Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Burning mouth syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20350911

  Burning mouth syndrome is the medical term for ongoing or recurring burning in the mouth without an obvious cause. […] Although that makes treatment more challenging, working closely with your health care team can help you reduce symptoms. […] The cause of burning mouth syndrome may be primary or secondary. […] When the cause can’t be found, the condition is called primary or idiopathic burning mouth syndrome. Some research suggests that primary burning mouth syndrome is related to problems with the nerves involved with taste and pain. […] Sometimes burning mouth syndrome is caused by an underlying medical condition. In these cases, it’s called secondary burning mouth syndrome. […] Underlying problems that may be linked to secondary burning mouth syndrome include: Dry mouth, which can be caused by some medicines, health problems, problems with the glands that make saliva or the side effects of cancer treatment.

• #2 Burning Mouth Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14463-burning-mouth-syndrome

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is when your tongue, roof of your mouth or lips feel like theyre burning. It can also occur anywhere else in your mouth or throat. BMS can happen fast, and you might not know why. […] Researchers believe the cause of primary BMS is nerve damage affecting the area of your tongue that controls taste and pain. This makes your mouth feel like its burning and changes how things taste to you. Researchers think the nerve damage comes from factors like stress, certain medications, nutritional deficiencies or underlying medical conditions. […] Medical conditions that can cause secondary BMS include: Acid reflux, Allergies to certain foods or dental products, Dry mouth, Hormonal changes, Nerve damage, Oral infections like thrush, Stress, Teeth grinding or jaw clenching.

• #3 Burning mouth syndrome | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome

  Burning mouth syndrome is the medical term for ongoing or recurring burning in the mouth without an obvious cause. […] The cause of burning mouth syndrome may be primary or secondary. […] When the cause can’t be found, the condition is called primary or idiopathic burning mouth syndrome. Some research suggests that primary burning mouth syndrome is related to problems with the nerves involved with taste and pain. […] Sometimes burning mouth syndrome is caused by an underlying medical condition. In these cases, it’s called secondary burning mouth syndrome. […] Underlying problems that may be linked to secondary burning mouth syndrome include: Dry mouth, which can be caused by some medicines, health problems, problems with the glands that make saliva or the side effects of cancer treatment.

• #4 Burning Mouth Syndrome Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment | National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research

  https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/health-info/burning-mouth

  Burning mouth syndrome can be difficult to diagnose, and your dentist or doctor will rule out other conditions before diagnosing burning mouth syndrome. […] If BMS isn’t caused by an underlying medical problem, it is called primary BMS. Experts believe that primary BMS is caused by damage to the nerves that control pain and taste. […] Certain medical conditions can cause BMS. Treating the medical problem will cure the secondary BMS. Common causes of secondary BMS include: Oral habits such as tooth grinding or jaw clenching. Depression. Hormonal changes (such as from diabetes or thyroid problem). Allergies to dental products, dental materials (usually metals), or foods. Dry mouth, which can be caused by certain disorders (such as Sjögren’s syndrome) and treatments (such as certain drugs and radiation therapy). Certain medicines, such as those that reduce blood pressure. Nutritional deficiencies (such as a low level of vitamin B or iron). Infection in the mouth, such as a yeast infection. Acid reflux.

• #5 Burning mouth syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20350911

  Burning mouth syndrome is the medical term for ongoing or recurring burning in the mouth without an obvious cause. […] Although that makes treatment more challenging, working closely with your health care team can help you reduce symptoms. […] The cause of burning mouth syndrome may be primary or secondary. […] When the cause can’t be found, the condition is called primary or idiopathic burning mouth syndrome. Some research suggests that primary burning mouth syndrome is related to problems with the nerves involved with taste and pain. […] Sometimes burning mouth syndrome is caused by an underlying medical condition. In these cases, it’s called secondary burning mouth syndrome. […] Underlying problems that may be linked to secondary burning mouth syndrome include: Dry mouth, which can be caused by some medicines, health problems, problems with the glands that make saliva or the side effects of cancer treatment.

• #6 Burning Mouth Syndrome (Burning Tongue): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/burning-mouth-syndrome-facts

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is the name for burning pain in your mouth that doesn’t have a known cause. Most often, the pain is on the tip of your tongue or roof of your mouth. But sometimes, it affects the front of your mouth or the inner part of your lips. It often lasts many years. […] About a third of people who have burning mouth syndrome say it started after some kind of dental work, an illness, or a course of medication. But most can’t link it to any unusual event. […] BMS is classified as primary or secondary, depending on the cause. […] Also called idiopathic burning mouth syndrome, it happens when the burning pain can’t be explained by a lab test or other health condition. Doctors think the cause could be damage to nerves that control taste or pain. […] Sometimes, BMS results from another health event or condition. In this case, it’s called secondary burning mouth syndrome.

• #7 Burning Mouth Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Anatomy and Physiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1508869-overview

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is likely more than one disease process, and the etiology may be multifactorial. […] Various attempts to classify burning mouth syndrome (BMS) based on etiology and symptoms have been made. In a classification by etiology or cause, idiopathic burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is considered primary BMS (or „true BMS”), whereas secondary BMS has an identifiable cause. […] No consensus exists regarding a definitive cause. Rather, burning mouth syndrome (BMS) appears to be multifactorial in origin. Many of the currently proposed etiologies describe secondary, rather than primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS). […] Menopause, whether surgical or physiological, is associated with a higher prevalence of burning mouth syndrome (BMS), and, while the mechanism is unclear, hormonal alterations in oral mucosa have been suggested as a cause. Estrogen has documented effects on oral mucosa, and deprivation may lead to atrophic changes thereby altering stimulation of the nerve endings within the epithelium.

• #8 Burning mouth syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20350911

  Burning mouth syndrome is the medical term for ongoing or recurring burning in the mouth without an obvious cause. […] Although that makes treatment more challenging, working closely with your health care team can help you reduce symptoms. […] The cause of burning mouth syndrome may be primary or secondary. […] When the cause can’t be found, the condition is called primary or idiopathic burning mouth syndrome. Some research suggests that primary burning mouth syndrome is related to problems with the nerves involved with taste and pain. […] Sometimes burning mouth syndrome is caused by an underlying medical condition. In these cases, it’s called secondary burning mouth syndrome. […] Underlying problems that may be linked to secondary burning mouth syndrome include: Dry mouth, which can be caused by some medicines, health problems, problems with the glands that make saliva or the side effects of cancer treatment.

• #9 Burning Mouth Syndrome Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment | National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research

  https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/health-info/burning-mouth

  Burning mouth syndrome can be difficult to diagnose, and your dentist or doctor will rule out other conditions before diagnosing burning mouth syndrome. […] If BMS isn’t caused by an underlying medical problem, it is called primary BMS. Experts believe that primary BMS is caused by damage to the nerves that control pain and taste. […] Certain medical conditions can cause BMS. Treating the medical problem will cure the secondary BMS. Common causes of secondary BMS include: Oral habits such as tooth grinding or jaw clenching. Depression. Hormonal changes (such as from diabetes or thyroid problem). Allergies to dental products, dental materials (usually metals), or foods. Dry mouth, which can be caused by certain disorders (such as Sjögren’s syndrome) and treatments (such as certain drugs and radiation therapy). Certain medicines, such as those that reduce blood pressure. Nutritional deficiencies (such as a low level of vitamin B or iron). Infection in the mouth, such as a yeast infection. Acid reflux.

• #10 Burning Mouth Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14463-burning-mouth-syndrome

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is when your tongue, roof of your mouth or lips feel like theyre burning. It can also occur anywhere else in your mouth or throat. BMS can happen fast, and you might not know why. […] Researchers believe the cause of primary BMS is nerve damage affecting the area of your tongue that controls taste and pain. This makes your mouth feel like its burning and changes how things taste to you. Researchers think the nerve damage comes from factors like stress, certain medications, nutritional deficiencies or underlying medical conditions. […] Medical conditions that can cause secondary BMS include: Acid reflux, Allergies to certain foods or dental products, Dry mouth, Hormonal changes, Nerve damage, Oral infections like thrush, Stress, Teeth grinding or jaw clenching.

• #11 Burning Mouth Syndrome

  https://maaom.memberclicks.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=81:burning-mouth-syndrome&catid=22:patient-condition-information&Itemid=120

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a benign condition that presents as a burning sensation in the absence of any obvious findings in the mouth and in the absence of abnormal blood tests. […] No one really knows what causes BMS. However, it is believed to be a form of neuropathic pain. This means that nerve fibers in the mouth, for now, are functioning abnormally and transmitting pain despite the fact that there is no painful stimulus. It has been suggested that the nerves in the mouth that are responsible for feeling pain are easily stimulated and excited. Contributing factors may include menopause (although we do not know why), adverse life events (loss of job, death of family member or spouse), psychiatric disorders (such as anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder), TMJ problems, chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia. […] BMS is not caused by dentures or infections although wearing dentures sometimes makes the burning worse.

• #12 Is Burning Mouth Syndrome Based on a Physiological Mechanism which Resembles that of Neuropathic Pain?

  http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2215-34112020000200014

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic intraoral pain state that has been described as burning pain, tingling or numbness in the oral mucosa, in the absence of any organic disease. […] The diagnosis of primary BMS is purely clinical and based on patients description of typical subjective symptoms as well on the exclusion of any systemic or local factors that may give rise to secondary burning pain sensations within the oral mucosa. […] Relevant studies links BMS to a peripheral neuropathy and BMS patients have revealed distinct abnormalities within the trigeminofacial large and small fiber systems and the trigeminal brainstem complex. […] Evidence in the literature links BMS to a peripheral neuropathy. […] This supports a trigeminal small-fiber sensory neuropathy or axonopathy. […] Regarding peripheral neuropathic mechanisms, blink reflex recordings with stimulation of the distal branches of the third trigeminal division in primary BMS patients have revealed distinct abnormalities within the trigeminofacial large and small fiber systems and the trigeminal brainstem complex. […] Although BMS pathophysiology may involve hormonal and psychosocial factors, it is considered a neuropathic pain state. […] We can conclude that overall, BMS patients display brain activations patterns similar to those of patients with neuropathic pain conditions.

• #13 Is Burning Mouth Syndrome Based on a Physiological Mechanism which Resembles that of Neuropathic Pain?

  http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2215-34112020000200014

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic intraoral pain state that has been described as burning pain, tingling or numbness in the oral mucosa, in the absence of any organic disease. […] The diagnosis of primary BMS is purely clinical and based on patients description of typical subjective symptoms as well on the exclusion of any systemic or local factors that may give rise to secondary burning pain sensations within the oral mucosa. […] Relevant studies links BMS to a peripheral neuropathy and BMS patients have revealed distinct abnormalities within the trigeminofacial large and small fiber systems and the trigeminal brainstem complex. […] Evidence in the literature links BMS to a peripheral neuropathy. […] This supports a trigeminal small-fiber sensory neuropathy or axonopathy. […] Regarding peripheral neuropathic mechanisms, blink reflex recordings with stimulation of the distal branches of the third trigeminal division in primary BMS patients have revealed distinct abnormalities within the trigeminofacial large and small fiber systems and the trigeminal brainstem complex. […] Although BMS pathophysiology may involve hormonal and psychosocial factors, it is considered a neuropathic pain state. […] We can conclude that overall, BMS patients display brain activations patterns similar to those of patients with neuropathic pain conditions.

