Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Burning mouth syndrome: a review on diagnosis and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4316128/

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is defined as a chronic pain condition characterized by a burning sensation in the clinically healthy oral mucosa. It is difficult to diagnose BMS because there is a discrepancy between the severity, extensive objective pain felt by the patient and the absence of any clinical changes of the oral mucosa. This review presents some aspects of BMS, including its clinical diagnosis, classification, differential diagnosis, general treatment, evolution and prognosis. […] The clinical history was helpful in diagnosing BMS. Burning sensation in the oral mucosa syndrome was most often cited by patients but BMS might manifest as an itching sensation, numbness, taste alteration (the BMS patients reported ageusia for bitter/acid/spicy substances or metallic taste), dry mouth, burning pain, oral stinging, etc. These symptoms were almost always located in the tongue or oral mucous membranes, in more than one oral site, with the anterior two thirds of the tongue, the anterior hard palate and the mucosa of the lower lip being most frequently involved.

• #2 Burning Mouth Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Anatomy and Physiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1508869-overview

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a clinical diagnosis made via the exclusion of all other causes. No universally accepted diagnostic criteria, laboratory tests, imaging studies or other modalities definitively diagnose or exclude burning mouth syndrome (BMS). […] The absence of any of the above symptoms does not exclude a diagnosis of burning mouth syndrome (BMS). […] Because burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a diagnosis of exclusion, inquiring about symptoms or history that may be consistent with other disorders is important. Symptoms suggestive of other underlying conditions include fatigue, hot flashes, irregular periods, vaginal dryness, mood swings, irritability, weight loss or gain, skin and nail changes, heartburn, polyuria, polydipsia, numbness or tingling in any other area of the body, neurologic symptoms, fevers, lymphadenopathy, cough, shortness of breath, or lightheadedness.

• #3 Burning mouth syndrome: a review on diagnosis and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4316128/

  BMS diagnosis was essentially one of exclusion. It was based on a very thorough history and clinical examination. Often, the local clinical examination does not reveal any changes. Sometimes physical examination can detect minor changes or normal variations such as: cracked tongue, exfoliative glossitis of various origins, geographic tongue or white/ coated tongue. […] The determination of the values of such parameters was a prerequisite for all the patients with oral algae, presenting clinically normal oral mucosa. […] The other laboratory tests investigated serum antibodies against Helicobacter pylori and in Sjgrens syndrome. Of the microbiological and fungal examinations, the presence of Candida albicans investigation was required in the oral cavity. […] In most cases, patients with burns of the mouth and normal buccal mucosa showed normal biological constants. The identification results of the laboratory tests of a systemic disease (diabetes mellitus, iron deficiency, anemia etc.) required the establishment of its therapy, which will result in the mouth algae non-specific symptoms evanescence. […] BMS diagnosis was essentially one of exclusion. It was based on a very thorough history and clinical examination.

• #4 Burning Mouth Syndrome – Dental Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dental-disorders/lip-and-tongue-disorders/burning-mouth-syndrome

  Burning mouth syndrome is a chronic condition of burning intraoral pain, usually involving the tongue, in the absence of an identified cause. […] There are no physical signs or specific diagnostic tests, and treatment is symptomatic and often difficult. […] Diagnosis of burning mouth syndrome requires oral symptoms as noted above and the absence of oral signs. Pain must occur on 50% of days, for 2 hours per day (some authors omit this potentially unreliable criterion), for 3 months. […] Burning mouth syndrome is a diagnosis of exclusion; therefore, testing for secondary causes should be thorough and may involve salivary flow measurement, blood tests to evaluate for systemic conditions, head and neck imaging studies, and biopsy.

