Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Burning Mouth Syndrome Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment | National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research

  https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/health-info/burning-mouth

  Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is a painful condition often described as a burning, scalding, or tingling feeling in the mouth that may occur every day for months or longer. Dry mouth or an altered taste in the mouth may accompany the pain. […] Your dentist may help you manage oral habits that contribute to BMS, such as tooth grinding or jaw clenching. […] Your dentist or doctor may prescribe medication that can help control pain and relieve dry mouth. Sometimes a small dose of topical or systemic clonazepam might help with BMS pain. […] To help ease the pain, sip a cold beverage, suck on ice chips, or chew sugarless gum. […] Ask your dentist and doctor for other helpful tips.

• #1 Burning Mouth Syndrome

  https://maaom.memberclicks.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=81:burning-mouth-syndrome&catid=22:patient-condition-information&Itemid=120

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a benign condition that presents as a burning sensation in the absence of any obvious findings in the mouth and in the absence of abnormal blood tests. […] For most patients, burning is experienced on the tip and sides of the tongue, top of the tongue, roof of the mouth, and the inside surface of the lips, although the pattern is highly variable and burning may occur anywhere in the mouth. […] BMS is not caused by dentures or infections although wearing dentures sometimes makes the burning worse. In general, hormone replacement therapy is not effective in managing BMS in post-menopausal women. […] There is no cure for BMS. Some, if not most, of the discomfort can be alleviated using a variety of medications, many of which are used to treat anxiety, depression, and other neurologic disorders although at lower doses. […] Because BMS is a chronic problem, non-pharmacologic approaches to management used alone or in addition to the above medications may be helpful. These include stress management/reduction, meditation, yoga, exercise, psychotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy.

• #1 Burning Mouth Syndrome – ENT Health

  https://www.enthealth.org/conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome/

  Burning mouth syndrome, also known as glossodynia, refers to pain or a hot, burning sensation in the mouth or oral cavity. […] Patients with burning mouth syndrome may experience symptoms including: Burning, painful sensation in the mouth (any location), Often on both sides (bilateral), Dry mouth (occasionally), Taste changes (occasionally), Tingling or numbness in the mouth (occasionally). […] Treatment depends on whether a secondary cause is found. Thrush should be treated with antifungal medication, and any vitamin deficiency should be treated with vitamin supplementation. […] Lifestyle changes can help alleviate some of the symptoms of burning mouth syndrome, such as reducing or eliminating alcohol and tobacco products. […] If no underlying cause is found, there are some medications that have been found to be effective. Clonazepam, which helps depress the nervous system, is often a first-line therapy. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy or psychotherapy has been shown to be very beneficial in patients with burning mouth syndrome.

• #1 Burning Mouth Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Anatomy and Physiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1508869-overview

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is an idiopathic condition characterized by a continuous burning sensation of the mucosa of the mouth, typically involving the tongue, with or without extension to the lips and oral mucosa. Classically, burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is accompanied by gustatory disturbances (dysgeusia, parageusia) and subjective xerostomia. […] Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) occurs most frequently, but not exclusively, in peri-menopausal and postmenopausal women. […] Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a clinical diagnosis made via the exclusion of all other causes. No universally accepted diagnostic criteria, laboratory tests, imaging studies or other modalities definitively diagnose or exclude burning mouth syndrome (BMS). […] The following treatments for primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS) have been suggested, with unfortunately variable and conflicting evidence to support their use: Clonazepam (low-dose) dissolvable wafers (may be better than tablets), Alpha-lipoic acid, Intermittent oral capsaicin, Psychotherapy (cognitive behavioral modification, relaxation), Topical capsaicin, Hormone replacement therapy, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), Tricyclic antidepressants, Oral lidocaine, Near-infrared irradiation of the stellate ganglion, to inhibit sympathetic discharge and improve blood flow to the tongue in glossodynia (still experimental), Topiramate, Olanzapine, Acupuncture (uncontrolled studies).

• #1 Burning Mouth Syndrome (Burning Tongue): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/burning-mouth-syndrome-facts

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is the name for burning pain in your mouth that doesn’t have a known cause. Most often, the pain is on the tip of your tongue or roof of your mouth. But sometimes, it affects the front of your mouth or the inner part of your lips. It often lasts many years. […] Symptoms of burning mouth syndrome include a burning feeling, numbness, dry mouth, changes in taste, and sore throat/trouble swallowing. […] If your doctor finds a health problem or other cause for your burning mouth, you have secondary BMS. They’ll treat the issue, and your symptoms should get better. If not, there’s no known cure for burning mouth syndrome, but there are ways to ease and control your symptoms. […] Also, here are a few things you can do to ease your symptoms.: Avoid acidic foods such as tomatoes and orange and citrus juices. Avoid alcohol, including mouthwashes with alcohol. Avoid cinnamon and mint. Avoid spicy foods. Avoid tobacco. Drink a lot of fluids. Manage stress with yoga or hobbies. Stay socially active or join a pain support group. […] Research shows that having BMS can up your chances of having depression and anxiety. Managing stress and practicing coping techniques can help you ease your symptoms. Try relaxation exercises or join a support group.

• #1 Burning mouth syndrome | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome

  Burning mouth syndrome usually comes on suddenly, but it can develop slowly over time. […] Working closely with your health care team can help you reduce symptoms. […] If you have discomfort, burning or soreness of your tongue, lips, gums or other areas of your mouth, see your health care provider or dentist. […] Treatment depends on whether you have primary or secondary burning mouth syndrome. […] Treatment options may include: saliva replacement products, specific oral rinses or lidocaine, which causes numbness to help relieve pain, capsaicin, a pain reliever that comes from chili peppers, alpha-lipoic acid, an antioxidant that may help relieve nerve pain, a medicine used to control seizures called clonazepam (Klonopin), certain antidepressants, medications that block nerve pain, cognitive behavioral therapy to develop practical skills to address anxiety and depression, deal with stress, and cope with ongoing pain.

