Bliznowiec
Epidemiologia

Bliznowiec (keloid) to patologiczne przerostowe blizny charakteryzujące się nadmierną produkcją tkanki włóknistej, przekraczającą granice pierwotnej rany. Epidemiologia bliznowca wykazuje znaczne zróżnicowanie geograficzne i etniczne, z najwyższą częstością występowania u osób o ciemniejszej karnacji, zwłaszcza pochodzenia afrykańskiego, azjatyckiego i latynoskiego, gdzie częstość wynosi od 4,5% do 16%. Ryzyko rozwoju bliznowca u tych grup jest 15-20-krotnie wyższe niż u osób rasy kaukaskiej (np. 0,09% w populacji angielskiej). Średni wiek pierwszej manifestacji to 23 lata, a szczyt zachorowań przypada na drugą i trzecią dekadę życia. W około 50% przypadków stwierdza się dodatni wywiad rodzinny, co podkreśla istotną rolę czynników genetycznych, choć specyficzny gen nie został jeszcze zidentyfikowany. Lokalizacje predylekcyjne to górna część tułowia, ramiona, głowa i szyja, z dominacją płatka małżowiny usznej (53% bliznowców na uchu). Czynniki hormonalne (np. dojrzewanie, ciąża) oraz immunologiczne (podwyższony poziom IgE, rola komórek tucznych) również wpływają na patogenezę bliznowców.

Epidemiologia bliznowca

Bliznowiec (keloid) to zaburzenie skóry charakteryzujące się nadmiernym tworzeniem tkanki włóknistej, wykraczającej poza granice pierwotnej rany. Mimo powszechnego występowania na całym świecie, epidemiologia bliznowca nie została dotychczas odpowiednio zbadana, a dane dotyczące jego rzeczywistej częstości występowania są ograniczone i często niespójne123. Zrozumienie epidemiologii bliznowca jest kluczowe dla opracowania skutecznych strategii zapobiegania i leczenia tego schorzenia.

Występowanie geograficzne i etniczne

Częstość występowania bliznowca wykazuje znaczne różnice geograficzne i etniczne45. Badania wskazują, że występowanie bliznowca jest związane z różnicami w pigmentacji skóry, co sugeruje, że kształtowanie się bliznowca jest częściowo uwarunkowane genetycznie4.

Najwyższą częstość występowania bliznowca odnotowano wśród osób o ciemniejszej karnacji, szczególnie pochodzenia afrykańskiego, azjatyckiego i latynoskiego67. Szacuje się, że częstość występowania w tych populacjach wynosi od 4,5% do 16%68. W badaniach przeprowadzonych w Afryce, częstość występowania bliznowca wśród pacjentów klinik dermatologicznych wynosiła 3,5%, a wśród osób z jakąkolwiek blizną – 8,3%9.

W Stanach Zjednoczonych, osoby pochodzenia afroamerykańskiego i azjatyckiego odnotowują najwyższą liczbę wizyt lekarskich związanych z bliznowcem, odpowiednio około 3 i 2,5 razy więcej niż osoby rasy białej9. Ryzyko wystąpienia bliznowca u osób o ciemniejszej karnacji jest 15-20 razy wyższe niż u osób rasy kaukaskiej10.

Szczególnie interesujące są dane dotyczące albinosów – u albinosów pochodzenia afrykańskiego częstość występowania bliznowca wynosi 7,5%, podczas gdy u albinosów rasy białej wynosi 0%, co wskazuje, że pigmentacja skóry nie jest jedynym czynnikiem determinującym11.

Grupa etniczna Szacowana częstość występowania
Populacja afrykańska 6-16%
Osoby rasy kaukaskiej 0,09% (Anglia)
Albinosi afrykańscy 7,5%
Albinosi rasy białej 0%
Populacja Tajwanu (roczna zapadalność) 0,15%

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Wiek i płeć

Bliznowiec może wystąpić w każdym wieku, jednak najczęściej rozwija się u osób w wieku 10-30 lat, ze szczytem występowania w drugiej i trzeciej dekadzie życia7813. Średni wiek pierwszej manifestacji wynosi 23 lata u obu płci10. Bliznowce rzadziej występują u niemowląt i osób starszych, chociaż obserwuje się coraz więcej przypadków bliznowców przedmostkowych w wyniku operacji pomostowania tętnic wieńcowych i podobnych zabiegów wykonywanych u osób w starszym wieku7.

Jeśli chodzi o rozkład płci, większość badań wskazuje, że bliznowiec występuje z równą częstością u mężczyzn i kobiet7141516. Niektóre badania sugerują jednak wyższą częstość występowania u kobiet, co może wynikać z większej liczby zabiegów przekłuwania uszu i większej gotowości do zgłaszania się do lekarza z powodów kosmetycznych17718.

