Bliznowiec
Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby

Bliznowiec (keloid) to łagodny guz skóry o wysokim wskaźniku nawrotów, który znacząco wpływa na prognozę pacjentów. Wskaźnik nawrotów po leczeniu chirurgicznym z uzupełniającą radioterapią wynosi około 52,5%, z medianą czasu wolnego od nawrotu miejscowego (LRFI) 9,7 miesiąca, podczas gdy monoterapia chirurgiczna charakteryzuje się nawrotami w zakresie 45-100%. Lokalizacja anatomiczna bliznowca jest kluczowym czynnikiem prognostycznym – zmiany na głowie i uszach wykazują niższy wskaźnik nawrotów (p = 0,011) i dłuższy czas wolny od nawrotu (p = 0,028) w porównaniu z innymi lokalizacjami, co może być związane z różnicami w aktywności fibroblastów i napięciu skóry. Nadmierne napięcie skóry jest główną przyczyną nawrotów pooperacyjnych, co podkreśla znaczenie precyzyjnego planowania chirurgicznego i stosowania terapii uzupełniających.

Prognoza bliznowca (keloid)

Bliznowiec (łac. keloid) to łagodny guz skóry charakteryzujący się wysokim wskaźnikiem nawrotów, co stanowi kluczowy element prognozy dla pacjentów cierpiących na to schorzenie. W przeciwieństwie do blizn przerostowych, które mogą samoistnie ustępować, bliznowce wykazują tendencję do utrzymywania się bez spontanicznego ustąpienia i często są oporne na leczenie1. Ich zakres zmian chorobowych często wykracza poza pierwotną granicę uszkodzenia skóry i z czasem nie ustępuje samoistnie2.

Wskaźnik nawrotów bliznowca

Wskaźnik nawrotów bliznowca jest jednym z najważniejszych czynników prognostycznych dla pacjentów. W badaniach klinicznych ogólny wskaźnik nawrotów po leczeniu chirurgicznym z uzupełniającą radioterapią wynosił 52,5%, przy medianie czasu wolnego od nawrotu miejscowego (LRFI) wynoszącej 9,7 miesiąca3. Warto zaznaczyć, że w przypadku stosowania monoterapii chirurgicznej bez leczenia uzupełniającego, wskaźniki nawrotów są niezwykle wysokie i mogą sięgać nawet 45-100%4.

Czynniki wpływające na prognozę

Analiza dostępnych danych wskazuje na kilka kluczowych czynników, które mogą wpływać na prognozę bliznowca:

Lokalizacja zmian jako główny czynnik prognostyczny

Lokalizacja anatomiczna bliznowca jest uważana za jeden z najważniejszych czynników prognostycznych. Badania wykazały, że zmiany zlokalizowane na głowie i uszach charakteryzują się niższym wskaźnikiem nawrotów (p = 0,011) oraz dłuższym czasem wolnym od nawrotu miejscowego (p = 0,028) w porównaniu z innymi lokalizacjami5. Ta różnica została potwierdzona zarówno w analizie jednozmiennej (p = 0,011), jak i wielozmiennej (p = 0,042)6.

Istnieje kilka hipotez wyjaśniających, dlaczego lokalizacja zmian może odgrywać rolę w nawrotach bliznowca. Jednym z możliwych wyjaśnień jest różna aktywność fibroblastów w różnych miejscach ciała, co może wpływać na skłonność do nawrotów7.

Napięcie skóry

Nadmierne napięcie skóry jest uważane za główną przyczynę nawrotów pooperacyjnych8. Ten czynnik może częściowo wyjaśniać różnice w wskaźnikach nawrotów w zależności od lokalizacji anatomicznej, ponieważ napięcie skóry różni się znacząco w różnych obszarach ciała.

Skuteczność różnych metod terapeutycznych

Wybór odpowiedniej metody leczenia ma istotny wpływ na prognozę bliznowca. Poniżej przedstawiono główne obserwacje dotyczące skuteczności różnych podejść terapeutycznych:

Leczenie chirurgiczne

Leczenie chirurgiczne jest zwykle odpowiednie dla średnich i dużych bliznowców oraz dla już dojrzałych zmian. Jednak wskaźniki nawrotów po samej operacji są bardzo wysokie9. Aby osiągnąć optymalne wyniki terapeutyczne, konieczne jest przedoperacyjne rozważenie odpowiednich opcji chirurgicznych, śródoperacyjne racjonalne projektowanie cięć, precyzyjne szycie oraz pooperacyjne połączenie z terapiami uzupełniającymi10.