• #1 BURNING MOUTH SYNDROME (GLOSSODYNIA): SYMPTOMS, DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND MORE | Mya Care

  https://myacare.com/blog/burning-mouth-syndrome-glossodynia-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment-and-more

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS), or glossodynia, is a chronic condition causing a burning, tingling, or scalding sensation in the mouth. Often, with no apparent cause identified, BMS can significantly impact daily life. This uncomfortable sensation frequently disrupts eating, speaking, and overall well-being. With proper management, it can be controlled. This condition is found to be present in 1.73% of the general population, worldwide. While anyone can develop BMS, it is three times more common in middle aged, peri and postmenopausal women than in men. Other risk factors may include being female, over 50, and smoking. […] Understanding the symptoms and potential management strategies for this condition is essential. If you are experiencing BMS, seeking a consultation with a medical professional is necessary for receiving a proper diagnosis and treatment.

• #1 Burning mouth syndrome – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350917

  Our caring team of Mayo Clinic experts can help you with your burning mouth syndrome-related health concerns […] Treatment depends on whether you have primary or secondary burning mouth syndrome. […] There’s no known cure for primary burning mouth syndrome. And there’s no one sure way to treat it. Solid research on the most effective methods is lacking. Treatment depends on what symptoms you have and is aimed at controlling them. You may need to try several treatments before finding one or a combination that helps reduce your mouth discomfort. And it may take time for treatments to help manage symptoms. […] For secondary burning mouth syndrome, treatment depends on the underlying conditions that may be causing your mouth discomfort. […] For example, treating an oral infection or taking supplements for a low vitamin level may relieve your discomfort. That’s why it’s important to try to find the cause. Once any underlying causes are treated, your burning mouth syndrome symptoms should get better.

• #1 Five Approaches To Burning Mouth Syndrome | Colgate®

  https://www.colgate.com/en-us/oral-health/mouth-sores-and-infections/five-approaches-to-burning-mouth-syndrome-treatment

  Medications, dry mouth, acid reflux, poor-fitting dentures, among other issues, can cause BMS. Narrowing down the cause will be your healthcare professional’s first step. If you have secondary BMS, they will treat the primary cause first. However, if you have primary BMS, there are many treatment options. Not one single treatment has worked for every case, so be prepared to work with your physician or dentist to find the best solution for you. […] According to the Mayo Clinic, treatment options may include: Saliva replacements, Alcohol-free mouthwashes or mouthrinse with lidocaine, Medications that treat nerve pain, Therapy to reduce stress, Capsaicin, a pain reliever from chili peppers, Anticonvulsant medication called clonazepam or Klonopin, Antidepressants. […] Working with your provider on prescription medication is a good step to relieving your symptoms. However, the following four home remedies may help relieve the burning or tingling symptoms too.

• #1 BURNING MOUTH SYNDROME (GLOSSODYNIA): SYMPTOMS, DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND MORE | Mya Care

  https://myacare.com/blog/burning-mouth-syndrome-glossodynia-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment-and-more

  If you are experiencing any symptoms of burning mouth syndrome, you should see an ENT or a dentist. […] A dentist is essential in the diagnosis process. They can identify and address dental problems like misaligned teeth, teeth grinding, or ill-fitting dentures that might contribute to BMS. They may refer you to an ENT or a neurologist for further evaluation and treatment. […] While there is no cure for burning mouth syndrome, to help control symptoms and enhance quality of life, a range of therapy alternatives are available. […] The primary focus is treating the medical condition responsible for BMS symptoms. This may involve managing dry mouth, treating infections (fungal or bacterial), controlling diabetes or thyroid disorders, adjusting or switching medications, and addressing nutritional deficiencies.

• #1 Burning Mouth Syndrome: The Dental Hygienist’s Role in Assessment and Treatment – Today’s RDH

  https://www.todaysrdh.com/burning-mouth-syndrome-the-dental-hygienists-role-in-assessment-and-treatment/

  The dental hygienists role is often only associated with cleaning teeth and discussing home care habits. […] Your intraoral assessment concludes with no evidence of abnormalities or trauma. After discussing with the dentist, you both concluded that the patient could suffer from burning mouth syndrome. […] Diagnosis includes a thorough review of the patients medical history, medications, and lifestyle habits. […] A clinical exam should be performed to evaluate intraoral tissues and screen for any evidence of contributing factors, as well as a discussion of patient symptoms, frequency and severity, environmental factors, and assessment of factors that reduce symptoms or make them worse. […] Diagnosing burning mouth syndrome is a diagnosis of exclusion. […] In other words, the diagnosis comes from narrowing down what the condition is not, ruling out all differential diagnoses.

• #1 Burning mouth syndrome // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome

  You’ll likely start by seeing your family health care provider or dentist for mouth discomfort. Because burning mouth syndrome is linked with many other medical conditions, your provider or dentist may refer you to another specialist, such as a specialist in problems of the skin (dermatologist), or ear, nose and throat (ENT), or another type of specialist.

• #1 Burning Mouth Syndrome | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/18715

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is characterized by burning pain in a normal-appearing oral mucosa lasting at least 4 to 6 months. […] The diagnosis is made clinically after other etiologies of mouth pain and changes in gustatory sensation are ruled out. […] The management of such patients is complex, and more than 1 treatment modality is often required. Importantly, the patient should be aware that complete resolution of symptoms is not always possible. The current management options include topical and systemic medications and a newer approach: cognitive behavioral therapy. […] Only after ruling out local and systemic causes of burning symptoms can the patient be considered as having BMS. […] The oral mucosa must be free of lesions or anomalies to diagnose BMS. […] Diagnosing and managing BMS are challenging and require a multidisciplinary approach – medical and psychological. The cause of the disorder remains unknown, and the treatment is empirical. Treatment is focused on the underlying and associated conditions and symptomatic management.

• #1 Burning Mouth Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/0215/p615.html

  Burning mouth syndrome is characterized by a burning sensation in the tongue or other oral sites, usually in the absence of clinical and laboratory findings. Affected patients often present with multiple oral complaints, including burning, dryness and taste alterations. […] Given in low dosages, benzodiazepines, tricyclic antidepressants or anticonvulsants may be effective in patients with burning mouth syndrome. Topical capsaicin has been used in some patients. […] The treatment of burning mouth syndrome is usually directed at its symptoms and is the same as the medical management of other neuropathic pain conditions. […] Studies generally support the use of low dosages of clonazepam (Klonopin), chlordiazepoxide (Librium) and tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline [Elavil]). Evidence also supports the utility of a low dosage of gabapentin (Neurontin). […] Topical capsaicin has been used as a desensitizing agent in patients with burning mouth syndrome.

