Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Diagnosis and Treatment of Keloid: Method Summary and Effect Evaluation

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10759814/

  Keloid is a prevalent skin disorder characterized by the abnormal growth of keloid tissue, which usually occurs following wound healing or surgical incisions. […] The diagnosis of keloid is usually based on medical history and clinical manifestations such as pain, itching, erythema, and induration. Other commonly used diagnostic methods include tissue biopsy and ultrasound examination. […] Doctors usually carefully observe the appearance of keloid tissue nodules, including their shape, color, and degree of indentation or protrusion. […] Doctors will ask patients about trauma, surgery, or other events that may have caused the keloid tissue nodules. […] If the morphological characteristics of the keloid tissue nodules are unclear or questionable, a skin biopsy may be recommended. […] In certain cases, doctors may request imaging examinations such as superficial ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging to assess the impact of keloid tissue nodules on deeper tissues.

• #1 Keloid Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/dermatology/keloids/causes-and-diagnoses

  Diagnosing keloids […] A diagnosis of keloid scar usually involves just a physical exam. If its a strange shape or unknown origin, your physician may take a biopsy (small sample) of the tissue to study under a microscope.

• #1 Keloid scars: recognition and management – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/keloid-scars-recognition-and-management

  A keloid scar, or keloid, is a dermal fibroproliferative growth caused by pathologic wound healing following injury to the skin (e.g. ear piercings, burns, acne scarring and surgical wounds; see Figure 1). […] Pharmacists should be able to recognise the pathology of keloids and confidently diagnose and appropriately refer patients to general practice for optimal management. […] Keloid scars are usually shiny, hairless, raised above the surrounding skin, hard and rubbery. They can look red or purple at first, before becoming brown or pale. […] Keloids can occur anywhere on the body but are most common after skin injury on the upper chest, shoulders, chin, neck and earlobes. […] Keloids can cause pain and functional disability (i.e. restricting movement if growth is on joints) and their appearance can cause psychosocial distress.

• #1 Challenging Diagnosis of a Rare Case of Spontaneous Keloid Scar | Tiong | Journal of Medical Cases

  https://www.journalmc.org/index.php/JMC/article/view/1887/1223

  Keloid scars are benign dermal collagenous lesions that arise in the reticular layer of the dermis as a result of a period of prolonged wound healing due to injurious cutaneous insult. It is diagnosed clinically by a history of injury preceding its appearance and its pathognomonic encroachment beyond the boundary of the original wound. […] Keloid scar is a clinical diagnosis, usually preceded by a history of localized injury. […] One of the most important indicative information that leads to keloid scar diagnosis is the history of some form of injury prior to the appearance of the lesion. […] The accurate diagnosis of keloid scar carries significant implication, because a misdiagnosis will subject the patient to unnecessary biopsy or excision, which is illustrated in our case, can cause significant disfigurement through its recurrence.

• #1 Keloids: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Race

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1298013-overview

  5-fluorouracil – 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) injected intralesionally has been successfully used to treat small keloids. […] Imiquimod therapy – Imiquimod induces local production of interferons at the site of application. […] When a patient presents with an abnormal scar, differentiating a keloid from a hypertrophic scar is necessary. […] Keloids initially manifest as erythematous lesions devoid of hair follicles and other normal glandular tissue. […] The consistency can range from soft and doughy to rubbery and hard. […] Most keloids tend to grow slowly over months to a year, extending past the initial area of injury but rarely into the subcutaneous tissue. […] Most keloids eventually stop growing and remain stable or even involute slightly. […] Keloids have a normal epidermal layer; abundant vasculature; increased mesenchymal density, as manifested by a thickened dermis; and increased inflammatory-cell infiltrate when compared with normal scar tissue.

• #1 Keloid – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/629

  Keloid is a form of abnormal scarring that occurs in susceptible individuals. […] Diagnosis is clinical. […] Key diagnostic factors include history of inciting event (e.g., body piercing, surgery, vaccination), slow growth/lack of spontaneous regression, and erythematous, smooth, and shiny elevated scar with overhanging edge. […] Other diagnostic factors include itch or pain. […] 1st tests to order include clinical diagnosis. […] Tests to consider include skin biopsy.

• #1 Keloid scar – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/keloid-scar/symptoms-causes/syc-20520901

  A keloid scar is a thick raised scar. […] Keloid scar treatment is possible. If you don’t like how a keloid looks or feels, talk with a doctor about how to flatten or remove it. […] Early treatment can help minimize growth of a keloid. Talk with a doctor soon after you notice a keloid. […] Keloids aren’t contagious or cancerous. […] A keloid is different from a hypertrophic scar. A hypertrophic scar stays within the bounds of the original wound and can fade over time without treatment. […] If you decide to undergo surgery, talk with your doctor about your tendency to develop keloids. Your doctor can use surgical techniques that reduce the risk of developing keloids at the surgical site.

• #1 Diagnosing Scars & Keloids | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/scars-keloids/diagnosis

  Dermatologists at NYU Langone determine the type of scar by evaluating its size, location, and texture during a physical exam. […] During a physical exam, your dermatologist may ask you questions about what your skin looked like after previous injuries. A history of keloid scarring, for example, suggests that you are likely to develop a keloid after any injury. […] Doctors also ask about the nature of the injury that caused a scar. Skin heals differently after a puncture wound or abrasion than it does after a burn or surgical incision, and details about the cause of a scar may help doctors recommend the most effective treatment.

• #1 Keloids – British Skin Foundation

  https://knowyourskin.britishskinfoundation.org.uk/condition/keloids/

  Keloids are enlarged, raised scars. They can be skin-coloured, pink/red/maroon, or darker than the surrounding skin. They usually feel firm and smooth. They are shiny and hairless. A keloid can appear within 3-4 weeks of a skin wound but can take a year or longer to appear. A keloid may continue to grow for months or years. Multiple keloids may develop, especially after acne or chickenpox, although most people only have one or two. […] The doctor will usually make the diagnosis of a keloid just by looking at the skin; so no tests are needed. If the diagnosis is uncertain, a skin biopsy can be taken (a procedure in which a small sample of skin is removed from the affected area under local anaesthetic, processed, and examined under a microscope).

• #1 Keloid – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/629

  Keloid is a form of abnormal scarring that occurs in susceptible individuals. […] Diagnosis is clinical. […] Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, history of inciting event (e.g., body piercing, surgery, vaccination), slow growth/lack of spontaneous regression, and erythematous, smooth, and shiny elevated scar with overhanging edge. […] 1st investigations to order include clinical diagnosis. […] Investigations to consider include skin biopsy.