• #14 Burning Mouth Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519529/

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is characterized by burning pain in normal-appearing oral mucosa lasting at least four to six months. The condition is idiopathic, and the underlying pathophysiology is not well understood. […] The etiology behind BMS is not well understood. Multiple theories exist regarding the underlying etiology, and most believe the condition to be multifactorial. As previously stated, the disease has a higher prevalence in peri- and postmenopausal women, which supports the theory that estrogen plays a role in the underlying process. […] In some cases, the infection may precede the development of symptoms, and certain pathogens are more commonly found in patients actively suffering from BMS, including Candida, Enterobacter, Fusospirochetal, Helicobacter pylori, and Klebsiella.

• #15 Burning mouth syndrome: etiology | Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology

  https://www.bjorl.org/en-burning-mouth-syndrome-etiology-articulo-S1808869415309794

  The Burning Month Syndrome (BMS) is an oral mucosa pain – with or without inflammatory signs – without any specific lesion. […] The goal of this review article is to consider possible BMS etiologies and join them in 4 groups to be better studied: local, systemic, emotional and idiopathic causes of pain. […] The etiology of BMS is difficult to define, and there may be more than one etiological factor. […] The aim of this review is to provide an overview of possible etiologies of BMS, grouping them into 4 major groups for better understanding (Chart 2): local, systemic, emotional and idiopathic mouth pain. […] Pain stimuli are detected by nocireceptors, receptors with capsaicin. […] This is when careful local, systemic and emotional investigation fails to reveal an etiology for BMS.

• #16 What Causes Burning Mouth Syndrome to Flare Up? 15 Triggers

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_causes_burning_mouth_syndrome_to_flare_up/article.htm

  Burning mouth syndrome is a disorder seen predominantly in middle-aged and older women. although it may be seen in either gender). Individuals with the condition report a burning, gritty sensation in the mouth that may be present all over or only around the tongue, mouth, teeth, and palate. There is often no underlying cause. […] A few studies have suggested that the burning mouth syndrome may be due to the following causes: […] Small-fiber sensory neuropathy in the trigeminal nerve […] Higher number of unoccupied D2 dopamine receptors in the brain. […] When no condition is found to cause burning mouth syndrome, it is called idiopathic and treated with tricyclic antidepressants or gabapentin. […] Burning mouth syndrome is a rare but reported symptom of COVID-19. About 5.3% of those diagnosed with COVID-19 report burning sensations in the mouth.

• #17 Is Burning Mouth Syndrome Based on a Physiological Mechanism which Resembles that of Neuropathic Pain?

  http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2215-34112020000200014

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic intraoral pain state that has been described as burning pain, tingling or numbness in the oral mucosa, in the absence of any organic disease. […] The diagnosis of primary BMS is purely clinical and based on patients description of typical subjective symptoms as well on the exclusion of any systemic or local factors that may give rise to secondary burning pain sensations within the oral mucosa. […] Relevant studies links BMS to a peripheral neuropathy and BMS patients have revealed distinct abnormalities within the trigeminofacial large and small fiber systems and the trigeminal brainstem complex. […] Evidence in the literature links BMS to a peripheral neuropathy. […] This supports a trigeminal small-fiber sensory neuropathy or axonopathy. […] Regarding peripheral neuropathic mechanisms, blink reflex recordings with stimulation of the distal branches of the third trigeminal division in primary BMS patients have revealed distinct abnormalities within the trigeminofacial large and small fiber systems and the trigeminal brainstem complex. […] Although BMS pathophysiology may involve hormonal and psychosocial factors, it is considered a neuropathic pain state. […] We can conclude that overall, BMS patients display brain activations patterns similar to those of patients with neuropathic pain conditions.

• #18 Burning mouth syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20350911

  Burning mouth syndrome is the medical term for ongoing or recurring burning in the mouth without an obvious cause. […] Although that makes treatment more challenging, working closely with your health care team can help you reduce symptoms. […] The cause of burning mouth syndrome may be primary or secondary. […] When the cause can’t be found, the condition is called primary or idiopathic burning mouth syndrome. Some research suggests that primary burning mouth syndrome is related to problems with the nerves involved with taste and pain. […] Sometimes burning mouth syndrome is caused by an underlying medical condition. In these cases, it’s called secondary burning mouth syndrome. […] Underlying problems that may be linked to secondary burning mouth syndrome include: Dry mouth, which can be caused by some medicines, health problems, problems with the glands that make saliva or the side effects of cancer treatment.

• #19 Burning Mouth Syndrome Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment | National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research

  https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/health-info/burning-mouth

  Burning mouth syndrome can be difficult to diagnose, and your dentist or doctor will rule out other conditions before diagnosing burning mouth syndrome. […] If BMS isn’t caused by an underlying medical problem, it is called primary BMS. Experts believe that primary BMS is caused by damage to the nerves that control pain and taste. […] Certain medical conditions can cause BMS. Treating the medical problem will cure the secondary BMS. Common causes of secondary BMS include: Oral habits such as tooth grinding or jaw clenching. Depression. Hormonal changes (such as from diabetes or thyroid problem). Allergies to dental products, dental materials (usually metals), or foods. Dry mouth, which can be caused by certain disorders (such as Sjögren’s syndrome) and treatments (such as certain drugs and radiation therapy). Certain medicines, such as those that reduce blood pressure. Nutritional deficiencies (such as a low level of vitamin B or iron). Infection in the mouth, such as a yeast infection. Acid reflux.

• #20 Burning Mouth Syndrome (Burning Tongue): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/burning-mouth-syndrome-facts

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is the name for burning pain in your mouth that doesn’t have a known cause. Most often, the pain is on the tip of your tongue or roof of your mouth. But sometimes, it affects the front of your mouth or the inner part of your lips. It often lasts many years. […] About a third of people who have burning mouth syndrome say it started after some kind of dental work, an illness, or a course of medication. But most can’t link it to any unusual event. […] BMS is classified as primary or secondary, depending on the cause. […] Also called idiopathic burning mouth syndrome, it happens when the burning pain can’t be explained by a lab test or other health condition. Doctors think the cause could be damage to nerves that control taste or pain. […] Sometimes, BMS results from another health event or condition. In this case, it’s called secondary burning mouth syndrome.

• #21 Burning Mouth Syndrome – Dental Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dental-disorders/lip-and-tongue-disorders/burning-mouth-syndrome

  Burning mouth syndrome is a chronic condition of burning intraoral pain, usually involving the tongue, in the absence of an identified cause. […] It is believed to be neurogenic, affecting central and peripheral nerves of pain and taste, and may be multifactorial in origin. […] Causes of secondary burning mouth syndrome include nutritional deficiency (vitamin B12, vitamin B9 [folate]), anemia, diabetes mellitus, Candida infection (candidiasis), allergy (foods, dental products), oral mucosal disorders (eg, stomatitis, lichen planus, pemphigoid, pemphigus vulgaris, neoplasia), xerostomia, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, oral parafunctional behavior (eg, tongue thrusting, clenching, bruxism). […] Secondary burning mouth syndrome may be cured by appropriate treatment of the underlying cause.

• #22 Burning mouth syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20350911

  Burning mouth syndrome is the medical term for ongoing or recurring burning in the mouth without an obvious cause. […] Although that makes treatment more challenging, working closely with your health care team can help you reduce symptoms. […] The cause of burning mouth syndrome may be primary or secondary. […] When the cause can’t be found, the condition is called primary or idiopathic burning mouth syndrome. Some research suggests that primary burning mouth syndrome is related to problems with the nerves involved with taste and pain. […] Sometimes burning mouth syndrome is caused by an underlying medical condition. In these cases, it’s called secondary burning mouth syndrome. […] Underlying problems that may be linked to secondary burning mouth syndrome include: Dry mouth, which can be caused by some medicines, health problems, problems with the glands that make saliva or the side effects of cancer treatment.

• #23 Burning Mouth Syndrome Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment | National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research

  https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/health-info/burning-mouth

  Burning mouth syndrome can be difficult to diagnose, and your dentist or doctor will rule out other conditions before diagnosing burning mouth syndrome. […] If BMS isn’t caused by an underlying medical problem, it is called primary BMS. Experts believe that primary BMS is caused by damage to the nerves that control pain and taste. […] Certain medical conditions can cause BMS. Treating the medical problem will cure the secondary BMS. Common causes of secondary BMS include: Oral habits such as tooth grinding or jaw clenching. Depression. Hormonal changes (such as from diabetes or thyroid problem). Allergies to dental products, dental materials (usually metals), or foods. Dry mouth, which can be caused by certain disorders (such as Sjögren’s syndrome) and treatments (such as certain drugs and radiation therapy). Certain medicines, such as those that reduce blood pressure. Nutritional deficiencies (such as a low level of vitamin B or iron). Infection in the mouth, such as a yeast infection. Acid reflux.

• #24 Burning mouth syndrome | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome

  Burning mouth syndrome is the medical term for ongoing or recurring burning in the mouth without an obvious cause. […] The cause of burning mouth syndrome may be primary or secondary. […] When the cause can’t be found, the condition is called primary or idiopathic burning mouth syndrome. Some research suggests that primary burning mouth syndrome is related to problems with the nerves involved with taste and pain. […] Sometimes burning mouth syndrome is caused by an underlying medical condition. In these cases, it’s called secondary burning mouth syndrome. […] Underlying problems that may be linked to secondary burning mouth syndrome include: Dry mouth, which can be caused by some medicines, health problems, problems with the glands that make saliva or the side effects of cancer treatment.

• #25 Burning Mouth Syndrome: What’s the cause? – Dayton Dental

  https://daytondentalsmiles.com/burning-mouth-syndrome-whats-the-cause/

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a complex, vexing condition in which a burning pain occurs that may involve your tongue, lips or widespread areas of your whole mouth, without any obvious reason. […] The disorder has long been associated with a variety of other conditions including menopause, psychological problems, nutritional deficiencies and disorders of the mouth, such as oral thrush and dry mouth (xerostomia). Some researchers have suggested dysfunctional or damaged nerves as a possible cause. […] The possible causes of burning mouth syndrome are many and complex. Each of the following possible causes applies to only a small portion of all people who complain of a burning mouth. Many people have multiple causes. […] Possible causes include: Dry mouth (xerostomia). This condition can be related to use of certain medications, including tricyclic antidepressants, central nervous system depressants, lithium, diuretics and medications used to treat high blood pressure.

• #26 Burning Mouth Syndrome : Johns Hopkins Sjögren’s Center

  https://www.hopkinssjogrens.org/disease-information/sjogrens-disease/burning-mouth-syndrome/

  Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is a painful, frustrating condition often described as a scalding sensation on the tongue, lips, palate, or throughout the mouth. […] BMS often occurs with a range of medical and dental conditions, from nutritional deficiencies and menopause to dry mouth and allergies. But their connection is unclear, and the exact cause of BMS cannot always be identified with certainty. […] There are a number of possible causes of BMS, including: Damage to nerves that control pain and taste, Hormonal changes, Dry mouth, which can be caused by many medicines and disorders such as Sjgrens disease or diabetes, Nutritional deficiencies, Oral candidiasis, a fungal infection in the mouth, Acid reflux, Poorly-fitting dentures or allergies to denture materials, Anxiety and depression. […] In some people, BMS may have more than one cause. But for many, the exact cause of the symptoms cannot be found.