• #1 Current management strategies for the pain of elderly patients with burning mouth syndrome: a critical review | BioPsychoSocial Medicine | Full Text

  https://bpsmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13030-019-0142-7

  CBT is one of the effective treatments for burning mouth syndrome. […] We recommend here three solutions for reducing the high cost of conducting CBT. […] Although CBT is a good option for the management of BMS management, specialist psychotherapists are not always available. […] Clinicians should not feel pressure to diminish all the symptoms of all their patients with BMS or to finish treatment quickly. […] A combination of optimized medication with a short-term supportive psychotherapeutic approach would be a promising solution. […] Continuing psychological support and the careful use of antidepressants may help with the recovery of the brain function of these patients.

• #1 Burning mouth syndrome // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome

  Burning mouth syndrome usually doesn’t cause any physical changes to your tongue or mouth that can be seen. […] If you have discomfort, burning or soreness of your tongue, lips, gums or other areas of your mouth, see your health care provider or dentist. They may need to work together to help pinpoint a cause and come up with an effective treatment plan. […] Treatment depends on whether you have primary or secondary burning mouth syndrome. […] For secondary burning mouth syndrome, treatment depends on the underlying conditions that may be causing your mouth discomfort. […] In addition to medical treatment and prescription medicines, these self-help measures may reduce your symptoms: Drink plenty of liquid to help ease the feeling of dry mouth, or suck on ice chips. […] Coping with burning mouth syndrome can be challenging. It can reduce your quality of life if you don’t take steps to stay positive and hopeful.

• #1 Burning Mouth Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Anatomy and Physiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1508869-overview

  Treatments for secondary burning mouth syndrome (BMS) include the following: Discontinuation of medications that may cause xerostomia, such as anticholinergics or psychotropics, Substitution of medications that may cause oral burning, Adjustment of levothyroxine dosing, Oral nystatin, Abstinence from smoking and oral tobacco use, Avoidance of allergens, Adjustment of dentures (refitting and/or substituting materials), Chewing sorbitol-containing gum to stimulate saliva, Pyridostigmine, pilocarpine, or other sialogogues, B vitamin supplementation, Zinc supplementation, Iron supplementation, Folate supplementation, Neuropathic analgesics.

• #1 Burning Mouth Syndrome

  https://www.entspecialties.com/conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome

  Your ENT (ear, nose, and throat) specialist, or otolaryngologist, may need to work with your primary care provider to treat any uncontrolled diabetes or thyroid issues. […] Lifestyle changes can help alleviate some of the symptoms of burning mouth syndrome, such as reducing or eliminating alcohol and tobacco products. […] If no underlying cause is found, there are some medications that have been found to be effective. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy or psychotherapy has been shown to be very beneficial in patients with burning mouth syndrome.

• #1 Burning Mouth Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14463-burning-mouth-syndrome

  Burning mouth syndrome is a painful condition that affects your tongue, lips and other areas inside your mouth. Anyone can get it, but its most common in postmenopausal people. Theres no cure, but treatment can help you manage painful symptoms. […] Treatment cant cure burning mouth syndrome, but it can help manage your symptoms. And learning more about possible triggers can help reduce the frequency of flare-ups. […] These burning mouth syndrome remedies may help ease general discomfort: Mouth rinses with mild numbing effects, Pain relievers like acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil), Saliva substitutes like Biotene, Some antidepressant and antiseizure medications. […] If your healthcare provider knows whats causing burning mouth syndrome, treating that cause can help. For example, if you grind your teeth, your dentist can make you a custom mouth guard for you to wear. If menopause triggers BMS, hormone replacement therapy may help.

• #1 What is burning mouth syndrome?

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/what-is-burning-mouth-syndrome/

  Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is a little-known condition that affects some 1.3 million Americans. […] Medical and nursing plans of care should fit the individuals needs depending on the cause of the BMS, including adjusting ill fitting dentures, providing vitamin B supplements to correct deficiencies, switching medications, treating oral thrush, relieving anxiety and depression, controlling pain from nerve damage, and treating existing disorders like diabetes. […] BMS is a distressing disease and requires persistence of the medical profession to continue to strive to find answers for those suffering with it.

• #1 Burning Mouth Syndrome | Registered Dental Hygienists

  https://www.rdhmag.com/career-profession/students/article/16406436/burning-mouth-syndrome

  Although there is no known cure, the discomfort is alleviated with a variety of medications. […] A multidisciplinary approach is needed with physicians, dentists, dental hygienists, and psychology professionals. A diagnosis of burning mouth syndrome is rendered only after all other possible oral, psychological, and systemic causes have been ruled out. […] For this very reason, patient education about the disorder is crucial for the total health of the patient.

• #1 Strategies for Managing Burning Mouth Syndrome

  https://dimensionsofdentalhygiene.com/article/strategies-managing-burning-mouth-syndrome/

  Patients presenting with BMS pain should be advised to avoid dental products with additives, flavoring agents, whitening agents, or anti-calculus ingredients, because they may irritate oral tissues. […] Patients should avoid spicy foods, mints, or gum because these may also aggravate the condition. […] If the oral examination is normal, but systemic conditions are present, the patient should be referred to a medical professional for further evaluation and treatment.

• #1 Burning mouth syndrome | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20155302/

  Coping with burning mouth syndrome can be challenging. It can reduce your quality of life if you don’t take steps to stay positive and hopeful. […] To help you cope with the discomfort of burning mouth syndrome: Practice relaxation exercises, such as yoga. Focus on activities that give you pleasure, such as physical activities or hobbies, especially when you feel anxious. Try to stay socially active by connecting with family and friends. Join a chronic pain support group for people who have ongoing pain. Practice good sleep habits, such as going to bed and getting up at about the same time each day and getting enough sleep. Consider talking to a mental health provider to learn strategies that can help you cope.

• #1 Treating Burning Mouth Syndrome – Dimensions of Dental Hygiene

  https://dimensionsofdentalhygiene.com/article/treating-burning-mouth-syndrome/

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic, painful condition with no clear etiology or specific, proven treatment. […] The role of dental health care workers in helping patients cope with burning mouth syndrome is crucial. […] Addressing BMS has implications for all members of the dental team and includes individualized assessment and treatment; empathy; palliative care; treatment of underlying factors, such as xerostomia; and helping patients learn to cope. […] The dental office may want to develop a referral list of other health care providers who can assist patients with nutritional assessment, behavioral modification, and alternative therapies to treat BMS. […] Although the etiology and treatment for BMS is challenging for clinicians and frustrating for patients, the dental team is integral to helping patients cope with this painful oral syndrome.