Czynniki genetyczne

Wyraźny jest wpływ czynników genetycznych na rozwój bliznowca. U około jednej trzeciej pacjentów z bliznowcem występuje pozytywny wywiad rodzinny tego schorzenia71920. W różnych badaniach, odsetek pacjentów z bliznowcem i pozytywnym wywiadem rodzinnym wynosił od 19,3% u pacjentów syryjskich, 36,4% u pacjentów nigeryjskich, do 50% u pacjentów afrokaraibskich18.

Ważne badanie wykazało, że ponad 50% pacjentów z bliznowcem miało pozytywny wywiad rodzinny, a wywiad rodzinny był silnie związany z powstawaniem bliznowców w wielu miejscach anatomicznych, w przeciwieństwie do pojedynczego miejsca14. Interesujące jest również to, że 76% pacjentów z wywiadem rodzinnym ma bliznowce zlokalizowane w tych samych miejscach anatomicznych co krewni, a 66% ma bliznowce spowodowane tą samą przyczyną18.

Chociaż bliznowce są dziedziczone zarówno w sposób dominujący, jak i recesywny, do tej pory nie zidentyfikowano konkretnego genu odpowiedzialnego za ich rozwój67. Rzadkie zespoły genetyczne mogą również zwiększać ryzyko rozwoju bliznowców, w tym zespół Rubinsteina-Taybiego i zespół Goeminne6.

Lokalizacja anatomiczna

Bliznowce mogą rozwijać się w dowolnym miejscu na ciele, jednak wykazują predylekcję do pewnych lokalizacji anatomicznych. Najczęściej występują na górnej części tułowia, ramionach, głowie i szyi11. W obrębie głowy i szyi, ponad 70% bliznowców rozwija się na uchu, a z tych, które powstają na uchu, większość (53,0%) rozwija się na płatku małżowiny usznej21.

Inne miejsca na głowie i szyi o stosunkowo wysokiej skłonności do rozwoju bliznowca to okolice przyuszne, okolice twarzy pokryte zarostem oraz obszary podbródkowe i podżuchwowe21. Bliznowce często rozwijają się również na klatce piersiowej, ramionach, górnych kończynach i policzkach8.

Czynniki hormonalne i immunologiczne

Rozwój bliznowca może być również stymulowany przez różne hormony. Badania sugerują wyższą częstość występowania bliznowca w okresie dojrzewania i ciąży, z tendencją do zmniejszania się rozmiaru po menopauzie22723. Zmiany hormonalne występujące w czasie ciąży zwiększają ryzyko rozwoju bliznowca2420.

Zasugerowano również związki immunologiczne bliznowców. Badanie przeprowadzone przez Placika i Lewisa wykazało bezpośrednią korelację między częstością występowania bliznowca a poziomem immunoglobuliny E w surowicy22. Smith i współpracownicy stwierdzili wyższą częstość występowania objawów alergicznych u pacjentów z bliznowcami w porównaniu z osobami z bliznami przerostowymi, co sugeruje możliwą rolę komórek tucznych w patofizjologii powstawania bliznowca22.

Czynniki ryzyka bliznowca

Rozumienie czynników ryzyka bliznowca jest kluczowe dla opracowania skutecznych strategii zapobiegania i leczenia1. Czynniki ryzyka można podzielić na wewnętrzne (genetyczne) i zewnętrzne (środowiskowe).

Czynniki wewnętrzne

Pochodzenie etniczne i pigmentacja skóry odgrywają istotną rolę w rozwoju bliznowca46. Osoby o ciemniejszej karnacji, szczególnie pochodzenia afrykańskiego, azjatyckiego i latynoskiego, mają wyższe ryzyko rozwoju bliznowca825.

Wywiad rodzinny jest istotnym czynnikiem ryzyka78. Około 50% pacjentów z bliznowcem ma pozytywny wywiad rodzinny, a osoby z takim wywiadem mają większe ryzyko rozwoju bliznowców w wielu miejscach anatomicznych14.

Wiek jest ważnym czynnikiem ryzyka, przy czym najwyższe ryzyko występuje u osób w wieku 10-30 lat78. Bliznowce rzadko występują w pierwszej dekadzie życia, co może być związane z brakiem stymulacji przez hormony płciowe w tym okresie23.

Zmiany hormonalne, szczególnie w okresie dojrzewania i ciąży, mogą zwiększać ryzyko rozwoju bliznowca2220.

Czynniki zewnętrzne

Czynniki środowiskowe również przyczyniają się do rozwoju i progresji bliznowca14. Bliznowce mogą rozwijać się po urazach, oparzeniach, ukąszeniach owadów, zabiegach chirurgicznych, krioterapii, terapiach miejscowych, trądziku, infekcjach i szczepieniach25.