• #27 Burning Mouth Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://hawaiifamilydental.com/burning-mouth-syndrome/

  Deficiencies in certain vitamins and minerals, particularly vitamin B, iron, zinc, and folate, can lead to BMS. […] While people with BMS often feel like their mouth is dry, it may be due to reduced saliva flow (dry mouth). […] Burning mouth syndrome can also result from allergic reactions or sensitivities to certain foods, dental materials, or oral hygiene products. […] Some medications can cause dry mouth, alter taste, or contribute to the burning sensation in the mouth. […] People with GERD often experience acid reflux, which can irritate the mouth and throat. […] Certain oral infections, such as oral thrush (a fungal infection) or canker sores, can cause a burning sensation. […] Psychological factors, such as stress, anxiety, and depression, may trigger or exacerbate burning mouth syndrome. […] Recent dental work, such as ill-fitting dentures, crown placements, or bridges, can irritate the nerves in the mouth, causing a burning sensation.

• #28 Burning mouth syndrome | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome

  Burning mouth syndrome is the medical term for ongoing or recurring burning in the mouth without an obvious cause. […] The cause of burning mouth syndrome may be primary or secondary. […] When the cause can’t be found, the condition is called primary or idiopathic burning mouth syndrome. Some research suggests that primary burning mouth syndrome is related to problems with the nerves involved with taste and pain. […] Sometimes burning mouth syndrome is caused by an underlying medical condition. In these cases, it’s called secondary burning mouth syndrome. […] Underlying problems that may be linked to secondary burning mouth syndrome include: Dry mouth, which can be caused by some medicines, health problems, problems with the glands that make saliva or the side effects of cancer treatment.

• #29 Your Guide to Burning Mouth Syndrome | Oral-B UK

  https://www.oralb.co.uk/en-gb/oral-health/conditions/other-oral-health-conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome

  Oral habits: biting your tongue, grinding your teeth, and clenching your mouth have all been linked to burning mouth syndrome. […] Dry mouth: certain syndromes, and treatments such as radiation therapy, are linked to BMS […] Allergies and intolerances: adverse reactions to certain foods, or mouth care products can cause burning mouth syndrome. […] Endocrine disorders: conditions such as diabetes can cause BMS. […] Mouth infections: fungal infections, geographic tongue, and other oral infections can cause BMS. […] Mouth irritation: overusing dental hygiene products or brushing your teeth too hard can cause irritation and burning mouth syndrome. […] Psychological issues: depression, anxiety, and stress are all linked to the onset of BMS.

• #30 Burning mouth syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20350911

  Burning mouth syndrome is the medical term for ongoing or recurring burning in the mouth without an obvious cause. […] Although that makes treatment more challenging, working closely with your health care team can help you reduce symptoms. […] The cause of burning mouth syndrome may be primary or secondary. […] When the cause can’t be found, the condition is called primary or idiopathic burning mouth syndrome. Some research suggests that primary burning mouth syndrome is related to problems with the nerves involved with taste and pain. […] Sometimes burning mouth syndrome is caused by an underlying medical condition. In these cases, it’s called secondary burning mouth syndrome. […] Underlying problems that may be linked to secondary burning mouth syndrome include: Dry mouth, which can be caused by some medicines, health problems, problems with the glands that make saliva or the side effects of cancer treatment.

• #31 Burning Mouth Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/0215/p615.html

  Personality and mood changes (especially anxiety and depression) have been consistently demonstrated in patients with burning mouth syndrome and have been used to suggest that the disorder is a psychogenic problem. […] Although burning mouth syndrome has not been linked to any specific medical condition, associations with a wide variety of concurrent health conditions and chronic pain conditions, including headaches and pain in other locations, have been documented. […] Hormonal changes are still considered to be important factors in burning mouth syndrome, although there is little convincing evidence of the efficacy of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women with the disorder. […] It is not surprising that dry mouth has been suggested as an etiologic factor, in view of the higher incidence of this problem in patients with burning mouth syndrome.

• #32 Burning Mouth Syndrome (Burning Tongue): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/burning-mouth-syndrome-facts

  Causes of secondary burning mouth syndrome include: Acid reflux (acid from your stomach comes back up into your mouth), Allergic reaction to materials used in dentures, Anxiety or depression, Changes in hormones due to thyroid disease, diabetes, or menopause, Dry mouth resulting from diseases or treatments; for example, Sjgren’s syndrome and radiation therapy, Medications used to treat blood pressure, Ill-fitting dentures, Lack of iron, vitamin B12, or folic acid, Reaction to certain toothpastes or mouthwashes, Stress, Thrush (a yeast infection in your mouth).

• #33 Strategies for Managing Burning Mouth Syndrome

  https://dimensionsofdentalhygiene.com/article/strategies-managing-burning-mouth-syndrome/

  Various oral infections have been associated with BMS, most frequently Candida albicans infection. […] In addition to the localized factors associated with the manifestation of BMS, systemic factors may play a role. These include diabetes mellitus, thyroid dysfunction, immunological disorders, and hormonal changes. Nutritional and vitamin deficiencies such as vitamin B12, B6, folate, iron, and zinc may also be underlying conditions in patients with BMS. […] Recent studies have revealed a connection between BMS and neuropsychiatric disorders. Approximately 85% of individuals with BMS have psychosocial and psychological characteristics, with depression and anxiety as the most common. […] However, the causal relationship between BMS and psychological disorders is not clear. […] While it has been suggested that nerve dysfunction may be a factor in BMS, it is not known if the dysfunction originates in the peripheral or central nervous system.

• #34 Burning Mouth Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519529/

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is characterized by burning pain in normal-appearing oral mucosa lasting at least four to six months. The condition is idiopathic, and the underlying pathophysiology is not well understood. […] The etiology behind BMS is not well understood. Multiple theories exist regarding the underlying etiology, and most believe the condition to be multifactorial. As previously stated, the disease has a higher prevalence in peri- and postmenopausal women, which supports the theory that estrogen plays a role in the underlying process. […] In some cases, the infection may precede the development of symptoms, and certain pathogens are more commonly found in patients actively suffering from BMS, including Candida, Enterobacter, Fusospirochetal, Helicobacter pylori, and Klebsiella.

• #35 Burning Mouth Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Anatomy and Physiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1508869-overview

  Peripheral neuropathy secondary to diabetes mellitus is a cause of secondary burning mouth syndrome (BMS). […] An immunologic mechanism for burning mouth syndrome (BMS) has been suggested by the observation of elevated serum ESR and salivary IgA in burning mouth syndrome (BMS) patients compared with controls. […] Deficiencies of B vitamins 1, 2, 6, and 12, as well as zinc, folate and iron, have been suggested as causes of secondary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), either from direct neurologic damage or in relation to anemia. […] Anxiety, if present, is usually considered an exacerbating factor, rather than a cause of the chronic pain picture of burning mouth syndrome (BMS). […] Oral infection has been explored, and a few microbes have been identified to be potentially more prevalent in burning mouth syndrome (BMS) patients without visible mucosal lesions: Candida, Enterobacter, Fusospirochetals, Helicobacter pylori, and Klebsiella.

• #36 Burning Mouth Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519529/

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is characterized by burning pain in normal-appearing oral mucosa lasting at least four to six months. The condition is idiopathic, and the underlying pathophysiology is not well understood. […] The etiology behind BMS is not well understood. Multiple theories exist regarding the underlying etiology, and most believe the condition to be multifactorial. As previously stated, the disease has a higher prevalence in peri- and postmenopausal women, which supports the theory that estrogen plays a role in the underlying process. […] In some cases, the infection may precede the development of symptoms, and certain pathogens are more commonly found in patients actively suffering from BMS, including Candida, Enterobacter, Fusospirochetal, Helicobacter pylori, and Klebsiella.

• #37 Burning Mouth Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519529/

  There is an association with certain irritants, including dental materials such as mercury, amalgam, methyl methacrylate, cobalt chloride, zinc, and benzoyl peroxide. […] The most common association is with a major depressive disorder, and it may follow acute symptoms or share an association with a comorbid condition at some point in the patient’s life. […] Other causes include orthodontic appliances, possible prescription drug adverse effects, increased bradykinin, and comorbid dermatologic conditions.

• #38 Burning Mouth Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, And Treatment

  https://amazingsmiles.com.au/burning-mouth-syndrome-causes-and-treatment/

  Some individuals with BMS may have allergic reactions to materials used in dental work (such as metals in dental amalgams) or certain oral care products (including toothpaste, mouthwash, and chewing gum). […] Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), commonly known as acid reflux, can also contribute to BMS. […] Oral candidiasis, a fungal infection in the mouth caused by the overgrowth of Candida yeast, is another potential cause of BMS. […] Certain medications, particularly those that cause dry mouth as a side effect, can contribute to BMS. […] Psychological factors, including stress, anxiety, and depression, play a significant role in the onset and exacerbation of BMS symptoms. […] The causes of Burning Mouth Syndrome are varied and complex, often involving an interplay of physiological, nutritional, psychological, and environmental factors. This multifactorial nature makes BMS a challenging condition to diagnose and treat.

• #39 Burning mouth syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20350911

  Other oral conditions, such as a fungal infection of the mouth called oral thrush, an inflammatory condition called oral lichen planus or a condition called geographic tongue that gives the tongue a maplike appearance. […] Not getting enough nutrients, such as a lack of iron, zinc, folate (vitamin B-9), thiamin (vitamin B-1), riboflavin (vitamin B-2), pyridoxine (vitamin B-6) and cobalamin (vitamin B-12). […] Allergies or reactions to foods, food flavorings, other food additives, fragrances or dyes, dental materials, or mouth care products. […] Reflux of stomach acid that enters your mouth from your stomach, also called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). […] Certain medicines, especially high blood pressure medicines. […] Oral habits, such as pushing your tongue against your teeth, biting the tip of your tongue, and grinding or clenching your teeth.

• #40 Five Simple Burning Tongue Causes And Solutions | Colgate®

  https://www.colgate.com/en-us/oral-health/mouth-sores-and-infections/medications-burning-mouth

  Individuals afflicted with BMS may wake up with no symptoms only to find painful, burning sensations grow progressively worse throughout the day. […] There are two types of BMS, primary and secondary. Primary BMS presents with no underlying medical conditions or apparent cause. […] Secondary BMS is related to an underlying disease such as diabetes. […] The following are some of the minor causes of burning tongue syndrome: […] When your mouth does not have enough saliva, you get that dry, uncomfortable, sticky feeling known as dry mouth (xerostomia). […] Nutritional deficiencies may also contribute to your symptoms. Deficiencies of vitamin B and minerals, such as iron and zinc, can contribute to a burnt tongue sensation. […] Acidic beverages such as soft drinks, hot spicy foods, overzealous brushing of your tongue, and overusing your mouthwash can irritate your mouth.

• #41 Burning mouth syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20350911

  Other oral conditions, such as a fungal infection of the mouth called oral thrush, an inflammatory condition called oral lichen planus or a condition called geographic tongue that gives the tongue a maplike appearance. […] Not getting enough nutrients, such as a lack of iron, zinc, folate (vitamin B-9), thiamin (vitamin B-1), riboflavin (vitamin B-2), pyridoxine (vitamin B-6) and cobalamin (vitamin B-12). […] Allergies or reactions to foods, food flavorings, other food additives, fragrances or dyes, dental materials, or mouth care products. […] Reflux of stomach acid that enters your mouth from your stomach, also called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). […] Certain medicines, especially high blood pressure medicines. […] Oral habits, such as pushing your tongue against your teeth, biting the tip of your tongue, and grinding or clenching your teeth.