• #1 Burning Mouth Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14463-burning-mouth-syndrome

  Identifying the root cause isnt always possible. But when it is, it may help find treatment quicker. […] You may be able to ease burning mouth pain by doing the following: Chew sugar-free gum. (This encourages saliva production.), Drink cold water., Sip on cold beverages throughout the day., Suck on ice chips. […] You cant prevent BMS. But you can reduce your risk for flare-ups by avoiding anything that irritates your mouth, including: Beverages containing alcohol, Extremely hot foods or beverages, High-acidic foods or drinks (like citrus juices), Hot and spicy foods or drinks, Mouthwash containing alcohol, Smoking or vaping. […] Without treatment, burning mouth syndrome can last for months or even years. That can be a long time to live with mouth pain. BMS treatment can provide relief within days or weeks. Talk to your healthcare provider about your specific treatment and when you can expect to feel better.

• #1 Five Approaches To Burning Mouth Syndrome | Colgate®

  https://www.colgate.com/en-us/oral-health/mouth-sores-and-infections/five-approaches-to-burning-mouth-syndrome-treatment

  Your dentist may recommend an alcohol-free mouthwash to ensure your mouth is not further irritated. You can also use mild-flavored, flavor-free, or sensitivity toothpaste to help relieve symptoms. According to the American Dental Association, broken or ill-fitting dentures can cause BMS as well. If your dentures do not fit well, food debris and bacteria can get trapped against your skin and irritate. Make sure you are cleaning dentures regularly and ask your dentist about the fit. […] BMS can be uncomfortable. Your healthcare professional can create a specific BMS treatment for you. It’s helpful that as you try home remedies or different treatments from your dentist or physician, take written notes on what helps with the pain and what doesn’t. Routine preventive visits can also help avoid further complications and alleviate the known causes of burning mouth syndrome.

• #1 Burning Mouth Syndrome – BMS | SheCares

  https://www.shecares.com/symptoms/burning-mouth

  Regular exercise. Exercise is crucial for women who are looking to manage symptoms of burning mouth syndrome. […] Healthy habits. Studies prove that women who smoke cigarettes and consume alcohol regularly are more likely to worsen symptoms of hormonal imbalance, such as burning mouth syndrome. […] Specific tips for managing burning mouth syndrome during the menopausal transition (perimenopause and postmenopause) include increasing fluid intake and joining a chronic pain support group. […] Alternative treatments are also a great way to manage BMS by reducing stress and improving physical and emotional health. […] A combination of approaches is usually the most effective route to take. Lifestyle changes combined with alternative medicine can ultimately help a woman overcome burning mouth syndrome caused by hormonal imbalances. […] Consult with a trusted physician before beginning any pharmaceutical treatment or medication for burning mouth syndrome.

• #1 Burning Mouth Syndrome – Facial Pain AssociationIcon / Teal / print@1xicon-plusicon-minusicon-plusicon-minusicon-heart@1xicon-plane

  https://www.facepain.org/understanding-facial-pain/diagnosis/burning-mouth-syndrome/

  BMS can be quite uncomfortable and disturbing, but it is a benign condition- it does not endanger your health. The feeling is usually chronic, lasting over a period of weeks, months, or longer. BMS might follow a pattern for you- for example, it might start mildly in the morning, increasing in intensity during the day. […] Treatment for BMS aims to lessen your symptoms. From 50% to 66% of people with BMS will experience some degree of improvement with treatment over a few weeks or months. You may have to try a number of therapies to find the best one or combination for you. Cognitive behavior interventions such as cognitive behavioral therapy can be successful at helping you minimize your discomfort with BMS. […] You may determine if certain foods or products trigger your BMS. If so, you can minimize or eliminate your exposure to them. Some common BMS triggers are: spicy foods, hot food, acidic food, tobacco, mouthwash containing alcohol.

• #1 Management of Burning Mouth Syndrome | JCDA

  https://jcda.ca/article/b151

  Burning mouth syndrome is a challenging condition in terms of both diagnosis and management. […] These challenges lead to frustration for patients and difficulties for dental practitioners. […] Unfortunately, delays are common between initial presentation and definitive diagnosis, and also between diagnosis and appropriate management. […] Furthermore, interventions are often undertaken without a working diagnosis, knowledge of the underlying condition or knowledge of best management strategies for this form of chronic orofacial pain. […] This article discusses potential reasons for diagnostic delays. It also presents current strategies for managing burning mouth syndrome, to assist the dental practitioner in making prudent therapeutic choices. […] The diagnosis and management of burning mouth syndrome are challenging.

• #1 Current management strategies for the pain of elderly patients with burning mouth syndrome: a critical review | BioPsychoSocial Medicine | Full Text

  https://bpsmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13030-019-0142-7

  It would be accurate to say that there is no all-powerful treatment that can be effective for all BMS patients, in light of the various underlying conditions. […] The heterogeneity of this syndrome is the biggest barrier to reaching the best therapy. […] In addition, no sufficiently effective assessment tool for BMS remission is available. […] Another important problem is the assessment of duration and follow-up period. […] Even though there were many limitations mentioned above, we have high expectations for some treatments for BMS. […] The efficacy of central neuromodulators (Tricyclic Antidepressants – TCAs, Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors – SNRIs, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors – SSRIs, Clonazepam) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) are supported by many studies and consistent with our clinical experience.

• #1 Current management strategies for the pain of elderly patients with burning mouth syndrome: a critical review | BioPsychoSocial Medicine | Full Text

  https://bpsmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13030-019-0142-7

  Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS), a chronic intraoral burning sensation or dysesthesia without clinically evident causes, is one of the most common medically unexplained oral symptoms/syndromes. […] In fact, there is a large and growing number of elderly BMS patients for whom the disease is accompanied by systemic diseases, in addition to aging physical change, which makes the diagnosis and treatment of BMS more difficult. […] Because the majority of elderly patients are accompanied by systemic diseases and contraindications of tricyclic antidepressant, the first line in management of BMS, the population aging poses challenges in patient management. […] In this review, we discuss real-world, useful strategies for the management of patients with BMS, especially the elderly. […] The management of BMS had been said to be like a jumble of wheat and chaff, with little evidence to support or refute the various interventions.