Lokalizacja anatomiczna urazu jest istotnym czynnikiem ryzyka. Rany na klatce piersiowej, ramionach, górnych kończynach, płatkach usznych i policzkach mają wyższe ryzyko rozwoju bliznowca8.

Opóźnione gojenie rany i rany, które potrzebują ponad 3 tygodni na zagojenie, mają wyższe ryzyko rozwoju bliznowca823.

Lokalne bodźce mechaniczne, takie jak napięcie w miejscu rany, mogą przyczyniać się do rozwoju bliznowca1.

Monitorowanie i nadzór nad bliznowcem

Pomimo powszechnego występowania bliznowca na całym świecie, jego epidemiologia nie została odpowiednio zbadana126. Nie przeprowadzono nigdy populacyjnego badania oceniającego epidemiologię tego zaburzenia2728.

W Stanach Zjednoczonych, prawdziwa zapadalność i chorobowość bliznowca nie są znane27. Centra Kontroli i Zapobiegania Chorobom (CDC) nie monitorują tego zaburzenia, co pozostawia nas bez wiarygodnych danych o jego występowaniu w kraju3. Podobnie, Światowa Organizacja Zdrowia (WHO) nie śledzi zaburzenia bliznowca3.

Analiza danych z Narodowego Ambulatoryjnego Badania Opieki Medycznej w Stanach Zjednoczonych z lat 1990-2009, obejmująca 8 550 000 wizyt z powodu bliznowca, wykazała, że Afroamerykanie i Azjaci odbyli najwyższą liczbę wizyt z powodu bliznowca, odpowiednio prawie 3 i 2,5 razy wyższą niż osoby rasy białej9.

Wyzwania w monitorowaniu

Monitorowanie epidemiologii bliznowca napotyka na szereg wyzwań. Badania dotyczące demograficznego rozkładu bliznowca na świecie są nieliczne i czasami sprzeczne45.

Diagnostyka bliznowca opiera się głównie na badaniu klinicznym, co może prowadzić do różnic w klasyfikacji2930. Japońskie Warsztaty Bliznowca (JSW) opracowały narzędzie, które można wykorzystać do obiektywnego diagnozowania blizn przerostowych i bliznowców30.

Spontaniczne bliznowce, które rozwijają się bez wcześniejszego urazu lub operacji, są rzadkie, co stanowi dodatkowe wyzwanie diagnostyczne dla każdego klinicysty2931.

Znaczenie nadzoru

Nadzór nad bliznowcem jest kluczowy z kilku powodów:

  • Wczesne leczenie bliznowców jest ważne, ponieważ defekt jest mały i mniej „rzucający się w oczy”, a zatem wczesna interwencja prowadzi do najmniejszego defektu skóry32
  • Najważniejszą rzeczą do zrobienia jest częste obserwowanie blizny, szczególnie w ciągu pierwszych 12-24 miesięcy, pod kątem zmian wielkości, głębokości i wyglądu32
  • Pacjenci z bliznowcami mają nieco wyższe ryzyko raka skóry niż osoby bez bliznowców33
  • Badania obrazowe, takie jak RTG i USG, mogą być cennymi narzędziami w identyfikacji obecności ciał obcych w bliznowcach, które wykazują oporność na leczenie34

Co nas czeka w przyszłości

Przyszłe badania są potrzebne do zbadania nasilenia i progresji bliznowca w większej kohorcie pacjentów35. Dalsze badania są nadal wymagane, aby uzyskać bardziej kompleksowe zrozumienie genetycznego wzorca bliznowca12.

Badacze nadal badają bliznowce, aby dowiedzieć się, co je powoduje. Dokładne zrozumienie przyczyn tego typu blizny mogłoby prowadzić do lepszego leczenia i bardziej skutecznych sposobów zapobiegania bliznowcom20.

Celem badań nad epidemiologią bliznowca jest ułatwienie lepszego zrozumienia złożoności i różnorodności bliznowców z perspektywy epidemiologicznej, umożliwiając tym samym dalsze i głębsze badania nad zindywidualizowanymi strategiami zapobiegania i leczenia bliznowców12.

