Zespół post-polio
Diagnostyka i diagnoza

Zespół post-polio (PPS) to schorzenie neurologiczne manifestujące się nowymi objawami nerwowo-mięśniowymi u pacjentów po przebytym poliomyelitis, zwykle po okresie stabilnej funkcji trwającym co najmniej 15 lat. Diagnostyka opiera się na kryteriach klinicznych Halsteada (1991) zatwierdzonych przez EFNS, obejmujących potwierdzenie wcześniejszego uszkodzenia neuronów ruchowych, stopniowe pojawienie się nowego osłabienia mięśni, utrzymujące się co najmniej rok, oraz wykluczenie innych przyczyn neurologicznych, medycznych i ortopedycznych. Kluczowe badania wspomagające diagnostykę to elektromiografia (EMG) wykazująca zmiany denerwacyjne, badania przewodnictwa nerwowego, MRI i CT w celu wykluczenia innych patologii, ultrasonografia mięśni oraz badania laboratoryjne i płynu mózgowo-rdzeniowego, które służą głównie do wykluczenia innych schorzeń. EMG potwierdza uszkodzenie neuronów ruchowych, ale nie jest testem specyficznym dla PPS. Diagnostyka różnicowa obejmuje m.in. ALS, miastenię, choroby demielinizacyjne, zapalenia mięśni, choroby reumatyczne, zaburzenia psychiczne oraz schorzenia metaboliczne i ortopedyczne.

  1. Diagnostyka zespołu post-polio
    1. Kryteria diagnostyczne
    2. Proces diagnostyczny
    3. Badania diagnostyczne
    4. Diagnostyka różnicowa
  2. Wykorzystanie badań w diagnozowaniu zespołu post-polio
    1. Wartość elektromiografii (EMG)
    2. Rola badań obrazowych
    3. Znaczenie badań laboratoryjnych
  3. Wyzwania w diagnozowaniu zespołu post-polio
    1. Trudności diagnostyczne
    2. Podejście multidyscyplinarne
  4. Epidemiologia i czynniki ryzyka zespołu post-polio
    1. Występowanie zespołu post-polio
    2. Czynniki ryzyka
    3. Obraz kliniczny i jego znaczenie w diagnostyce
  5. Podsumowanie podejścia diagnostycznego do zespołu post-polio
    1. Kolejne rozdziały

Diagnostyka zespołu post-polio

Zespół post-polio (Post-polio syndrome, PPS) to schorzenie neurologiczne charakteryzujące się wystąpieniem nowych objawów nerwowo-mięśniowych u osób, które przeszły infekcję wirusem polio wiele lat wcześniej. Diagnostyka zespołu post-polio stanowi wyzwanie kliniczne ze względu na brak specyficznych testów laboratoryjnych oraz podobieństwo objawów do innych schorzeń neurologicznych i procesów związanych z naturalnym starzeniem się organizmu.123

Kryteria diagnostyczne

Diagnostyka zespołu post-polio opiera się głównie na kryteriach klinicznych i jest diagnozą z wykluczenia. Do najczęściej stosowanych kryteriów należą te opracowane przez Halsteada z 1991 roku, zatwierdzone przez Europejską Federację Towarzystw Neurologicznych (EFNS). Kryteria te obejmują:456

  • Wcześniejsze przebycie porażennego poliomyelitis z potwierdzonym uszkodzeniem neuronów ruchowych (potwierdzone historią choroby, objawami resztkowymi osłabienia i atrofii mięśni w badaniu nerwowo-mięśniowym oraz oznakami uszkodzenia nerwów w badaniu elektromiograficznym)
  • Okres częściowego lub całkowitego powrotu do zdrowia po ostrym poliomyelitis, a następnie okres stabilnej funkcji nerwowo-mięśniowej (zazwyczaj co najmniej 15 lat)
  • Stopniowe pojawienie się postępującego i utrzymującego się nowego osłabienia mięśni lub nieprawidłowej męczliwości mięśni (zmniejszona wytrzymałość), z towarzyszącym lub bez ogólnego zmęczenia, atrofii mięśni lub bólu mięśni i stawów
  • Objawy utrzymujące się przez co najmniej rok
  • Wykluczenie innych przyczyn neurologicznych, medycznych i ortopedycznych mogących powodować objawy78910

Proces diagnostyczny

Ze względu na brak specyficznego testu diagnostycznego, rozpoznanie zespołu post-polio jest stawiane na podstawie:1112

  • Szczegółowego wywiadu medycznego, w tym potwierdzenia przebytego polio (czasem wymagającego dotarcia do starych dokumentacji medycznych lub informacji od starszych członków rodziny)
  • Badania fizykalnego z oceną siły mięśniowej i funkcji neurologicznych
  • Wykluczenia innych schorzeń, które mogą powodować podobne objawy1314

Kluczowym objawem wskazującym na zespół post-polio jest nowe osłabienie mięśni, które zwykle pojawia się w tych samych grupach mięśniowych, które były dotknięte podczas pierwotnej infekcji polio. Osłabienie często nie jest zauważalne, dopóki nie zacznie wpływać na codzienne aktywności.1516

Badania diagnostyczne

Chociaż nie ma specyficznych testów potwierdzających zespół post-polio, lekarze mogą zlecić różne badania, aby wykluczyć inne schorzenia:1718

Badania neurofizjologiczne
  • Elektromiografia (EMG) – mierzy niewielkie wyładowania elektryczne wytwarzane w mięśniach. Cienka elektroda igłowa jest wprowadzana do badanych mięśni, a aparat rejestruje aktywność elektryczną w mięśniu w spoczynku i podczas skurczu. EMG pomaga wykryć oznaki denerwacji charakterystyczne dla przebytego polio, ale nie może jednoznacznie potwierdzić zespołu post-polio.192021
  • Badanie przewodnictwa nerwowego – w tym badaniu dwie elektrody są umieszczane na skórze nad badanym nerwem. Mały impuls elektryczny przechodzi przez nerw, co pozwala zmierzyć szybkość przewodzenia sygnałów nerwowych.2223
Badania obrazowe
  • Rezonans magnetyczny (MRI) – pozwala uzyskać obrazy mózgu, rdzenia kręgowego i mięśni
  • Tomografia komputerowa (CT) – pomocna w wykluczeniu chorób kręgosłupa, takich jak spondyloza czy stenoza kanału kręgowego2425
  • Ultrasonografia mięśni – nieinwazyjna metoda wykorzystująca fale dźwiękowe do tworzenia obrazów mięśni. Badanie to wykazuje obiecujące wyniki w ocenie nasilenia zespołu post-polio i monitorowaniu jego progresji, choć wymaga dalszych badań.2627
Inne badania
  • Biopsja mięśni – może być wykonana w celu wykluczenia innych schorzeń, które mogą być przyczyną osłabienia mięśni
  • Badanie płynu mózgowo-rdzeniowego – przeprowadzane w celu wykluczenia innych schorzeń neurologicznych282930
  • Badania krwi – zazwyczaj wyniki są prawidłowe u pacjentów z zespołem post-polio; nieprawidłowe wyniki mogą wskazywać na inną podstawową przyczynę objawów31

Diagnostyka różnicowa

Ze względu na podobieństwo objawów zespołu post-polio do innych schorzeń, konieczne jest przeprowadzenie diagnostyki różnicowej. Schorzenia, które należy wykluczyć, obejmują:3233

Wykorzystanie badań w diagnozowaniu zespołu post-polio

Wartość poszczególnych badań diagnostycznych w kontekście zespołu post-polio jest zróżnicowana. Ważne jest zrozumienie, że wyniki badań służą głównie do wykluczenia innych przyczyn objawów, a nie bezpośredniego potwierdzenia zespołu post-polio.37

Wartość elektromiografii (EMG)

Badanie EMG jest przydatne w potwierdzeniu przebytego poliomyelitis poprzez wykazanie zmian denerwacyjnych, takich jak potencjały jednostek ruchowych o dużej amplitudzie (tzw. potencjały olbrzymie). Jednak wyniki EMG u osób z zespołem post-polio i u osób po przebytym polio bez objawów zespołu post-polio nie różnią się znacząco. Oznacza to, że EMG nie jest testem diagnostycznym dla zespołu post-polio, ale raczej narzędziem potwierdzającym uszkodzenie neuronów ruchowych w przeszłości.383940

Elektrodiagnostyczne badania odgrywają istotną rolę w procesie diagnostycznym zespołu post-polio, głównie w celu wykluczenia innych chorób nerwowo-mięśniowych, takich jak stwardnienie zanikowe boczne, radikulopatia, polineuropatia, miastenia, neuropatie i miopatie.41

Rola badań obrazowych

Badania obrazowe, takie jak MRI i CT, są pomocne w wykluczeniu chorób kręgosłupa i innych strukturalnych przyczyn objawów. MRI może być również wykorzystywany do oceny progresji zespołu post-polio.42

Znaczenie badań laboratoryjnych

Badania krwi i płynu mózgowo-rdzeniowego są przeprowadzane głównie w celu wykluczenia innych chorób. Nie istnieją specyficzne markery biochemiczne lub fizjologiczne, które pozwoliłyby jednoznacznie zidentyfikować pacjentów z zespołem post-polio.4344