• #1 Treatment for Burning Mouth Syndrome: A Clinical Review

  https://www.journalomp.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.14476/jomp.2023.48.1.11

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic idiopathic orofacial pain. […] It is challenging to complete the cure for BMS. Clinicians should treat BMS patients based on evidence. There is pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapy in the treatment modalities of BMS. […] The provision of objective information and reassurance as part of cognitive behavioral therapy is critical in the treatment of BMS. […] A complete cure is difficult because BMS is a chronic idiopathic orofacial pain and neuropathic pain. Patients tend to focus on each symptom and cause. Clinicians should concentrate on improving function and daily life rather than on individual symptoms. The ultimate goal of treatment is to reduce the patient’s pain so that it does not interfere with daily life, and to eventually improve the patient’s quality of life.

• #1 Treatment for Burning Mouth Syndrome: A Clinical Review

  https://www.journalomp.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.14476/jomp.2023.48.1.11

  The first step in the BMS treatment is informative intervention and reassurance. Patients with BMS are likely to believe they have a major problem, so they visit numerous doctors. […] A doctors reassurance is very important. Reassurance is the removal of fears and concerns about illness. […] After 6 months, the informative intervention and reassurance in BMS treatment reduced pain intensity, pain catastrophizing, and improved quality of life. […] Neuropathic pain medications such as clonazepam, anticonvulsant, tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and topical capsaicin have been used and studied for the treatment of BMS. […] The most widely used and studied medication is clonazepam. […] Non-pharmacological treatments for BMS have included LLLT, rTMS, and tongue protectors. […] Patients with BMS often have anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders as comorbidities. […] BMS is difficult to manage and completely cure. […] Objective information and reassurance are very important in treating BMS and should be delivered to the patient.

• #1 BURNING MOUTH SYNDROME (GLOSSODYNIA): SYMPTOMS, DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND MORE | Mya Care

  https://myacare.com/blog/burning-mouth-syndrome-glossodynia-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment-and-more

  For most cases of burning mouth syndrome, lifestyle modifications are necessary to keep symptoms under control and prevent recurrence. […] Your doctor may provide a prescription to help manage your symptoms. […] Treatment for BMS often requires a trial-and-error approach to find what works best for each individual. Consult with an experienced healthcare professional for a tailored treatment plan and advice. […] Living with burning mouth syndrome can be difficult. However, there are strategies for managing the condition and enhancing the quality of life for people who are impacted. […] Some tips for living with burning mouth syndrome include keeping a meal journal to recognize and steer clear of triggers, drinking enough water and, if needed, using a saliva substitute, practicing good oral hygiene to prevent infections, and managing stress and anxiety. […] With proper treatment and symptom control, patients can find relief. If you are experiencing symptoms, seeing your doctor for appropriate diagnosis and treatment is essential.

• #2 Five Approaches To Burning Mouth Syndrome | Colgate®

  https://www.colgate.com/en-us/oral-health/mouth-sores-and-infections/five-approaches-to-burning-mouth-syndrome-treatment

  Burning Mouth Syndrome can be uncomfortable, frustrating, and confusing. It has many causes and many possible treatments. But with the right combination of diet, medication, and professional consultation, you can get to the bottom of BMS and relieve the discomfort. Learn about BMS, causes, treatment, and home remedies. […] Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is an irritating and rare condition that affects about 1 percent of the adult population. It’s characterized by burning, scalding, or tingling on the tongue, cheeks, back of the throat, or gums. People with BMS have also reported tasting a metallic or unfamiliar taste. This burning or tingling sensation can last for weeks or months if not treated. […] According to the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIH), BMS is more common among people aged 60 and older, affecting more women than men. BMS can be a side-effect of medications or other illnesses (called secondary BMS) or show up by itself (primary BMS).

• #2 Burning mouth syndrome

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/burning-mouth-syndrome

  Burning mouth syndrome is a chronic pain syndrome strictly defined as a burning painful sensation in the mouth (oral dysaesthesia) with normal clinical examination and no obvious organic cause. […] A careful history is important, as underlying organic causes must be searched for and excluded to make this diagnosis. […] The three key symptoms of burning mouth syndrome are: Oral pain, Abnormal taste, Dry mouth feeling. […] In burning mouth syndrome, symptoms persist for many months and often years. […] A thorough clinical examination should be performed, including the oral cavity where local organic causes, such as oral candidiasis (thrush) and oral cancer, must be excluded. […] Burning mouth syndrome is a diagnosis of exclusion, therefore history taking, clinical examination and tests are aimed at finding an organic explanation for the symptoms.

• #2 What is Burning Mouth Syndrome? – MD Periodontics

  https://mdperio.com/blog/what-is-burning-mouth-syndrome/

  The medical condition known as burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a diagnostic puzzle, wrapped around a causation mystery, all topped off by a smorgasbord of treatment options. […] In other words, the health care world knows little about the sources of burning mouth syndrome. Its symptoms are numerous and inconsistent, and the prevailing treatment methods are varied, to say the least. […] The burning pain of BMS may last for days, months, or years. BMS may suddenly disappear and then reappear without notice, even after years without symptoms. […] Postmenopausal women and women in menopause are most likely to be affected by burning mouth syndrome. According to the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, women are about five times more likely than men to be afflicted. […] When burning mouth syndrome is caused by underlying pain conditions or other abnormalities, it is known as secondary BMS. The treatment plan for secondary BMS is relatively simple: diagnose and cure the underlying condition.