• #1 Keloid scars: recognition and management – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/keloid-scars-recognition-and-management

  Keloid scars can cause prolonged pain and pruritus, as well as being cosmetically disfiguring, which can cause emotional and psychological distress to patients. […] If patients are experiencing pain, discomfort or psychological distress from their keloid scars, they should be referred to their GP to discuss suitable treatment options.

• #1 Keloid – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keloid

  Histologically, keloids are fibrotic tumors characterized by a collection of atypical fibroblasts with excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components, especially collagen, fibronectin, elastin, and proteoglycans. […] Keloids present a therapeutic challenge that must be addressed, as these lesions can cause significant pain, pruritus (itching), and physical disfigurement. […] Treatments (both preventive and therapeutic) available are pressure therapy, silicone gel sheeting, intra-lesional triamcinolone acetonide (TAC), cryosurgery (freezing), radiation, pulsed dye laser (PDL), interferon (IFN), fluorouracil (5-FU) and surgical excision as well as a multitude of extracts and topical agents. […] Surgical excision is currently still the most common treatment for a significant number of keloid lesions. However, when used as the solitary form of treatment, there is a large recurrence rate of between 70 and 100%.

• #1 Keloid scar – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/keloid-scar/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20520902

  Your doctor usually can tell whether you have a keloid by looking at the affected skin. You might need a skin biopsy to rule out skin cancer. […] Skin biopsy […] If your keloid hasn’t responded to other therapies, your doctor might recommend removing it with surgery in combination with other methods. Surgery alone has a recurrence rate of 45% to 100%. […] Call your doctor if you notice a change in your skin that might indicate a keloid is forming or if you’ve been living with a keloid for a while and want to seek treatment. After your initial appointment, your doctor may refer you to a doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin conditions (dermatologist). […] Your doctor or mental health provider may ask: When did you first develop this problem? […] What treatments and self-care steps have you tried so far? Have any been effective?

• #1 Keloid Scars: Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://patient.info/skin-conditions/keloid-leaflet

  Keloid scars are an overgrowth of skin after a cut or injury that is larger than the original wound. […] How does a doctor diagnose a keloid scar? There is no particular test for a keloid scar. It is diagnosed from the clinical story (a slow-growing overgrowth of a scar, usually in a dark-skinned person), with the scar growing beyond the location of the original skin damage. […] The biopsy will be looked at under a microscope and a specialist (histopathologist) will be able to see the typical microscopic features of a keloid scar: a swirling nodular pattern of collagen fibres. […] Note: a biopsy is hardly ever necessary because the history – ie the patient’s story – and the appearance of the skin growth are very typical of a keloid scar.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/amjdermatopathology/fulltext/2004/10000/histopathological_differential_diagnosis_of_keloid.6.aspx

  Distinguishing hypertrophic scar (HS) from keloid histopathologically is sometimes difficult because thickened hyalinized collagen (keloidal collagen), the hallmark of keloid, is not always detectable and -smooth muscle actin (-SMA), a differentiating marker of HS, is variably expressed in both forms of scar. […] The aim of this study was to investigate additional distinguishing features to facilitate differentiation between keloid and HS. […] The features more commonly seen in keloids were: (a) no flattening of the overlying epidermis, (b) no scarring of the papillary dermis, (c) presence of keloidal collagen, (d) absence of prominent vertically oriented blood vessels, (e) presence of prominent disarray of fibrous fascicles/nodules, (f) presence of a tongue-like advancing edge underneath normal-appearing epidermis and papillary dermis, (g) horizontal cellular fibrous band in the upper reticular dermis, and (h) prominent fascia-like fibrous band.

• #1

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/keloid-scars/

  Physicians examine the size, shape, and texture of the keloid scar. They may also assess its growth pattern over time. […] Distinguishing keloids from other types of scars or skin conditions (such as hypertrophic scars, dermatofibromas, or skin cancers) is essential through careful examination and sometimes biopsy. […] In some cases, a biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis. This involves taking a small sample of tissue from the keloid for microscopic examination to rule out other conditions and confirm the presence of keloidal tissue. […] Rarely, imaging studies such as ultrasound or MRI may be used to evaluate the extent of keloid involvement, especially in larger or complex cases. […] Referral to a dermatologist or plastic surgeon may be recommended for further evaluation and management, particularly for severe or recurrent keloids.

• #1 Keloid – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507899/

  Keloids result from abnormal wound healing in response to skin trauma or inflammation. Keloid development rests on genetic and environmental factors. Higher incidences are seen in darker skinned individuals of African, Asian, and Hispanic descent. Overactive fibroblasts producing high amounts of collagen and growth factors are implicated in the pathogenesis of keloids. As a result, classic histologic findings demonstrate large, abnormal, hyalinized bundles of collagen referred to as keloidal collagen and numerous fibroblasts. Keloids present clinically as firm, rubbery nodules in an area of prior injury to the skin. In contrast to normal or hypertrophic scars, keloidal tissue extends beyond the initial site of trauma. Patients may complain of pain, itching, or burning. […] Evaluation is primarily clinical. A biopsy is not required unless the diagnosis is in question. In that case, a biopsy is diagnostic. No further workup is necessary.

• #1 Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids: A Complete Overview — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/keloid-and-hypertrophic-scar

  Keloids and hypertrophic scars are diagnosed clinically on the basis of history and clinical features. A skin biopsy may be needed if there is diagnostic uncertainty. […] Although distinguishing between keloids and hypertrophic scarring can be difficult, it is important when considering intensive treatment options. Distinguishing clinical features include onset from injury, raised appearance, growth outside of wound margins, and regression. […] The histology of hypertrophic scars may reveal increased number of fibroblasts and increased density of collagen fibres in the dermis. […] Keloids may reveal whorls and nodules of particularly thick homogenous collagen bundles (dense fibrils), located irregularly throughout the dermis (keloidal collagen). Keloidal collagen may be absent in up to half of keloids.