Kolejne rozdziały

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  1. 17.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 The Epidemiology of Keloids – Textbook on Scar Management – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK586088/
    Keloids are common throughout the world, their epidemiology has not been adequately investigated. […] The demographic distribution of keloids, mainly on the geographical regions and ethnic races. […] Genetic risk factors can shape keloid rates, in particular certain diseases appear to amplify or suppress keloid formations. […] Environmental factors also contribute to keloid development and progression and therefore shape keloid rates, such as local mechanical stimuli. […] Despite the fact that keloids are common throughout the world, their epidemiology has not been adequately investigated. […] The aim of the chapter is to facilitate a greater understanding of the complexity and diversity of keloids from an epidemiological perspective, thereby potentiating further and deeper explorations into individualized strategies that prevent and treat keloids.
  • #2 The Epidemiology of Keloids | SpringerLink
    https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-44766-3_4
    Keloids are common throughout the world, their epidemiology has not been adequately investigated. […] The demographic distribution of keloids, mainly on the geographical regions and ethnic races. […] Genetic risk factors can shape keloid rates, in particular certain diseases appear to amplify or suppress keloid formations. […] Environmental factors also contribute to keloid development and progression and therefore shape keloid rates, such as local mechanical stimuli. […] Despite the fact that keloids are common throughout the world, their epidemiology has not been adequately investigated. […] The aim of the chapter is to facilitate a greater understanding of the complexity and diversity of keloids from an epidemiological perspective, thereby potentiating further and deeper explorations into individualized strategies that prevent and treat keloids.
  • #3 Overview of keloid disorder
    https://www.keloid212.com/overview-of-keloid-disorder/
    Keloid Disorder: An Overview Keloid Disorder is not a condition that can be effectively treated with surgery. In fact, many patients experience a worsening of their keloids after surgical intervention. […] Like many other aspects of Keloid Disorder, its epidemiology, including true incidence and prevalence, has never been properly studied. The exact incidence and prevalence of keloids in the United States are unknown. Unfortunately, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) does not monitor this disorder, leaving us without reliable data on its occurrence in the country. Similarly, the World Health Organization (WHO) does not track Keloid Disorder. However, it is known to be relatively common in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia.
  • #4 The Epidemiology of Keloids – Textbook on Scar Management – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK586088/
    The studies on the demographic distribution of keloids in the world are sparse and occasionally contradictory. However, keloid rates can be affected by geography and ethnicity. […] It is suspected that this large geographical variation in keloid rate may reflect racial differences in skin pigmentation. […] The effect of ethnicity on keloidogenesis suggests that keloid formation is somewhat underpinned by genetic variation. […] Environmental factors also contribute to keloid development and progression and therefore shape keloid rates. […] Regardless of whether keloids occur spontaneously or after trauma, these lesions are clearly the result of both internal genetic and external environmental factors.
  • #5 The Epidemiology of Keloids | SpringerLink
    https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-44766-3_4
    The studies on the demographic distribution of keloids in the world are sparse and occasionally contradictory. However, keloid rates can be affected by geography and ethnicity. […] It is suspected that this large geographical variation in keloid rate may reflect racial differences in skin pigmentation. […] The effect of ethnicity on keloidogenesis suggests that keloid formation is somewhat underpinned by genetic variation. […] Environmental factors also contribute to keloid development and progression and therefore shape keloid rates.
  • #6 Keloid – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507899/
    Dark-skinned individuals of African, Asian, and Hispanic descent have higher rates of keloid development compared to Caucasians. The incidence in these darker-pigmented populations ranges from 4.5% to 16%. The incidence is notably higher during pregnancy and puberty. A positive family history increases the risk for the development of keloids although no specific gene has been identified. Rare genetic syndromes can also confer increased risk for the development of keloids including Rubinstein-Taybi and Goeminne syndrome. […] Keloids have a predilection for darker-skinned individuals. Keloids are a result of aberrant wound healing. In contrast to hypertrophic scars, keloidal tissue extends beyond the area of initial skin injury. Treatment is difficult and rests primarily in symptom relief.
  • #7 Keloid and Hypertrophic Scar: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1057599-overview
    Only humans are affected by keloids, and both dominant and recessive modes of inheritance have been described. […] Although keloids occur in all age groups, they are rarely found in newborns or elderly persons and have the highest incidence in individuals aged 10-20 years. […] Keloids form more frequently in Polynesian and Chinese persons than in Indian and Malaysian persons. […] As many as 16% of people in a random sampling of black Africans reported having keloids. […] White persons are least commonly affected. […] The prevalence has been reported to be higher in young females than in young males, probably reflecting the greater frequency of earlobe piercing among females. […] Keloids and hypertrophic scars affect both sexes equally in other age groups. […] Onset occurs most commonly in individuals aged 10-30 years. […] Keloids occur less frequently at the extremes of age, although an increasing number of presternal keloids have resulted from coronary artery bypass operations and other similar procedures now undertaken in persons in older age groups.