Terapie skojarzone

Ze względu na wysokie wskaźniki nawrotów przy monoterapii, połączenie wielu metod leczenia jest niezbędne do zmniejszenia wskaźnika nawrotów i jednoczesnego ograniczenia działań niepożądanych powodowanych przez podejścia monoterapeutyczne11. Jednym z najskuteczniejszych podejść jest całkowite wycięcie chirurgiczne z uzupełniającą radioterapią12.

Iniekcje dogłęzionowe

Przegląd systematyczny dotyczący skuteczności iniekcji dogłęzionowych w leczeniu bliznowców i blizn przerostowych wykazał obiecujące wyniki w zakresie redukcji wysokości blizny. W większości badań oceniano redukcję wysokości blizny jako główny parametr, klasyfikując wyniki w następujący sposób:

  • Całkowite spłaszczenie (100%)
  • Znaczące spłaszczenie (75%)
  • Umiarkowane spłaszczenie (50-75%)
  • Minimalne spłaszczenie (poniżej 50%)13

W przypadku stosowania triamcinolonu obserwowano całkowite spłaszczenie blizny w czterech z pięciu opisanych przypadków. Jednak w jednym przypadku z dłuższym okresem obserwacji (60 miesięcy) odnotowano wskaźnik nawrotów wynoszący 50%14.

Długoterminowa prognoza i monitorowanie

Kluczowym aspektem prognozy dla pacjentów z bliznowcem jest długoterminowe monitorowanie, ponieważ nawroty mogą wystąpić nawet po wielu miesiącach od pozornie skutecznego leczenia. Większość badań ma ograniczony okres obserwacji – tylko trzy artykuły w analizowanym przeglądzie systematycznym raportowały okres obserwacji dłuższy niż 18 miesięcy15.

Warto podkreślić, że 6-miesięczny okres obserwacji nie jest wystarczający do przewidzenia długoterminowej tendencji blizny do przerostu16. To wskazuje na potrzebę dłuższych okresów monitorowania pacjentów po leczeniu bliznowca.

Cele leczenia a realistyczne oczekiwania

Biorąc pod uwagę trudności związane z całkowitym wyleczeniem bliznowca, ważne jest ustalenie realistycznych celów leczenia. Główne cele obejmują:

  • Zmniejszenie oszpecenia kosmetycznego
  • Redukcję problemów funkcjonalnych powodowanych przez bliznowiec
  • Zmniejszenie bólu i świądu17

Ryzyko rozwoju nowotworu

Chociaż bliznowce same w sobie są zmianami łagodnymi i nie przekształcają się w raka skóry, pacjenci z bliznowcami mają nieznacznie wyższe ryzyko rozwoju raka skóry w porównaniu z osobami bez bliznowców18. Ten fakt powinien być uwzględniany w długoterminowym monitorowaniu pacjentów.

Potrzeba dalszych badań

Pomimo licznych badań nad leczeniem bliznowców, brak odpowiednio długoterminowych, dobrze zaprojektowanych randomizowanych badań kontrolowanych utrudnia wyciągnięcie ostatecznych wniosków z implikacjami dla rutynowej praktyki klinicznej19. Tylko dwa badania zastosowały standaryzowane kryteria wyników z ilościową skalą20.

Pomimo kilku badań wykazujących obiecujące wyniki, brak wspomnianych kryteriów utrudnia ustalenie standardowej praktyki i identyfikację najlepszej techniki zapewniającej długoterminową skuteczność i niskie wskaźniki nawrotów21. Dlatego zaleca się przeprowadzenie odpowiednio zaplanowanych randomizowanych badań kontrolowanych z poprawą jakości oceny skuteczności terapii iniekcji dogłęzionowych w leczeniu blizn przerostowych i bliznowców22.

Rekomendacje dla pacjentów wysokiego ryzyka

Biorąc pod uwagę znaczenie lokalizacji zmian jako czynnika prognostycznego, badacze sugerują, że może być konieczne zwiększenie dawki promieniowania uzupełniającego dla obszarów o wysokim ryzyku nawrotu (innych niż głowa i ucho)23. To podejście mogłoby potencjalnie poprawić wyniki leczenia u pacjentów z bliznowcami w lokalizacjach o wyższym ryzyku nawrotu.