• #1 Keloid scar | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/keloid-scar?lang=us

  Keloid scars represent abnormal scar tissue growth at a site of injury. Often involving an exuberant fibrotic skin response to injury or inflammation, a hypodermal proliferation of type I and III collagen is typically present on histology. In contradistinction to hypertrophic scars, keloids generally grow beyond the borders of the original site of injury. […] Clinically, keloids present as firm nodules at and beyond the site of the original injury. Pain and itching are frequent complaints related to keloids. […] Ultrasound with 15 to 18 MHz probes plays a role in assessing moderate to large-sized lesions. Sonographic features typically demonstrate a hypoechoic dermal-based lesion. […] The following features should be commented on an ultrasound report: size dimensions to include thickness, presence of arterial or venous vascularity: peak systolic velocity may provide information on keloid activity, presence of underlying fistula (possibly suggesting collagen degeneration or mechanical stress), involvement of the hypodermis and/or muscle. […] The treatment strategies of keloids are complex and include cryotherapy, excision, intralesional steroid injections, radiotherapy, and laser therapy.

• #1 Diagnosis and Treatment of Keloids and Hypertrophic Scars—Japan Scar Workshop Consensus Document 2018 | Burns & Trauma | Full Text

  https://burnstrauma.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41038-019-0175-y

  Keloids and hypertrophic scars can often be diagnosed by visual inspection and/or palpation. […] However, if a benign or malignant tumor is suspected, it is recommended to perform imaging diagnosis with ultrasound, CT, or MRI. […] When ultrasonic elastography is used for diagnosis, keloids and hypertrophic scars are depicted as harder areas than the surrounding tissues. […] At this stage, the existing diagnostic imaging modalities cannot readily distinguish keloids and hypertrophic scars from other similar benign tumors. […] The goal of this treatment is to induce the scar to flatten and soften. […] The goal of this treatment is to improve the objective symptoms of pathological scars, including their redness. […] The goal of these oral medicines is to improve subjective scar symptoms such as itching, pain, and redness.

• #1 Keloid Scars: Causes, Symptoms, and Effective Treatment Options – The Kingsley Clinic

  https://thekingsleyclinic.com/resources/keloid-scars-causes-symptoms-and-effective-treatment-options/

  Ultrasound imaging uses sound waves to create images of the keloid and surrounding tissues. This test provides information about the keloid’s depth, density, and vascularity. Ultrasound is particularly useful for assessing larger keloids or those located in sensitive areas, as it is non-invasive and does not involve radiation. […] Ultrasound results indicating a keloid will show a hypoechoic (dark) area with increased vascularity compared to normal skin. The presence of thickened collagen layers and altered tissue structure supports the diagnosis. If ultrasound findings do not align with a keloid diagnosis, further investigation may be needed to explore other conditions. […] Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the keloid and surrounding tissues. MRI is particularly beneficial for evaluating deep or complex keloids that are not easily assessed by other imaging techniques. It provides comprehensive information about the keloid’s size, shape, and impact on adjacent structures.

• #1 Diagnosis and Treatment of Keloids and Hypertrophic Scars—Japan Scar Workshop Consensus Document 2018 | Burns & Trauma | Full Text

  https://burnstrauma.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41038-019-0175-y

  The first part of this Consensus Document is I. Diagnostic algorithm for pathological scars and differentiation of clinically similar benign and malignant tumors; 1. Diagnostic algorithm for keloids and hypertrophic scars, 2. Differential diagnosis of benign tumors that are similar in appearance to keloids and hypertrophic scars, 3. Differential diagnosis of malignant tumors that are similar in appearance to keloids and hypertrophic scars, 4. Clinical diagnosis of keloids and hypertrophic scars, 5. Pathological diagnosis of keloids and hypertrophic scars, 6. Imaging diagnosis of keloids and hypertrophic scars, and JSS 2015. […] The JSS 2015 classifies lesions according to the clinical features discussed above along with the presence of risk factors such as early age of onset. […] Biomarkers that can clearly distinguish keloids from hypertrophic scars have not yet been found, despite the many studies that have searched for them.

• #1 Keloid Scars: Causes, Symptoms, and Effective Treatment Options – The Kingsley Clinic

  https://thekingsleyclinic.com/resources/keloid-scars-causes-symptoms-and-effective-treatment-options/

  Histopathological analysis involves examining the keloid tissue under a microscope to assess its cellular structure. This analysis provides detailed information about the keloid’s composition, including collagen density and fibroblast activity. Histopathological analysis is crucial for confirming the diagnosis and differentiating keloids from other skin lesions. […] Histopathological results indicating a keloid will show thickened collagen bundles, increased fibroblast activity, and a lack of normal skin architecture. The presence of excessive collagen deposition confirms the diagnosis. If histopathological findings are negative for keloid, alternative diagnoses should be considered, and further testing may be necessary. […] Scar assessment tools, such as the Vancouver Scar Scale, are used to evaluate the severity and characteristics of keloids. These tools assess factors such as pigmentation, vascularity, pliability, and height. Scar assessment tools are useful for monitoring treatment progress and determining the effectiveness of interventions.

• #1 Keloids and hypertrophic scars – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/keloids-and-hypertrophic-scars/print

  The scale includes information on 12 variables, including demographics, etiology, location, clinical features, and subjective symptoms, each of which is assigned a score of 0 to 3. A JSS 2015 overall score of 6 to 15 points indicates that the lesion has definite characteristics of a hypertrophic scar and will respond well to treatment. In contrast, a JSS 2015 score of ≥16 points indicates that the lesion has definite keloid characteristics and will tend to resist treatment. […] Benign and malignant cutaneous tumors and other proliferative lesions may rarely be misdiagnosed as keloids. A lesion biopsy and histopathologic examination usually lead to the correct diagnosis.

• #1 Keloid – Formation – Treatment – Risk Factors – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/perioperative/skin/keloids/

  A keloid is an abnormal proliferation of scar tissue which forms at the site of injury, rises above the skin level, projects beyond original wound margins, and does not regress. […] Diagnosis is usually made on clinical findings, as described above. Biopsy of a lesion is rarely required. […] The main differential diagnosis for a keloid scar is hypertrophic scarring, hyperprolific areas of scar tissue that keep within the confines of the wound margin (the main clinical features of each are compared in Table 1). […] Whilst several management options are available, surgical excision of keloids is rarely performed due to risk of recurrence.