Wyzwania w diagnozowaniu zespołu post-polio

Diagnozowanie zespołu post-polio wiąże się z wieloma wyzwaniami:45

Trudności diagnostyczne

  • Brak specyficznych testów – nie istnieje pojedynczy test, który mógłby potwierdzić zespół post-polio46
  • Nakładanie się objawów – objawy zespołu post-polio mogą być trudne do odróżnienia od objawów pierwotnej infekcji polio oraz od normalnych dolegliwości związanych z procesem starzenia47
  • Szerokie spektrum objawów – różnorodność i zmienność objawów u poszczególnych pacjentów utrudnia jednoznaczną diagnozę4849
  • Długi odstęp czasowy – znaczny odstęp czasu (średnio 15-40 lat) od pierwotnej infekcji polio może utrudniać dostęp do dokumentacji medycznej potwierdzającej przebycie polio50

Podejście multidyscyplinarne

Ze względu na złożoność zespołu post-polio, diagnostyka często wymaga podejścia multidyscyplinarnego, angażującego specjalistów z różnych dziedzin:5152

  • Neurologów – specjalizujących się w zaburzeniach nerwowo-mięśniowych, odpowiedzialnych za diagnozę
  • Specjalistów rehabilitacji medycznej – zaangażowanych w długoterminowe zarządzanie i opiekę
  • Fizjoterapeutów – pomagających w ocenie funkcjonalnej i planowaniu ćwiczeń
  • Innych specjalistów – w zależności od konkretnych objawów pacjenta (np. pulmonologów w przypadku problemów oddechowych)53

Epidemiologia i czynniki ryzyka zespołu post-polio

Dane epidemiologiczne dotyczące zespołu post-polio są zróżnicowane, co wynika z trudności diagnostycznych oraz braku jednolitych kryteriów diagnostycznych.54

Występowanie zespołu post-polio

Według różnych badań zespół post-polio rozwija się u około 25-40% osób, które przebyły infekcję wirusem polio, choć nowsze badania sugerują, że odsetek ten może być wyższy i sięgać 80%.5556575859

Czynniki ryzyka

Badania sugerują, że ryzyko rozwoju zespołu post-polio może wzrastać w przypadku:6061

  • Większego nasilenia pierwotnych objawów polio – osoby, które doświadczyły cięższej postaci polio z rozległym porażeniem, mogą być bardziej narażone na rozwój zespołu post-polio
  • Starszego wieku w momencie zachorowania na polio – osoby, które zachorowały na polio w późniejszym wieku, mogą mieć większe ryzyko rozwoju zespołu post-polio
  • Płci żeńskiej – niektóre badania sugerują, że zespół post-polio częściej dotyka kobiety
  • Wentylacji mechanicznej w ostrej fazie choroby – potrzeba wspomagania oddychania podczas pierwotnej infekcji polio może być czynnikiem ryzyka
  • Wysokiego poziomu aktywności fizycznej – intensywna aktywność fizyczna w latach po przebytym polio może przyczynić się do rozwoju zespołu post-polio6263

Obraz kliniczny i jego znaczenie w diagnostyce

Obraz kliniczny zespołu post-polio jest zróżnicowany i może obejmować szeroki zakres objawów. Najczęściej zgłaszane objawy to:6465

  • Ból – dotyczący 85% pacjentów
  • Zmęczenie – występujące u 65,5% pacjentów
  • Osłabienie mięśni – dotyczące 40% pacjentów
  • Wyczerpanie – zgłaszane przez 57,8% pacjentów
  • Nietolerancja zimna – występująca u 20,2% pacjentów
  • Dysfagia – problemy z połykaniem u 11,7% pacjentów
  • Zaburzenia poznawcze – dotyczące 9% pacjentów
  • Objawy depresyjne – występujące u 31,5% pacjentów66

Głównymi objawami charakterystycznymi dla zespołu post-polio, które mają kluczowe znaczenie diagnostyczne, są: nowe osłabienie mięśni, atrofia mięśni, zmęczenie mięśni, uogólnione zmęczenie oraz ból mięśni i stawów.6768

Podsumowanie podejścia diagnostycznego do zespołu post-polio

Diagnoza zespołu post-polio jest stawiana na podstawie kombinacji wywiadu klinicznego, badania fizykalnego oraz wykluczenia innych przyczyn objawów. Kluczowe elementy procesu diagnostycznego obejmują:6970

  • Potwierdzenie przebytego polio – poprzez dokumentację medyczną, wywiad lub badanie neurologiczne
  • Ustalenie okresu stabilności neurologicznej – zazwyczaj co najmniej 15 lat po pierwotnej infekcji
  • Udokumentowanie nowych objawów neurologicznych – szczególnie nowego osłabienia mięśni, które jest uznawane za główny objaw zespołu post-polio
  • Wykluczenie innych przyczyn objawów – za pomocą odpowiednich badań diagnostycznych
  • Potwierdzenie utrzymywania się objawów przez co najmniej rok7172

Lekarze powinni być świadomi, że zespół post-polio może współistnieć z innymi schorzeniami, co dodatkowo komplikuje proces diagnostyczny. Podejście multidyscyplinarne, angażujące specjalistów z różnych dziedzin, może pomóc w ustaleniu właściwej diagnozy i opracowaniu odpowiedniego planu leczenia.7374

Wczesne rozpoznanie zespołu post-polio jest istotne, ponieważ umożliwia wdrożenie odpowiednich strategii zarządzania objawami i potencjalnie spowolnienie progresji choroby. Chociaż nie ma lekarstwa na zespół post-polio, dostępne są różne metody leczenia objawowego, które mogą znacząco poprawić jakość życia pacjentów.7576