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

  1. 13.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids: A Complete Overview — DermNet
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/keloid-and-hypertrophic-scar
    A hypertrophic scar may resolve spontaneously and is likely to respond better to treatment than a keloid. Conversely, keloids are likely to persist without spontaneous resolution and prove resistant to treatment. […] The aims of treatment are to reduce the cosmetic disfigurement and functional problems caused by the keloid and reduce pain and itch. […] Hypertrophic and keloid scars are harmless and do not change into skin cancer. However, patients with keloids have a slightly higher risk of skin cancer than non-keloid individuals.
  • #2 Progress in the clinical treatment of keloids
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10690427/
    Keloid is a pathological scar that is higher than the skin surface following skin damage. Its lesion range often extends beyond the original damage boundary and does not naturally subside over time. […] Surgical therapy is usually suitable for medium and large keloids and already mature keloids, but postoperative recurrence rates are extremely high, reaching 45100%. […] Excessive skin tension is the main cause of postoperative recurrence. […] In conclusion, surgical treatment remains the cornerstone of the treatment of hyperplastic scars, and in order to achieve optimal therapeutic results, it usually requires preoperative consideration of appropriate surgical options, intraoperative rational incision design, fine suturing, and postoperative combination with adjunctive therapies such as silicone scar patches or silicone ointments and compression therapy. […] The recurrence rate of keloids is extremely high with monotherapy, and many local complications can occur. Therefore, the combination of multiple treatments is needed to reduce the recurrence rate, while improving the adverse effects caused by monotherapy approaches.
  • #3 Lesion Site Is the Key Prognostic Factor for Keloid Patients Receiving Surgery With Adjuvant Radiotherapy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9704806/
    Keloid is a benign tumor with high recurrence rate; accordingly, complete surgical excision with adjuvant radiotherapy is one of the most effective treatments. […] The overall recurrence rate was 52.5%, and the median LRFI was 9.7 months. […] Patients were further classified into 2 groups by lesion sites, which showed lower recurrence rate (P = 0.011) and longer LRFI (P = 0.028) with lesions over the head and ear than other sites. […] We found that lesion site might be a prognostic factor for keloid recurrence. […] Adjuvant radiation dose escalation for high-recurrence risk areas (other than the head and ear) might be required. […] Univariate analysis showed no significant difference for recurrence rate and LRFI, but there was a trend in lesion site where the head and ear had lower recurrence rate than other locations.
  • #4 Progress in the clinical treatment of keloids
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10690427/
    Keloid is a pathological scar that is higher than the skin surface following skin damage. Its lesion range often extends beyond the original damage boundary and does not naturally subside over time. […] Surgical therapy is usually suitable for medium and large keloids and already mature keloids, but postoperative recurrence rates are extremely high, reaching 45100%. […] Excessive skin tension is the main cause of postoperative recurrence. […] In conclusion, surgical treatment remains the cornerstone of the treatment of hyperplastic scars, and in order to achieve optimal therapeutic results, it usually requires preoperative consideration of appropriate surgical options, intraoperative rational incision design, fine suturing, and postoperative combination with adjunctive therapies such as silicone scar patches or silicone ointments and compression therapy. […] The recurrence rate of keloids is extremely high with monotherapy, and many local complications can occur. Therefore, the combination of multiple treatments is needed to reduce the recurrence rate, while improving the adverse effects caused by monotherapy approaches.
  • #5 Lesion Site Is the Key Prognostic Factor for Keloid Patients Receiving Surgery With Adjuvant Radiotherapy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9704806/
    Keloid is a benign tumor with high recurrence rate; accordingly, complete surgical excision with adjuvant radiotherapy is one of the most effective treatments. […] The overall recurrence rate was 52.5%, and the median LRFI was 9.7 months. […] Patients were further classified into 2 groups by lesion sites, which showed lower recurrence rate (P = 0.011) and longer LRFI (P = 0.028) with lesions over the head and ear than other sites. […] We found that lesion site might be a prognostic factor for keloid recurrence. […] Adjuvant radiation dose escalation for high-recurrence risk areas (other than the head and ear) might be required. […] Univariate analysis showed no significant difference for recurrence rate and LRFI, but there was a trend in lesion site where the head and ear had lower recurrence rate than other locations.
  • #6 Lesion Site Is the Key Prognostic Factor for Keloid Patients Receiving Surgery With Adjuvant Radiotherapy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9704806/
    Subsequently, it was found that head and ear lesions had significantly lower recurrence rate than lesions over other locations by both univariant (P = 0.011) and multivariant analyses (P = 0.042). […] This study assumes some hypotheses to explain why tumor location might play a role in keloid tumor recurrence. […] Finally, different activity of fibroblasts from different body sites might affect keloid recurrence. […] In the retrospective review, it was found that lesion sites might be a prognostic factor for keloid recurrence.