• #2 Burning Mouth Syndrome (Burning Tongue): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/burning-mouth-syndrome-facts

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is the name for burning pain in your mouth that doesn’t have a known cause. Most often, the pain is on the tip of your tongue or roof of your mouth. But sometimes, it affects the front of your mouth or the inner part of your lips. It often lasts many years. […] Symptoms of burning mouth syndrome include a burning feeling, numbness, dry mouth, changes in taste, and sore throat/trouble swallowing. […] If your doctor finds a health problem or other cause for your burning mouth, you have secondary BMS. They’ll treat the issue, and your symptoms should get better. If not, there’s no known cure for burning mouth syndrome, but there are ways to ease and control your symptoms. […] Also, here are a few things you can do to ease your symptoms.: Avoid acidic foods such as tomatoes and orange and citrus juices. Avoid alcohol, including mouthwashes with alcohol. Avoid cinnamon and mint. Avoid spicy foods. Avoid tobacco. Drink a lot of fluids. Manage stress with yoga or hobbies. Stay socially active or join a pain support group. […] Research shows that having BMS can up your chances of having depression and anxiety. Managing stress and practicing coping techniques can help you ease your symptoms. Try relaxation exercises or join a support group.

• #2 Burning Mouth Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Anatomy and Physiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1508869-overview

  Treatments for secondary burning mouth syndrome (BMS) include the following: Discontinuation of medications that may cause xerostomia, such as anticholinergics or psychotropics, Substitution of medications that may cause oral burning, Adjustment of levothyroxine dosing, Oral nystatin, Abstinence from smoking and oral tobacco use, Avoidance of allergens, Adjustment of dentures (refitting and/or substituting materials), Chewing sorbitol-containing gum to stimulate saliva, Pyridostigmine, pilocarpine, or other sialogogues, B vitamin supplementation, Zinc supplementation, Iron supplementation, Folate supplementation, Neuropathic analgesics.

• #2 Burning Mouth Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Anatomy and Physiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1508869-overview

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is an idiopathic condition characterized by a continuous burning sensation of the mucosa of the mouth, typically involving the tongue, with or without extension to the lips and oral mucosa. Classically, burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is accompanied by gustatory disturbances (dysgeusia, parageusia) and subjective xerostomia. […] Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) occurs most frequently, but not exclusively, in peri-menopausal and postmenopausal women. […] Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a clinical diagnosis made via the exclusion of all other causes. No universally accepted diagnostic criteria, laboratory tests, imaging studies or other modalities definitively diagnose or exclude burning mouth syndrome (BMS). […] The following treatments for primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS) have been suggested, with unfortunately variable and conflicting evidence to support their use: Clonazepam (low-dose) dissolvable wafers (may be better than tablets), Alpha-lipoic acid, Intermittent oral capsaicin, Psychotherapy (cognitive behavioral modification, relaxation), Topical capsaicin, Hormone replacement therapy, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), Tricyclic antidepressants, Oral lidocaine, Near-infrared irradiation of the stellate ganglion, to inhibit sympathetic discharge and improve blood flow to the tongue in glossodynia (still experimental), Topiramate, Olanzapine, Acupuncture (uncontrolled studies).

• #2 Burning Mouth Syndrome | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/18715

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is characterized by burning pain in a normal-appearing oral mucosa lasting at least 4 to 6 months. […] The diagnosis is made clinically after other etiologies of mouth pain and changes in gustatory sensation are ruled out. […] The management of such patients is complex, and more than 1 treatment modality is often required. Importantly, the patient should be aware that complete resolution of symptoms is not always possible. The current management options include topical and systemic medications and a newer approach: cognitive behavioral therapy. […] Only after ruling out local and systemic causes of burning symptoms can the patient be considered as having BMS. […] The oral mucosa must be free of lesions or anomalies to diagnose BMS. […] Diagnosing and managing BMS are challenging and require a multidisciplinary approach – medical and psychological. The cause of the disorder remains unknown, and the treatment is empirical. Treatment is focused on the underlying and associated conditions and symptomatic management.

• #2 Burning mouth syndrome – Care at Mayo Clinic – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome/care-at-mayo-clinic/mac-20350921

  At Mayo Clinic, specialists in dermatology who are experts in treating burning mouth syndrome usually manage care for adults with this condition. […] Depending on your needs, specialists in ear, nose and throat (ENT), dentistry, pain medicine and other areas work together as a multispecialty team to evaluate and treat you. […] Thorough testing can help determine what triggers your discomfort and rule out other problems. […] Using the latest technology, experts can diagnose and treat any underlying condition that may be contributing to burning mouth syndrome. […] If no underlying conditions are found, Mayo Clinic specialists can recommend lifestyle changes and medicine to manage your symptoms.

• #2 Burning mouth syndrome | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome

  Burning mouth syndrome usually comes on suddenly, but it can develop slowly over time. […] Working closely with your health care team can help you reduce symptoms. […] If you have discomfort, burning or soreness of your tongue, lips, gums or other areas of your mouth, see your health care provider or dentist. […] Treatment depends on whether you have primary or secondary burning mouth syndrome. […] Treatment options may include: saliva replacement products, specific oral rinses or lidocaine, which causes numbness to help relieve pain, capsaicin, a pain reliever that comes from chili peppers, alpha-lipoic acid, an antioxidant that may help relieve nerve pain, a medicine used to control seizures called clonazepam (Klonopin), certain antidepressants, medications that block nerve pain, cognitive behavioral therapy to develop practical skills to address anxiety and depression, deal with stress, and cope with ongoing pain.

• #2 Management of Burning Mouth Syndrome | JCDA

  https://jcda.ca/article/b151

  Currently, systemic clonazepam appears to be the most widely recommended first-line therapeutic agent for burning mouth syndrome. […] Individual studies using various doses of this drug have reported a reduction of oral burning in at least 70% of patients. […] Given the possible need for diagnostic testing and management with systemic medications not commonly used in dentistry, appropriate referral may be a reasonable approach in caring for dental patients who present with oral burning sensation.

• #2 Current management strategies for the pain of elderly patients with burning mouth syndrome: a critical review | BioPsychoSocial Medicine | Full Text

  https://bpsmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13030-019-0142-7

  It would be accurate to say that there is no all-powerful treatment that can be effective for all BMS patients, in light of the various underlying conditions. […] The heterogeneity of this syndrome is the biggest barrier to reaching the best therapy. […] In addition, no sufficiently effective assessment tool for BMS remission is available. […] Another important problem is the assessment of duration and follow-up period. […] Even though there were many limitations mentioned above, we have high expectations for some treatments for BMS. […] The efficacy of central neuromodulators (Tricyclic Antidepressants – TCAs, Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors – SNRIs, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors – SSRIs, Clonazepam) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) are supported by many studies and consistent with our clinical experience.