• #42 Burning Mouth Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14463-burning-mouth-syndrome

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is when your tongue, roof of your mouth or lips feel like theyre burning. It can also occur anywhere else in your mouth or throat. BMS can happen fast, and you might not know why. […] Researchers believe the cause of primary BMS is nerve damage affecting the area of your tongue that controls taste and pain. This makes your mouth feel like its burning and changes how things taste to you. Researchers think the nerve damage comes from factors like stress, certain medications, nutritional deficiencies or underlying medical conditions. […] Medical conditions that can cause secondary BMS include: Acid reflux, Allergies to certain foods or dental products, Dry mouth, Hormonal changes, Nerve damage, Oral infections like thrush, Stress, Teeth grinding or jaw clenching.

• #43 Burning mouth syndrome | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome

  Endocrine disorders, such as diabetes or an underactive thyroid known as hypothyroidism. […] A very irritated mouth, which may result from brushing your tongue too much or too hard, using abrasive toothpastes, overusing mouthwashes, or having too many acidic foods or drinks. Dentures that don’t fit well may cause irritation that can make symptoms worse. […] Psychological issues, such as anxiety, depression or stress.

• #44 Five Simple Burning Tongue Causes And Solutions | Colgate®

  https://www.colgate.com/en-us/oral-health/mouth-sores-and-infections/medications-burning-mouth

  Individuals afflicted with BMS may wake up with no symptoms only to find painful, burning sensations grow progressively worse throughout the day. […] There are two types of BMS, primary and secondary. Primary BMS presents with no underlying medical conditions or apparent cause. […] Secondary BMS is related to an underlying disease such as diabetes. […] The following are some of the minor causes of burning tongue syndrome: […] When your mouth does not have enough saliva, you get that dry, uncomfortable, sticky feeling known as dry mouth (xerostomia). […] Nutritional deficiencies may also contribute to your symptoms. Deficiencies of vitamin B and minerals, such as iron and zinc, can contribute to a burnt tongue sensation. […] Acidic beverages such as soft drinks, hot spicy foods, overzealous brushing of your tongue, and overusing your mouthwash can irritate your mouth.

• #45 Burning mouth syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20350911

  Other oral conditions, such as a fungal infection of the mouth called oral thrush, an inflammatory condition called oral lichen planus or a condition called geographic tongue that gives the tongue a maplike appearance. […] Not getting enough nutrients, such as a lack of iron, zinc, folate (vitamin B-9), thiamin (vitamin B-1), riboflavin (vitamin B-2), pyridoxine (vitamin B-6) and cobalamin (vitamin B-12). […] Allergies or reactions to foods, food flavorings, other food additives, fragrances or dyes, dental materials, or mouth care products. […] Reflux of stomach acid that enters your mouth from your stomach, also called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). […] Certain medicines, especially high blood pressure medicines. […] Oral habits, such as pushing your tongue against your teeth, biting the tip of your tongue, and grinding or clenching your teeth.

• #46 Burning Mouth Syndrome Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment | National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research

  https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/health-info/burning-mouth

  Burning mouth syndrome can be difficult to diagnose, and your dentist or doctor will rule out other conditions before diagnosing burning mouth syndrome. […] If BMS isn’t caused by an underlying medical problem, it is called primary BMS. Experts believe that primary BMS is caused by damage to the nerves that control pain and taste. […] Certain medical conditions can cause BMS. Treating the medical problem will cure the secondary BMS. Common causes of secondary BMS include: Oral habits such as tooth grinding or jaw clenching. Depression. Hormonal changes (such as from diabetes or thyroid problem). Allergies to dental products, dental materials (usually metals), or foods. Dry mouth, which can be caused by certain disorders (such as Sjögren’s syndrome) and treatments (such as certain drugs and radiation therapy). Certain medicines, such as those that reduce blood pressure. Nutritional deficiencies (such as a low level of vitamin B or iron). Infection in the mouth, such as a yeast infection. Acid reflux.

• #47 Burning mouth syndrome | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome

  Endocrine disorders, such as diabetes or an underactive thyroid known as hypothyroidism. […] A very irritated mouth, which may result from brushing your tongue too much or too hard, using abrasive toothpastes, overusing mouthwashes, or having too many acidic foods or drinks. Dentures that don’t fit well may cause irritation that can make symptoms worse. […] Psychological issues, such as anxiety, depression or stress.

• #48 Burning Mouth Syndrome

  https://www.entspecialties.com/conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome

  Burning mouth syndrome, also known as glossodynia, refers to pain or a hot, burning sensation in the mouth or oral cavity. […] The cause of primary burning mouth syndrome is unknown but thought to be due to an issue with the nerves, called a neuropathy. There may be a hormonal link as almost 90 percent of patients are post-menopausal women. However, the exact link between estrogen and burning mouth syndrome is unknown. […] It is important to rule out other causes of mouth pain, such as thrush, vitamin deficiencies, medications, and growths or lesions. […] Other diseases like oral lichen planus and Sjogrens disease, which are autoimmune diseases, may be confused with burning mouth syndrome. Uncontrolled diabetes, thyroid problems, and reflux may also worsen burning mouth sensations. […] It can also be caused by ill-fitting dentures or teeth grinding. Oral allergies from foods, dental work, or oral care products can also cause burning in the mouth.

• #49 Strategies for Managing Burning Mouth Syndrome

  https://dimensionsofdentalhygiene.com/article/strategies-managing-burning-mouth-syndrome/

  The exact etiology of BMS is not clear. Scientific evidence suggests that the hormonal fluctuations associated with stress and anxiety may cause neurodegenerative alterations in the small nerve fibers of the oral mucosa, triggering pain in the mouth and manifesting as a burning sensation, dysgeusia, and xerostomia. […] There are many conditions, both locally and systemically, in which BMS is a secondary condition. Local factors within the oral cavity include but are not limited to: localized allergic reaction; mucosal diseases; oral lesions; mechanical or chemical irritation; poorly fitting oral prosthesis that causes microtrauma or erythema; parafunctional habits, such as tongue thrust; continual rubbing of the tongue over the teeth or an oral prosthesis; buccal, labial, and lingual biting; and compulsive movements of the tongue.

• #50 Burning mouth syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20350911

  Other oral conditions, such as a fungal infection of the mouth called oral thrush, an inflammatory condition called oral lichen planus or a condition called geographic tongue that gives the tongue a maplike appearance. […] Not getting enough nutrients, such as a lack of iron, zinc, folate (vitamin B-9), thiamin (vitamin B-1), riboflavin (vitamin B-2), pyridoxine (vitamin B-6) and cobalamin (vitamin B-12). […] Allergies or reactions to foods, food flavorings, other food additives, fragrances or dyes, dental materials, or mouth care products. […] Reflux of stomach acid that enters your mouth from your stomach, also called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). […] Certain medicines, especially high blood pressure medicines. […] Oral habits, such as pushing your tongue against your teeth, biting the tip of your tongue, and grinding or clenching your teeth.

• #51 Burning Mouth Syndrome Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment | National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research

  https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/health-info/burning-mouth

  Burning mouth syndrome can be difficult to diagnose, and your dentist or doctor will rule out other conditions before diagnosing burning mouth syndrome. […] If BMS isn’t caused by an underlying medical problem, it is called primary BMS. Experts believe that primary BMS is caused by damage to the nerves that control pain and taste. […] Certain medical conditions can cause BMS. Treating the medical problem will cure the secondary BMS. Common causes of secondary BMS include: Oral habits such as tooth grinding or jaw clenching. Depression. Hormonal changes (such as from diabetes or thyroid problem). Allergies to dental products, dental materials (usually metals), or foods. Dry mouth, which can be caused by certain disorders (such as Sjögren’s syndrome) and treatments (such as certain drugs and radiation therapy). Certain medicines, such as those that reduce blood pressure. Nutritional deficiencies (such as a low level of vitamin B or iron). Infection in the mouth, such as a yeast infection. Acid reflux.

• #52 Understanding Burning Mouth Syndrome: Causes and Treatment

  https://mediahometowndental.com/understanding-burning-mouth-syndrome/

  Deficiencies in iron, zinc, vitamin B12, or folic acid can make the mouth more susceptible to discomfort. […] Some individuals may develop sensitivities to certain foods, dental materials, or oral hygiene products. […] A reduction in saliva production, whether due to medications, dehydration, or conditions like Sjogrens syndrome, can create a dry, irritated environment that contributes to BMS symptoms. […] Stomach acid can sometimes flow back into the esophagus and even reach the mouth, causing a burning sensation.

• #53 Burning Mouth Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519529/

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is characterized by burning pain in normal-appearing oral mucosa lasting at least four to six months. The condition is idiopathic, and the underlying pathophysiology is not well understood. […] The etiology behind BMS is not well understood. Multiple theories exist regarding the underlying etiology, and most believe the condition to be multifactorial. As previously stated, the disease has a higher prevalence in peri- and postmenopausal women, which supports the theory that estrogen plays a role in the underlying process. […] In some cases, the infection may precede the development of symptoms, and certain pathogens are more commonly found in patients actively suffering from BMS, including Candida, Enterobacter, Fusospirochetal, Helicobacter pylori, and Klebsiella.

• #54 Burning Mouth Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Anatomy and Physiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1508869-overview

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is likely more than one disease process, and the etiology may be multifactorial. […] Various attempts to classify burning mouth syndrome (BMS) based on etiology and symptoms have been made. In a classification by etiology or cause, idiopathic burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is considered primary BMS (or „true BMS”), whereas secondary BMS has an identifiable cause. […] No consensus exists regarding a definitive cause. Rather, burning mouth syndrome (BMS) appears to be multifactorial in origin. Many of the currently proposed etiologies describe secondary, rather than primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS). […] Menopause, whether surgical or physiological, is associated with a higher prevalence of burning mouth syndrome (BMS), and, while the mechanism is unclear, hormonal alterations in oral mucosa have been suggested as a cause. Estrogen has documented effects on oral mucosa, and deprivation may lead to atrophic changes thereby altering stimulation of the nerve endings within the epithelium.

• #55 Burning Mouth Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Anatomy and Physiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1508869-overview

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is likely more than one disease process, and the etiology may be multifactorial. […] Various attempts to classify burning mouth syndrome (BMS) based on etiology and symptoms have been made. In a classification by etiology or cause, idiopathic burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is considered primary BMS (or „true BMS”), whereas secondary BMS has an identifiable cause. […] No consensus exists regarding a definitive cause. Rather, burning mouth syndrome (BMS) appears to be multifactorial in origin. Many of the currently proposed etiologies describe secondary, rather than primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS). […] Menopause, whether surgical or physiological, is associated with a higher prevalence of burning mouth syndrome (BMS), and, while the mechanism is unclear, hormonal alterations in oral mucosa have been suggested as a cause. Estrogen has documented effects on oral mucosa, and deprivation may lead to atrophic changes thereby altering stimulation of the nerve endings within the epithelium.

• #56 The Info On Burning Mouth and Menopause – Elektra Health

  https://www.elektrahealth.com/symptoms/burning-mouth/

  According to the American Academy of Oral Medicine, BMS occurs in just about 2% of the population, making it a relatively rare syndrome. […] Doctors define it as an intraoral burning sensation of idiopathic etiology occurring in the absence of identifiable oral lesion or laboratory findings, which is essentially a souped-up way to say that your mouth burns for no identifiable reason or known cause. […] Although there isn’t a universally accepted definition, scientists do know that the incidence rises in women aged 40-60, which correlates with the timing of perimenopause and menopause, but does not prove cause and effect. Specifically, we’re talking about a relationship with a drop in estrogen/oestrogen levels, as well as other fluctuations between adrenal, reproductive, and neuroactive (i.e. brain) steroids that influence the excitability of neurons.