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  1. 18.04.2026
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Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Post-polio syndrome – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-polio-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355674
    There’s no specific test to diagnose post-polio syndrome. Diagnosis is based on a medical history and physical exam, and exclusion of other conditions that could cause the signs and symptoms. […] For a diagnosis of post-polio syndrome, doctors look for three indicators: […] In addition, because the signs and symptoms of post-polio syndrome are similar to those of other disorders, your doctor will attempt to exclude other possible causes, such as arthritis, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome and scoliosis. […] Because there are no tests that confirm a post-polio syndrome diagnosis, your doctor may use certain tests to rule out other conditions, including: […] A noninvasive test that shows promise for evaluating the severity of post-polio syndrome and monitoring its progression is muscle ultrasound, which uses sound waves to create images of muscles. More study is needed.
  • #2 Post-Polio Syndrome: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24584-post-polio-syndrome
    Post-polio syndrome (PPS) is a condition that can affect people several years after an initial polio infection. It causes gradual muscle weakness and atrophy. Theres no cure, so treatment focuses on managing symptoms. […] There arent any specific tests that can diagnose post-polio syndrome. […] Instead, healthcare providers diagnose PPS after performing a physical exam and asking questions about your medical history and symptoms. They must also rule out other conditions that could be causing your symptoms. […] Your provider may order any of the following tests to help diagnose PPS and rule out other conditions: MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) and CT (computed tomography) scans of your spinal cord, Electromyogram (EMG), Muscle biopsy, Spinal fluid analysis. […] At this time, theres no cure for post-polio syndrome.
  • #3 Post-polio syndrome – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-polio_syndrome
    Post-polio syndrome (PPS) is a group of latent symptoms of poliomyelitis (polio), occurring in more than 80% of polio infections. […] Diagnosis of PPS can be difficult, since the symptoms are hard to separate from complications due to the original polio infection, and from the normal infirmities of aging. No laboratory test for post-polio syndrome is known, nor are any other specific diagnostic criteria. Three important criteria are recognized, including previous diagnosis of polio, long interval after recovery, and gradual onset of weakness. […] In general, PPS is a diagnosis of exclusion whereby other possible causes of the symptoms are eliminated. Neurological examination aided by other laboratory studies can help to determine what component of a neuromuscular deficit occurred with polio and what components are new and to exclude all other possible diagnoses. Objective assessment of muscle strength in PPS patients may not be easy. Changes in muscle strength are determined in specific muscle groups using various muscle scales that quantify strength, such as the Medical Research Council (MRC) scale. Magnetic resonance imaging, neuroimaging, and electrophysiological studies, muscle biopsies, or spinal fluid analysis may also be useful in establishing a PPS diagnosis.
  • #4 EFNS guideline on diagnosis and management of post-polio syndrome. Report of an EFNS task force – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16879288/
    Post-polio syndrome (PPS) is characterized by new or increased muscular weakness, atrophy, muscle pain and fatigue several years after acute polio. The aim of the article is to prepare diagnostic criteria for PPS, and to evaluate the existing evidence for therapeutic interventions. […] We recommend Halstead’s definition of PPS from 1991 as diagnostic criteria. […] A small number of controlled studies of potential-specific treatments for PPS have been completed, but no definitive therapeutic effect has been reported for the agents evaluated (pyridostigmine, corticosteroids, amantadine). Future randomized trials should particularly address the treatment of pain, which is commonly reported by PPS patients. There is also a need for studies evaluating the long-term effects of muscular training.
  • #5 Definitions – Post Polio
    https://post-polio.org/living_with_polio/definitions/
    Post-polio syndrome is usually considered a specific new condition. A diagnosis of exclusion is used to determine if a patient has PPS. […] The criteria for diagnosing post-polio syndrome have evolved over the last 20 years. The United States National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) lists the following Criteria for diagnosis of post-polio syndrome: Prior paralytic poliomyelitis with evidence of motor neuron loss, as confirmed by history of the acute paralytic illness, signs of residual weakness and atrophy of muscles on neuromuscular examination, and signs of nerve damage on electromyography (EMG). […] A period of partial or complete functional recovery after acute paralytic poliomyelitis, followed by an interval (usually 15 years or more) of stable neuromuscular function.
  • #6 What is Post-Polio Syndrome? – Post Polio
    https://post-polio.org/education/what-is-post-polio-syndrome/
    Post-polio syndrome is a condition that affects the survivors of polio decades after the acute illness of poliomyelitis. The major symptoms are pain, fatigue and weakness. New weakness is considered the hallmark of post-polio syndrome. […] The criteria for diagnosing post-polio syndrome have evolved over the last 20 years. The United States National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) lists the following Criteria for diagnosis of post-polio syndrome: Prior paralytic poliomyelitis with evidence of motor neuron loss, as confirmed by history of the acute paralytic illness, signs of residual weakness and atrophy of muscles on neuromuscular examination, and signs of nerve damage on electromyography (EMG). […] A period of partial or complete functional recovery after acute paralytic poliomyelitis, followed by an interval (usually 15 years or more) of stable neuromuscular function.
  • #7 Post-polio Syndrome: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/post-polio-syndrome
    Post-polio syndrome (PPS) is the onset of new deterioration in function that may occur many years after partial or complete recovery from acute poliomyelitis. […] Since all symptoms are not necessarily present in all cases, diagnosis criteria were suggested by Halstead in 1985 and then validated by the European Federation of Neurological Societies. To validate a diagnosis of PPS, the patient needs to meet the following criteria: […] Confirmed medical history of poliomyelitis. […] Partial or almost complete neurological recovery after the acute period. […] A period of neurological stability that lasted for at least 15 years. […] A recent muscular weakness with a sudden onset and quick-progressing deterioration. […] At least two new symptoms among the following ones: […] Excessive fatigue.
  • #8 Post-polio Syndrome: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/post-polio-syndrome
    Muscle or joint pain. […] Muscle atrophy. […] Cold intolerance. […] No other medical explanation. […] There is insufficient evidence to draw definite conclusions about the effectiveness of interventions for PPS. There is evidence that intravenous immunoglobulin, lamotrigine, muscle strengthening exercises and static magnetic fields may be beneficial but further investigation is needed to clarify whether any real and meaningful effect exists. […] A multidisciplinary approach is helpful.
  • #9 Describing post-polio syndrome | Neurología (English Edition)
    https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-neurologia-english-edition–495-articulo-describing-post-polio-syndrome-S2173580821000614
    We believe that patients clinical profile may be very diverse, giving more weight to such objective parameters as worsening of symptoms or appearance of weakness; analysis of biomarkers may bring us closer to an accurate diagnosis. […] Diagnosis of PPS is currently based on the March of Dimes criteria, a modified version of the Halstead criteria published in April 2010. […] Prior paralytic poliomyelitis with evidence of motor neuron loss, as confirmed by history of the acute paralytic illness, signs of residual weakness and atrophy of muscles on neurologic examination, and signs of denervation on electromyography (EMG). […] A period of partial or complete functional recovery after acute paralytic poliomyelitis, followed by an interval (usually 15 years or more) of stable neurologic function.
  • #10 Describing post-polio syndrome | Neurología (English Edition)
    https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-neurologia-english-edition–495-articulo-describing-post-polio-syndrome-S2173580821000614
    Gradual or sudden onset of progressive and persistent new muscle weakness or abnormal muscle fatigability (decreased endurance), with or without generalised fatigue, muscle atrophy, or muscle and joint pain. […] Symptoms persist for at least a year. […] Exclusion of other neurologic, medical and orthopaedic problems as causes of symptoms. […] The pathogenesis of PPS is not understood. […] Although the risk factors for PPS are not well characterised, some studies suggest that the risk of developing PPS may increase with older age in the acute phase of the disease, female sex, greater severity of motor symptoms of poliomyelitis, lower level of functional recovery after acute infection, longer duration of the latency period between the acute phase of the disease and onset of recovery, use of mechanical ventilation in the acute phase, and high level of physical activity.
  • #11
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/post-polio-syndrome/diagnosis/
    Post-polio syndrome (PPS) can be difficult to diagnose because there are no specific tests for it and symptoms can be mistaken for other conditions. […] Your GP may suspect post-polio syndrome based on your medical history and the results of a physical examination. […] As the symptoms of post-polio syndrome can be similar to those of several other conditions, such as arthritis, some tests may be needed to rule out any other possible causes of your problems. […] If your GP is unsure whether you have post-polio syndrome, you may be referred to a hospital consultant for further testing. […] To rule out other conditions, or confirm whether you have post-polio syndrome, tests you might have can include: electromyography (EMG) tests to measure the electrical activity in your muscles and nerves and find out whether they’re damaged.
  • #12 Post-polio syndrome | NHS inform
    https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/post-polio-syndrome/
    It can be difficult to diagnose post-polio syndrome. There are no specific tests for it, and it can be mistaken for other conditions. […] Your GP might suspect post-polio syndrome if: you had polio followed by a long period of stable symptoms (usually 15 years) […] The symptoms of post-polio syndrome are slow and progressive. The sudden appearance of symptoms is more likely to be caused by something else. A prolonged period of bed rest as a result of another illness or serious injury can trigger post-polio syndrome symptoms. […] There are some tests that can be done to rule out conditions with similar symptoms. […] You might be offered blood tests and scans of your spine. […] Other tests that might be offered include: electromyography (EMG) tests these will measure the electrical activity in your nerves and muscles and detect damage that may have been caused by having polio […] a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan or computerised tomography (CT) scan of your brain, spine and muscles.
  • #13 Post-polio syndrome
    https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/p/post-polio-syndrome/