• #2 Five Approaches To Burning Mouth Syndrome | Colgate®

  https://www.colgate.com/en-us/oral-health/mouth-sores-and-infections/five-approaches-to-burning-mouth-syndrome-treatment

  Medications, dry mouth, acid reflux, poor-fitting dentures, among other issues, can cause BMS. Narrowing down the cause will be your healthcare professional’s first step. If you have secondary BMS, they will treat the primary cause first. However, if you have primary BMS, there are many treatment options. Not one single treatment has worked for every case, so be prepared to work with your physician or dentist to find the best solution for you. […] According to the Mayo Clinic, treatment options may include: Saliva replacements, Alcohol-free mouthwashes or mouthrinse with lidocaine, Medications that treat nerve pain, Therapy to reduce stress, Capsaicin, a pain reliever from chili peppers, Anticonvulsant medication called clonazepam or Klonopin, Antidepressants. […] Working with your provider on prescription medication is a good step to relieving your symptoms. However, the following four home remedies may help relieve the burning or tingling symptoms too.

• #2 Strategies for Managing Burning Mouth Syndrome

  https://dimensionsofdentalhygiene.com/article/strategies-managing-burning-mouth-syndrome/

  Some medications may be potentially effective, but, more research in this area is still needed. […] Clonazepam, a benzodiazepine with an inhibitory effect on the central nervous system, shows promise in treating BMS symptoms by relaxing the muscles and providing pain relief. […] Capsaicin, a component of peppermint, is another medication used for management of BMS. […] Research has been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) for treating BMS. […] When medications are ineffective, some evidence suggests psychological/psychiatric intervention may be needed. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective method for the management of BMS. […] Other approaches to managing BMS include the use of the herbal supplement catuama, a Brazilian herbal product made of the extracts of four plants that exerts an analgesic and antidepressant effect when used.

• #2 Burning Mouth Syndrome – ENT Health

  https://www.enthealth.org/conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome/

  Burning mouth syndrome, also known as glossodynia, refers to pain or a hot, burning sensation in the mouth or oral cavity. […] Patients with burning mouth syndrome may experience symptoms including: Burning, painful sensation in the mouth (any location), Often on both sides (bilateral), Dry mouth (occasionally), Taste changes (occasionally), Tingling or numbness in the mouth (occasionally). […] Treatment depends on whether a secondary cause is found. Thrush should be treated with antifungal medication, and any vitamin deficiency should be treated with vitamin supplementation. […] Lifestyle changes can help alleviate some of the symptoms of burning mouth syndrome, such as reducing or eliminating alcohol and tobacco products. […] If no underlying cause is found, there are some medications that have been found to be effective. Clonazepam, which helps depress the nervous system, is often a first-line therapy. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy or psychotherapy has been shown to be very beneficial in patients with burning mouth syndrome.

• #2 Burning mouth syndrome | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20155302/

  Coping with burning mouth syndrome can be challenging. It can reduce your quality of life if you don’t take steps to stay positive and hopeful. […] To help you cope with the discomfort of burning mouth syndrome: Practice relaxation exercises, such as yoga. Focus on activities that give you pleasure, such as physical activities or hobbies, especially when you feel anxious. Try to stay socially active by connecting with family and friends. Join a chronic pain support group for people who have ongoing pain. Practice good sleep habits, such as going to bed and getting up at about the same time each day and getting enough sleep. Consider talking to a mental health provider to learn strategies that can help you cope.

• #2 Burning mouth syndrome

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/burning-mouth-syndrome

  In a small number of patients (3%) the condition resolves spontaneously. […] For many, the condition is disabling and active treatment is required. […] Few studies have been conducted on treatment and only cognitive behaviour therapy, topical clonazepam, oral capsaicin and alpha-lipoic acid (+/- cognitive behaviour therapy) have been shown to have a positive impact in properly conducted trials. […] Reported treatments include: Other medications, Behaviour therapies including relaxation and exercise therapies, Physical therapies including massage, acupuncture and laser.

• #2 Burning Mouth Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14463-burning-mouth-syndrome

  Burning mouth syndrome is a painful condition that affects your tongue, lips and other areas inside your mouth. Anyone can get it, but its most common in postmenopausal people. Theres no cure, but treatment can help you manage painful symptoms. […] Treatment cant cure burning mouth syndrome, but it can help manage your symptoms. And learning more about possible triggers can help reduce the frequency of flare-ups. […] These burning mouth syndrome remedies may help ease general discomfort: Mouth rinses with mild numbing effects, Pain relievers like acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil), Saliva substitutes like Biotene, Some antidepressant and antiseizure medications. […] If your healthcare provider knows whats causing burning mouth syndrome, treating that cause can help. For example, if you grind your teeth, your dentist can make you a custom mouth guard for you to wear. If menopause triggers BMS, hormone replacement therapy may help.

• #2 Five Approaches To Burning Mouth Syndrome | Colgate®

  https://www.colgate.com/en-us/oral-health/mouth-sores-and-infections/five-approaches-to-burning-mouth-syndrome-treatment

  Your dentist may recommend an alcohol-free mouthwash to ensure your mouth is not further irritated. You can also use mild-flavored, flavor-free, or sensitivity toothpaste to help relieve symptoms. According to the American Dental Association, broken or ill-fitting dentures can cause BMS as well. If your dentures do not fit well, food debris and bacteria can get trapped against your skin and irritate. Make sure you are cleaning dentures regularly and ask your dentist about the fit. […] BMS can be uncomfortable. Your healthcare professional can create a specific BMS treatment for you. It’s helpful that as you try home remedies or different treatments from your dentist or physician, take written notes on what helps with the pain and what doesn’t. Routine preventive visits can also help avoid further complications and alleviate the known causes of burning mouth syndrome.

• #2 Burning Mouth Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, and Relief Options – The White Tusk

  https://www.thewhitetusk.com/blog/burning-mouth-syndrome-causes-symptoms-and-relief-options/

  For menopausal women, hormone replacement therapy may help reduce symptoms by balancing hormone levels. […] Antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and topical anesthetics can be prescribed to manage neuropathic pain. […] Correcting dental issues and using non-irritating dental products can help. […] Techniques such as mindfulness, meditation, and counseling can reduce stress and anxiety. […] Avoiding spicy foods, alcohol, and tobacco can minimize irritation. […] Acupuncture and cognitive-behavioral therapy have shown promise in some cases. […] It is essential for those experiencing BMS to consult with healthcare professionals to determine the most appropriate treatment plan for their specific situation.