  • #8
    https://step1.medbullets.com/dermatology/114098/hypertrophic-scars-and-keloids
    incidence […] keloid […] 6-16% of African population […] […] […] demographics […] most commonly in ages 10-30 […] […] […] risk factors […] keloid […] in groups with darker skin […] patients of African, Hispanic, or Asian descent […] family history […] wounds on chest, shoulders, upper arms, earlobes, or cheeks […] […] […] both […] dermal injury caused by burns […] wounds that take 3 weeks to heal
  • #9 Keloids and hypertrophic scars – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/keloids-and-hypertrophic-scars/print
    Keloids are reported in all ethnic groups. They can occur sporadically or show a familial pattern. Based on limited epidemiologic data, the risk of keloid development appears to be highest in individuals with African or Asian ancestry. An analysis of data from the United States National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey from 1990 to 2009 that included 8,550,000 visits for keloids showed that when examining the number of visits per 100,000 United States residents according to ethnicity, African Americans and Asian Americans made the highest number of visits for keloids, nearly 3 and 2.5 times as high as non-Hispanic White Americans, respectively. […] There are no high-quality data on the prevalence and incidence of keloids. In two African studies, keloid prevalence among patients attending dermatologic clinics was 3.5 percent. In a Kenyan study, the prevalence of keloids among people with any scar on their body was 8.3 percent. An analysis of the Taiwanese National Health Insurance Research Database estimated an annual incidence rate of keloids of 0.15 percent.
  • #10 Keloid (overview) – Altmeyers Encyclopedia – Department Dermatology
    https://www.altmeyers.org/en/dermatology/keloid-overview-119902
    Young people, blacks and Asians are particularly predisposed (keloid prevalence: 4.5-16%). The risk of contracting keloid is 15-20 times higher in dark-skinned ethnic groups than in Caucasians. […] The average age of first manifestation is 23 years in both sexes (11-30 years/Shaheen A et al. 2016). There is no sex predominance.
  • #11 Hypertrophic and Keloid Scars | Concise Medical Knowledge
    https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/hypertrophic-and-keloid-scars/
    Keloids occur mostly on the upper torso, shoulders, head, and neck […] Keloids: Prevalence varies in different racially ethnic groups/ skin types: Higher predisposition in patients with darker skin complexion; however, skin melanin content is not the determining factor: White albino prevalence: 0%; African albino prevalence: 7.5%; African non-albino prevalence: 8.3% […] Familial keloids: 3%-4% of all keloids […] More common in younger people (20-30-year-olds).
  • #12 The current status of Keloid treatment | CCID
    https://www.dovepress.com/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-keloid-method-summary-and-effect-evaluation-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CCID
    From the perspective of affected populations, there are significant variations in the incidence of keloid among different ethnicities. The highest prevalence was reported among descendants of African descent, estimated at 4 to 6%; However, some studies put the figure as high as 16% of the adult population in Zaire. In contrast, Asian and Hispanic people have a lower prevalence, while white people have the lowest prevalence, at just 0.09% in England. […] Multiple phenomena within families also support its genetic characteristics. […] Based on these observations, scientists believe that there is a close association between keloid and melanocyte-stimulating hormone. […] Further research is still required to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the genetic pattern of KD.
  • #13 Hypertrophic scars and keloids – Knowledge @ AMBOSS
    https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/hypertrophic-scars-and-keloids/
    Epidemiological data refers to the US, unless otherwise specified. […] Age: can occur at any age but more commonly occurs between 10-30 years of age. […] Keloids: Most common in black, Asian, and Hispanic individuals.
  • #14 Hypertrophic Scarring and Keloids: Pathomechanisms and Current and Emerging Treatment Strategies | Molecular Medicine | Full Text
    https://molmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.2119/molmed.2009.00153
    The occurrence of keloids and hypertrophic scars has equal sex distribution and the highest incidence in the second to third decade. Incidence rates of hypertrophic scarring vary from 40% to 70% following surgery to up to 91% following burn injury, depending on the depth of the wound. Keloid formation is seen in individuals of all races, except albinos, but dark-skinned individuals have been found to be more susceptible to keloid formation, with an incidence of 6% to 16% in African populations. The concept of a genetic predisposition to keloids has long been suggested, because patients with keloids often report a positive family history, unlike patients suffering from hypertrophic scarring. […] An important finding was that more than 50% of all keloid patients had a positive family history of keloid scarring, and family history was strongly associated with the formation of keloid scars in multiple sites as opposed to a single anatomical site.
  • #15 The current status of Keloid treatment | CCID