    Post-polio syndrome refers to a cluster of potentially disabling signs and symptoms that appear decades — an average of 30 to 40 years — after the initial polio illness. […] If you have increasing weakness or fatigue, see your doctor. It’s important to rule out other causes of your signs and symptoms and determine whether you have post-polio syndrome. […] There’s no diagnostic test for post-polio syndrome. Diagnosis is based on a medical history and physical exam, and exclusion of other conditions that could cause the signs and symptoms. […] For a diagnosis of post-polio syndrome, doctors look for three indicators: Previous diagnosis of polio. This might require finding old medical records or getting information from older family members. Long interval after recovery. People who recover from the initial attack of polio often live for years without further signs or symptoms. The onset of late effects varies widely but typically begins at least 15 years after the initial diagnosis. Gradual onset. The later onset weakness typically occurs in muscles that were affected at the time of the initial polio illness. Weakness often isn’t noticeable until it interferes with daily activities.
  • #14 Post-polio syndrome
    https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/p/post-polio-syndrome/
    Because there are no tests that confirm a post-polio syndrome diagnosis, your doctor may use certain tests to rule out other conditions, including: Electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies. Electromyography measures the tiny electrical discharges produced in muscles. […] A noninvasive test shows promise for evaluating the severity of post-polio syndrome and monitoring its progression is muscle ultrasound, which uses sound waves to create images of muscles. More study is needed.
  • #15 Post-Polio Syndrome Diagnosis and Treatment Kansas City, Overland Park KS
    https://www.kcbj.com/post-polio-syndrome-2-orthopedic-musculoskeletal-care-overland-park-kansas-city/
    Post-polio syndrome is a collection of potentially disabling signs and symptoms that present themselves many years following polio. […] In order to diagnose post-polio syndrome there are three markers a doctor will look for. The first is the individual has had a previous diagnosis of polio, this requires examining old medical records or gathering information from older family members to confirm the older diagnosis. […] The second is long interval after recovery from polio. […] The third is gradual onset of symptoms. Muscle weakness that develops later occurs in the muscle the were initially affected by polio.
  • #16 Post-Polio Clinic | Patient Services | UC Davis Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
    https://health.ucdavis.edu/pmr/patient-services/clinic/polio.html
    The clinic provides evaluation and treatment of problems secondary to paralytic polio, diagnosis of post-polio syndrome, assessment of musculoskeletal problems and functional status and recommendations for prevention of post-polio syndrome. […] New weakness is considered the hallmark of post-polio syndrome. […] Further diagnostic testing or subspecialty consultations may be requested to determine accurate diagnoses.
  • #17 Post-Polio Syndrome: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24584-post-polio-syndrome
    Post-polio syndrome (PPS) is a condition that can affect people several years after an initial polio infection. It causes gradual muscle weakness and atrophy. Theres no cure, so treatment focuses on managing symptoms. […] There arent any specific tests that can diagnose post-polio syndrome. […] Instead, healthcare providers diagnose PPS after performing a physical exam and asking questions about your medical history and symptoms. They must also rule out other conditions that could be causing your symptoms. […] Your provider may order any of the following tests to help diagnose PPS and rule out other conditions: MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) and CT (computed tomography) scans of your spinal cord, Electromyogram (EMG), Muscle biopsy, Spinal fluid analysis. […] At this time, theres no cure for post-polio syndrome.
  • #18 Post-polio syndrome | UM Health-Sparrow
    https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/post-polio-syndrome
    Post-polio syndrome is a group of potentially disabling signs and symptoms that appear decades after the initial polio illness. […] See your doctor if you have increasing weakness or fatigue. It’s important to rule out other causes of your signs and symptoms and determine whether you have post-polio syndrome. […] There’s no specific test to diagnose post-polio syndrome. Diagnosis is based on a medical history and physical exam, and exclusion of other conditions that could cause the signs and symptoms. […] For a diagnosis of post-polio syndrome, doctors look for three indicators: Previous diagnosis of polio. This might require finding old medical records or getting information from older family members. […] Because there are no tests that confirm a post-polio syndrome diagnosis, your doctor may use certain tests to rule out other conditions, including: Electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies. […] A noninvasive test that shows promise for evaluating the severity of post-polio syndrome and monitoring its progression is muscle ultrasound, which uses sound waves to create images of muscles. More study is needed.
  • #19 Post-polio syndrome – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-polio-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20355669
    Post-polio syndrome only affects people who had polio. […] See your doctor if you have increasing weakness or fatigue. It’s important to rule out other causes of your signs and symptoms and determine whether you have post-polio syndrome. […] Associated Procedures include Electromyography (EMG).
  • #20 Post-polio syndrome Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options
    https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/post-polio-syndrome.html
    Post-polio syndrome is an illness defined by a collection of symptoms that generally occur at least 10-20 years after infection with the polio virus. […] There is no specific test that diagnoses post-polio syndrome. Instead, the diagnosis is made by confirming an old history of polio (based on history, physical examination and a muscle test called an electromyogram, or EMG). […] Your doctor will ask about your medical history, especially your history of polio. A neurological exam can identify muscle weakness and atrophy. An EMG can help to diagnose this disease. […] In addition to these, there needs to be a period of partial recovery after the initial illness and a long stable period without new symptoms (at least 10-20 years). […] Finally, other reasons why someone may be experiencing new symptoms need to be ruled out.
  • #21 Postpolio syndrome and the late effects of poliomyelitis. Part 1. pathogenesis, biomechanical considerations, diagnosis, and investigations – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29752819/
    Postpolio syndrome (PPS) is characterized by new muscle weakness and/or muscle fatigability that occurs many years after the initial poliomyelitis illness. […] A comprehensive clinical evaluation with appropriate investigations is essential to fulfilling the established PPS diagnostic criteria. […] PPS is a diagnosis of exclusion in which a key clinical feature required for the diagnosis is new muscle weakness and/or muscle fatigability that is persistent for at least 1 year. […] Electromyographic and muscle biopsy findings including evidence of ongoing denervation cannot reliably distinguish between patients with or without PPS.
  • #22 Post-Polio Syndrome: Causes, Treatment and Complications
    https://www.prepladder.com/neet-pg-study-material/medicine/post-polio-syndrome-causes-symptoms-risk-factors-diagnosis-treatment-and-complications
    There is no specific test that can identify post-polio syndrome. The diagnosis is made using the patient’s medical history, physical examination, and the exclusion of any other conditions that may be the cause of the symptoms and indicators. […] To make a diagnosis of post-polio syndrome, doctors look for three symptoms: A previous diagnosis of polio: It can be required for this to look up old medical records or to get information from older family members. […] The diagnosis of post-polio syndrome cannot be confirmed by a test, so your doctor may order some tests to rule out other illnesses. Among these tests are: Studies on nerve conduction and electromyography (EMG). Electromyography measures the tiny electrical discharges produced by muscle contractions. […] A thin-needle electrode has been placed into the muscles that are being studied. Both at rest and during contractions, an apparatus records the electrical activity in your muscles.
  • #23 Post-Polio Syndrome: Causes, Treatment and Complications
    https://www.prepladder.com/neet-pg-study-material/medicine/post-polio-syndrome-causes-symptoms-risk-factors-diagnosis-treatment-and-complications
    In a kind of electromyography (EMG) called a nerve conduction inquiry, two electrodes are applied to your skin over the nerve under study. A small shock is injected into the nerve to measure the speed of nerve transmissions. […] These examinations help in the diagnosis and rule out conditions including neuropathy, an aberrant state of the nerves, and myopathy, a malfunction of the muscle tissue. […] To get images of your brain and spinal cord, your doctor can recommend a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scan. […] These tests can help rule out spinal diseases such as spondylosis, a degenerative condition of the spine, and spinal stenosis, a narrowing of the spinal column that presses against the nerves. […] A muscle biopsy may be done to assist your doctor in looking for indications of an alternative illness that could be the cause of the weakness.
  • #24 Post-Polio Syndrome: Causes, Treatment and Complications
    https://www.prepladder.com/neet-pg-study-material/medicine/post-polio-syndrome-causes-symptoms-risk-factors-diagnosis-treatment-and-complications
    In a kind of electromyography (EMG) called a nerve conduction inquiry, two electrodes are applied to your skin over the nerve under study. A small shock is injected into the nerve to measure the speed of nerve transmissions. […] These examinations help in the diagnosis and rule out conditions including neuropathy, an aberrant state of the nerves, and myopathy, a malfunction of the muscle tissue. […] To get images of your brain and spinal cord, your doctor can recommend a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scan. […] These tests can help rule out spinal diseases such as spondylosis, a degenerative condition of the spine, and spinal stenosis, a narrowing of the spinal column that presses against the nerves. […] A muscle biopsy may be done to assist your doctor in looking for indications of an alternative illness that could be the cause of the weakness.
  • #25 Post-Polio Syndrome | Living With Paralysis | Reeve Foundation
    https://www.christopherreeve.org/todays-care/living-with-paralysis/health/causes-of-paralysis/post-polio-syndrome-poliomyelitis/
    Imaging such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) of the spine can follow progression of PPS. […] A muscle biopsy might be done to exclude other diagnoses. […] There are no laboratory blood tests used to diagnose PPS. […] There is no test that predicts which survivor of polio with affected motor nerves is at risk for PPS.
  • #26 Post-polio syndrome – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-polio-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355674