  • #7 Lesion Site Is the Key Prognostic Factor for Keloid Patients Receiving Surgery With Adjuvant Radiotherapy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9704806/
    Subsequently, it was found that head and ear lesions had significantly lower recurrence rate than lesions over other locations by both univariant (P = 0.011) and multivariant analyses (P = 0.042). […] This study assumes some hypotheses to explain why tumor location might play a role in keloid tumor recurrence. […] Finally, different activity of fibroblasts from different body sites might affect keloid recurrence. […] In the retrospective review, it was found that lesion sites might be a prognostic factor for keloid recurrence.
  • #8 Progress in the clinical treatment of keloids
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10690427/
    Keloid is a pathological scar that is higher than the skin surface following skin damage. Its lesion range often extends beyond the original damage boundary and does not naturally subside over time. […] Surgical therapy is usually suitable for medium and large keloids and already mature keloids, but postoperative recurrence rates are extremely high, reaching 45100%. […] Excessive skin tension is the main cause of postoperative recurrence. […] In conclusion, surgical treatment remains the cornerstone of the treatment of hyperplastic scars, and in order to achieve optimal therapeutic results, it usually requires preoperative consideration of appropriate surgical options, intraoperative rational incision design, fine suturing, and postoperative combination with adjunctive therapies such as silicone scar patches or silicone ointments and compression therapy. […] The recurrence rate of keloids is extremely high with monotherapy, and many local complications can occur. Therefore, the combination of multiple treatments is needed to reduce the recurrence rate, while improving the adverse effects caused by monotherapy approaches.
  • #9 Progress in the clinical treatment of keloids
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10690427/
    Keloid is a pathological scar that is higher than the skin surface following skin damage. Its lesion range often extends beyond the original damage boundary and does not naturally subside over time. […] Surgical therapy is usually suitable for medium and large keloids and already mature keloids, but postoperative recurrence rates are extremely high, reaching 45100%. […] Excessive skin tension is the main cause of postoperative recurrence. […] In conclusion, surgical treatment remains the cornerstone of the treatment of hyperplastic scars, and in order to achieve optimal therapeutic results, it usually requires preoperative consideration of appropriate surgical options, intraoperative rational incision design, fine suturing, and postoperative combination with adjunctive therapies such as silicone scar patches or silicone ointments and compression therapy. […] The recurrence rate of keloids is extremely high with monotherapy, and many local complications can occur. Therefore, the combination of multiple treatments is needed to reduce the recurrence rate, while improving the adverse effects caused by monotherapy approaches.
  • #10 Progress in the clinical treatment of keloids
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10690427/
    Keloid is a pathological scar that is higher than the skin surface following skin damage. Its lesion range often extends beyond the original damage boundary and does not naturally subside over time. […] Surgical therapy is usually suitable for medium and large keloids and already mature keloids, but postoperative recurrence rates are extremely high, reaching 45100%. […] Excessive skin tension is the main cause of postoperative recurrence. […] In conclusion, surgical treatment remains the cornerstone of the treatment of hyperplastic scars, and in order to achieve optimal therapeutic results, it usually requires preoperative consideration of appropriate surgical options, intraoperative rational incision design, fine suturing, and postoperative combination with adjunctive therapies such as silicone scar patches or silicone ointments and compression therapy. […] The recurrence rate of keloids is extremely high with monotherapy, and many local complications can occur. Therefore, the combination of multiple treatments is needed to reduce the recurrence rate, while improving the adverse effects caused by monotherapy approaches.
  • #11 Progress in the clinical treatment of keloids
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10690427/
    Keloid is a pathological scar that is higher than the skin surface following skin damage. Its lesion range often extends beyond the original damage boundary and does not naturally subside over time. […] Surgical therapy is usually suitable for medium and large keloids and already mature keloids, but postoperative recurrence rates are extremely high, reaching 45100%. […] Excessive skin tension is the main cause of postoperative recurrence. […] In conclusion, surgical treatment remains the cornerstone of the treatment of hyperplastic scars, and in order to achieve optimal therapeutic results, it usually requires preoperative consideration of appropriate surgical options, intraoperative rational incision design, fine suturing, and postoperative combination with adjunctive therapies such as silicone scar patches or silicone ointments and compression therapy. […] The recurrence rate of keloids is extremely high with monotherapy, and many local complications can occur. Therefore, the combination of multiple treatments is needed to reduce the recurrence rate, while improving the adverse effects caused by monotherapy approaches.