    https://www.dovepress.com/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-keloid-method-summary-and-effect-evaluation-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CCID
    Keloid is a common skin disorder. The global prevalence of keloid is estimated to be around 24%. This means that approximately 150-300 million people worldwide suffer from keloid. […] Keloid can occur across all age groups. In children and young adults, particularly during adolescence, the prevalence of keloid is higher. This may be related to the fact that the skin of children and young adults is more prone to developing abnormal keloid. […] There is no significant difference in the incidence of keloids between males and females. Both males and females are equally susceptible to developing keloid. […] Genetic factors play a significant role in the susceptibility to keloid. Some individuals are naturally more prone to developing keloid, which may be related to their genes. There may be variations in the susceptibility to keloid among different ethnic groups.
  • #16 Keloid Scars: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/keloid-pro
    Keloid scars have long been thought to be more common in people with darker skin tones, especially people of African heritage. However, the evidence of a link between keloid scarring risk and ethnicity has recently been disputed, given weak epidemiological evidence. […] There is equal sex distribution. […] The peak age is 20-30 years and keloids are less common at the extremes of age. […] Half of patients with keloid have a family history of keloid scar formation, suggesting an inheritable genetic component.
  • #17 Keloids: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Race
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1298013-overview
    Keloids are found only in humans and occur in 5-15% of wounds. They tend to affect both sexes equally, although a higher incidence exists of women presenting with keloids, possibly secondary to the cosmetic implications associated with the disfigurement. Using a multicenter electronic health records database of patients in the United States, Olopoenia et al found that of 5457 individuals identified as having keloids, 61.8% were female. […] The frequency of keloid occurrence in persons with highly pigmented skin is 15 times higher than in persons with less pigmented skin. […] The report by Olopoenia and colleagues found that in patients with keloids, the rates of integumentary, cardiorespiratory, general, auditory, and ocular surgeries and of burns were significantly higher than in persons without keloids. The likelihood of having such comorbidities as obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes was greater as well.
  • #18 Risk Factors of Keloids: A Mini Review
    https://austinpublishinggroup.com/dermatology/fulltext/ajd-v4-id1074.php
    Several factors play a significant role in keloids formation. The genetic predisposition is the most important factor; other factors are blood groups, melanin, the anatomical site, the type of skin injury, the age of onset, and sex. […] There is a clear genetic component given the correlation with family history, which supported by the following phenomena: (a) some patients with keloids report a positive family history. 19.3% of Syrian patients had a family history, 50% of Afro Caribbean patients, and 36.4% of Nigerian patients. […] There is importance of the cause and anatomical site in the added heredity of keloids. 76% of patients with family history have keloids located in the same anatomical sites of the relative, and 66% of them have keloids caused by the same cause. […] The incidence of keloids is usually equal in females and males, but sometimes there is higher incidence in female (it could be related to the higher rate of earlobe piercing in females), or in male (it could be related to acne keloidalis nuchae, especially in Blacks).
  • #19
    https://fpnotebook.com/Derm/Hyperplasia/Kld.htm
    More common in black, asian or hispanic patients (Keloids) […] Confers 15 fold increased risk […] Familial predisposition […] One third of Keloid patients have a first degree family member with Keloids […] Most common onset age 10 to 30 years old.
  • #20 Keloid scars: Causes
    https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/keloids-causes
    In the United States, Black people between the ages of 10 and 30 have the greatest risk of developing a keloid. […] Researchers continue to study keloids to find out what causes them. Knowing exactly what causes this type of scar could lead to better treatment and more effective ways to prevent keloids. […] While studying what causes keloids, dermatologists learned that certain people seem more likely to develop these scars. Heres what seems to increase the risk: […] In the United States, keloids are more common in Black and Latin Americans than people with lighter skin tones. Whereas, in Asia, ethnic Chinese have the highest risk of developing keloids. […] About one-third of people who get keloids have a first-degree blood relative (mother, father, sister, brother, or child) who gets keloids. This is most common in people of African or Asian descent. […] This is the peak time to develop keloids. Most people begin seeing keloids in their 20s. However, a keloid can develop at any time. Infants get keloids. People 70 years of age or older develop keloids. […] The hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy increase the risk of developing a keloid.
  • #21 Keloids: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Race
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1298013-overview
    A literature review by Wang et al indicated that among head and neck keloids, more than 70% develop on the ear and that, of those that do arise on the ear, most develop on the lobule (53.0%). Other head and neck sites reported to have a relatively high propensity for keloid development were the periauricular regions, bearded facial regions, and submandibular and submental areas.