    There’s no specific test to diagnose post-polio syndrome. Diagnosis is based on a medical history and physical exam, and exclusion of other conditions that could cause the signs and symptoms. […] For a diagnosis of post-polio syndrome, doctors look for three indicators: […] In addition, because the signs and symptoms of post-polio syndrome are similar to those of other disorders, your doctor will attempt to exclude other possible causes, such as arthritis, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome and scoliosis. […] Because there are no tests that confirm a post-polio syndrome diagnosis, your doctor may use certain tests to rule out other conditions, including: […] A noninvasive test that shows promise for evaluating the severity of post-polio syndrome and monitoring its progression is muscle ultrasound, which uses sound waves to create images of muscles. More study is needed.
  • #27 Post-Polio Syndrome: Causes, Treatment and Complications
    https://www.prepladder.com/neet-pg-study-material/medicine/post-polio-syndrome-causes-symptoms-risk-factors-diagnosis-treatment-and-complications
    Results from blood tests are frequently normal in post-polio syndrome patients. The results of an abnormal blood test could indicate that your symptoms are being caused by another underlying problem. […] Muscle ultrasonography is a noninvasive diagnostic technique that uses sound waves to create images of the muscles. It has the potential to be used for tracking the development and severity of post-polio disease. Additional investigation is necessary.
  • #28 Post-Polio Syndrome: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24584-post-polio-syndrome
    Post-polio syndrome (PPS) is a condition that can affect people several years after an initial polio infection. It causes gradual muscle weakness and atrophy. Theres no cure, so treatment focuses on managing symptoms. […] There arent any specific tests that can diagnose post-polio syndrome. […] Instead, healthcare providers diagnose PPS after performing a physical exam and asking questions about your medical history and symptoms. They must also rule out other conditions that could be causing your symptoms. […] Your provider may order any of the following tests to help diagnose PPS and rule out other conditions: MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) and CT (computed tomography) scans of your spinal cord, Electromyogram (EMG), Muscle biopsy, Spinal fluid analysis. […] At this time, theres no cure for post-polio syndrome.
  • #29 Post-Polio Syndrome | Living With Paralysis | Reeve Foundation
    https://www.christopherreeve.org/todays-care/living-with-paralysis/health/causes-of-paralysis/post-polio-syndrome-poliomyelitis/
    Questions about other health concerns that could be similar to PPS symptoms will be asked. These include issues with depression which affect activity levels or functional issues such as joint pain from use of braces or crutches. Some of the symptoms of PPS are stand-alone medical conditions, such as breathing dysfunction or scoliosis, and are therefore not conclusive symptoms for PPS. […] Included in your healthcare professionals physical examination is manual muscle testing (MMT) where the strength of each of your major muscle groups is assessed and rated. This is done by the provider in their office at a usual visit. You are asked to push or pull muscle groups against the resistance of the examiner. Some instruments may be used for more precise measurements. […] An electromyography (EMG) test is done to establish motor neuron loss. This is performed on any muscle of the body by using a sensor or needle to assess electrical conduction to the muscle by the nerve. Nerve conduction studies (NCS) may or may not be done depending on individual circumstances.
  • #30 Post-Polio Syndrome | Living With Paralysis | Reeve Foundation
    https://www.christopherreeve.org/todays-care/living-with-paralysis/health/causes-of-paralysis/post-polio-syndrome-poliomyelitis/
    Imaging such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) of the spine can follow progression of PPS. […] A muscle biopsy might be done to exclude other diagnoses. […] There are no laboratory blood tests used to diagnose PPS. […] There is no test that predicts which survivor of polio with affected motor nerves is at risk for PPS.
  • #31 Post-Polio Syndrome: Causes, Treatment and Complications
    https://www.prepladder.com/neet-pg-study-material/medicine/post-polio-syndrome-causes-symptoms-risk-factors-diagnosis-treatment-and-complications
    Results from blood tests are frequently normal in post-polio syndrome patients. The results of an abnormal blood test could indicate that your symptoms are being caused by another underlying problem. […] Muscle ultrasonography is a noninvasive diagnostic technique that uses sound waves to create images of the muscles. It has the potential to be used for tracking the development and severity of post-polio disease. Additional investigation is necessary.
  • #32 Post-polio syndrome – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-polio-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355674
    There’s no specific test to diagnose post-polio syndrome. Diagnosis is based on a medical history and physical exam, and exclusion of other conditions that could cause the signs and symptoms. […] For a diagnosis of post-polio syndrome, doctors look for three indicators: […] In addition, because the signs and symptoms of post-polio syndrome are similar to those of other disorders, your doctor will attempt to exclude other possible causes, such as arthritis, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome and scoliosis. […] Because there are no tests that confirm a post-polio syndrome diagnosis, your doctor may use certain tests to rule out other conditions, including: […] A noninvasive test that shows promise for evaluating the severity of post-polio syndrome and monitoring its progression is muscle ultrasound, which uses sound waves to create images of muscles. More study is needed.
  • #33 Medical Health Issues | CareSource
    https://www.caresourceok.com/resource-center/Medical-Health-Issues?issue=Post-Polio+Syndrome&id=457
    While the various symptoms described earlier may be the first and best indicators of PPS, diagnosing PPS requires clinical information. Physicians normally only diagnose PPS after they complete a comprehensive medical history and physical examination. Part of this process includes ruling out other disorders that could explain the symptoms the person is having. It is very important to find a physician trained in neuromuscular disorders. […] PPS is not always easy to diagnose. There are other medical conditions that may need to be considered including depression, shoulder osteoarthritis, chronic rotator cuff tear and progressive scoliosis causing breathing insufficiency can all be wrongly diagnosed as PPS.
  • #34 POST-POLIO SYNDROME REPORT OF TWO CASES
    http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2462-85222018000200145
    In 2000, the first diagnostic criteria were described, which included 1) suffering from paralytic poliomyelitis with evidence of motor neuron loss, confirmed by clinical history, and symptoms and signs of chronic denervation in electromyographic study (EMG); 2) partial or complete recovery of the acute disease, accompanied by a period of about 15 years of stable neurological function; 3) sudden or gradual onset of muscle weakness or abnormal, persistent and progressive fatigue, atrophy or muscle or joint pain; and 4) persistent symptoms for at least a year. […] Other neurological, medical or traumatic causes that explain the clinical picture should be excluded, and some exclusion criteria should be considered, such as symptoms secondary to oropharyngeal or respiratory complications, structural radiculopathies, compressive neuropathies, degenerative arthropathies, joint instability, scoliosis and psychopathological symptoms such as anxiety syndrome, depression and sleep disorders.
  • #35 POST-POLIO SYNDROME REPORT OF TWO CASES
    http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2462-85222018000200145
    As part of the complementary studies, it is worth noting that there is no biochemical or physiological marker that allows for the unambiguous characterization of patients with PPS, so they are used mainly to identify or rule out other diseases. […] In short, these studies are not useful to diagnose PPS, but to confirm that there are sequelae of polio and to rule out other pathologies such as neuropathies, radiculopathies and myopathies. […] The purpose of exposing the following cases is to present different associated diagnoses, clinical and diagnostic evidence, and an interdisciplinary management approach to this pathological entity. […] After conducting clinical and paraclinical studies, it was determined that the symptomatology was associated with PPS since the necessary clinical diagnostic criteria were observed, as well as signs of chronic denervation in the lower limbs as reported by the EMG bilaterally, with a decrease in motor unit recruitment and some polyphasic potentials.
  • #36 POST-POLIO SYNDROME REPORT OF TWO CASES
    http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2462-85222018000200145
    Interconsultation with neurology was indicated, determining that the symptoms presented by the patient were associated with PPS after conducting clinical and paraclinical analyzes. […] Diagnosis is difficult to achieve since the symptoms can be misinterpreted as related to the normal aging process. […] For a definitive diagnosis, different pathological entities should be ruled out, such as Parkinson’s disease, cerebrovascular disease, multiple sclerosis, amniotrophic lateral sclerosis, radiculopathy, spinal cord tumors, comprehensive neuropathy, myasthenia gravis, muscular dystrophy, post-surgical processes, heavy metal poisoning, depression, among others. […] In short, the most useful way to approach this pathology is by building a good clinical history, including physical examination based on interdisciplinary approaches that allow understanding the patient at the time of requesting paraclinical test to discard any condition.
  • #37 POST-POLIO SYNDROME REPORT OF TWO CASES
    http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2462-85222018000200145
    As part of the complementary studies, it is worth noting that there is no biochemical or physiological marker that allows for the unambiguous characterization of patients with PPS, so they are used mainly to identify or rule out other diseases. […] In short, these studies are not useful to diagnose PPS, but to confirm that there are sequelae of polio and to rule out other pathologies such as neuropathies, radiculopathies and myopathies. […] The purpose of exposing the following cases is to present different associated diagnoses, clinical and diagnostic evidence, and an interdisciplinary management approach to this pathological entity. […] After conducting clinical and paraclinical studies, it was determined that the symptomatology was associated with PPS since the necessary clinical diagnostic criteria were observed, as well as signs of chronic denervation in the lower limbs as reported by the EMG bilaterally, with a decrease in motor unit recruitment and some polyphasic potentials.
  • #38 Poliomyelitis/Post-Polio Syndrome | PM&R KnowledgeNow
    https://now.aapmr.org/poliomyelitis-post-polio-syndrome/
    Post-polio syndrome is classified as a slowly progressive neuromuscular disease but the most common clinical presentation is one of functional declines and plateaus. […] There are no diagnostic laboratory studies for post-polio syndrome; it is a diagnosis of exclusion. […] EMG studies are recommended if the clinical history of polio is atypical or uncertain. […] Most health professionals have little knowledge of polio or post-polio and patients must be able to inform and direct aspects of their care to prevent exacerbations of post-polio symptoms. […] Survivors of acute paralytic polio are each unique and require careful, detailed evaluation to determine the presence of post-polio syndrome and secondary musculoskeletal or neurological problems. […] Post-polio syndrome is considered a slowly progressive neuromuscular disease. Most prospective studies have reported a slow decline in motor function over time.
  • #39 Diagnosing Post-Polio Syndrome — Polio Network
    https://polionetwork.org/archive/uoeu8ab3thma94wouf6sy1xjrtesxa