• #57 Burning Mouth Syndrome: What’s the cause? – Dayton Dental

  https://daytondentalsmiles.com/burning-mouth-syndrome-whats-the-cause/

  Reflux of stomach acid (gastroesophageal reflux disease). The sour- or bitter-tasting fluid that enters your mouth from your upper gastrointestinal tract may cause irritation and pain. […] Certain medications. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, used to treat high blood pressure, may cause side effects that include a burning mouth. […] Hormonal imbalances, such as those associated with menopause. Burning mouth syndrome occurs most commonly among postmenopausal women, although it affects many other people as well. Changes in hormone levels may affect the composition of your saliva. […] Often, more than one cause is present. Despite careful evaluation, doctors are sometimes unable to find the cause of burning mouth symptoms.

• #58 The Info On Burning Mouth and Menopause – Elektra Health

  https://www.elektrahealth.com/symptoms/burning-mouth/

  According to the American Academy of Oral Medicine, BMS occurs in just about 2% of the population, making it a relatively rare syndrome. […] Doctors define it as an intraoral burning sensation of idiopathic etiology occurring in the absence of identifiable oral lesion or laboratory findings, which is essentially a souped-up way to say that your mouth burns for no identifiable reason or known cause. […] Although there isn’t a universally accepted definition, scientists do know that the incidence rises in women aged 40-60, which correlates with the timing of perimenopause and menopause, but does not prove cause and effect. Specifically, we’re talking about a relationship with a drop in estrogen/oestrogen levels, as well as other fluctuations between adrenal, reproductive, and neuroactive (i.e. brain) steroids that influence the excitability of neurons.

• #59 Burning mouth syndrome | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome

  Endocrine disorders, such as diabetes or an underactive thyroid known as hypothyroidism. […] A very irritated mouth, which may result from brushing your tongue too much or too hard, using abrasive toothpastes, overusing mouthwashes, or having too many acidic foods or drinks. Dentures that don’t fit well may cause irritation that can make symptoms worse. […] Psychological issues, such as anxiety, depression or stress.

• #60 Burning Mouth Syndrome

  https://www.entspecialties.com/conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome

  Burning mouth syndrome, also known as glossodynia, refers to pain or a hot, burning sensation in the mouth or oral cavity. […] The cause of primary burning mouth syndrome is unknown but thought to be due to an issue with the nerves, called a neuropathy. There may be a hormonal link as almost 90 percent of patients are post-menopausal women. However, the exact link between estrogen and burning mouth syndrome is unknown. […] It is important to rule out other causes of mouth pain, such as thrush, vitamin deficiencies, medications, and growths or lesions. […] Other diseases like oral lichen planus and Sjogrens disease, which are autoimmune diseases, may be confused with burning mouth syndrome. Uncontrolled diabetes, thyroid problems, and reflux may also worsen burning mouth sensations. […] It can also be caused by ill-fitting dentures or teeth grinding. Oral allergies from foods, dental work, or oral care products can also cause burning in the mouth.

• #61 Burning mouth syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20350911

  Other oral conditions, such as a fungal infection of the mouth called oral thrush, an inflammatory condition called oral lichen planus or a condition called geographic tongue that gives the tongue a maplike appearance. […] Not getting enough nutrients, such as a lack of iron, zinc, folate (vitamin B-9), thiamin (vitamin B-1), riboflavin (vitamin B-2), pyridoxine (vitamin B-6) and cobalamin (vitamin B-12). […] Allergies or reactions to foods, food flavorings, other food additives, fragrances or dyes, dental materials, or mouth care products. […] Reflux of stomach acid that enters your mouth from your stomach, also called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). […] Certain medicines, especially high blood pressure medicines. […] Oral habits, such as pushing your tongue against your teeth, biting the tip of your tongue, and grinding or clenching your teeth.

• #62 Burning mouth syndrome | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome

  Other oral conditions, such as a fungal infection of the mouth called oral thrush, an inflammatory condition called oral lichen planus or a condition called geographic tongue that gives the tongue a maplike appearance. […] Not getting enough nutrients, such as a lack of iron, zinc, folate (vitamin B-9), thiamin (vitamin B-1), riboflavin (vitamin B-2), pyridoxine (vitamin B-6) and cobalamin (vitamin B-12). […] Allergies or reactions to foods, food flavorings, other food additives, fragrances or dyes, dental materials, or mouth care products. […] Reflux of stomach acid that enters your mouth from your stomach, also called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). […] Certain medicines, especially high blood pressure medicines. […] Oral habits, such as pushing your tongue against your teeth, biting the tip of your tongue, and grinding or clenching your teeth.

• #63 Burning mouth syndrome | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome

  Other oral conditions, such as a fungal infection of the mouth called oral thrush, an inflammatory condition called oral lichen planus or a condition called geographic tongue that gives the tongue a maplike appearance. […] Not getting enough nutrients, such as a lack of iron, zinc, folate (vitamin B-9), thiamin (vitamin B-1), riboflavin (vitamin B-2), pyridoxine (vitamin B-6) and cobalamin (vitamin B-12). […] Allergies or reactions to foods, food flavorings, other food additives, fragrances or dyes, dental materials, or mouth care products. […] Reflux of stomach acid that enters your mouth from your stomach, also called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). […] Certain medicines, especially high blood pressure medicines. […] Oral habits, such as pushing your tongue against your teeth, biting the tip of your tongue, and grinding or clenching your teeth.

• #64 Over-the-counter supplements for burning mouth syndrome

  https://ostrowonline.usc.edu/over-the-counter-supplements-for-burning-mouth-syndrome/

  Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is a chronic condition that causes oral burning for more than two hours daily over three months without any evident clinical changes or lesions in the oral mucosa. Nutritional deficiencies, including vitamins B1, B2, B6, and B12, as well as folic acid and zinc, have been linked to BMS. […] Primary BMS: Idiopathic etiology, no known cause. […] Secondary BMS: associated with a cause as vitamin deficiency. […] It may be related to nutritional deficiency or endocrine conditions such as diabetes mellitus. […] Food allergy is thought to be a potential underlying mechanism. […] This study has also reported that patients with BMS may have decreased levels of vitamins B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B6 (pyridoxine), B12 (cobalamin) which can be considered as a cause of neurological disorders such as neuropathy.

• #65 Over-the-counter supplements for burning mouth syndrome

  https://ostrowonline.usc.edu/over-the-counter-supplements-for-burning-mouth-syndrome/

  The deficiency of vitamin B12 finally resulted in high blood homocysteine levels in BMS patients. […] Vitamin or mineral deficiencies may have a role in BMS, but data regarding the prevalence and relevance of hematinic deficiencies are conflicting. […] It is reasonable to screen for fasting blood glucose, vitamin D (D2 and D3), vitamin B6, zinc, vitamin B1, and TSH. […] Deficiencies of vitamin B12 in patients with BMS and consider supplement therapy. […] A recent study by Cho (4) showed that in an animal study reported that zinc deficiency can be a potential causal factor for BMS, however it has not been found to play a definitive role in the etiology of BMS. […] Both dysphagia and burning mouth should bring attention to possible iron deficiency and other nutritional deficiencies.

• #66 Burning Mouth Syndrome: What’s the cause? – Dayton Dental

  https://daytondentalsmiles.com/burning-mouth-syndrome-whats-the-cause/

  Other oral conditions. Oral yeast infection (thrush) is a common cause of a burning mouth that may also occur with other causes, such as diabetes, denture use and certain medications. […] Psychological factors. Emotional disorders, such as anxiety and depression, are often associated with burning mouth syndrome, as is an extreme fear of cancer. […] Nutritional deficiencies. Being deficient in nutrients, such as iron, zinc, folate (vitamin B-9), thiamin (vitamin B-1), riboflavin (vitamin B-2), pyridoxine (vitamin B-6) and cobalamin (vitamin B-12), may affect your oral tissues and cause a burning mouth. […] Nerve disturbance or damage (neuropathy). Damage to nerves that control taste and pain in the tongue may also result in a burning mouth. […] Allergies. The mouth burning may be due to allergies or reactions to foods, food flavorings, other food additives, fragrances, dyes or other substances.

• #67

  https://www.merakiintegrative.com/burning-mouth-syndrome-etiology-symptoms-and-treatment

  Some researchers have proposed a possible connection between thyroid hormones and BMS. […] Assessing nutritional status when diagnosing patients with BMS is critical due to its potential effects on hormonal balance. […] Low nutrition can lead to anemia, which has been associated with lower production of hormones such as estrogen and testosterone that could exacerbate symptoms associated with BMS. […] Hormones and nutritional status can play a significant role in the development and progression of BMS. […] After eliminating potential causes, drug therapy should be initiated.

• #68 Burning mouth syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20350911

  Endocrine disorders, such as diabetes or an underactive thyroid known as hypothyroidism. […] A very irritated mouth, which may result from brushing your tongue too much or too hard, using abrasive toothpastes, overusing mouthwashes, or having too many acidic foods or drinks. Dentures that don’t fit well may cause irritation that can make symptoms worse. […] Psychological issues, such as anxiety, depression or stress.

• #69 Burning Mouth Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Anatomy and Physiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1508869-overview

  Peripheral neuropathy secondary to diabetes mellitus is a cause of secondary burning mouth syndrome (BMS). […] An immunologic mechanism for burning mouth syndrome (BMS) has been suggested by the observation of elevated serum ESR and salivary IgA in burning mouth syndrome (BMS) patients compared with controls. […] Deficiencies of B vitamins 1, 2, 6, and 12, as well as zinc, folate and iron, have been suggested as causes of secondary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), either from direct neurologic damage or in relation to anemia. […] Anxiety, if present, is usually considered an exacerbating factor, rather than a cause of the chronic pain picture of burning mouth syndrome (BMS). […] Oral infection has been explored, and a few microbes have been identified to be potentially more prevalent in burning mouth syndrome (BMS) patients without visible mucosal lesions: Candida, Enterobacter, Fusospirochetals, Helicobacter pylori, and Klebsiella.

• #70

  https://journals.lww.com/sjoh/fulltext/2004/06020/oral_dryness_and_burning_mouth_syndrome___causes.2.aspx

  Both conditions are not diseases perse, but a group of complaints and symptoms which are caused by a wide variety of different factors. […] Burning mouth syndrome describes a multifactorial condition which may be caused by many local and regional contributory factors or by a variety of systemic diseases. […] Burning mouth syndrome may also be caused by lichenoid and pemphigoid diseases of the oral mucosa. […] Vitamin deficiencies (Bl, B2, B5, B6, B12, folic acid) can cause burning mouth syndrome. […] Many patients with diabetes mellitus complain of burning sensations of the oral mucosa and especially the tongue mucosa. […] Last but not least, burning sensations of the oral mucosa have been reported by patients with gout, hypochlorhydria, achlorhydria, hyptothyreosis, arteriosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, gastrointestinal tumors and HIV infections.

• #71 Burning mouth syndrome | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome

  Endocrine disorders, such as diabetes or an underactive thyroid known as hypothyroidism. […] A very irritated mouth, which may result from brushing your tongue too much or too hard, using abrasive toothpastes, overusing mouthwashes, or having too many acidic foods or drinks. Dentures that don’t fit well may cause irritation that can make symptoms worse. […] Psychological issues, such as anxiety, depression or stress.