• #1 What Are Keloids? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/keloids/guide/

  Keloids are usually diagnosed by a dermatologist who will take your medical history and conduct a visual examination of the scar to check its size, shape, and growth pattern. Your doctor may also perform a skin biopsy to rule out more serious conditions such as nodular scleroderma, a type of connective tissue disease, or lobomycosis, a fungal infection of the skin. […] While keloids are benign (noncancerous) growths, they are nevertheless difficult to treat and frequently grow back even after they are surgically removed. But your dermatologist may be able to suggest measures that can help reduce the odds of keloids returning after treatment or at least ways to minimize their appearance. […] Keloids can continue to grow for months or even years. They eventually stop growing but they do not disappear without treatment. In some cases, as mentioned above, keloids can return after they have been removed.

• #1 Keloid and Hypertrophic Scar Workup: Laboratory Studies, Other Tests, Histologic Findings

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1057599-workup

  Diagnosis is usually based on clinical findings. Biopsy may confirm the diagnosis in equivocal cases. […] There is no objective method or reliable device to measure and assess the physical properties of keloids and hypertrophic scars, and they have generally been assessed subjectively using the Vancouver burn scar scale. […] A novel device, the Vesmeter, was recently studied by Niyaz et al for the quantification of the physical properties of keloids and hypertrophic scars. […] The most important advantages demonstrated of the Vesmeter were its ability to measure the physical properties of keloids and hypertrophic scars at any point during the clinical course and digitalize the data and its capability to evaluate clinical improvement or deterioration after a given treatment. […] Vesmeter was demonstrated to be sensitive and can detect very slight changes in skin hardness and elasticity.

• #1 Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids – Medical Clinical Policy Bulletins | Aetna

  https://www.aetna.com/cpb/medical/data/300_399/0389.html

  An UpToDate review on „Keloids” (Goldstein and Goldstein, 2012) states that „[i]ntralesional corticosteroids are first-line therapy for most keloids. A systematic review found that up to 70 percent of patients respond to intralesional corticosteroid injection with flattening of keloids, although the recurrence rate is high in some studies (up to 50 percent at five years)”. […] The authors concluded that the findings of this study showed that 1,470-nm fiber laser treatment could improve inflamed keloids fairly well by decreasing inflammation, and a relative stabilization of collagen composition. […] The authors concluded that the findings of this study indicated that MAIT cells could be associated with keloids and may serve as potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets in the diagnosis of keloids.

• #1 Keloid Scars: Causes, Symptoms, and Effective Treatment Options – The Kingsley Clinic

  https://thekingsleyclinic.com/resources/keloid-scars-causes-symptoms-and-effective-treatment-options/

  Biopsy results indicating a keloid will show thickened collagen bundles and a lack of normal skin architecture. The presence of excessive fibroblasts and collagen fibers confirms the diagnosis. If the biopsy results are negative for keloid, it may suggest another type of scar or skin condition, requiring further evaluation and alternative treatments. […] Dermatoscopy is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses a dermatoscope to magnify the skin’s surface. This tool allows healthcare providers to examine the keloid’s color, pattern, and vascular structures. Dermatoscopy is useful for distinguishing keloids from other pigmented lesions and for monitoring treatment progress. […] Dermatoscopic findings in keloids typically include a homogeneous pattern with a pinkish hue and white streaks, representing collagen bundles. The absence of atypical pigmentation or irregular vascular patterns supports a keloid diagnosis. If dermatoscopy results are inconclusive, further diagnostic tests or a biopsy may be warranted.

• #1 Recognizing the Early Indicators: First Signs of Keloid Scar Formation | Orlando, FL

  https://www.wetreatkeloids.com/blog/recognizing-the-early-indicators-first-signs-of-keloid-scar-formation/

  Keloids are raised, thickened scars that extend beyond the original wound area and can be a source of discomfort and self-consciousness. […] Recognizing the first signs of keloid scar formation is crucial for early intervention and management, which we offer at the International Keloid Scar Treatment Center. […] One of the primary characteristics of keloid scars is their raised and thickened appearance. […] If you notice that the scar is becoming elevated and feels thicker than the surrounding skin, it could be an early sign of keloid formation. […] Keloids are often accompanied by intense itching or irritation. […] If you experience persistent itching or discomfort at the site of a healing wound or scar, it is essential to monitor for any changes in the scar’s appearance. […] Keloids may exhibit changes in color, often appearing red or darker than the surrounding skin.

• #1 Recognizing the Early Indicators: First Signs of Keloid Scar Formation | Orlando, FL

  https://www.wetreatkeloids.com/blog/recognizing-the-early-indicators-first-signs-of-keloid-scar-formation/

  Changes may indicate the early stages of keloid development. […] Keloids extend beyond the borders of the original wound, creating a larger scar area. […] If the scar is expanding beyond these boundaries, it could be a sign of keloid growth. […] Keloids can be accompanied by pain or tenderness, especially when pressure is applied. […] If you experience pain or heightened sensitivity in the scarred area, it is advisable to seek professional evaluation to determine if keloid formation is occurring. […] Individuals with a family history of keloid formation may be more predisposed to developing keloids themselves. […] If you know that keloids run in your family, it is important to be vigilant about monitoring any wounds for early signs of abnormal scarring. […] Keloids often grow more rapidly than typical scars.

• #1 Keloid scars: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/keloids-treatment

  A dermatologist can usually diagnose a keloid by looking at it. […] If it looks like you might have another condition, your dermatologist can perform a skin biopsy. […] Your dermatologist sends the removed skin to a medical lab. The doctor who examines what your dermatologist removed will write a report. It tells your dermatologist what was seen under the microscope. […] If you have a keloid, your dermatologist can create a treatment plan tailored to your needs. […] A treatment plan for keloids may include: Injections of corticosteroids or another medication: These injections are often part a treatment plan for keloids. […] Between 50% and 80% of keloids shrink after being injected. […] To reduce the risk of a keloid returning after surgical removal, most patients have another treatment after surgery.

• #1 Keloid – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507899/

  Keloids remain a therapeutic dilemma. Not only are they difficult to treat but incomplete therapy can lead to a keloid worsening and growing. Therefore, primary prevention is key. Predisposed individuals should avoid elective procedures if possible, especially ear piercing and tattooing. If accidental trauma occurs or surgical interventions are required, there are ways to minimize and perhaps prevent the development of keloid scar. […] Several modalities alleviate symptoms of existing keloids: Intralesional steroids are considered the first line in the treatment of keloid scars. […] It is important to manage patient expectations as all treatments require multiple sessions and do not uniformly result in complete regression of keloid. The most successful treatment results from the use of multiple modalities and tailoring therapy to meet patient needs.