    The criteria for diagnosing post-polio syndrome include: a prior episode of paralytic polio confirmed by medical history, neurologic examination, and, if needed, an electrodiagnostic exam to show changes consistent with prior anterior horn cell disease (exam is not required for limbs with obvious polio paralysis); […] Without a clear history of new weakness, the diagnosis cannot be made. In addition, the diagnosis cannot be made without excluding other likely causes of new weakness and other new health problems. For this reason, post-polio syndrome is called a diagnosis by exclusion. […] EMG findings from polio survivors appropriately diagnosed with post-polio syndrome, and those not experiencing symptoms, are not significantly different. Consequently, an EMG is not a test to diagnose post-polio syndrome. The diagnosis is a clinical one and a diagnosis of exclusion.
  • #40 The legacy of polio: 2 cases of post-polio syndrome and review
    http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1665-50442022000300097
    Electrodiagnostic studies play an important role in the diagnostic process of PPS. Although they cannot differentiate patients with PPS from those with asymptomatic post-polio, they are important for excluding other neuromuscular diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, radiculopathy, polyneuropathy, myasthenia gravis, radiculopathies, neuropathies, and myopathies. […] Symptoms of PPS should be evaluated by EMG, Single Fiber EMG (SFEMG), and macro-EMG. Muscle weakness and atrophy may be associated with distal degeneration of motor units, resulting in irreversible denervation of muscle fiber. The most characteristic finding of EMG in SPP is the presence of potential giants; these units are greater than 8 mV and occur as a result of chronic denervation and reinnervation by shoots of the same motor unit, generating motor units of great amplitude and area.
  • #41 The legacy of polio: 2 cases of post-polio syndrome and review
    http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1665-50442022000300097
    Electrodiagnostic studies play an important role in the diagnostic process of PPS. Although they cannot differentiate patients with PPS from those with asymptomatic post-polio, they are important for excluding other neuromuscular diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, radiculopathy, polyneuropathy, myasthenia gravis, radiculopathies, neuropathies, and myopathies. […] Symptoms of PPS should be evaluated by EMG, Single Fiber EMG (SFEMG), and macro-EMG. Muscle weakness and atrophy may be associated with distal degeneration of motor units, resulting in irreversible denervation of muscle fiber. The most characteristic finding of EMG in SPP is the presence of potential giants; these units are greater than 8 mV and occur as a result of chronic denervation and reinnervation by shoots of the same motor unit, generating motor units of great amplitude and area.
  • #42 Post-Polio Syndrome | Living With Paralysis | Reeve Foundation
    https://www.christopherreeve.org/todays-care/living-with-paralysis/health/causes-of-paralysis/post-polio-syndrome-poliomyelitis/
    Imaging such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) of the spine can follow progression of PPS. […] A muscle biopsy might be done to exclude other diagnoses. […] There are no laboratory blood tests used to diagnose PPS. […] There is no test that predicts which survivor of polio with affected motor nerves is at risk for PPS.
  • #43 POST-POLIO SYNDROME REPORT OF TWO CASES
    http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2462-85222018000200145
    As part of the complementary studies, it is worth noting that there is no biochemical or physiological marker that allows for the unambiguous characterization of patients with PPS, so they are used mainly to identify or rule out other diseases. […] In short, these studies are not useful to diagnose PPS, but to confirm that there are sequelae of polio and to rule out other pathologies such as neuropathies, radiculopathies and myopathies. […] The purpose of exposing the following cases is to present different associated diagnoses, clinical and diagnostic evidence, and an interdisciplinary management approach to this pathological entity. […] After conducting clinical and paraclinical studies, it was determined that the symptomatology was associated with PPS since the necessary clinical diagnostic criteria were observed, as well as signs of chronic denervation in the lower limbs as reported by the EMG bilaterally, with a decrease in motor unit recruitment and some polyphasic potentials.
  • #44 Post-Polio Syndrome | Living With Paralysis | Reeve Foundation
    https://www.christopherreeve.org/todays-care/living-with-paralysis/health/causes-of-paralysis/post-polio-syndrome-poliomyelitis/
    Imaging such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) of the spine can follow progression of PPS. […] A muscle biopsy might be done to exclude other diagnoses. […] There are no laboratory blood tests used to diagnose PPS. […] There is no test that predicts which survivor of polio with affected motor nerves is at risk for PPS.
  • #45 Diagnosing Post-Polio Syndrome in the Elderly, a Case Report
    https://www.mdpi.com/2308-3417/2/2/14
    Diagnosing Post-Polio Syndrome in the Elderly, a Case Report […] Diagnosis of post-polio syndrome is difficult in the geriatric population because many of the symptoms overlap with other disease processes affecting older individuals. […] A diagnosis of post-polio syndrome was made given the patient’s distant history of poliomyelitis, mostly negative multi-system workup and presenting signs. […] Several proposed diagnostic criteria exist for post-polio syndrome, but most are based upon the criteria proposed by Halstead in the 1991 paper Assessment and differential Diagnosis for Post-Polio Syndrome. Criteria for the diagnosis of post-polio syndrome are as follows: (1) Prior diagnosis of polio must be confirmed; (2) There must be a period of functional and neurological stability; (3) There must be the onset of new neurological symptoms like weakness or fatigue; and (4) There must be an attempt to exclude of other medical diagnoses that may cause similar symptoms. […] Post-polio syndrome diagnosis is even more difficult in the elderly population due to the presence of multiple comorbid conditions. Extensive testing may be necessary for an appropriate diagnosis in this population.
  • #46 Post-Polio Syndrome: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24584-post-polio-syndrome
    Post-polio syndrome (PPS) is a condition that can affect people several years after an initial polio infection. It causes gradual muscle weakness and atrophy. Theres no cure, so treatment focuses on managing symptoms. […] There arent any specific tests that can diagnose post-polio syndrome. […] Instead, healthcare providers diagnose PPS after performing a physical exam and asking questions about your medical history and symptoms. They must also rule out other conditions that could be causing your symptoms. […] Your provider may order any of the following tests to help diagnose PPS and rule out other conditions: MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) and CT (computed tomography) scans of your spinal cord, Electromyogram (EMG), Muscle biopsy, Spinal fluid analysis. […] At this time, theres no cure for post-polio syndrome.
  • #47 Post-polio syndrome – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-polio_syndrome
    Post-polio syndrome (PPS) is a group of latent symptoms of poliomyelitis (polio), occurring in more than 80% of polio infections. […] Diagnosis of PPS can be difficult, since the symptoms are hard to separate from complications due to the original polio infection, and from the normal infirmities of aging. No laboratory test for post-polio syndrome is known, nor are any other specific diagnostic criteria. Three important criteria are recognized, including previous diagnosis of polio, long interval after recovery, and gradual onset of weakness. […] In general, PPS is a diagnosis of exclusion whereby other possible causes of the symptoms are eliminated. Neurological examination aided by other laboratory studies can help to determine what component of a neuromuscular deficit occurred with polio and what components are new and to exclude all other possible diagnoses. Objective assessment of muscle strength in PPS patients may not be easy. Changes in muscle strength are determined in specific muscle groups using various muscle scales that quantify strength, such as the Medical Research Council (MRC) scale. Magnetic resonance imaging, neuroimaging, and electrophysiological studies, muscle biopsies, or spinal fluid analysis may also be useful in establishing a PPS diagnosis.
  • #48 Describing post-polio syndrome | Neurología (English Edition)
    https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-neurologia-english-edition–495-articulo-describing-post-polio-syndrome-S2173580821000614
    Patients presenting sequelae of poliomyelitis may present new symptoms, known as post-polio syndrome (PPS). […] To identify the clinical and functional profile and epidemiological characteristics of patients presenting PPS. […] PPS was more frequent in women (57.7%). The mean age at symptom onset was 52.4 years, and was earlier in women. […] The frequency of symptoms was: pain in 85% of patients, loss of strength in 40%, fatigue in 65.5%, tiredness in 57.8%, cold intolerance in 20.2%, dysphagia in 11.7%, cognitive complaints in 9%, and depressive symptoms in 31.5%. […] Fifty-nine percent of patients presented electromyographic findings suggestive of PPS. […] While the symptoms observed in our sample are similar to those reported in the literature, the frequencies observed are not.
  • #49 Describing post-polio syndrome | Neurología (English Edition)
    https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-neurologia-english-edition–495-articulo-describing-post-polio-syndrome-S2173580821000614
    We believe that patients clinical profile may be very diverse, giving more weight to such objective parameters as worsening of symptoms or appearance of weakness; analysis of biomarkers may bring us closer to an accurate diagnosis. […] Diagnosis of PPS is currently based on the March of Dimes criteria, a modified version of the Halstead criteria published in April 2010. […] Prior paralytic poliomyelitis with evidence of motor neuron loss, as confirmed by history of the acute paralytic illness, signs of residual weakness and atrophy of muscles on neurologic examination, and signs of denervation on electromyography (EMG). […] A period of partial or complete functional recovery after acute paralytic poliomyelitis, followed by an interval (usually 15 years or more) of stable neurologic function.
  • #50 Polio | Post-Polio Syndrome | PPS | MedlinePlus
    https://medlineplus.gov/polioandpostpoliosyndrome.html
    Post-polio syndrome (PPS) is a condition that affects polio survivors many years after they recovered from polio. It usually happens 15-40 years later. It is not contagious. […] To find out if you or your child has polio, the provider: Will do a physical exam. Will take a detailed medical history, including your vaccination history and history of any recent travel. Will collect samples of body fluids, such as stool, saliva, blood, urine, and spinal fluid. Poliovirus is most likely to be detected in stool specimens. […] There is no cure for PPS. Treatments may help you manage your symptoms. They include: Non-fatiguing exercises (exercises that do not cause pain or fatigue that lasts more than 10 minutes). These exercises may improve muscle strength and reduce tiredness. Your provider can help you figure out which exercises are best for you.
  • #51 Post Polio Syndrome | Diagnosis & Treatment | MedStar Health
    https://www.medstarhealth.org/services/post-polio-syndrome