• #72 Burning Mouth Syndrome

  https://www.entspecialties.com/conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome

  Burning mouth syndrome, also known as glossodynia, refers to pain or a hot, burning sensation in the mouth or oral cavity. […] The cause of primary burning mouth syndrome is unknown but thought to be due to an issue with the nerves, called a neuropathy. There may be a hormonal link as almost 90 percent of patients are post-menopausal women. However, the exact link between estrogen and burning mouth syndrome is unknown. […] It is important to rule out other causes of mouth pain, such as thrush, vitamin deficiencies, medications, and growths or lesions. […] Other diseases like oral lichen planus and Sjogrens disease, which are autoimmune diseases, may be confused with burning mouth syndrome. Uncontrolled diabetes, thyroid problems, and reflux may also worsen burning mouth sensations. […] It can also be caused by ill-fitting dentures or teeth grinding. Oral allergies from foods, dental work, or oral care products can also cause burning in the mouth.

• #73 Burning mouth syndrome: Etiology, symptoms, and treatment modalities | Perio Implant Advisory

  https://www.perioimplantadvisory.com/periodontics/article/14290564/burning-mouth-syndrome-etiology-symptoms-and-treatment-modalities

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic oral condition characterized by burning sensations and pain in the absence of clinical mucosal changes. […] Primary BMS is an idiopathic condition in which the cause cannot be determined; neuropathological causes are likely. […] Conversely, secondary BMS can arise due to local, systemic, and/or psychological causes; therefore, identifying its exact cause helps alleviate symptoms associated with BMS. […] Recent research has demonstrated the role hormones can have in both the development and progression of BMS. […] Some researchers have proposed a possible connection between thyroid hormones and BMS. […] Assessing nutritional status when diagnosing patients with BMS is critical due to its potential effects on hormonal balance. […] Hormones and nutritional status can play a significant role in the development and progression of BMS.

• #74

  https://www.merakiintegrative.com/burning-mouth-syndrome-etiology-symptoms-and-treatment

  Some researchers have proposed a possible connection between thyroid hormones and BMS. […] Assessing nutritional status when diagnosing patients with BMS is critical due to its potential effects on hormonal balance. […] Low nutrition can lead to anemia, which has been associated with lower production of hormones such as estrogen and testosterone that could exacerbate symptoms associated with BMS. […] Hormones and nutritional status can play a significant role in the development and progression of BMS. […] After eliminating potential causes, drug therapy should be initiated.

• #75 Burning mouth syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_mouth_syndrome

  As most people with BMS are postmenopausal women, one theory of the cause of BMS is of estrogen or progesterone deficit, but a strong statistical correlation has not been demonstrated. […] Another theory is that BMS is related to autoimmunity, as abnormal antinuclear antibody and rheumatoid factor can be found in the serum of more than 50% of persons with BMS, but these levels may also be seen in elderly people who do not have any of the symptoms of this condition. […] Depression and anxiety are strongly associated with BMS. It is not known if depression is a cause or result of BMS, as depression may develop in any setting of constant unrelieved irritation, pain, and sleep disturbance. […] Chronic low-grade trauma due to parafunctional habits (e.g. rubbing the tongue against the teeth or pressing it against the palate), may be involved.

• #76 BURNING MOUTH SYNDROME | laurenlevidmdpain

  https://www.laurenlevidmd.com/burning-mouth-syndrome

  Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is a complex, chronic condition characterized by a persistent burning, tingling, or numb sensation in the mouth. This discomfort can affect the tongue, lips, gums, and sometimes the throat, despite the absence of visible signs or identifiable causes. The sensation may range from mild to severe and can significantly impact daily activities and quality of life. […] […] BMS is categorized into two types: […] […] 1. Primary BMS: This form occurs without any identifiable underlying cause. It is not fully understood but is believed to have a neuropathic origin, meaning it might be related to nerve dysfunction or damage. There are no clear external factors or diseases associated with primary BMS. […] […] 2. Secondary BMS: This form is associated with an underlying condition or factor that contributes to the symptoms. Causes may include: Hormonal Changes: Fluctuations, particularly in menopause. Autoimmune Conditions: Disorders like Sjgren’s syndrome or lupus. Dry Mouth (Xerostomia): Reduced saliva production leading to a dry, uncomfortable mouth. Oral Thrush: A fungal infection in the mouth. Acid Reflux: Stomach acid affecting the oral mucosa. Medication Side Effects: Certain drugs can induce a burning sensation. Vitamin Deficiencies: Such as vitamin B, folic acid and zinc. Endocrinological Diseases: Thyroid conditions and diabetes. […]

• #77 Burning Mouth Syndrome – ENT Health

  https://www.enthealth.org/conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome/

  Other diseases like oral lichen planus and Sjogrens disease, which are autoimmune diseases, may be confused with burning mouth syndrome. Uncontrolled diabetes, thyroid problems, and reflux may also worsen burning mouth sensations. It can also be caused by Ill-fitting dentures or teeth grinding. Oral allergies from foods, dental work, or oral care products can also cause burning in the mouth.

• #78 New Clues for Causes of Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) – Welcome | Crystal Lake Oral Surgery

  https://crystallakeoralsurgery.com/new-clues-causes-burning-mouth-syndrome-bms/

  Burning Mouth Syndrome, or BMS, can affect the tongue, roof of the mouth, insides of cheeks, gums and lips. There are two types of BMS, primary and secondary. With primary BMS, the cause is from damage to the nerves that control taste and pain sensations. In cases of secondary BMS, the cause may be due to medical conditions or treatments. These include: […] A new study in September 2018, by the University of Gothenburg, found that BMS patients suffer considerably more from skin diseases and skin problems. They also found that there are more inflammatory factors in their saliva.

• #79

  https://www.merakiintegrative.com/burning-mouth-syndrome-etiology-symptoms-and-treatment

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic oral condition characterized by burning sensations and pain in the absence of clinical mucosal changes. […] Primary BMS is an idiopathic condition in which the cause cannot be determined; neuropathological causes are likely. […] Conversely, secondary BMS can arise due to local, systemic, and/or psychological causes; therefore, identifying its exact cause helps alleviate symptoms associated with BMS. […] Recent research has demonstrated the role hormones can have in both the development and progression of BMS. […] Hormones particularly those related to inflammation have been connected with various symptoms, such as burning sensation, dry mouth, taste changes, and sensitivity to spicy foods. […] In addition to inflammatory markers, sex hormones appear to be involved in developing and treating BMS symptoms.

• #80 Burning mouth syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_mouth_syndrome

  BMS is more common in persons with Parkinson’s disease, so it has been suggested that it is a disorder of reduced pain threshold and increased sensitivity. […] Dysgeusia (usually a bitter or metallic taste) is present in about 60% of people with BMS, a factor which led to the concept of a defect in sensory peripheral neural mechanisms. […] Changes in the oral environment, such as changes in the composition of saliva, may induce neuropathy or interruption of nerve transduction. […] The onset of BMS is often spontaneous, although it may be gradual. There is sometimes a correlation with a major life event or stressful period in life. […] In women, the onset of BMS is most likely three to twelve years following menopause.

• #81 Burning Mouth Syndrome

  https://maaom.memberclicks.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=81:burning-mouth-syndrome&catid=22:patient-condition-information&Itemid=120

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a benign condition that presents as a burning sensation in the absence of any obvious findings in the mouth and in the absence of abnormal blood tests. […] No one really knows what causes BMS. However, it is believed to be a form of neuropathic pain. This means that nerve fibers in the mouth, for now, are functioning abnormally and transmitting pain despite the fact that there is no painful stimulus. It has been suggested that the nerves in the mouth that are responsible for feeling pain are easily stimulated and excited. Contributing factors may include menopause (although we do not know why), adverse life events (loss of job, death of family member or spouse), psychiatric disorders (such as anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder), TMJ problems, chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia. […] BMS is not caused by dentures or infections although wearing dentures sometimes makes the burning worse.

• #82 What Is Burning Mouth Syndrome And Do I Have It? – AZ Dentist

  https://azdentist.com/what-is-burning-mouth-syndrome/

  1. Neuropathic pain […] Damage to this nerve can cause pain as well as the hallmark burning sensation of burning mouth syndrome. It is the most likely cause of primary burning mouth syndrome. […] 2. Menopause […] 3. Adversity (including death in the family and job loss) […] Again, why adverse life events would lead to this syndrome is unclear, but it may be as a result of extreme stress and a person’s physical response to it. […] 4. Psychiatric and mood disorders […] burning mouth syndrome may be caused by psychiatric and mood disorders. […] 5. Temporomandibular (TMJ) problems […] 6. Chronic fatigue syndrome […] 7. Fibromyalgia […] Some think it can also contribute to the development of burning mouth syndrome symptoms. […] 8. Certain medications […] Medications that cause secondary burning mouth syndrome may be those that reduce blood pressure.

• #83 Burning mouth syndrome

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v19/i5/665.htm

  Burning mouth syndrome is a debilitating medical condition affecting nearly 1.3 million of Americans. […] Its etiology is largely multifactorial, and associated medical conditions may include gastrointestinal, urogenital, psychiatric, neurologic and metabolic disorders, as well as drug reactions. […] Its secondary form has been associated with a variety of conditions including thyroid disease, psychiatric illnesses, oral infections, drug use, dental treatment, vitamin/mineral deficiencies, and others. […] Its etiology is thought to be multifactorial, involving various local, systemic, and/or psychogenic causes. […] The exact etiology of BMS remains imprecise and is likely multifactorial, including neuropsychiatric, endocrine, immunologic, nutritional, infectious, and iatrogenic causes.

• #84 What Is Burning Mouth Syndrome And Do I Have It? – AZ Dentist

  https://azdentist.com/what-is-burning-mouth-syndrome/

  1. Neuropathic pain […] Damage to this nerve can cause pain as well as the hallmark burning sensation of burning mouth syndrome. It is the most likely cause of primary burning mouth syndrome. […] 2. Menopause […] 3. Adversity (including death in the family and job loss) […] Again, why adverse life events would lead to this syndrome is unclear, but it may be as a result of extreme stress and a person’s physical response to it. […] 4. Psychiatric and mood disorders […] burning mouth syndrome may be caused by psychiatric and mood disorders. […] 5. Temporomandibular (TMJ) problems […] 6. Chronic fatigue syndrome […] 7. Fibromyalgia […] Some think it can also contribute to the development of burning mouth syndrome symptoms. […] 8. Certain medications […] Medications that cause secondary burning mouth syndrome may be those that reduce blood pressure.

• #85 Burning Mouth Syndrome

  https://maaom.memberclicks.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=81:burning-mouth-syndrome&catid=22:patient-condition-information&Itemid=120

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a benign condition that presents as a burning sensation in the absence of any obvious findings in the mouth and in the absence of abnormal blood tests. […] No one really knows what causes BMS. However, it is believed to be a form of neuropathic pain. This means that nerve fibers in the mouth, for now, are functioning abnormally and transmitting pain despite the fact that there is no painful stimulus. It has been suggested that the nerves in the mouth that are responsible for feeling pain are easily stimulated and excited. Contributing factors may include menopause (although we do not know why), adverse life events (loss of job, death of family member or spouse), psychiatric disorders (such as anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder), TMJ problems, chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia. […] BMS is not caused by dentures or infections although wearing dentures sometimes makes the burning worse.

• #86 Burning Mouth Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Anatomy and Physiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1508869-overview

  Various cases of drug-associated burning mouth syndrome (BMS) have been reported. ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers are perhaps the most commonly noted in case reports. […] A study by Lynde et al suggested that in some patients with burning mouth syndrome, contact allergy may play a role in the condition. […] A case-control study by Acharya et al suggested that skin disease is strongly predictive of burning mouth syndrome.