• #1 What Are Keloids? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/keloids/guide/

  Keloids generally do not need to be treated. But treatment may be helpful if a keloid scar causes discomfort or hampers movement (if it covers a joint or a large area, for example). People may also seek treatment for a keloid if the scar impacts their self-esteem and how they feel about their appearance. […] There is no one treatment that works best for all keloids. Dermatologists typically tailor the treatment to the individual based upon factors such as age and type of keloid. Keloids are difficult to banish completely, and using more than one type of treatment often improves results. Dermatologists therefore often recommend two or more types of treatments for their patients. […] Treatment options for keloid scars include: […] Surgery is typically combined with other therapies such as corticosteroid injections or silicone treatments; that’s because in nearly 100 percent of cases, keloids grow back after surgical removal, according to the AAD. […] Keloids can occur anywhere but, according to the AAD, they’re less common on the eyelids, genitals, soles of the feet, or palms of the hands.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/amjdermatopathology/fulltext/2004/10000/histopathological_differential_diagnosis_of_keloid.6.aspx

  Our study confirmed the diagnostic value of keloidal collagen, but it was only found in 55% of keloid specimens. […] In scars with no detectable keloidal collagen, the presence of the following feature(s) favors the diagnosis of keloid: non-flattened epidermis, non-fibrotic papillary dermis, a tongue-like advancing edge, horizontal cellular fibrous band in the upper reticular dermis, and prominent fascia-like band.

• #1 Keloids: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Race

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1298013-overview

  Studies examining the effects of corticosteroid injections alone show a 5-year response rate of 50-100% and recurrence rates of 9-50%. […] Recurrence rates with surgery alone range from 45-100%. […] The combination of surgical excision with other modalities, such as corticosteroid injection, steroid injection with pressure dressing, x-ray therapy, interstitial radiation, single fraction radiation, teletherapy radiation, and brachytherapy, have revealed relatively good results, with 5-year recurrence rates reported to be from 8-50%. […] A literature review by Lawera et al indicated that in the surgical treatment of keloids, intralesional excision leads to a lower recurrence rate. […] Radiation can be used as monotherapy or in combination with surgical excision in order to prevent recurrence.

• #1 Keloid Scar: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatment & Removal

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/keloid-scar

  Keloid scar removal surgery is possible, but it comes with side effects. Your provider usually wont recommend surgery on its own. Injuring the skin with a surgical incision can make the scar worse and grow back bigger. Your provider may offer corticosteroid injections before surgery to prepare your skin for the procedure, followed by wearing compression garments to reduce the likelihood that the keloid will return. […] A healthcare provider will discuss the side effects of treatment with you before you begin. Theyll also let you know how you can take care of your skin to increase the success of treatment. […] Keloids can change your appearance. You might feel self-conscious and avoid social activities because of the scar on your skin. Talking to a mental health professional can help rebuild your self-confidence if the scar affects the way you think and feel about your body. […] Keloid scars dont go away on their own. With the help of a healthcare provider like a dermatologist, you can reduce the size and appearance of a keloid scar with treatment.

• #1 Keloid Scars: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/keloid-pro

  The evidence base supporting the use of lasers in keloid scars is not as large as that supporting their use in hypertrophic scars. Further research is required to determine the mechanism of action for different laser systems and to examine such outcomes as scar erythema, scar texture, degrees of symptom relief, recurrence rates and adverse effects. […] Surgical excision on its own has a very high recurrence rate and the recurring scar may even be larger than the original. Results can be improved by: meticulous surgical technique, additional treatments such as intralesional steroids, occlusive or pressure dressings or radiotherapy. […] For people at high risk of or with a history of keloids: Avoid body piercing, tattoos and unnecessary incisions such as cosmetic surgery – particularly to skin sites more prone to keloid formation.

• #1 Keloids: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Race

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1298013-overview

  The most effective time to give radiation therapy is during the first 2 weeks after excision, while fibroblasts are proliferating. […] Studies that have evaluated cryotherapy used a protocol of 1-3 freeze cycles lasting from 10-30 seconds, repeating the therapy every 20-30 days. […] The advantage of laser therapy is that it is a precise, hemostatic excision with minimal tissue trauma, thereby eliminating an excessive inflammatory reaction. […] Numerous studies have demonstrated that these interferons reduce fibroblast synthesis of collagen types I, III, and, possibly, VI; reduce mucinous ground substance production; and increase collagenase activity. […] 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) injected intralesionally has been successfully used to treat small keloids. […] Because of the high recurrence rate of keloid scars, a follow-up period of at least 1 year is required to enable the start of treatment of recurrences as expediently as possible and to evaluate long-term success.

• #1 Advances and future directions in keloid research: Pathogenesis, diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2307-8960/full/v11/i34/8094.htm

  Keloids are a common yet challenging type of skin lesion that can cause significant physical and emotional distress. […] The diagnosis of keloids primarily relies on clinical presentation and can be confirmed through biopsy. Keloid treatment can be challenging, and no single method is universally applicable. Treatment options include conservative approaches such as pressure therapy, silicone gel sheets, corticosteroid injections, and more invasive methods such as surgery, cryotherapy, laser therapy, and radiation therapy. […] Advances in diagnostic imaging and molecular biology have improved our ability to identify and characterize keloids, while innovative therapeutic approaches, including laser therapy and cryotherapy, present promising alternatives to traditional surgical excision. […] In summary, the diagnosis of keloids relies on the clinical presentation, and treatment selection depends on factors such as the size, location, and severity of the keloid, as well as the patient’s medical history. Despite significant advancements in understanding and treating keloids, the overall therapeutic results remain unsatisfactory. Future research in the field of keloids may concentrate on various areas, including identifying new therapeutic targets, developing more effective treatments, and clarifying the underlying mechanisms of keloid formation and growth.

• #2 Keloid – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/629

  Keloid is a form of abnormal scarring that occurs in susceptible individuals. […] Diagnosis is clinical. […] Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, history of inciting event (e.g., body piercing, surgery, vaccination), slow growth/lack of spontaneous regression, and erythematous, smooth, and shiny elevated scar with overhanging edge. […] 1st investigations to order include clinical diagnosis. […] Investigations to consider include skin biopsy.