• #5 13.11 Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) – ICHD-3

  https://ichd-3.org/13-painful-cranial-neuropathies-and-other-facial-pains/13-11-persistent-idiopathic-facial-pain-pifp/

  13.11 Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) […] An intraoral burning or dysaesthetic sensation, recurring daily for more than 2 hours/day over more than 3 months, without clinically evident causative lesions. […] Diagnostic criteria: […] 1. Oral pain fulfilling criteria B and C […] 2. Recurring daily for >2 hours/day for >3 months […] 3. Pain has both of the following characteristics: […] 1. burning quality […] 2. felt superficially in the oral mucosa […] 4. Oral mucosa is of normal appearance and clinical examination including sensory testing is normal […] 5. Not better accounted for by another ICHD-3 diagnosis. […] The pain is usually bilateral; the most common site is the tip of the tongue. […] Pain intensity fluctuates. […] Subjective dryness of the mouth, dysaesthesia and altered taste may be present.

• #6 Burning Mouth Syndrome

  https://fpnotebook.com/ENT/Sx/BrngMthSyndrm.htm

  Diagnosis: ICHD-3 Criteria […] Oral Pain […] Burning quality […] Superficially felt in the Oral Mucosa […] Timing […] Recurrs daily for 3 months […] Present for 2 hours/day […] Exam […] Normally appearing Oral Mucosa […] Clinical examination is normal including Sensory Exam […] Exclusions […] Not explained better by another ICHD-3 diagnosis

• #7 Burning mouth syndrome | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome

  There’s no one test that can tell if you have burning mouth syndrome. Instead, your health care team will try to rule out other problems before diagnosing burning mouth syndrome. […] Your health care provider or dentist likely will: Review your medical history and medicines. Examine your mouth. Ask you to describe your symptoms. Discuss your habits and routine for keeping your teeth and mouth clean. […] Also, your health care provider will likely do a medical exam, looking for signs of other conditions. You may have some of the following tests: Blood tests. These tests can check your complete blood count, blood sugar level, thyroid function, nutritional factors and how well your immune system works. Test results may give clues about the source of your mouth discomfort. […] Oral cultures or biopsies. A cotton swab is used to get a sample for an oral culture. This can tell if you have a fungal, bacterial or viral infection in your mouth. For a biopsy, tiny pieces of tissue are taken from your mouth and sent to a lab to look at the cells.

• #8

  https://www.amerikanhastanesi.org/mayo-clinic-care-network/mayo-clinic-health-information-library/diseases-conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome

  Burning mouth syndrome is the medical term for ongoing or recurring burning in the mouth without an obvious cause. […] Burning mouth syndrome usually doesn’t cause any physical changes to your tongue or mouth that can be seen. […] If you have discomfort, burning or soreness of your tongue, lips, gums or other areas of your mouth, see your health care provider or dentist. They may need to work together to help pinpoint a cause and come up with an effective treatment plan. […] There’s no one test that can tell if you have burning mouth syndrome. Instead, your health care team will try to rule out other problems before diagnosing burning mouth syndrome. […] Your health care provider or dentist likely will: Review your medical history and medicines. Examine your mouth. Ask you to describe your symptoms. Discuss your habits and routine for keeping your teeth and mouth clean.

• #9 Burning mouth syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20350911

  Burning mouth syndrome usually doesn’t cause any physical changes to your tongue or mouth that can be seen. […] If you have discomfort, burning or soreness of your tongue, lips, gums or other areas of your mouth, see your health care provider or dentist. They may need to work together to help pinpoint a cause and come up with an effective treatment plan. […] The cause of burning mouth syndrome may be primary or secondary. […] When the cause can’t be found, the condition is called primary or idiopathic burning mouth syndrome. Some research suggests that primary burning mouth syndrome is related to problems with the nerves involved with taste and pain. […] Sometimes burning mouth syndrome is caused by an underlying medical condition. In these cases, it’s called secondary burning mouth syndrome. […] Complications that burning mouth syndrome may cause are mainly related to discomfort, such as problems falling asleep or difficulty eating. Long-term cases involving a lot of discomfort also could lead to anxiety or depression.