• #87 New Clues for Causes of Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) – Welcome | Crystal Lake Oral Surgery

  https://crystallakeoralsurgery.com/new-clues-causes-burning-mouth-syndrome-bms/

  Burning Mouth Syndrome, or BMS, can affect the tongue, roof of the mouth, insides of cheeks, gums and lips. There are two types of BMS, primary and secondary. With primary BMS, the cause is from damage to the nerves that control taste and pain sensations. In cases of secondary BMS, the cause may be due to medical conditions or treatments. These include: […] A new study in September 2018, by the University of Gothenburg, found that BMS patients suffer considerably more from skin diseases and skin problems. They also found that there are more inflammatory factors in their saliva.

• #88 Burning mouth syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20350911

  Other oral conditions, such as a fungal infection of the mouth called oral thrush, an inflammatory condition called oral lichen planus or a condition called geographic tongue that gives the tongue a maplike appearance. […] Not getting enough nutrients, such as a lack of iron, zinc, folate (vitamin B-9), thiamin (vitamin B-1), riboflavin (vitamin B-2), pyridoxine (vitamin B-6) and cobalamin (vitamin B-12). […] Allergies or reactions to foods, food flavorings, other food additives, fragrances or dyes, dental materials, or mouth care products. […] Reflux of stomach acid that enters your mouth from your stomach, also called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). […] Certain medicines, especially high blood pressure medicines. […] Oral habits, such as pushing your tongue against your teeth, biting the tip of your tongue, and grinding or clenching your teeth.

• #89 Burning Mouth Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Anatomy and Physiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1508869-overview

  Various cases of drug-associated burning mouth syndrome (BMS) have been reported. ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers are perhaps the most commonly noted in case reports. […] A study by Lynde et al suggested that in some patients with burning mouth syndrome, contact allergy may play a role in the condition. […] A case-control study by Acharya et al suggested that skin disease is strongly predictive of burning mouth syndrome.

• #90 Burning Mouth Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Anatomy and Physiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1508869-overview

  Various cases of drug-associated burning mouth syndrome (BMS) have been reported. ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers are perhaps the most commonly noted in case reports. […] A study by Lynde et al suggested that in some patients with burning mouth syndrome, contact allergy may play a role in the condition. […] A case-control study by Acharya et al suggested that skin disease is strongly predictive of burning mouth syndrome.

• #91 Burning Mouth Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/0215/p615.html

  The role of taste in burning mouth syndrome is not straightforward, although recent studies by one set of investigators demonstrated a possible relationship between taste activity and the disorder. […] Case reports have linked burning mouth symptoms to the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. […] Candidal infections are also purported to cause burning mouth syndrome.

• #92 Burning mouth syndrome | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome

  Other oral conditions, such as a fungal infection of the mouth called oral thrush, an inflammatory condition called oral lichen planus or a condition called geographic tongue that gives the tongue a maplike appearance. […] Not getting enough nutrients, such as a lack of iron, zinc, folate (vitamin B-9), thiamin (vitamin B-1), riboflavin (vitamin B-2), pyridoxine (vitamin B-6) and cobalamin (vitamin B-12). […] Allergies or reactions to foods, food flavorings, other food additives, fragrances or dyes, dental materials, or mouth care products. […] Reflux of stomach acid that enters your mouth from your stomach, also called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). […] Certain medicines, especially high blood pressure medicines. […] Oral habits, such as pushing your tongue against your teeth, biting the tip of your tongue, and grinding or clenching your teeth.

• #93 Burning Mouth Syndrome (Burning Tongue): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/burning-mouth-syndrome-facts

  Causes of secondary burning mouth syndrome include: Acid reflux (acid from your stomach comes back up into your mouth), Allergic reaction to materials used in dentures, Anxiety or depression, Changes in hormones due to thyroid disease, diabetes, or menopause, Dry mouth resulting from diseases or treatments; for example, Sjgren’s syndrome and radiation therapy, Medications used to treat blood pressure, Ill-fitting dentures, Lack of iron, vitamin B12, or folic acid, Reaction to certain toothpastes or mouthwashes, Stress, Thrush (a yeast infection in your mouth).

• #94 Burning Mouth Syndrome: What’s the cause? – Dayton Dental

  https://daytondentalsmiles.com/burning-mouth-syndrome-whats-the-cause/

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a complex, vexing condition in which a burning pain occurs that may involve your tongue, lips or widespread areas of your whole mouth, without any obvious reason. […] The disorder has long been associated with a variety of other conditions including menopause, psychological problems, nutritional deficiencies and disorders of the mouth, such as oral thrush and dry mouth (xerostomia). Some researchers have suggested dysfunctional or damaged nerves as a possible cause. […] The possible causes of burning mouth syndrome are many and complex. Each of the following possible causes applies to only a small portion of all people who complain of a burning mouth. Many people have multiple causes. […] Possible causes include: Dry mouth (xerostomia). This condition can be related to use of certain medications, including tricyclic antidepressants, central nervous system depressants, lithium, diuretics and medications used to treat high blood pressure.

• #95 Burning Mouth Syndrome – ENT Health

  https://www.enthealth.org/conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome/

  The cause of primary burning mouth syndrome is unknown but thought to be due to an issue with the nerves, called a neuropathy. There may be a hormonal link as almost 90 percent of patients are post-menopausal women. However, the exact link between estrogen and burning mouth syndrome is unknown. Patients with burning mouth syndrome are also more likely to have a psychiatric comorbidity, such as depression or anxiety, but this is not thought to be the cause of the disorder. […] It is important to rule out other causes of mouth pain, such as thrush, vitamin deficiencies, medications, and growths or lesions. Some patients with burning in the mouth have a vitamin deficiency so your doctor may recommend lab work for certain vitamins, such as vitamin B, folate, iron, and zinc. Some blood pressure medications, antiretrovirals, and antidepressants can cause oral pain.

• #96 Burning Mouth Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://hawaiifamilydental.com/burning-mouth-syndrome/

  Deficiencies in certain vitamins and minerals, particularly vitamin B, iron, zinc, and folate, can lead to BMS. […] While people with BMS often feel like their mouth is dry, it may be due to reduced saliva flow (dry mouth). […] Burning mouth syndrome can also result from allergic reactions or sensitivities to certain foods, dental materials, or oral hygiene products. […] Some medications can cause dry mouth, alter taste, or contribute to the burning sensation in the mouth. […] People with GERD often experience acid reflux, which can irritate the mouth and throat. […] Certain oral infections, such as oral thrush (a fungal infection) or canker sores, can cause a burning sensation. […] Psychological factors, such as stress, anxiety, and depression, may trigger or exacerbate burning mouth syndrome. […] Recent dental work, such as ill-fitting dentures, crown placements, or bridges, can irritate the nerves in the mouth, causing a burning sensation.

• #97 Burning Mouth Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/0215/p615.html

  Personality and mood changes (especially anxiety and depression) have been consistently demonstrated in patients with burning mouth syndrome and have been used to suggest that the disorder is a psychogenic problem. […] Although burning mouth syndrome has not been linked to any specific medical condition, associations with a wide variety of concurrent health conditions and chronic pain conditions, including headaches and pain in other locations, have been documented. […] Hormonal changes are still considered to be important factors in burning mouth syndrome, although there is little convincing evidence of the efficacy of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women with the disorder. […] It is not surprising that dry mouth has been suggested as an etiologic factor, in view of the higher incidence of this problem in patients with burning mouth syndrome.

• #98 Burning mouth syndrome

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/burning-mouth-syndrome

  Burning mouth syndrome is currently thought to be neurological in origin, and not psychogenic as previously believed. […] Burning mouth syndrome may be associated with personality or mood disturbances, particularly anxiety and depression. […] The oral mucosa looks normal in burning mouth syndrome. […] Burning mouth syndrome is a diagnosis of exclusion, therefore history taking, clinical examination and tests are aimed at finding an organic explanation for the symptoms. […] In a small number of patients (3%) the condition resolves spontaneously. […] Few studies have been conducted on treatment and only cognitive behaviour therapy, topical clonazepam, oral capsaicin and alpha-lipoic acid (+/- cognitive behaviour therapy) have been shown to have a positive impact in properly conducted trials.

• #99 Burning Mouth Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519529/

  There is an association with certain irritants, including dental materials such as mercury, amalgam, methyl methacrylate, cobalt chloride, zinc, and benzoyl peroxide. […] The most common association is with a major depressive disorder, and it may follow acute symptoms or share an association with a comorbid condition at some point in the patient’s life. […] Other causes include orthodontic appliances, possible prescription drug adverse effects, increased bradykinin, and comorbid dermatologic conditions.

• #100 Burning Mouth Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/0215/p615.html

  Personality and mood changes (especially anxiety and depression) have been consistently demonstrated in patients with burning mouth syndrome and have been used to suggest that the disorder is a psychogenic problem. […] Although burning mouth syndrome has not been linked to any specific medical condition, associations with a wide variety of concurrent health conditions and chronic pain conditions, including headaches and pain in other locations, have been documented. […] Hormonal changes are still considered to be important factors in burning mouth syndrome, although there is little convincing evidence of the efficacy of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women with the disorder. […] It is not surprising that dry mouth has been suggested as an etiologic factor, in view of the higher incidence of this problem in patients with burning mouth syndrome.

• #101 Burning mouth syndrome | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome

  Endocrine disorders, such as diabetes or an underactive thyroid known as hypothyroidism. […] A very irritated mouth, which may result from brushing your tongue too much or too hard, using abrasive toothpastes, overusing mouthwashes, or having too many acidic foods or drinks. Dentures that don’t fit well may cause irritation that can make symptoms worse. […] Psychological issues, such as anxiety, depression or stress.

• #102 Burning Mouth Syndrome: Overview, Symptoms, and Causes

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/oral-health/burning-mouth-syndrome

  Decreased estrogen levels may lead to a decline in the mouth’s oral mucosal tissue. This change increases the likelihood of inflammation and decreases saliva production. This, in turn, could lead to the sensation of burning in the mouth. […] Nerve damage may impact the nerves that control taste or pain. Primary burning mouth syndrome occurs when a person has nerve damage and no other underlying cause. […] Studies have shown a connection between burning mouth syndrome and depression or anxiety. Pain from the condition may cause depression and anxiety. […] Other conditions that may cause burning mouth syndrome include: endocrine disorders, such as hypothyroidism or diabetes; dry mouth, which can occur due to various medications or side effects of cancer treatment; issues with the function of your salivary glands; oral thrush; food allergies; acid reflux; oral irritation, such as brushing your teeth too hard or using abrasive toothpaste; nutritional deficiencies, such as low zinc, iron, or vitamin B; past dental procedures. […] Your doctor or dentist will perform certain tests to determine the exact cause. These tests can determine whether it is primary or secondary burning mouth syndrome.

• #103 Strategies for Managing Burning Mouth Syndrome

  https://dimensionsofdentalhygiene.com/article/strategies-managing-burning-mouth-syndrome/

  Various oral infections have been associated with BMS, most frequently Candida albicans infection. […] In addition to the localized factors associated with the manifestation of BMS, systemic factors may play a role. These include diabetes mellitus, thyroid dysfunction, immunological disorders, and hormonal changes. Nutritional and vitamin deficiencies such as vitamin B12, B6, folate, iron, and zinc may also be underlying conditions in patients with BMS. […] Recent studies have revealed a connection between BMS and neuropsychiatric disorders. Approximately 85% of individuals with BMS have psychosocial and psychological characteristics, with depression and anxiety as the most common. […] However, the causal relationship between BMS and psychological disorders is not clear. […] While it has been suggested that nerve dysfunction may be a factor in BMS, it is not known if the dysfunction originates in the peripheral or central nervous system.