    Post-Polio Syndrome (PPS) is a neurologic disorder that produces a group of symptoms in persons who had paralytic polio many years earlier. […] MedStar Health offers a comprehensive, initial evaluation by an interdisciplinary team designed to identify problems and to rule out other causes of new health problems. […] The Post-Polio Program at MedStar Health offers comprehensive evaluation and treatment for persons who had polio many years ago and are now experiencing new health problems possibly related to their polio. […] Because of the comprehensive nature of the initial evaluation, new patients are typically seen over a one-and-a-half-day period.
  • #52 Post-polio Syndrome: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/post-polio-syndrome
    Muscle or joint pain. […] Muscle atrophy. […] Cold intolerance. […] No other medical explanation. […] There is insufficient evidence to draw definite conclusions about the effectiveness of interventions for PPS. There is evidence that intravenous immunoglobulin, lamotrigine, muscle strengthening exercises and static magnetic fields may be beneficial but further investigation is needed to clarify whether any real and meaningful effect exists. […] A multidisciplinary approach is helpful.
  • #53 EFNS guideline on diagnosis and management of post-polio syndrome. Report of an EFNS task force – PD Warrior
    https://pdwarrior.com/efns-guideline-on-diagnosis-and-management-of-post-polio-syndrome-report-of-an-efns-task-force/
    EFNS guideline on diagnosis and management of post-polio syndrome. […] Many previous polio patients experience new muscle weakness, new atrophy, fatigue, muscular and joint pain and cold intolerance several years after acute paralytic poliomyelitis. […] The term post-polio syndrome was introduced by Halstead in 1985 to cover medical, orthopaedic and psychological problems possibly or indirectly related to the long-term disability occurring many years after the acute episode. […] The criteria for PPS were as following. 1 Confirmed history of polio. 2 Partial or fairly complete neurological and functional recovery after the acute episode. 3 Period of at least 15 years with neurological and functional stability. […] The aim was to develop a common definition of postpolio syndrome (PPS) and evaluate the existing evidence for the clinical effectiveness of therapeutic interventions and on this basis provide clinical guidelines for management of PPS. […] Diagnostic criteria applied were those of Halstead (Sweden), Borg (the Netherlands) and Dalakas (Norway). […] Neurologists were involved in diagnosis whereas rehabilitation physicians were involved in long-term management and care.
  • #54 Poliomyelitis/Post-Polio Syndrome | PM&R KnowledgeNow
    https://now.aapmr.org/poliomyelitis-post-polio-syndrome/
    Post-polio syndrome (PPS) is defined as a neurologic disorder that can occur in survivors of paralytic polio after a period of functional stability (usually 15 years or more), characterized by new weakness or muscle fatigability, with or without generalized fatigue, muscle atrophy, or pain in muscles and/or joints. […] The incidence and prevalence of post-polio syndrome is not known due to lack of accurate statistics. It is estimated that about 40% of polio survivors develop post-polio syndrome. […] Presentation of post-polio syndrome can be insidious or acute. Acute presentation may be associated with trauma, surgery, a period of immobility or increase in activity. The most common symptoms of PPS are new weakness (with or without muscle atrophy), fatigue and pain in muscles and/or joints.
  • #55 Post-Polio Syndrome: Symptoms, Treatment, and Outlook
    https://www.healthline.com/health/post-polio-syndrome
    If a primary care doctor diagnoses PPS, they may refer you to a neuromuscular specialist, such as a neurologist. […] The earlier a doctor diagnoses PPS, the sooner you can take steps to manage it. […] How many people who survived polio will get post-polio syndrome? […] PPS is relatively common in polio survivors. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 25% to 40% of people who survive polio infection will develop PPS. […] Is post-polio syndrome life threatening? […] Unlike polio, PPS is not usually life threatening. But PPS can still pose other risks to your mobility that can reduce daily movements and impact your overall quality of life.
  • #56 What is Post-Polio Syndrome? – Post Polio
    https://post-polio.org/education/what-is-post-polio-syndrome/
    A diagnosis of exclusion is used to determine if a patient has PPS. This means if a survivor of polio is found to have osteoarthritis, for example, that is what the diagnosis will be – osteoarthritis, not PPS. […] Twenty-five to forty percent of polio survivors experience post-polio syndrome (depending on the study).
  • #57 ICD 10 & ICD 9 Codes for Post-Polio Syndrome | Quantum Rehab®
    https://www.quantumrehab.com/quantum-rehab-clinicians/icd-10-codes-post-polio-syndrome.asp
    The ICD-10 Code for post-polio syndrome is G14. […] G14 is a billable/specific ICD-10-CM code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis for reimbursement purposes. […] Post-polio syndrome (PPS) is a condition that can affect polio survivors decades after they recover from their initial poliovirus infection. […] Post-polio syndrome affects between 25 and 40 out of every 100 polio survivors.
  • #58 Clinical Overview of Poliomyelitis | Polio | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/polio/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html
    Adults who had paralytic polio during childhood may develop noninfectious post-polio syndrome (PPS) 15 to 40 years later. […] PPS is characterized by slow, irreversible worsening of muscle weakness, often in the muscle groups involved during the original infection. […] The prevalence and incidence of PPS is unclear. Studies estimate that 25-40% of polio survivors suffer from PPS. […] Rapidly investigating suspected polio cases is critical to identifying possible poliovirus transmission and implementing proper control measures. […] The Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases provides current guidelines for those involved in VPD surveillance and response. Learn more about epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory investigations of AFP to rule out poliovirus infection.
  • #59 POST POLIO SYNDROME – WILDROSE POLIO SUPPORT SOCIETY
    https://polioalberta.ca/home/post-polio-syndrome/
    Post-polio syndrome (PPS) is a condition that affects approximately 25 to 40 percent of people who have previously survived an acute attack of poliomyelitis, though more recent studies have shown that 80+% of polio survivors show symptoms of Post Polio Sequelae. […] The precise mechanism that causes PPS is unknown. […] Diagnosis of post-polio syndrome can be difficult, since the symptoms are hard to separate from complications due to the original poliomyelitis infection, and from the normal infirmities of aging. There is no laboratory test for post-polio syndrome, nor are there any other specific diagnostic criteria. Three important criteria are recognized, including: previous diagnosis of polio, long interval after recovery and the gradual onset of weakness. […] In general, PPS is a diagnosis of exclusion whereby other possible causes of the symptoms are eliminated. Neurological examination aided by other laboratory studies can help to determine what component of a neuromuscular deficit occurred with polio and what components are new and to exclude all other possible diagnoses. Objective assessment of muscle strength in PPS patients may not be easy. Changes in muscle strength are determined in specific muscle groups using various muscle scales which quantify strength, such as the Medical Research Council (MRC) scale. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), neuroimaging, and electrophysiological studies, muscle biopsies, or spinal fluid analysis may also be useful in establishing a PPS diagnosis.
  • #60 Describing post-polio syndrome | Neurología (English Edition)
    https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-neurologia-english-edition–495-articulo-describing-post-polio-syndrome-S2173580821000614
    Gradual or sudden onset of progressive and persistent new muscle weakness or abnormal muscle fatigability (decreased endurance), with or without generalised fatigue, muscle atrophy, or muscle and joint pain. […] Symptoms persist for at least a year. […] Exclusion of other neurologic, medical and orthopaedic problems as causes of symptoms. […] The pathogenesis of PPS is not understood. […] Although the risk factors for PPS are not well characterised, some studies suggest that the risk of developing PPS may increase with older age in the acute phase of the disease, female sex, greater severity of motor symptoms of poliomyelitis, lower level of functional recovery after acute infection, longer duration of the latency period between the acute phase of the disease and onset of recovery, use of mechanical ventilation in the acute phase, and high level of physical activity.
  • #61 Post-polio syndrome – Knowledge and References – Taylor & Francis
    https://taylorandfrancis.com/knowledge/Medicine_and_healthcare/Neurology/Post-polio_syndrome/
    Following a period of stability some patients notice a further deterioration in function, associated with fatigue, joint and muscle pains. This is the post-polio syndrome, is poorly understood and not due to ‘reactivation’ of the polio virus. […] As the post-polio cohort aged, underlying NCDs and their risk factors complicated the clinical picture and course, as well as the diagnosis of post-polio syndrome, largely one of exclusion. […] Survivors of polio with post-polio syndrome (PPS) present with increased muscle weakness and reduced functional capacity, and they frequently have pain, fatigue, and sleep disturbances. […] Post-polio syndrome refers to a late complication of the poliovirus infection where new health problems or the exacerbation of existing symptoms occur. The prevalence of post-polio syndrome affecting previous polio patients has been reported to be between 20 and 85%. The major clinical features of post-polio syndrome include progressive muscle weakness, increased muscle atrophy, abnormal muscle fatigue, generalised fatigue, muscle and joint pain, muscle cramps, and cold intolerance. Symptoms of post-polio syndrome often affect an individual’s performance of activities of daily living, such as bathing, dressing, cooking and housework as well as walking, and climbing stairs.
  • #62 Describing post-polio syndrome | Neurología (English Edition)
    https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-neurologia-english-edition–495-articulo-describing-post-polio-syndrome-S2173580821000614
    Gradual or sudden onset of progressive and persistent new muscle weakness or abnormal muscle fatigability (decreased endurance), with or without generalised fatigue, muscle atrophy, or muscle and joint pain. […] Symptoms persist for at least a year. […] Exclusion of other neurologic, medical and orthopaedic problems as causes of symptoms. […] The pathogenesis of PPS is not understood. […] Although the risk factors for PPS are not well characterised, some studies suggest that the risk of developing PPS may increase with older age in the acute phase of the disease, female sex, greater severity of motor symptoms of poliomyelitis, lower level of functional recovery after acute infection, longer duration of the latency period between the acute phase of the disease and onset of recovery, use of mechanical ventilation in the acute phase, and high level of physical activity.
  • #63 Post-polio syndrome – Knowledge and References – Taylor & Francis
    https://taylorandfrancis.com/knowledge/Medicine_and_healthcare/Neurology/Post-polio_syndrome/
    Post-polio syndrome (PPS) is a serious constellation of symptoms that can occur in polio survivors many years after recovery from their initial episode of paralytic poliomyelitis. The syndrome was first described in the 1960s and criteria for diagnosis were established in 1972: (1) prior paralytic poliomyelitis with evidence of motor neuron loss; (2) a period of partial or complete functional recovery after the acute illness, followed by an interval of at least 15 years of stable neuromuscular function; (3) slowly progressive, persistent new muscle weakness or decreased endurance, with or without generalized fatigue, muscle atrophy, or muscle and joint pain; (4) symptoms lasting at least a year; and (5) exclusion of other neuromuscular, medical, and skeletal causes. Approximately half of all patients with paralytic polio go on to develop PPS, with an average time to symptoms from the original polio episode of 35 years. Risk factors for development of PPS include more severe acute poliomyelitis paralysis, older age at acute polio attack, and greater physical activity in the intervening years.