• #10 Burning Mouth Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/0215/p615.html

  Burning mouth syndrome is characterized by a burning sensation in the tongue or other oral sites, usually in the absence of clinical and laboratory findings. […] The clinical history is helpful in diagnosing burning mouth syndrome. Most patients with the disorder report an increase in pain intensity from morning to night, decreased pain with eating, oral dryness that waxes and wanes with the burning, and the frequent presence of taste disturbances. […] If burning persists after management of systemic or local oral conditions, a diagnosis of burning mouth syndrome can be considered, and empiric treatment for sensory neuropathy may be offered.

• #11 Burning mouth syndrome | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome

  Allergy tests. Your provider may suggest allergy testing to see if you may be allergic to certain foods, additives, or even dental materials or mouth care products. […] Salivary measurements. With burning mouth syndrome, your mouth may feel dry. Salivary tests can tell if you have a reduced salivary flow. […] Gastric reflux tests. These tests can tell if stomach acid flows back into your mouth from your stomach. […] Imaging. Your provider may recommend an MRI, a CT scan or other imaging tests to check for other health problems. […] Mental health questions. You may be asked to answer a series of questions that can help decide if you have symptoms of depression, anxiety or other mental health conditions that may be linked to burning mouth syndrome.

• #12 Burning Mouth Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Anatomy and Physiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1508869-overview

  No laboratory tests diagnose burning mouth syndrome (BMS), but the patients history and examination may indicate the need for any of the following studies: CBC count, Serum B vitamin levels, Serum folate, Serum ferritin, Serum blood glucose (fasting or glucose tolerance test), Urine analysis for glucose, TSH, T4, Thyroid binding globulin, Antithyroperoxidase antibodies, Antithyroglobulin antibodies, Antimicrosomal antibodies, LH, FSH, Sialochemistry, ESR, Anti SS-A, Anti SS-Ro, Anti SS-B, Anti SS-La antibodies, RF, ANA. […] Imaging is rarely indicated but may be useful to identify specific causes of secondary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), as follows: CT scans of the head may be useful if a mass lesion is suspected.

• #13 Burning Mouth Syndrome : Johns Hopkins Sjögren’s Center

  https://www.hopkinssjogrens.org/disease-information/sjogrens-disease/burning-mouth-syndrome/

  A review of your medical history, a thorough oral examination, and a general medical examination may help identify the source of your burning mouth. […] Tests may include: […] Blood work to look for infection, nutritional deficiencies, and disorders associated with BMS such as diabetes or thyroid problems […] Oral swab to check for oral candidiasis […] Allergy testing for denture materials, certain foods, or other substances that may be causing your symptoms.

• #14 Burning Mouth Syndrome (Burning Tongue): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/burning-mouth-syndrome-facts

  Your doctor will want to know about your symptoms and when they began. They’ll also ask if you have allergies, take any medications, or smoke or drink often. The doctor will examine your mouth and check for infection. […] You may need several tests to rule out other medical issues. These include: […] Allergy test to see if you have an allergic reaction to a product or medication […] Biopsy (the doctor removes a small piece of tissue from your mouth and sends it out for tests) […] Blood tests to see if you have thyroid problems or diabetes […] CT scan (several X-rays are taken from different angles and put together to show a more complete picture) […] MRI (powerful magnets and radio waves combine to make detailed images) […] Salivary flow tests to measure your saliva.

• #15 Burning mouth syndrome

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/burning-mouth-syndrome

  Burning mouth syndrome is a chronic pain syndrome strictly defined as a burning painful sensation in the mouth (oral dysaesthesia) with normal clinical examination and no obvious organic cause. […] It is therefore a diagnosis made only after excluding recognised organic causes of mouth pain. […] A careful history is important, as underlying organic causes must be searched for and excluded to make this diagnosis. […] Burning mouth syndrome is a diagnosis of exclusion, therefore history taking, clinical examination and tests are aimed at finding an organic explanation for the symptoms. […] Tests may be required based on the findings of history and examination. However, in burning mouth syndrome these are all normal/negative. […] Investigations may include: Screening for nutritional deficiencies (folate, iron, vitamin B12, zinc), Hormone levels (especially for thyroid and menopause), autoimmune conditions, Blood sugar diabetes mellitus, Mucosal scraping for candida, Patch tests for contact allergy, Sialometry for saliva production, Mucosal biopsy, but this is rarely indicated.

