypertrophic scars are caused by cutaneous injury and irritation, including trauma, insect bite, burn, surgery, vaccination, skin piercing, acne, folliculitis, chicken pox, and herpes zoster infection. Notably, superficial injuries that do not reach the reticular dermis never cause keloidal and hypertrophic scarring. […] This suggests that these pathological scars are due to injury to this skin layer and the subsequent aberrant wound healing therein, which is characterized by continuous and histologically localized inflammation. As a result, the reticular layer of keloids and hypertrophic scars contains inflammatory cells, increased numbers of fibroblasts, newly formed blood vessels, and collagen deposits. […] Moreover, proinflammatory factors, such as interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α are upregulated in keloid tissues, which suggests that, in patients with keloids, proinflammatory genes in the skin are sensitive to trauma. This may promote chronic inflammation, which in turn may cause the invasive growth of keloids.

• #68 Keloids: Causes, Clinical Features, & Treatment

  https://www.theplasticsfella.com/keloid-scars/

  Keloids are fibrotic scars extending beyond the original wound, driven by genetic predisposition, inflammation, and abnormal fibroblast activity. […] Keloid is a dermo-fibroproliferative disorder thought to result from abnormal proliferation of fibroblasts. […] Keloid formation results from a combination of genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, and chronic inflammation that disrupts normal wound healing. The primary pathology involves dysregulated fibroblast activity and excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. […] Keloids arise from chronic inflammation in the reticular dermis. It usually has a triggering event which is then influenced by genetic predisposition, inflammatory processes, and mechanical stress. […] Overactive fibroblasts synthesize excessive collagen and resist apoptosis, leading to persistent scarring. […] Elevated TGF- levels drive fibroblast recruitment and chronic inflammation. […] Estrogen-induced vasodilation, especially during pregnancy, aggravates keloid formation. […] Hypoxia, mechanical stress, and conditions like vitamin D deficiency or hypertension exacerbate keloid progression.

• #69 Keloid and Hypertrophic Scars Are the Result of Chronic Inflammation in the Reticular Dermis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/18/3/606

  Various external and internal post-wounding stimuli may promote reticular inflammation. The nature of these stimuli most likely shapes the characteristics, quantity, and course of keloids and hypertrophic scars. […] Specifically, it is likely that the intensity, frequency, and duration of these stimuli determine how quickly the scars appear, the direction and speed of growth, and the intensity of symptoms. […] These proinflammatory stimuli include a variety of local, systemic, and genetic factors. […] At present, physicians cannot (or at least find it very difficult to) control systemic and genetic risk factors of keloids and hypertrophic scars. However, they can use a number of treatment modalities that all, interestingly, act by reducing inflammation.

• #70 Keloid scar | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/keloid-scar

  A keloid scar is a thick raised scar. […] Experts don’t completely understand what causes keloid scars. But most agree it’s likely a dysfunction of the wound-healing process. Collagen a protein found throughout the body is useful to wound healing, but when the body produces too much, keloids can form. […] Keloid growth might be triggered by any sort of skin injury an insect bite, acne, an injection, body piercing, burns, hair removal, and even minor scratches and bumps. Sometimes keloids form for no obvious reason. […] Keloids aren’t contagious or cancerous.

• #71 Keloid Scars: Risks, Causes, Prevention, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/keloid-scars-2328343

  Keloid scars are defined as abnormal scars that are hard, smooth, and grow beyond the boundary of the original skin injury. […] It is not fully understood why or how keloid scars form. Skin trauma appears to be the most common cause, although scars can also form for no apparent reason. […] There does appear to be a genetic factor to keloid scarring as well. If someone in your family has keloids, then you are at increased risk. […] Another theory for why keloids form involves collagen—the major protein in your skin that keeps it strong and supple. Collagen plays a vital role in wound healing and scar formation. It’s thought that an imbalance of collagen production can affect the wound healing process and contribute to keloid scars. […] Work is being done to identify the exact causes of keloids. Knowing precisely what causes them will likely lead to better preventive medicine and more effective treatments in the future.

• #72 Keloid Scar Pictures, Causes, Symptoms, Cream & Removal

  https://www.medicinenet.com/keloid/article.htm

  Keloids typically appear following surgery or injury, but they can also as a result of some minor inflammation, such as an acne pimple on the chest (even one that wasn’t scratched or otherwise irritated). Other minor injuries that can trigger keloids are burns and cosmetic piercings. […] The best way to deal with a keloid is not to get one. A person who has had a keloid should not undergo elective or cosmetic skin surgeries or procedures such as piercing. When it comes to keloids, prevention is crucial, because current treatments leave a lot to be desired.

• #73 Keloid Scar: Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.healthwords.ai/us/explore/article/preventive-and-general-health/general-health/keloid-scar

  A keloid scar is an area of scar tissue that has formed from a previous trauma – this may have been a small injury, such as an insect bite or acne, or a larger and more memorable injury, such as the site of keyhole surgery or a burn. […] Your body has gone into overdrive trying to repair the wound and has formed a lot of collagen. […] You may have other such scars, or family members may also have a tendency to form keloid scars. […] They are more common in Black and Asian skin, where scars turn dark brown or black rather than the red or pink scars on Caucasian skin. […] Keloid scars carry no risk in themselves, although some people are bothered by how they appear, and they may be itchy, painful, or give a burning sensation. […] If you have a tendency towards keloid scars, you should be cautious about getting piercings or unnecessary minor surgery. […] Successful treatment is difficult. Treatment often aims to flatten the scar or reduce the redness.

• #74 Keloid scars: Causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/keloids-causes

  Anything that causes skin to scar can cause a keloid. […] If you have keloid-prone skin (not everyone does), this scar may form after a body piercing (especially ear piercing). […] Its also possible for a keloid to appear on uninjured skin. This keloid is called a spontaneous keloid. […] Exactly what happens inside the body to cause keloids isnt fully understood. Researchers know that the body produces more collagen than its needs to heal the injured skin. […] These facts certainly suggest that melanin might play a role in causing keloids. […] Researchers continue to study keloids to find out what causes them. Knowing exactly what causes this type of scar could lead to better treatment and more effective ways to prevent keloids. […] While studying what causes keloids, dermatologists learned that certain people seem more likely to develop these scars.

• #75 Keloid Study FAQ: Department of Dermatology – UT Southwestern, Dallas, Texas

  https://www.utsouthwestern.edu/education/medical-school/departments/dermatology/research/keloid/study-faq.html

  The purpose of the Genetic Causes of Keloid Formation Study is to learn more about keloids and to find out what causes them to occur. […] The causes of keloids are unknown. Researchers believe that keloids occur due to a failure of the body to turn off the natural healing process used to repair damaged skin. The number of collagen-producing cells increases more than it should, and these cells end up producing too much collagen. […] Researchers also believe that genetics play a role in the formation of keloids because: Keloids can occur across multiple generations in families.

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