• #2 Burning Mouth Syndrome: The Dental Hygienist’s Role in Assessment and Treatment – Today’s RDH

  https://www.todaysrdh.com/burning-mouth-syndrome-the-dental-hygienists-role-in-assessment-and-treatment/

  Management of symptoms is key to maximizing the patients quality of life and prevention of caries. […] With the understanding that burning mouth syndrome is difficult to care for, dental hygienists are key in encouraging clear communication and honest feedback to best manage discomfort and prevent unwanted outcomes.

• #2 BURNING MOUTH SYNDROME (GLOSSODYNIA): SYMPTOMS, DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND MORE | Mya Care

  https://myacare.com/blog/burning-mouth-syndrome-glossodynia-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment-and-more

  For most cases of burning mouth syndrome, lifestyle modifications are necessary to keep symptoms under control and prevent recurrence. […] Your doctor may provide a prescription to help manage your symptoms. […] Treatment for BMS often requires a trial-and-error approach to find what works best for each individual. Consult with an experienced healthcare professional for a tailored treatment plan and advice. […] Living with burning mouth syndrome can be difficult. However, there are strategies for managing the condition and enhancing the quality of life for people who are impacted. […] Some tips for living with burning mouth syndrome include keeping a meal journal to recognize and steer clear of triggers, drinking enough water and, if needed, using a saliva substitute, practicing good oral hygiene to prevent infections, and managing stress and anxiety. […] With proper treatment and symptom control, patients can find relief. If you are experiencing symptoms, seeing your doctor for appropriate diagnosis and treatment is essential.

• #2 Burning mouth syndrome – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350917

  In addition to medical treatment and prescription medicines, these self-help measures may reduce your symptoms: Drink plenty of liquid to help ease the feeling of dry mouth, or suck on ice chips. […] To help you cope with the discomfort of burning mouth syndrome: Practice relaxation exercises, such as yoga. […] You’ll likely start by seeing your family health care provider or dentist for mouth discomfort. Because burning mouth syndrome is linked with many other medical conditions, your provider or dentist may refer you to another specialist, such as a specialist in problems of the skin (dermatologist), or ear, nose and throat (ENT), or another type of specialist.

• #2 Burning mouth syndrome | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20155302/

  For secondary burning mouth syndrome, treatment depends on the underlying conditions that may be causing your mouth discomfort. […] In addition to medical treatment and prescription medicines, these self-help measures may reduce your symptoms: Drink plenty of liquid to help ease the feeling of dry mouth, or suck on ice chips. Avoid acidic foods and liquids, such as tomatoes, orange juice, carbonated beverages and coffee. Avoid alcohol and products with alcohol, as they may irritate the lining of your mouth. Don’t use tobacco products. Don’t eat irritating foods, such as spicy-hot foods. Avoid products with cinnamon or mint. Try different mild or flavor-free toothpastes, such as one for sensitive teeth or one without mint or cinnamon. Take steps to reduce stress and try relaxation methods.

• #2 Strategies for Managing Burning Mouth Syndrome

  https://dimensionsofdentalhygiene.com/article/strategies-managing-burning-mouth-syndrome/

  Patients presenting with BMS pain should be advised to avoid dental products with additives, flavoring agents, whitening agents, or anti-calculus ingredients, because they may irritate oral tissues. […] Patients should avoid spicy foods, mints, or gum because these may also aggravate the condition. […] If the oral examination is normal, but systemic conditions are present, the patient should be referred to a medical professional for further evaluation and treatment.

• #2 Current management strategies for the pain of elderly patients with burning mouth syndrome: a critical review | BioPsychoSocial Medicine | Full Text

  https://bpsmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13030-019-0142-7

  Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS), a chronic intraoral burning sensation or dysesthesia without clinically evident causes, is one of the most common medically unexplained oral symptoms/syndromes. […] In fact, there is a large and growing number of elderly BMS patients for whom the disease is accompanied by systemic diseases, in addition to aging physical change, which makes the diagnosis and treatment of BMS more difficult. […] Because the majority of elderly patients are accompanied by systemic diseases and contraindications of tricyclic antidepressant, the first line in management of BMS, the population aging poses challenges in patient management. […] In this review, we discuss real-world, useful strategies for the management of patients with BMS, especially the elderly. […] The management of BMS had been said to be like a jumble of wheat and chaff, with little evidence to support or refute the various interventions.

• #2 Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome | Cochrane

  https://www.cochrane.org/CD002779/ORAL_interventions-treating-burning-mouth-syndrome

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a common painful condition. Symptoms include burning, dryness or uncomfortable sensations in the mouth and changes to taste, with no obvious underlying medical or dental cause. BMS is usually persistent and suffered long term, and can lead to a reduced quality of life (QoL). […] Given BMS’ potentially disabling nature, the need to identify effective modes of treatment for sufferers is vital. Due to the limited number of clinical trials at low risk of bias, there is insufficient evidence to support or refute the use of any interventions in managing BMS. Further clinical trials, with improved methodology and standardised outcome sets are required in order to establish which treatments are effective. Future studies are encouraged to assess the role of treatments used in other neuropathic pain conditions and psychological therapies in the treatment of BMS.

• #2 Treatment for Burning Mouth Syndrome: A Clinical Review

  https://www.journalomp.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.14476/jomp.2023.48.1.11

  The first step in the BMS treatment is informative intervention and reassurance. Patients with BMS are likely to believe they have a major problem, so they visit numerous doctors. […] A doctors reassurance is very important. Reassurance is the removal of fears and concerns about illness. […] After 6 months, the informative intervention and reassurance in BMS treatment reduced pain intensity, pain catastrophizing, and improved quality of life. […] Neuropathic pain medications such as clonazepam, anticonvulsant, tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and topical capsaicin have been used and studied for the treatment of BMS. […] The most widely used and studied medication is clonazepam. […] Non-pharmacological treatments for BMS have included LLLT, rTMS, and tongue protectors. […] Patients with BMS often have anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders as comorbidities. […] BMS is difficult to manage and completely cure. […] Objective information and reassurance are very important in treating BMS and should be delivered to the patient.

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