• #16 13.11 Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) – ICHD-3

  https://ichd-3.org/13-painful-cranial-neuropathies-and-other-facial-pains/13-11-persistent-idiopathic-facial-pain-pifp/

  There is a high menopausal female prevalence, and some studies show comorbid psychosocial and psychiatric disorders. Laboratory investigations and brain imaging have indicated changes in central and peripheral nervous systems. […] Whether secondary burning mouth syndrome attributed to a local (candidiasis, lichen planus, hyposalivation) or systemic disorder (medication induced, anaemia, deficiencies of vitamin B12 or folic acid, Sjögren’s syndrome, diabetes) should be considered as an entity is a matter for debate. Current evidence does not justify inclusion even in the Appendix.

• #17 Burning Mouth Syndrome – ENT Health

  https://www.enthealth.org/conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome/

  Patients with burning mouth syndrome are also more likely to have a psychiatric comorbidity, such as depression or anxiety, but this is not thought to be the cause of the disorder. […] It is important to rule out other causes of mouth pain, such as thrush, vitamin deficiencies, medications, and growths or lesions. […] Some patients with burning in the mouth have a vitamin deficiency so your doctor may recommend lab work for certain vitamins, such as vitamin B, folate, iron, and zinc. […] Treatment depends on whether a secondary cause is found. […] If a medication is suspected to be the cause, an alternative medication may be recommended. […] Your ENT (ear, nose, and throat) specialist, or otolaryngologist, may need to work with your primary care provider to treat any uncontrolled diabetes or thyroid issues. […] If no underlying cause is found, there are some medications that have been found to be effective. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy or psychotherapy has been shown to be very beneficial in patients with burning mouth syndrome.

• #18 Oral dysaesthesia: a special focus on aetiopathogenesis, clinical diagnostics and treatment modalities | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41415-024-7057-9

  It is difficult to differentiate if the psychological comorbidity is the causative/perpetuating factor for the OD symptoms or is a consequence of long-term suffering due to the oral condition. […] A holistic approach enables clinicians to appropriately assess the patient and tailor treatment accordingly. Recognising and addressing any functional and/or psychological contributors is fundamental for successful management.

• #19 Burning Mouth Syndrome – Indian Journal of Palliative Care

  https://jpalliativecare.com/burning-mouth-syndrome/

  The mimickers of BMS may include stomatitis, atypical facial pain, atypical odontalgia, idiopathic facial arthromyalgia, pemphigoid, pemphigus, neoplastic lesions in the oral cavity, acoustic neuroma, denture design or tooth restoration failures, herpes simplex or herpes zoster, and trauma to lingual or mandibular nerves after dental surgery. Detailed history and physical examination are crucial to differentiate above medical conditions.

• #20 Burning Mouth Syndrome – European Association of Oral Medicine

  https://eaom.eu/education/eaom-handbook/burning-mouth-syndrome/

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is defined as a burning discomfort or pain affecting the oral soft tissues of psychogenic or unknown causation in people with clinically normal, healthy oral mucosa in whom a medical or local dental cause has been excluded. […] The diagnosis is essentially one of exclusion. […] An in-depth social history should always be obtained from patients with symptoms suggestive of BMS. […] The patient’s health and medication will be thoroughly reviewed to exclude other causes of a burning mouth. […] Investigations are employed to confirm that the affected patient does not have one of the conditions which may give rise to symptoms similar to those of BMS.