• #104 Burning Mouth Syndrome

  https://maaom.memberclicks.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=81:burning-mouth-syndrome&catid=22:patient-condition-information&Itemid=120

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a benign condition that presents as a burning sensation in the absence of any obvious findings in the mouth and in the absence of abnormal blood tests. […] No one really knows what causes BMS. However, it is believed to be a form of neuropathic pain. This means that nerve fibers in the mouth, for now, are functioning abnormally and transmitting pain despite the fact that there is no painful stimulus. It has been suggested that the nerves in the mouth that are responsible for feeling pain are easily stimulated and excited. Contributing factors may include menopause (although we do not know why), adverse life events (loss of job, death of family member or spouse), psychiatric disorders (such as anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder), TMJ problems, chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia. […] BMS is not caused by dentures or infections although wearing dentures sometimes makes the burning worse.

• #105 Burning mouth syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_mouth_syndrome

  BMS is more common in persons with Parkinson’s disease, so it has been suggested that it is a disorder of reduced pain threshold and increased sensitivity. […] Dysgeusia (usually a bitter or metallic taste) is present in about 60% of people with BMS, a factor which led to the concept of a defect in sensory peripheral neural mechanisms. […] Changes in the oral environment, such as changes in the composition of saliva, may induce neuropathy or interruption of nerve transduction. […] The onset of BMS is often spontaneous, although it may be gradual. There is sometimes a correlation with a major life event or stressful period in life. […] In women, the onset of BMS is most likely three to twelve years following menopause.

• #106 Burning Mouth Syndrome

  https://maaom.memberclicks.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=81:burning-mouth-syndrome&catid=22:patient-condition-information&Itemid=120

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a benign condition that presents as a burning sensation in the absence of any obvious findings in the mouth and in the absence of abnormal blood tests. […] No one really knows what causes BMS. However, it is believed to be a form of neuropathic pain. This means that nerve fibers in the mouth, for now, are functioning abnormally and transmitting pain despite the fact that there is no painful stimulus. It has been suggested that the nerves in the mouth that are responsible for feeling pain are easily stimulated and excited. Contributing factors may include menopause (although we do not know why), adverse life events (loss of job, death of family member or spouse), psychiatric disorders (such as anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder), TMJ problems, chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia. […] BMS is not caused by dentures or infections although wearing dentures sometimes makes the burning worse.

• #107 What Is Burning Mouth Syndrome And Do I Have It? – AZ Dentist

  https://azdentist.com/what-is-burning-mouth-syndrome/

  1. Neuropathic pain […] Damage to this nerve can cause pain as well as the hallmark burning sensation of burning mouth syndrome. It is the most likely cause of primary burning mouth syndrome. […] 2. Menopause […] 3. Adversity (including death in the family and job loss) […] Again, why adverse life events would lead to this syndrome is unclear, but it may be as a result of extreme stress and a person’s physical response to it. […] 4. Psychiatric and mood disorders […] burning mouth syndrome may be caused by psychiatric and mood disorders. […] 5. Temporomandibular (TMJ) problems […] 6. Chronic fatigue syndrome […] 7. Fibromyalgia […] Some think it can also contribute to the development of burning mouth syndrome symptoms. […] 8. Certain medications […] Medications that cause secondary burning mouth syndrome may be those that reduce blood pressure.

• #108 What Is Burning Mouth Syndrome And Do I Have It? – AZ Dentist

  https://azdentist.com/what-is-burning-mouth-syndrome/

  1. Neuropathic pain […] Damage to this nerve can cause pain as well as the hallmark burning sensation of burning mouth syndrome. It is the most likely cause of primary burning mouth syndrome. […] 2. Menopause […] 3. Adversity (including death in the family and job loss) […] Again, why adverse life events would lead to this syndrome is unclear, but it may be as a result of extreme stress and a person’s physical response to it. […] 4. Psychiatric and mood disorders […] burning mouth syndrome may be caused by psychiatric and mood disorders. […] 5. Temporomandibular (TMJ) problems […] 6. Chronic fatigue syndrome […] 7. Fibromyalgia […] Some think it can also contribute to the development of burning mouth syndrome symptoms. […] 8. Certain medications […] Medications that cause secondary burning mouth syndrome may be those that reduce blood pressure.

• #109 Burning mouth syndrome

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v19/i5/665.htm

  The disorder has been associated with several psychiatric diseases. […] Although psychiatric disease was initially considered as a primary cause of BMS, it is now considered a concurrent or secondary factor as there is no definite correlation between the onset of BMS and stressful events and many other causes of BMS have been identified. […] As described previously, BMS most commonly affects perimenopausal women, a finding that is attributed to dryness of mucosal membranes from age-related reduction in estrogen and progesterone levels and increased frequency of psychological disorders in middle-aged and elderly women. […] Other endocrine conditions implicated in BMS may include diabetes mellitus and hypothyroidism. […] Evidence also exists for an immunologic etiology. […] BMS has also been linked to nutritional deficiencies including vitamins B1, B2, B6 and B12 as well as folic acid. […] A potential relationship between smoking and development of BMS has been described, with an estimated odd ratio of 12.6 in a recent study. […] Certain oral infections have been implicated in BMS, particularly candidiasis. […] Drug-associated BMS has also been reported in the literature.

• #110 What Causes Burning Mouth Syndrome to Flare Up? 15 Triggers

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_causes_burning_mouth_syndrome_to_flare_up/article.htm

  Burning mouth syndrome is a disorder seen predominantly in middle-aged and older women. although it may be seen in either gender). Individuals with the condition report a burning, gritty sensation in the mouth that may be present all over or only around the tongue, mouth, teeth, and palate. There is often no underlying cause. […] A few studies have suggested that the burning mouth syndrome may be due to the following causes: […] Small-fiber sensory neuropathy in the trigeminal nerve […] Higher number of unoccupied D2 dopamine receptors in the brain. […] When no condition is found to cause burning mouth syndrome, it is called idiopathic and treated with tricyclic antidepressants or gabapentin. […] Burning mouth syndrome is a rare but reported symptom of COVID-19. About 5.3% of those diagnosed with COVID-19 report burning sensations in the mouth.

• #111 What Causes Burning Mouth Syndrome to Flare Up? 15 Triggers

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_causes_burning_mouth_syndrome_to_flare_up/article.htm

  If COVID-19 is the cause for burning mouth, it may present with other symptoms, such as: […] Conditions that alter taste or saliva production: History of oral surgery, radiation to the head and neck for cancers, cystic fibrosis. etc. […] COVID-19: Burning mouth syndrome is a rare manifestation of post COVID-19 sequelae.

• #112 Burning mouth syndrome: etiology | Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology

  https://www.bjorl.org/en-burning-mouth-syndrome-etiology-articulo-S1808869415309794

  The Burning Month Syndrome (BMS) is an oral mucosa pain – with or without inflammatory signs – without any specific lesion. […] The goal of this review article is to consider possible BMS etiologies and join them in 4 groups to be better studied: local, systemic, emotional and idiopathic causes of pain. […] The etiology of BMS is difficult to define, and there may be more than one etiological factor. […] The aim of this review is to provide an overview of possible etiologies of BMS, grouping them into 4 major groups for better understanding (Chart 2): local, systemic, emotional and idiopathic mouth pain. […] Pain stimuli are detected by nocireceptors, receptors with capsaicin. […] This is when careful local, systemic and emotional investigation fails to reveal an etiology for BMS.

• #113 Burning mouth syndrome

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v19/i5/665.htm

  Burning mouth syndrome is a debilitating medical condition affecting nearly 1.3 million of Americans. […] Its etiology is largely multifactorial, and associated medical conditions may include gastrointestinal, urogenital, psychiatric, neurologic and metabolic disorders, as well as drug reactions. […] Its secondary form has been associated with a variety of conditions including thyroid disease, psychiatric illnesses, oral infections, drug use, dental treatment, vitamin/mineral deficiencies, and others. […] Its etiology is thought to be multifactorial, involving various local, systemic, and/or psychogenic causes. […] The exact etiology of BMS remains imprecise and is likely multifactorial, including neuropsychiatric, endocrine, immunologic, nutritional, infectious, and iatrogenic causes.

• #114 Burning Mouth Syndrome : Johns Hopkins Sjögren’s Center

  https://www.hopkinssjogrens.org/disease-information/sjogrens-disease/burning-mouth-syndrome/

  Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is a painful, frustrating condition often described as a scalding sensation on the tongue, lips, palate, or throughout the mouth. […] BMS often occurs with a range of medical and dental conditions, from nutritional deficiencies and menopause to dry mouth and allergies. But their connection is unclear, and the exact cause of BMS cannot always be identified with certainty. […] There are a number of possible causes of BMS, including: Damage to nerves that control pain and taste, Hormonal changes, Dry mouth, which can be caused by many medicines and disorders such as Sjgrens disease or diabetes, Nutritional deficiencies, Oral candidiasis, a fungal infection in the mouth, Acid reflux, Poorly-fitting dentures or allergies to denture materials, Anxiety and depression. […] In some people, BMS may have more than one cause. But for many, the exact cause of the symptoms cannot be found.

• #115 Burning Mouth Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://lakefrontfamilydentistry.com/burning-mouth-syndrome/

  Many middle-aged and older women suffer from a frustrating, painful condition known as burning mouth syndrome (BMS). […] BMS can affect anyone, but it is common among post-menopausal women. […] Some common causes include: Changes in hormone levels, Depression and anxiety, Mouth dryness caused by certain disorders or medicines, Diabetes, Poor nutrition, Oral infection, Poor-fitting dentures, Denture allergies, Acid reflux, Nerve damage. […] Some cases result from more than one cause. […] A lack of vitamin B, or folic acid, can cause a range of disorders, specifically those that involve a burning sensation. […] A lack of iron in your diet can cause similar problems.

• #116 Burning mouth syndrome – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350917

  There’s no known cure for primary burning mouth syndrome. And there’s no one sure way to treat it. Solid research on the most effective methods is lacking. Treatment depends on what symptoms you have and is aimed at controlling them. You may need to try several treatments before finding one or a combination that helps reduce your mouth discomfort. And it may take time for treatments to help manage symptoms. […] For secondary burning mouth syndrome, treatment depends on the underlying conditions that may be causing your mouth discomfort. […] For example, treating an oral infection or taking supplements for a low vitamin level may relieve your discomfort. That’s why it’s important to try to find the cause. Once any underlying causes are treated, your burning mouth syndrome symptoms should get better.

• #117 Burning Mouth Syndrome – European Association of Oral Medicine

  https://eaom.eu/education/eaom-handbook/burning-mouth-syndrome/

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is defined as a burning discomfort or pain affecting the oral soft tissues of psychogenic or unknown causation in people with clinically normal, healthy oral mucosa in whom a medical or local dental cause has been excluded. […] Suggested possible causal factors for BMS include hormonal disturbances associated with the menopause, psychogenic factors (including anxiety, depression, stress, life events, personality disorders, and phobia of cancer) and nerve abnormalities. […] The cause of BMS is unknown and to date there have been no good aetiological studies. It is a medically unexplained symptom.

• #118 Burning Mouth Syndrome

  https://fpnotebook.com/ENT/Sx/BrngMthSyndrm.htm

  No clear cause identified […] Postulated causes Nutritional Deficiency Vitamin B Deficiency Iron Deficiency Anemia Major Depression Increased Taste Sensation Xerostomia Menopause (90% of women are postmenopausal) Trigeminal Nerve (CN V) Neuropathy Candidiasis Dentures Diabetes Mellitus.

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