  • #22 Hypertrophic Scarring and Keloids: Pathomechanisms and Current and Emerging Treatment Strategies | Molecular Medicine | Full Text
    https://molmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.2119/molmed.2009.00153
    Keloid growth may also be stimulated by various hormones, as indicated by some studies in which results have suggested a higher incidence of keloid formation during puberty and pregnancy, with a decrease in size after menopause. […] Also, immunologic associations of keloids have been proposed. A study by Placik and Lewis revealed a direct correlation between the incidence of keloid formation and levels of serum immunoglobulin E, and Smith et al. found a higher incidence of allergic symptoms in keloid-afflicted patients compared with individuals with hypertrophic scars, suggesting a possible role of mast cells in the pathophysiology of keloid formation.
  • #23 Risk Factors of Keloids: A Mini Review
    https://austinpublishinggroup.com/dermatology/fulltext/ajd-v4-id1074.php
    Although keloids could occur at any age, they are rare in first decade, because people in this decade are not stimulated by sexual hormones (higher incidence of keloid formation during puberty). Most likely to occur in second and third decades and tend to decrease in older. […] There are modifiable factors like delayed healing, and hypertension.
  • #24 Keloid Treatment with High Intensity Focused Radiofrequency: A Case Report
    https://www.jkslms.or.kr/journal/view.html?uid=128&vmd=Full&
    Keloids and hypertrophic scars (HSs) commonly present following disruption of the dermis, whether from burns, surgery, vaccinations, piercings, lacerations, or abrasions, although in the case of keloids their presence may be completely spontaneous, in the absence of injury. […] The epidemiology of keloids, as distinct to that of HSs, shows no difference among sex, a higher incidence in Hispanic and African Americans, with an incidence of 6% to 16%, and the greatest incidence in the second and third decade. […] Pregnancy appears to be associated with a greater risk of keloid development. […] Keloids remain a conundrum for the dermatologist, both regarding their formation and especially for their treatment.
  • #25 Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids: A Complete Overview — DermNet
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/keloid-and-hypertrophic-scar
    Hypertrophic scarring is common and can occur in all races and ages whereas keloid scars are less common and are more frequent in those with Fitzpatrick skin types III to VI. […] Keloids are self-reported in 16% of Black individuals, and Chinese individuals are more likely to develop them when compared with those of Indian or Malaysian origin. White-skinned individuals and albinos appear to be the least affected. A genetic association has been noted with some HLA haplotypes and blood group A. […] The exact pathogenesis of keloids and hypertrophic scar formation is unknown. Keloids may develop after minor injuries such as trauma, burns, insect bites, surgery, cryotherapy, topical therapies (eg, imiquimod), acne, infections (eg, shingles), and immunisation. […] Keloids can arise months to years after an injury.
  • #26 Spontaneous multiple keloids: a case report
    https://www.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article/48/110/full/
    An aberrant healing reaction to cutaneous injury or inflammation that spreads outside the original wound’s boundaries causes keloidal scars. […] It is uncommon for spontaneous keloid scars to occur without any prior trauma or surgical intervention. […] A keloid scar which is a clinical diagnosis requires determining a history of damage prior to the scar’s development as a significant factor and spontaneous keloid scars, which grow without any previous trauma or surgical operation are considered rare. […] Although keloids are widespread worldwide, not enough research has been done on their epidemiology. […] Significant regional variations in the keloid rate could be a reflection of racial variations in skin colour. […] First, according to Louw, Asians and Blacks are more prone than Caucasians to develop keloid development.
  • #27 Keloid – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keloid
    People of any age can develop a keloid. […] The true incidence and prevalence of keloid in the United States are not known. Indeed, there has never been a population study to assess the epidemiology of this disorder. […] Clinical observations show that the disorder is more common among sub-Saharan Africans, African Americans and Asians, with unreliable and very wide estimated prevalence rates ranging from 4.5 to 16%.
  • #28 Keloid | Encyclopedia MDPI
    https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35197
    Keloid, also known as keloid disorder and keloidal scar, is the formation of a type of scar which, depending on its maturity, is composed mainly of either type III (early) or type I (late) collagen. […] Worldwide, men and women of African, Asian, Hispanic and European descent can develop these raised scars. In the United States keloid scars are seen 15 times more frequently in people of sub-Saharan African descent than in people of European descent. […] True incidence and prevalence of keloid in United States is not known. Indeed, there has never been a population study to assess the epidemiology of this disorder. […] Clinical observations show that the disorder is more common among sub-Saharan Africans, African Americans and Asians, with unreliable and very wide estimated prevalence rates ranging from 4.5 to 16%.
  • #29 Challenging Diagnosis of a Rare Case of Spontaneous Keloid Scar | Tiong | Journal of Medical Cases
    https://www.journalmc.org/index.php/JMC/article/view/1887/1223