• #21 Burning Mouth Syndrome

  https://maaom.memberclicks.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=81:burning-mouth-syndrome&catid=22:patient-condition-information&Itemid=120

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a benign condition that presents as a burning sensation in the absence of any obvious findings in the mouth and in the absence of abnormal blood tests. […] A: There are many oral inflammatory conditions that may cause burning in the mouth such as lichen planus, geographic tongue and yeast infections (especially if you wear dentures). […] It is important to have an experienced dentist or oral specialist rule out any other potential causes of burning or discomfort that may include oral mucosal diseases, infections, and dental pathology among many others. […] A: One-half to two-thirds of patients will experience at least a partial improvement in symptoms within a few weeks to a few months of treatment. […] A: There is no cure for BMS. […] A: These medications include clonazepam either as a mouth rinse or in dissolvable wafer or pill form. […] If stress, anxiety and/or depression are contributing to BMS, regular use of these techniques or regular counseling may help to reduce symptoms and keep drug dosages low.

• #22 Five Simple Burning Tongue Causes And Solutions | Colgate®

  https://www.colgate.com/en-us/oral-health/mouth-sores-and-infections/medications-burning-mouth

  But don’t fret; your dentist/physician can evaluate you, take a thorough history, and review your symptoms to help establish a diagnosis. Then you and your healthcare provider can work together to implement the most appropriate treatment solutions. […] There are two types of BMS, primary and secondary. Primary BMS presents with no underlying medical conditions or apparent cause. Because primary BMS is often diagnosed in the absence of any clinical signs, it’s characterized as „idiopathic” and can often be frustrating for the patient. Secondary BMS is related to an underlying disease such as diabetes. It will be helpful for your dentist/physician to conduct a diagnosis and differentiate this condition from dry mouth (also known as xerostomia). […] An accurate diagnosis of the underlying cause of your pain or discomfort is vital to determining appropriate treatment. It’s best to work with your medical professional for guidance on the best treatment for your specific health history and condition.

• #23 Burning Mouth Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/burning-mouth-syndrome

  Burning mouth can be a symptom of many illnesses or diseases. As a result, diagnosing this condition is difficult and often a matter of exclusion. For an accurate diagnosis, your doctor may run the following tests to check for abnormalities: […] If an underlying illness doesn’t cause BMS, your doctor may make a diagnosis of primary BMS. This is burning mouth without an identifiable cause. […] If your doctor finds that there’s a specific medical condition causing your BMS, stopping the burning sensation involves treating the underlying health problem. […] If you don’t have an underlying health problem, BMS usually resolves on its own. In the meantime, take these steps to ease symptoms:

• #24 Burning mouth syndrome

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v19/i5/665.htm

  The goal of therapy for secondary BMS should initially be directed at treating the causative local or systemic disease and withdrawing offending medications (such as ACE inhibitors). […] The diagnosis of BMS remains a major challenge, requiring extensive clinical and laboratory evaluation with a particular attention to details of patients history and physical exam.

• #25 Exploring the Diagnostic Potential of Large Language Models for Burnin | JPR

  https://www.dovepress.com/evaluating-large-language-models-for-burning-mouth-syndrome-diagnosis-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JPR

  Large language models have been proposed as diagnostic aids across various medical fields, including dentistry. Burning mouth syndrome, characterized by burning sensations in the oral cavity without identifiable cause, poses diagnostic challenges. This study explores the diagnostic accuracy of large language models in identifying burning mouth syndrome, hypothesizing potential limitations. […] The diagnosis of BMS largely relies on ruling out other conditions, guided by exclusionary criteria like those outlined in the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (ICHD-3). This process demands considerable clinical judgment and poses significant challenges, partly due to its overlapping symptomatology with other oral and maxillofacial pain disorders, as well as the absence of standardized, universally accepted biomarkers.

• #26 Are you sure it’s burning mouth syndrome? | ScienceDaily

  https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/07/190703121347.htm

  Not all burning mouths are the result of a medical condition known as „burning mouth syndrome” (BMS) and physicians and researchers need better standards for an appropriate diagnosis, according to new research at the School of Dental Medicine at Case Western Reserve University. […] But because other conditions have similar symptoms, diagnosing BMS can be difficult, said Milda Chmieliauskaite, a researcher and assistant professor of oral and maxillofacial medicine at the dental school. […] The current method for making a diagnosis is ruling out other disorders. […] Chmieliauskaite said BMS clinical trials need more rigorous standards. „We need a consensus for a single definition of BMS that includes specific inclusion and exclusion criteria,” she said. „This will help us in moving the field forward in understanding of the actual disease.”