  • #64 Describing post-polio syndrome | Neurología (English Edition)
    https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-neurologia-english-edition–495-articulo-describing-post-polio-syndrome-S2173580821000614
    Patients presenting sequelae of poliomyelitis may present new symptoms, known as post-polio syndrome (PPS). […] To identify the clinical and functional profile and epidemiological characteristics of patients presenting PPS. […] PPS was more frequent in women (57.7%). The mean age at symptom onset was 52.4 years, and was earlier in women. […] The frequency of symptoms was: pain in 85% of patients, loss of strength in 40%, fatigue in 65.5%, tiredness in 57.8%, cold intolerance in 20.2%, dysphagia in 11.7%, cognitive complaints in 9%, and depressive symptoms in 31.5%. […] Fifty-nine percent of patients presented electromyographic findings suggestive of PPS. […] While the symptoms observed in our sample are similar to those reported in the literature, the frequencies observed are not.
  • #65 Poliomyelitis/Post-Polio Syndrome | PM&R KnowledgeNow
    https://now.aapmr.org/poliomyelitis-post-polio-syndrome/
    Post-polio syndrome (PPS) is defined as a neurologic disorder that can occur in survivors of paralytic polio after a period of functional stability (usually 15 years or more), characterized by new weakness or muscle fatigability, with or without generalized fatigue, muscle atrophy, or pain in muscles and/or joints. […] The incidence and prevalence of post-polio syndrome is not known due to lack of accurate statistics. It is estimated that about 40% of polio survivors develop post-polio syndrome. […] Presentation of post-polio syndrome can be insidious or acute. Acute presentation may be associated with trauma, surgery, a period of immobility or increase in activity. The most common symptoms of PPS are new weakness (with or without muscle atrophy), fatigue and pain in muscles and/or joints.
  • #66 Describing post-polio syndrome | Neurología (English Edition)
    https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-neurologia-english-edition–495-articulo-describing-post-polio-syndrome-S2173580821000614
    Patients presenting sequelae of poliomyelitis may present new symptoms, known as post-polio syndrome (PPS). […] To identify the clinical and functional profile and epidemiological characteristics of patients presenting PPS. […] PPS was more frequent in women (57.7%). The mean age at symptom onset was 52.4 years, and was earlier in women. […] The frequency of symptoms was: pain in 85% of patients, loss of strength in 40%, fatigue in 65.5%, tiredness in 57.8%, cold intolerance in 20.2%, dysphagia in 11.7%, cognitive complaints in 9%, and depressive symptoms in 31.5%. […] Fifty-nine percent of patients presented electromyographic findings suggestive of PPS. […] While the symptoms observed in our sample are similar to those reported in the literature, the frequencies observed are not.
  • #67 2025 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code G14: Postpolio syndrome
    https://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes/G00-G99/G10-G14/G14-/G14
    G14 is a billable/specific ICD-10-CM code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis for reimbursement purposes. […] The 2025 edition of ICD-10-CM G14 became effective on October 1, 2024. […] Clinical Information: A syndrome characterized by new neuromuscular symptoms that occur at least 15 years after clinical stability has been attained in patients with a prior history of symptomatic poliomyelitis. Clinical features include new muscular weakness and atrophy of the limbs, bulbar innervated musculature, and muscles of respiration, combined with excessive fatigue, joint pain, and reduced stamina. The process is marked by slow progression and periods of stabilization. […] Diagnosis Index entries containing back-references to G14: Postpolio G14 (myelitic).
  • #68 The legacy of polio: 2 cases of post-polio syndrome and review
    http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1665-50442022000300097
    Post-polio syndrome (PPS) is a rare neurological disorder that affects 20-40% of paralytic and non-paralytic polio survivors. Its main characteristic is the appearance of de novo muscle weakness or its increase and atrophy, accompanied by other symptoms such as fatigue, joint, bone or muscle pain, intolerance to cold, and bulbar symptoms (involvement of swallowing, speech and breathing). PPS usually affects performance in daily activities with a negative effect on patients’ quality of life. […] The current diagnostic criteria for PPS were first described by Mulder et al. in 1972. These criteria are: Previous episode of polio with residual loss of motor neurons; A period of at least 15 years of neurological and functional stability after recovery from acute illness; The gradual or, rarely, abrupt onset of new weakness or abnormal muscle fatigue and generalized fatigue; The exclusion of other conditions that could cause similar manifestations.
  • #69
    https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=hw184074
    Post-polio syndrome is an illness of the nervous system that can appear 15 to 50 years after you had polio. […] Doctors diagnose post-polio syndrome based on your symptoms, medical history, and lab tests. Your doctor will look at how polio affected you and how well you healed from it. Lab tests will be done to check for other causes of your symptoms. If your symptoms and history point to post-polio syndrome, and if tests cannot find another cause, then your doctor may diagnose post-polio syndrome. […] You may need to have more tests or exams if your symptoms change.
  • #70 Post-Polio Syndrome | Saint Luke’s Health System
    https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/post-polio-syndrome
    PPS only develops in people who once had polio. Your healthcare provider will ask about your health history, your recent symptoms, and other health conditions. The provider typically does a physical exam and tests your muscle strength. You may need testing that includes: […] Your healthcare provider may make a diagnosis of PPS if you had polio in the past, have new muscle weakness and other symptoms that last for a year, and have no other cause for your symptoms.
  • #71 Post-Polio Syndrome
    https://johnshopkinshealthcare.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Library/Encyclopedia/134,569
    Your health care provider will ask about your health history, your recent symptoms, and other health conditions. The provider typically does a physical exam and tests your muscle strength. You may need testing that includes: Blood tests to rule out other causes for your muscle weakness. Electromyography (EMG) to measure the electrical activity of the muscles. Muscle biopsy to look for signs of damage in the muscle cells. MRI or CT scans. […] Your health care provider may make a diagnosis of PPS if you had polio in the past, have new muscle weakness and other symptoms that last for a year, and have no other cause for your symptoms. […] There is no cure for PPS, but there are things you can do to help you manage the condition. The goal of treatment for PPS is to reduce its impact on your daily life. You may use a cane or walker to save your energy and muscle strength. Make sure you get plenty of rest. […] Prescribed special exercise programs, assistive devices, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and medicines may all help you manage the symptoms of PPS.
  • #72 Post-Polio Syndrome | Saint Luke’s Health System
    https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/post-polio-syndrome
    PPS only develops in people who once had polio. Your healthcare provider will ask about your health history, your recent symptoms, and other health conditions. The provider typically does a physical exam and tests your muscle strength. You may need testing that includes: […] Your healthcare provider may make a diagnosis of PPS if you had polio in the past, have new muscle weakness and other symptoms that last for a year, and have no other cause for your symptoms.
  • #73
    https://111.wales.nhs.uk/Postpoliosyndrome/
    Post-polio syndrome can be difficult to diagnose because there are no specific tests for it and symptoms can be mistaken for other conditions. […] Your GP may suspect post-polio syndrome based on your medical history and the results of a physical examination. […] As the symptoms of post-polio syndrome can be similar to those of several other conditions, such as arthritis, some tests may be needed to rule out any other possible causes of your problems. […] If your GP is unsure whether you have post-polio syndrome, you may be referred to a hospital consultant for further testing. […] To rule out other conditions, or confirm whether you have post-polio syndrome, tests you may have include: electromyography (EMG) tests to measure the electrical activity in your muscles and nerves and find out whether they’re damaged. […] It’s possible to have post-polio syndrome alongside other conditions, so not every health problem or symptom you experience may be related to the condition.
  • #74 POST-POLIO SYNDROME REPORT OF TWO CASES
    http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2462-85222018000200145
    PPS is a clinical entity difficult to diagnose and treat that requires an interdisciplinary plan to achieve improvement of the initial symptomatology. Based on the fact that management is symptomatic, an improvement in the patient’s lifestyle should be achieved to secure a good quality of life. In order to diagnose this entity, the person’s childhood history must be kept in mind and the medical history of the past year should be analyzed to determine if the symptomatology has prevailed over time.
  • #75 Post-Polio Syndrome: Symptoms, Treatment, and Outlook
    https://www.healthline.com/health/post-polio-syndrome
    If a primary care doctor diagnoses PPS, they may refer you to a neuromuscular specialist, such as a neurologist. […] The earlier a doctor diagnoses PPS, the sooner you can take steps to manage it. […] How many people who survived polio will get post-polio syndrome? […] PPS is relatively common in polio survivors. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 25% to 40% of people who survive polio infection will develop PPS. […] Is post-polio syndrome life threatening? […] Unlike polio, PPS is not usually life threatening. But PPS can still pose other risks to your mobility that can reduce daily movements and impact your overall quality of life.
  • #76 What Causes Post-Polio Syndrome?
    https://www.webmd.com/children/what-is-post-polio-syndrome
    Post-polio syndrome, or PPS, is a non-contagious disorder that affects your nerves and muscles. It happens to polio survivors years after a polio infection, sometimes as much as 30 to 40 years later. […] There are some theories about post-polio syndrome causes, but the exact cause is unknown. […] Eventually, you lose muscle strength and can have periods of stability mixed with periods of worsening weakness. […] PPS affects your nerves and muscles, usually in the same area that was originally affected. The main symptom is weak muscles, but the severity can vary. […] Its not clear how many polio survivors have or might have PPS. […] There is no cure for PPS, but treatment can improve your symptoms. […] Exercise is a key treatment, as it can build muscle strength and slow down muscle weakness. […] In most cases, post-polio syndrome life expectancy is good. PPS is rarely life-threatening, though symptoms can vary from mild to severe.

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