• #2 Keloids > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/keloids

  Keloids can be painful or itchy but aren’t usually dangerous to a person’s health. However, depending on where they are located, they can be a cosmetic concern. […] Keloids are usually diagnosed through a clinical exam with your doctor, who is usually able to make a diagnosis by looking at the scar shape, size, and growth pattern, and by taking a patient’s medical history. […] Once the keloid has formed, your doctor may use the following treatment options:

• #2 Keloid – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keloid

  Keloid, also known as keloid disorder and keloidal scar, is the formation of a type of scar which, depending on its maturity, is composed mainly of either type III (early) or type I (late) collagen. […] Keloids should not be confused with hypertrophic scars, which are raised scars that do not grow beyond the boundaries of the original wound. […] Keloids can develop in any place where skin trauma has occurred. They can be the result of pimples, insect bites, scratching, burns, or other skin injuries. Keloid scars can develop after surgery. […] Most skin injury types can contribute to scarring. This includes burns, acne scars, chickenpox scars, ear piercing, scratches, surgical incisions, and vaccination sites. […] Keloids tend to have a genetic component, which means one is more likely to have keloids if one or both of their parents have them.

• #2 Keloids: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Race

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1298013-overview

  A keloid is an abnormal proliferation of scar tissue that forms at the site of cutaneous injury (eg, on the site of a surgical incision or trauma); it does not regress and grows beyond the original margins of the scar. […] Keloids should not be confused with hypertrophic scars, which are raised scars that do not grow beyond the boundaries of the original wound and may reduce over time. […] Keloids are benign dermal fibroproliferative tumors with no malignant potential. […] Treatments for keloids include the following: Occlusive dressings – Silicone gel sheets and silicone occlusive dressings have been used with varied success in the treatment of keloids. […] Compression – Mechanical compression dressings have long been known to be effective forms of treatment for keloid scars, especially with ear lobe keloids.

• #2 Keloid scar – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/keloid-scar/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20520902

  Your doctor usually can tell whether you have a keloid by looking at the affected skin. You might need a skin biopsy to rule out skin cancer. […] Skin biopsy […] If your keloid hasn’t responded to other therapies, your doctor might recommend removing it with surgery in combination with other methods. Surgery alone has a recurrence rate of 45% to 100%. […] Call your doctor if you notice a change in your skin that might indicate a keloid is forming or if you’ve been living with a keloid for a while and want to seek treatment. After your initial appointment, your doctor may refer you to a doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin conditions (dermatologist). […] Your doctor or mental health provider may ask: When did you first develop this problem? […] What treatments and self-care steps have you tried so far? Have any been effective?

• #2 Keloid Scars: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/keloids

  Keloids tend to have a genetic component, which means you’re more likely to have keloids if one or both of your parents have them. […] The decision to treat a keloid can be a tricky one. […] Initially, your doctor will probably recommend less-invasive treatments, such as silicone pads, pressure dressings, or injections, especially if the keloid scar is fairly new. […] In the case of very large keloids or an older keloid scar, surgical removal may be recommended. […] Cryosurgery is perhaps the most effective type of surgery for keloids. […] For certain types of scars (including some keloids), your doctor may recommend laser treatment. […] Treatments for keloid scarring can be difficult and are not always effective. […] Although keloids rarely cause negative side effects, you may dislike their appearance.

• #2

  https://journals.lww.com/amjdermatopathology/fulltext/2004/10000/histopathological_differential_diagnosis_of_keloid.6.aspx

  Distinguishing hypertrophic scar (HS) from keloid histopathologically is sometimes difficult because thickened hyalinized collagen (keloidal collagen), the hallmark of keloid, is not always detectable and -smooth muscle actin (-SMA), a differentiating marker of HS, is variably expressed in both forms of scar. […] The aim of this study was to investigate additional distinguishing features to facilitate differentiation between keloid and HS. […] The features more commonly seen in keloids were: (a) no flattening of the overlying epidermis, (b) no scarring of the papillary dermis, (c) presence of keloidal collagen, (d) absence of prominent vertically oriented blood vessels, (e) presence of prominent disarray of fibrous fascicles/nodules, (f) presence of a tongue-like advancing edge underneath normal-appearing epidermis and papillary dermis, (g) horizontal cellular fibrous band in the upper reticular dermis, and (h) prominent fascia-like fibrous band.

• #2

  https://journals.lww.com/amjdermatopathology/fulltext/2004/10000/histopathological_differential_diagnosis_of_keloid.6.aspx

  Our study confirmed the diagnostic value of keloidal collagen, but it was only found in 55% of keloid specimens. […] In scars with no detectable keloidal collagen, the presence of the following feature(s) favors the diagnosis of keloid: non-flattened epidermis, non-fibrotic papillary dermis, a tongue-like advancing edge, horizontal cellular fibrous band in the upper reticular dermis, and prominent fascia-like band.

• #2 Diagnosis and Treatment of Keloids and Hypertrophic Scars—Japan Scar Workshop Consensus Document 2018 | Burns & Trauma | Full Text

  https://burnstrauma.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41038-019-0175-y

  Keloids and hypertrophic scars can often be diagnosed by visual inspection and/or palpation. […] However, if a benign or malignant tumor is suspected, it is recommended to perform imaging diagnosis with ultrasound, CT, or MRI. […] When ultrasonic elastography is used for diagnosis, keloids and hypertrophic scars are depicted as harder areas than the surrounding tissues. […] At this stage, the existing diagnostic imaging modalities cannot readily distinguish keloids and hypertrophic scars from other similar benign tumors. […] The goal of this treatment is to induce the scar to flatten and soften. […] The goal of this treatment is to improve the objective symptoms of pathological scars, including their redness. […] The goal of these oral medicines is to improve subjective scar symptoms such as itching, pain, and redness.

• #2 From Histopathology to High-Resolution Ultrasound Imaging of Skin Scars

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/13/24/3629

  Nowadays, modern ultrasound machines and high-frequency transducers allow us to accurately assess the superficial soft tissues of the human body. […] To the best of our knowledge, a standardized sonographic protocol focused on the assessment of pathological skin scars is still lacking. […] The main purpose of the present research was, starting from the histological features of SSs, to propose a simple, ready-to-use, layer-by-layer sonographic protocol for the daily clinical practice. […] The histologic exam may play a key role in distinguishing HS and K. […] By contrast, K presents a peculiar histological component known as keloidal collagen. […] The presence and distribution of the vascular network seem to be a key histological feature for the differential diagnosis between K and HS.