• #27 Potential Biomarkers for an Evidence-Based Diagnosis of Burning Mouth Syndrome

  https://www.journalomp.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.14476/jomp.2023.48.4.131

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS), a chronic pain disorder with an unclear etiology, is characterized by a burning sensation in the oral cavity. The absence of objective diagnostic methods for this condition complicates its diagnosis and treatment. […] Recently, efforts have been ongoing to find biomarkers for the diagnosis and evaluation of patients with BMS. […] The unclear pathophysiology of BMS and the absence of objective lesions make treatment of BMS difficult for clinicians. […] In the absence of objective measurements, treatment outcome is only assessed based on the patients subjective experience of pain. […] As previously mentioned, the diagnosis and treatment of BMS pose considerable challenges, and clinical experience most often serves as the source of guidance. […] Thus, a set of objective criteria for the diagnosis and evaluation of BMS is critical to the development of new BMS treatment protocols.

• #28 The Diagnosis of Burning Mouth Syndrome Represents a Challenge for Clinicians

  https://www.jofph.com/articles/10.11607/jofph.19168

  The Diagnosis of Burning Mouth Syndrome Represents a Challenge for Clinicians […] To evaluate the occurrence of professional delay in the diagnosis, referral, and treatment of patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS). […] The average delay from the onset of the symptoms to definitive diagnosis was 34 months (range, 1 to 348 months; median, 13 months). […] Professional delay in diagnosing, referring, and appropriately managing BMS patients occurred frequently in the group studied. […] Emphasis must therefore be placed upon educational efforts to improve health care providers awareness of BMS. This should increase the rate of recognition and appropriate referral or treatment of patients with chronic orofacial pain due to BMS.

• #29 Potential Biomarkers for an Evidence-Based Diagnosis of Burning Mouth Syndrome

  https://www.journalomp.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.14476/jomp.2023.48.4.131

  Accordingly, efforts are ongoing to find biomarkers for the diagnosis and evaluation of patients with BMS. […] However, more studies on the predictive factors that can suggest treatment outcomes and monitor disease severity during treatment are needed. […] The international classification of orofacial pain (ICOP) has suggested the following criteria for BMS: (1) persistent burning sensation in the oral mucosa (2) that recurs daily for at least 2 hours, for at least 3 months, (3) with no other identifiable cause and (4) no clinical signs of inflammation or neuropathy. […] Despite these steps, patients with BMS are on average diagnosed after 12-13 months owing to the lack of objective clinical or laboratory examination criteria for BMS diagnosis. […] Therefore, objective and evidence-based diagnostic criteria must be established for the effective diagnosis and treatment of BMS.

• #30 Burning Mouth Syndrome Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment | National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research

  https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/health-info/burning-mouth

  Burning mouth syndrome can be difficult to diagnose, and your dentist or doctor will rule out other conditions before diagnosing burning mouth syndrome. […] To diagnose BMS, a dentist or doctor will review your medical history and examine your mouth. Additional tests may be needed such as: […] Your dentist may refer you to a specialist in oral surgery, oral medicine, or oral pathology who can assist with diagnosing or treating BMS. Ear, nose, and throat specialists can also treat this condition.

• #31 Burning Mouth Syndrome Specialists | Expert Diagnosis

  https://entfpss.com/understanding-burning-mouth-syndrome-causes-symptoms-and-treatment-options/

  Have you ever experienced a persistent burning sensation in your mouth, as if you’ve just sipped scalding hot coffee, even though you haven’t consumed anything? If so, you might be dealing with a condition known as Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS). […] Despite its prevalence, diagnosing BMS can be challenging because it often overlaps with other oral health issues or systemic conditions. […] Diagnosing BMS can be a process of elimination. Your healthcare provider or dentist will likely start by reviewing your medical history, conducting a physical examination, and ruling out other potential causes of your symptoms. They may also order blood tests to check for nutritional deficiencies, hormonal imbalances, or other systemic issues. […] In some cases, a referral to a specialist, such as an oral pathologist or neurologist, may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