  • #12 Lesion Site Is the Key Prognostic Factor for Keloid Patients Receiving Surgery With Adjuvant Radiotherapy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9704806/
    Keloid is a benign tumor with high recurrence rate; accordingly, complete surgical excision with adjuvant radiotherapy is one of the most effective treatments. […] The overall recurrence rate was 52.5%, and the median LRFI was 9.7 months. […] Patients were further classified into 2 groups by lesion sites, which showed lower recurrence rate (P = 0.011) and longer LRFI (P = 0.028) with lesions over the head and ear than other sites. […] We found that lesion site might be a prognostic factor for keloid recurrence. […] Adjuvant radiation dose escalation for high-recurrence risk areas (other than the head and ear) might be required. […] Univariate analysis showed no significant difference for recurrence rate and LRFI, but there was a trend in lesion site where the head and ear had lower recurrence rate than other locations.
  • #13 Intralesional injection treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids: a systematic review regarding outcomes | Burns & Trauma | Full Text
    https://burnstrauma.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41038-015-0015-7
    The most commonly studied outcome measure was the scar height reduction (percentage reduction from baseline) that was usually classified by most authors by using the following scale: complete flattening (100 %), significant flattening (75 %), moderate flattening (50-75 %), and minimal flattening (50 %). […] The scar height reduction for all but one study was demonstrated. […] The use of Triamcinole was described in five cases with complete scar flattening observed in four cases. […] A recurrence rate of 50 % was observed in one case with mean follow-up of 60 months. […] Nine patient samples in seven articles had no scar recurrence and two other samples had low recurrence rate (15 %). […] Therefore, a 6-month-long period of observation cannot predict the scars tendency for hypertrophy in a long term.
  • #14 Intralesional injection treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids: a systematic review regarding outcomes | Burns & Trauma | Full Text
    https://burnstrauma.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41038-015-0015-7
    The most commonly studied outcome measure was the scar height reduction (percentage reduction from baseline) that was usually classified by most authors by using the following scale: complete flattening (100 %), significant flattening (75 %), moderate flattening (50-75 %), and minimal flattening (50 %). […] The scar height reduction for all but one study was demonstrated. […] The use of Triamcinole was described in five cases with complete scar flattening observed in four cases. […] A recurrence rate of 50 % was observed in one case with mean follow-up of 60 months. […] Nine patient samples in seven articles had no scar recurrence and two other samples had low recurrence rate (15 %). […] Therefore, a 6-month-long period of observation cannot predict the scars tendency for hypertrophy in a long term.
  • #15 Intralesional injection treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids: a systematic review regarding outcomes | Burns & Trauma | Full Text
    https://burnstrauma.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41038-015-0015-7
    The aim of this review was to explore the existing body of literature focusing on the intralesional treatments of keloids and hypertrophic scars. […] Although many treatment options have already been described in the literature, there is no universally accepted treatment resulting in permanent hypertrophic or keloid scar ablation. […] The lack of adequately long-term powered randomized controlled trials does not permit to establish definitive conclusions with implications for routine clinical practice. […] Despite the large number of described techniques, scar therapy is still challenging and controversial with a high recurrence rate regardless of therapy (especially for keloids). […] Only three articles reported a follow-up period longer than 18 months, and only two studies used standardized outcome criteria with a quantitative scale.
  • #16 Intralesional injection treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids: a systematic review regarding outcomes | Burns & Trauma | Full Text
    https://burnstrauma.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41038-015-0015-7
    The most commonly studied outcome measure was the scar height reduction (percentage reduction from baseline) that was usually classified by most authors by using the following scale: complete flattening (100 %), significant flattening (75 %), moderate flattening (50-75 %), and minimal flattening (50 %). […] The scar height reduction for all but one study was demonstrated. […] The use of Triamcinole was described in five cases with complete scar flattening observed in four cases. […] A recurrence rate of 50 % was observed in one case with mean follow-up of 60 months. […] Nine patient samples in seven articles had no scar recurrence and two other samples had low recurrence rate (15 %). […] Therefore, a 6-month-long period of observation cannot predict the scars tendency for hypertrophy in a long term.
  • #17 Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids: A Complete Overview — DermNet
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/keloid-and-hypertrophic-scar
    A hypertrophic scar may resolve spontaneously and is likely to respond better to treatment than a keloid. Conversely, keloids are likely to persist without spontaneous resolution and prove resistant to treatment. […] The aims of treatment are to reduce the cosmetic disfigurement and functional problems caused by the keloid and reduce pain and itch. […] Hypertrophic and keloid scars are harmless and do not change into skin cancer. However, patients with keloids have a slightly higher risk of skin cancer than non-keloid individuals.