• #2 Keloid Scars: Causes, Symptoms, and Effective Treatment Options – The Kingsley Clinic

  https://thekingsleyclinic.com/resources/keloid-scars-causes-symptoms-and-effective-treatment-options/

  MRI results indicating a keloid will show a well-defined mass with low signal intensity on T1-weighted images and high signal intensity on T2-weighted images. The presence of dense collagen and fibrous tissue confirms the diagnosis. If MRI results are negative for keloid, alternative diagnoses should be considered, and further testing may be necessary. […] Computed Tomography (CT) scans use X-rays to create cross-sectional images of the body. CT scans are less commonly used for keloid evaluation but can be helpful in assessing keloids that affect deeper structures or are located in complex anatomical areas. CT scans provide detailed information about the keloid’s density and its relationship with surrounding tissues. […] CT scan results indicating a keloid will show a dense, well-circumscribed mass with homogeneous attenuation. The presence of thickened collagen and fibrous tissue supports the diagnosis. If CT scan findings do not indicate a keloid, further evaluation may be necessary to explore other potential conditions.

• #2 Keloid and Hypertrophic Scar Workup: Laboratory Studies, Other Tests, Histologic Findings

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1057599-workup

  Diagnosis is usually based on clinical findings. Biopsy may confirm the diagnosis in equivocal cases. […] There is no objective method or reliable device to measure and assess the physical properties of keloids and hypertrophic scars, and they have generally been assessed subjectively using the Vancouver burn scar scale. […] A novel device, the Vesmeter, was recently studied by Niyaz et al for the quantification of the physical properties of keloids and hypertrophic scars. […] The most important advantages demonstrated of the Vesmeter were its ability to measure the physical properties of keloids and hypertrophic scars at any point during the clinical course and digitalize the data and its capability to evaluate clinical improvement or deterioration after a given treatment. […] Vesmeter was demonstrated to be sensitive and can detect very slight changes in skin hardness and elasticity.

• #2 Keloids and hypertrophic scars – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/keloids-and-hypertrophic-scars/print

  The scale includes information on 12 variables, including demographics, etiology, location, clinical features, and subjective symptoms, each of which is assigned a score of 0 to 3. A JSS 2015 overall score of 6 to 15 points indicates that the lesion has definite characteristics of a hypertrophic scar and will respond well to treatment. In contrast, a JSS 2015 score of ≥16 points indicates that the lesion has definite keloid characteristics and will tend to resist treatment. […] Benign and malignant cutaneous tumors and other proliferative lesions may rarely be misdiagnosed as keloids. A lesion biopsy and histopathologic examination usually lead to the correct diagnosis.

• #2 Keloids: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Race

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1298013-overview

  5-fluorouracil – 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) injected intralesionally has been successfully used to treat small keloids. […] Imiquimod therapy – Imiquimod induces local production of interferons at the site of application. […] When a patient presents with an abnormal scar, differentiating a keloid from a hypertrophic scar is necessary. […] Keloids initially manifest as erythematous lesions devoid of hair follicles and other normal glandular tissue. […] The consistency can range from soft and doughy to rubbery and hard. […] Most keloids tend to grow slowly over months to a year, extending past the initial area of injury but rarely into the subcutaneous tissue. […] Most keloids eventually stop growing and remain stable or even involute slightly. […] Keloids have a normal epidermal layer; abundant vasculature; increased mesenchymal density, as manifested by a thickened dermis; and increased inflammatory-cell infiltrate when compared with normal scar tissue.

• #2 Keloid scar – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/keloid-scar/symptoms-causes/syc-20520901

  A keloid scar is a thick raised scar. […] Keloid scar treatment is possible. If you don’t like how a keloid looks or feels, talk with a doctor about how to flatten or remove it. […] Early treatment can help minimize growth of a keloid. Talk with a doctor soon after you notice a keloid. […] Keloids aren’t contagious or cancerous. […] A keloid is different from a hypertrophic scar. A hypertrophic scar stays within the bounds of the original wound and can fade over time without treatment. […] If you decide to undergo surgery, talk with your doctor about your tendency to develop keloids. Your doctor can use surgical techniques that reduce the risk of developing keloids at the surgical site.

• #2 Recognizing the Early Indicators: First Signs of Keloid Scar Formation | Orlando, FL

  https://www.wetreatkeloids.com/blog/recognizing-the-early-indicators-first-signs-of-keloid-scar-formation/

  Early diagnosis allows for timely intervention and the implementation of appropriate treatments to minimize keloid growth. […] Recognizing the first signs of keloid scar formation is crucial for proactive management and minimizing potential complications. […] Seeking professional advice early in the process can facilitate timely intervention and the implementation of strategies to address keloid scars effectively.

• #2 Recognizing the Early Indicators: First Signs of Keloid Scar Formation | Orlando, FL

  https://www.wetreatkeloids.com/blog/recognizing-the-early-indicators-first-signs-of-keloid-scar-formation/

  Changes may indicate the early stages of keloid development. […] Keloids extend beyond the borders of the original wound, creating a larger scar area. […] If the scar is expanding beyond these boundaries, it could be a sign of keloid growth. […] Keloids can be accompanied by pain or tenderness, especially when pressure is applied. […] If you experience pain or heightened sensitivity in the scarred area, it is advisable to seek professional evaluation to determine if keloid formation is occurring. […] Individuals with a family history of keloid formation may be more predisposed to developing keloids themselves. […] If you know that keloids run in your family, it is important to be vigilant about monitoring any wounds for early signs of abnormal scarring. […] Keloids often grow more rapidly than typical scars.

• #2 Recognizing the Early Indicators: First Signs of Keloid Scar Formation | Orlando, FL

  https://www.wetreatkeloids.com/blog/recognizing-the-early-indicators-first-signs-of-keloid-scar-formation/

  If you notice a sudden and significant increase in the size of a scar, it is advisable to consult with a healthcare professional for a thorough examination. […] Keloids frequently form in areas of the body with high skin tension, such as the chest, shoulders, earlobes, and upper back. […] If you have a wound in a high-tension area, closely monitor the healing process and be aware of any signs of abnormal scarring. […] Individuals who have previously developed keloids may be more susceptible to their recurrence. […] If you have a history of keloids, pay close attention to any new scars or wounds, and seek prompt medical attention if you observe signs of keloid formation. […] If you suspect keloid formation or notice any of the aforementioned signs, consult with our team of keloid experts at the International Keloid Scar Treatment Center.