• #32 BMS: Burning Mouth Syndrome

  https://ostrowonline.usc.edu/unraveling-burning-mouth-syndrome-a-review-of-diagnosis-and-treatments/

  Burning mouth syndrome [BMS] is a chronic and challenging orofacial pain syndrome characterized by a persistent burning sensation in the oral mucosa, in the absence of specific oral lesions. […] This systematic review aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the epidemiology, clinical presentation, classification, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of BMS. […] Accurate diagnosis of BMS requires a comprehensive approach. A thorough patient history, clinical examination, assessment of psychosocial stressors, objective measurements of salivary flow rates and taste function, neurological imaging and examination, oral cultures, patch tests, gastric reflux studies, and hematological tests may be necessary to rule out local and systemic causes and establish the diagnosis of BMS. […] Burning mouth syndrome is a challenging condition that requires an interdisciplinary and systematic approach for accurate diagnosis and effective management. This comprehensive review highlights the epidemiology, clinical features, classification, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic approaches for BMS.

• #33 Burning mouth syndrome

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v19/i5/665.htm

  Burning mouth syndrome is a debilitating medical condition affecting nearly 1.3 million of Americans. […] Clinical diagnosis relies on careful history taking, physical examination and laboratory analysis. […] Current diagnostic criteria consist of daily persistent pain in the mouth with normal oral mucosa after exclusion of local and systemic diseases. […] Since primary BMS is a diagnosis of exclusion, thorough investigation for local and systemic factors associated with secondary BMS is essential. […] The diagnosis of BMS remains challenging as diagnostic criteria are not sufficiently defined or universally accepted, several confounding diagnoses exist, and the clinical picture is often variable. […] The first step in management is contingent on the specific type of BMS, primary versus secondary.

• #34 Exploring the Diagnostic Potential of Large Language Models for Burnin | JPR

  https://www.dovepress.com/evaluating-large-language-models-for-burning-mouth-syndrome-diagnosis-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JPR

  Current diagnostic methods for BMS underscore several critical gaps. First, the reliance on exclusionary criteria can lead to delayed or missed diagnoses when clinicians lack specialized training. […] These gaps highlight the need for more efficient, accessible, and standardized diagnostic approaches that can assist clinicians in identifying BMS, while also addressing its strong association with psychiatric disorders and chronic pain. […] We posit that BMS, with its intricate and subjective symptom descriptions, may present significant challenges for LLM-based diagnostics, particularly when distinguishing between overlapping oral and maxillofacial pain syndromes. […] Therefore, our hypothesis is that diagnosing BMS will be challenging for LLMs, yet understanding the nature of these challenges could pave the way for more refined, AI-assisted diagnostic strategies.

• #35 Exploring the Diagnostic Potential of Large Language Models for Burnin | JPR

  https://www.dovepress.com/evaluating-large-language-models-for-burning-mouth-syndrome-diagnosis-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JPR

  The diagnosis is considered correct only if the most likely diagnosis provided by the LLMs is BMS. […] A diagnosis of Somatic Symptom Disorder is deemed incorrect, as it reflects a psychiatric perspective and does not align with the viewpoint of specialists in oral medicine. […] Despite high overall accuracy, the models exhibited variations in reasoning approaches and occasional errors, underscoring the importance of clinician oversight. […] Limitations include the synthesized nature of vignettes, potential over-reliance on exclusionary criteria, and challenges in differentiating overlapping disorders. […] Large language models demonstrate strong potential as supplementary diagnostic tools for burning mouth syndrome, especially in settings lacking specialist expertise. However, their reliability depends on thorough patient assessment and expert verification. […] Integrating large language models into routine diagnostics could enhance early detection and management, ultimately improving clinical decision-making for dentists and specialists alike.

Zobacz więcej