    Keloid scars are benign dermal collagenous lesions that arise in the reticular layer of the dermis as a result of a period of prolonged wound healing due to injurious cutaneous insult. […] The spontaneity of keloid scar to arise de novo without prior cutaneous injury is very rare. […] One of the most important indicative information that leads to keloid scar diagnosis is the history of some form of injury prior to the appearance of the lesion. […] Spontaneous keloid scars, that is, those keloidal lesions that develop without previous injury or surgery, are rare. […] The occurrence of keloid scar is commonest in patients 10 – 30 years of age. […] Individuals of all ethnic backgrounds can form keloid scars but it is 15 times more prevalent in black population than in white. […] To date, there has been very few isolated spontaneous keloid scar cases reported in the literature.
  • #30 Spontaneous multiple keloids: a case report
    https://www.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article/48/110/full/
    It is evident that both internal genetic and exterior environmental variables contribute to the development of keloids, regardless of whether the lesions develop spontaneously or as a result of trauma. […] Clinical examination is usually sufficient to definitively identify keloids. […] A tool developed by the Japan Scar Workshop (JSW) can be used to objectively diagnose hypertrophic scars and keloids. […] Although there are numerous therapeutic options for keloids, they continue to provide a clinical challenge for both patients and clinicians.
  • #31 Challenging Diagnosis of a Rare Case of Spontaneous Keloid Scar | Tiong | Journal of Medical Cases
    https://www.journalmc.org/index.php/JMC/article/view/1887/1223
    As a result of the rarity of spontaneous keloid scar, it is important to bear in ones mind the differential diagnosis of lesions resembling keloid scar. […] In general, a decision to biopsy a keloid scar should not be taken lightly because even a small wound from a minor surgical procedure may promote keloid scar growth. […] Unfortunately, it is not always easy to make an accurate diagnosis of keloid scar based on its clinical appearance or even histopathologically especially due to its evolving nature. […] Our case, therefore, highlighted the challenge of managing keloid scar as an entity and more vigilance should be held in our practice while acknowledging the possible spontaneity of their occurrence. […] Spontaneous keloid scars pose a significant diagnostic challenge to any clinician.
  • #32 Common Causes Of Keloid Scars | Dr. Lissa Plastic Surgery
    https://www.drlissa.com/common-causes-of-keloid-scars/
    A keloid scar is an overgrowth of scar tissue that sometimes forms after a cut or other event that results in trauma to the skin has healed. […] People who have one of these scars are sometimes more likely to develop them in other places on the body. […] Medical professionals can diagnose keloid scars simply by looking at them. […] The most important thing to do is to frequently surveillance your scar especially over the first 12-24 months for changes in size, depth and appearance. Early treatment of keloids is important because the defect is small and less “eye catching” and thus early intervention will lead to the smallest skin blemish or defect.
  • #33 Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids: A Complete Overview — DermNet
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/keloid-and-hypertrophic-scar
    Keloids may reveal: Whorls and nodules of particularly thick homogenous collagen bundles (dense fibrils), located irregularly throughout the dermis (keloidal collagen). […] Keloids are likely to persist without spontaneous resolution and prove resistant to treatment. […] As these often occur after trauma, the following strategies may help prevent their formation: Minimal tension surgery, eversion of wound edges during suturing, limit the number of sutures used, avoid unnecessary surgery / cosmetic procedures in keloid-prone individuals and areas. […] However, patients with keloids have a slightly higher risk of skin cancer than non-keloid individuals.
  • #34 Keloid Scar Resistance to Intralesional Steroid Injections | CCID
    https://www.dovepress.com/keloid-scar-resistance-to-intralesional-steroid-injections-should-we-l-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CCID
    Keloid is a pathological condition characterized by distinct clinical symptoms, with approximately 11 million cases reported annually in developed countries. […] Keloid treatment can be classified into topical therapies, intralesional injections, surgical interventions, radiation, and laser-based therapies. […] The primary therapeutic approach for treating keloid scar involves the administration of intralesional triamcinolone. However, it has been hypothesized that roughly 50% of keloid cases exhibit resistance to intralesional steroid treatment. […] More trials to investigate the effect of the presence of foreign bodies on the treatment of keloid scars are required before certain imaging can be set as a mandatory investigation. […] Imaging studies, such as X-ray and ultrasound, can be valuable tools in identifying the presence of foreign materials in keloids that show resistance to treatment. […] This case report has highlighted the importance of considering the presence of foreign bodies with keloids and their potential impact on the response to treatment.
  • #35
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13555-023-01070-3
    The objective of this analysis was to use structured and unstructured secondary data of a large US-based cohort to characterize a population of patients with keloids, including descriptions of the severity and progression of these lesions, with an emphasis on understanding any differences by sociodemographic factors. […] Keloid progression was not linked to race, ethnicity, or household income level. These results may inform greater understanding of the burden of disease, and this burden may vary across patient demographic characteristics. Future research is needed to investigate keloid severity and progression in a larger cohort of patients.