• #2 Keloid Scar: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatment & Removal

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/keloid-scar

  A keloid scar is a type of raised scar. It forms months to a year after the injury that caused it. The scar grows larger than the initial wound. Keloids dont fade over time. A dermatologist may offer treatments like corticosteroid injections or pressure garments to reduce its size and appearance. […] A healthcare provider will diagnose a keloid scar after a physical examination. Testing usually isnt needed since the appearance of the scar leads to an accurate diagnosis. If your provider suspects another condition or wants to rule out another possible condition, they may perform a skin biopsy to examine a small piece of your affected skin tissue under a microscope. […] A common keloid treatment to soften the lesion and then treat the blood vessels to help prevent future growth may include alternating between the following: Medications (corticosteroid injections or creams or 5-fluorouracil injections). Laser skin resurfacing (focused beams of light directed at the scar).

• #2 What Are Keloids? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/keloids/guide/

  Keloids generally do not need to be treated. But treatment may be helpful if a keloid scar causes discomfort or hampers movement (if it covers a joint or a large area, for example). People may also seek treatment for a keloid if the scar impacts their self-esteem and how they feel about their appearance. […] There is no one treatment that works best for all keloids. Dermatologists typically tailor the treatment to the individual based upon factors such as age and type of keloid. Keloids are difficult to banish completely, and using more than one type of treatment often improves results. Dermatologists therefore often recommend two or more types of treatments for their patients. […] Treatment options for keloid scars include: […] Surgery is typically combined with other therapies such as corticosteroid injections or silicone treatments; that’s because in nearly 100 percent of cases, keloids grow back after surgical removal, according to the AAD. […] Keloids can occur anywhere but, according to the AAD, they’re less common on the eyelids, genitals, soles of the feet, or palms of the hands.

• #2 Keloid scars: recognition and management – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/keloid-scars-recognition-and-management

  Keloid scars can cause prolonged pain and pruritus, as well as being cosmetically disfiguring, which can cause emotional and psychological distress to patients. […] If patients are experiencing pain, discomfort or psychological distress from their keloid scars, they should be referred to their GP to discuss suitable treatment options.

• #2 Keloids: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Race

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1298013-overview

  The most consistent histologic distinguishing characteristic of keloids is the presence of large, broad, closely arranged collagen fibers composed of numerous fibrils. […] There are four histologic features that are consistently found in keloid specimens that are deemed pathognomonic for their diagnosis. […] No single therapeutic modality has been determined experimentally to be most effective for treating keloid scars. […] The most important thing to consider in the management of keloid scar formation is prevention. […] In a patient with a history of keloid scars, all nonessential surgery should be avoided, especially at sites of predilection. […] The mechanism of action is unknown; however, by reducing the oxygen tension in the wound through occlusion of small vessels, subsequent reductions in tissue metabolism, fibroblast proliferation, and collagen synthesis result.

• #2 Keloids – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/benign-skin-tumors-growths-and-vascular-lesions/keloids

  Keloids are smooth overgrowths of fibroblastic tissue that arise in an area of injury (eg, lacerations, surgical scars, truncal acne) or, occasionally, spontaneously. […] Diagnosis of keloids is clinical. […] In distinction from hypertrophic scars, keloids extend beyond the borders of the original wound invading normal skin.

• #3 Keloids – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/benign-skin-tumors-growths-and-vascular-lesions/keloids

  Keloids are smooth overgrowths of fibroblastic tissue that arise in an area of injury (eg, lacerations, surgical scars, truncal acne) or, occasionally, spontaneously. […] Diagnosis of keloids is clinical. […] In distinction from hypertrophic scars, keloids extend beyond the borders of the original wound invading normal skin.

• #3 Keloid – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/629

  Keloid is a form of abnormal scarring that occurs in susceptible individuals. […] Diagnosis is clinical. […] Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, history of inciting event (e.g., body piercing, surgery, vaccination), slow growth/lack of spontaneous regression, and erythematous, smooth, and shiny elevated scar with overhanging edge. […] 1st investigations to order include clinical diagnosis. […] Investigations to consider include skin biopsy.

• #3 Keloid scars: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/keloids-treatment

  A dermatologist can usually diagnose a keloid by looking at it. […] If it looks like you might have another condition, your dermatologist can perform a skin biopsy. […] Your dermatologist sends the removed skin to a medical lab. The doctor who examines what your dermatologist removed will write a report. It tells your dermatologist what was seen under the microscope. […] If you have a keloid, your dermatologist can create a treatment plan tailored to your needs. […] A treatment plan for keloids may include: Injections of corticosteroids or another medication: These injections are often part a treatment plan for keloids. […] Between 50% and 80% of keloids shrink after being injected. […] To reduce the risk of a keloid returning after surgical removal, most patients have another treatment after surgery.

• #3 Recognizing the Early Indicators: First Signs of Keloid Scar Formation | Orlando, FL

  https://www.wetreatkeloids.com/blog/recognizing-the-early-indicators-first-signs-of-keloid-scar-formation/

  If you notice a sudden and significant increase in the size of a scar, it is advisable to consult with a healthcare professional for a thorough examination. […] Keloids frequently form in areas of the body with high skin tension, such as the chest, shoulders, earlobes, and upper back. […] If you have a wound in a high-tension area, closely monitor the healing process and be aware of any signs of abnormal scarring. […] Individuals who have previously developed keloids may be more susceptible to their recurrence. […] If you have a history of keloids, pay close attention to any new scars or wounds, and seek prompt medical attention if you observe signs of keloid formation. […] If you suspect keloid formation or notice any of the aforementioned signs, consult with our team of keloid experts at the International Keloid Scar Treatment Center.

• #3 Keloid scars: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/keloids-treatment

  To help reduce the risk of a keloid returning after surgery, some patients receive a series of corticosteroid injections before surgery. […] Dermatologists also include silicone gel sheets in a treatment plan. […] Cryosurgery may reduce the size of a keloid, which can make the injections more effective. […] Dermatologists have found that patients who have three or more cryosurgery treatments tend to get the best results. […] Radiation treatments: For more than 100 years, radiation has been used to help prevent a keloid from growing back after you’ve had another treatment like surgery. […] What they found suggests that a type of treatment called superficial radiation therapy (SRT) can be used after keloid surgery (or another treatment) to reduce the risk of a keloid returning. […] If one of these newer treatments could help you, your dermatologist may talk with you about it, especially if other treatments have not helped. […] It’s also important to know that if you’ve had a keloid, you can develop another keloid scar in the future.

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