  • #18 Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids: A Complete Overview — DermNet
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/keloid-and-hypertrophic-scar
    A hypertrophic scar may resolve spontaneously and is likely to respond better to treatment than a keloid. Conversely, keloids are likely to persist without spontaneous resolution and prove resistant to treatment. […] The aims of treatment are to reduce the cosmetic disfigurement and functional problems caused by the keloid and reduce pain and itch. […] Hypertrophic and keloid scars are harmless and do not change into skin cancer. However, patients with keloids have a slightly higher risk of skin cancer than non-keloid individuals.
  • #19 Intralesional injection treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids: a systematic review regarding outcomes | Burns & Trauma | Full Text
    https://burnstrauma.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41038-015-0015-7
    The aim of this review was to explore the existing body of literature focusing on the intralesional treatments of keloids and hypertrophic scars. […] Although many treatment options have already been described in the literature, there is no universally accepted treatment resulting in permanent hypertrophic or keloid scar ablation. […] The lack of adequately long-term powered randomized controlled trials does not permit to establish definitive conclusions with implications for routine clinical practice. […] Despite the large number of described techniques, scar therapy is still challenging and controversial with a high recurrence rate regardless of therapy (especially for keloids). […] Only three articles reported a follow-up period longer than 18 months, and only two studies used standardized outcome criteria with a quantitative scale.
  • #20 Intralesional injection treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids: a systematic review regarding outcomes | Burns & Trauma | Full Text
    https://burnstrauma.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41038-015-0015-7
    The aim of this review was to explore the existing body of literature focusing on the intralesional treatments of keloids and hypertrophic scars. […] Although many treatment options have already been described in the literature, there is no universally accepted treatment resulting in permanent hypertrophic or keloid scar ablation. […] The lack of adequately long-term powered randomized controlled trials does not permit to establish definitive conclusions with implications for routine clinical practice. […] Despite the large number of described techniques, scar therapy is still challenging and controversial with a high recurrence rate regardless of therapy (especially for keloids). […] Only three articles reported a follow-up period longer than 18 months, and only two studies used standardized outcome criteria with a quantitative scale.
  • #21 Intralesional injection treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids: a systematic review regarding outcomes | Burns & Trauma | Full Text
    https://burnstrauma.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41038-015-0015-7
    The present systematic review summarized the current evidence on the effectiveness of intralesional treatment for keloid and hypertrophic scar. […] Despite several studies demonstrating encouraging results, the lack of the abovementioned criteria makes it difficult to establish the standard practice and identify the best technique ensuring long-term effectiveness and low recurrence rates. […] Therefore, adequately powered randomized controlled trials should be recommended with an improvement of the quality on the effectiveness of the intralesional injection therapies for hypertrophic and keloid scars to better clarify these aspects.
  • #22 Intralesional injection treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids: a systematic review regarding outcomes | Burns & Trauma | Full Text
    https://burnstrauma.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41038-015-0015-7
    The present systematic review summarized the current evidence on the effectiveness of intralesional treatment for keloid and hypertrophic scar. […] Despite several studies demonstrating encouraging results, the lack of the abovementioned criteria makes it difficult to establish the standard practice and identify the best technique ensuring long-term effectiveness and low recurrence rates. […] Therefore, adequately powered randomized controlled trials should be recommended with an improvement of the quality on the effectiveness of the intralesional injection therapies for hypertrophic and keloid scars to better clarify these aspects.
  • #23 Lesion Site Is the Key Prognostic Factor for Keloid Patients Receiving Surgery With Adjuvant Radiotherapy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9704806/
    Keloid is a benign tumor with high recurrence rate; accordingly, complete surgical excision with adjuvant radiotherapy is one of the most effective treatments. […] The overall recurrence rate was 52.5%, and the median LRFI was 9.7 months. […] Patients were further classified into 2 groups by lesion sites, which showed lower recurrence rate (P = 0.011) and longer LRFI (P = 0.028) with lesions over the head and ear than other sites. […] We found that lesion site might be a prognostic factor for keloid recurrence. […] Adjuvant radiation dose escalation for high-recurrence risk areas (other than the head and ear) might be required. […] Univariate analysis showed no significant difference for recurrence rate and LRFI, but there was a trend in lesion site where the head and ear had lower recurrence rate than other locations.