Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Burning Mouth Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Anatomy and Physiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1508869-overview

  Good epidemiologic data documenting incidence and prevalence of burning mouth syndrome (BMS) are lacking. Statistical values vary widely and are likely affected by variable definitions of burning mouth syndrome (BMS). […] The overall prevalence is roughly 4%. Women are 3-7 times more likely than men of a similar age to experience burning mouth syndrome (BMS) symptoms. […] Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is rarely observed in patients younger than age 30 years, and prevalence may increase from 3- to 12-fold with increasing age. […] No racial or ethnic predilections have been reported. […] Similar prevalences were found in a literature review by Wu et al, although the investigators reported the overall pooled prevalence of burning mouth syndrome (BMS) in the worldwide general population to be 1.73%. This prevalence was found to vary by region, being 1.05% in Asia, 1.10% in North America, and 5.58% in Europe. The prevalence in the general female population was estimated to be 1.15%, compared with 0.38% in the general male population. Moreover, older age was also seen here to increase the risk of burning mouth syndrome (BMS), with the prevalence being 1.92% in people under age 50 years and 3.31% in those over 50 years.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/jpbs/fulltext/2014/06001/burning_mouth_syndrome__a_review_on_its_diagnostic.7.aspx

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is basically a disorder of middle-aged and elderly individuals with an age range of 38-78 years. […] The prevalence of BMS reported from various international studies ranges from 0.6% to 15%, respectively. […] BMS exhibits significant female predilection and the ratio between females and males varies from 3:1 to 16:1 in various literature studies. […] Epidemiological studies reveal that this condition is particularly common among peri- and post-menopausal women where their prevalence increases up to 12-18%. […] This condition is extremely rare in patients under 30 years and never been reported in children and adolescence.

• #1 Burning Mouth Syndrome – European Association of Oral Medicine

  https://eaom.eu/education/eaom-handbook/burning-mouth-syndrome/

  Burning mouth syndrome predominantly seems to affect women, particularly after the menopause and its frequency seems to increase with age. Reported incidence and prevalence in general populations varies significantly according to diagnostic criteria employed: many studies have included people with the symptom of burning mouth rather than with BMS as defined above, and when this is taken into account, prevalence of 1% or less is more accurate. […] Confusingly, many research studies concerning people with symptoms of burning mouth do not distinguish those with burning mouth syndrome (i.e. idiopathic disease) from those with other conditions (such as vitamin B deficiency), making the results unreliable and difficult to interpret.

• #1 The Prevalence of Burning Mouth Syndrome: A Population-Based Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4456238/

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is defined as symptoms of persistent burning in the mouth without objective findings accounting for the symptoms. […] To our knowledge, we provide the first report of population-based BMS prevalence. The data show that BMS most commonly affects women older than 50 years, and when defined through diagnostic criteria, it is less prevalent than described previously. […] This is the first population-based prevalence study of burning mouth syndrome. […] The study shows that when defined by specific diagnostic criteria, burning mouth syndrome is less prevalent than previously described. […] To our knowledge, these are the first-reported population-based prevalence data for BMS. The findings provide a reliable contribution to the nascent BMS epidemiology literature. The data show that BMS most commonly affects women older than 50 years, and that when defined through diagnostic criteria, BMS is less prevalent than previously suspected with a prevalence of approximately 1:1,000 patients.

• #1 Prevalence profile of burning mouth syndrome in a sample of Egyptian population: A cross-sectional clinical based study

  https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/em/Article/1001244

  A prevalence of BMS of 7.9% was discovered in the present sample of the Egyptian population, occurring more frequently in females and older age groups. […] The present research was conducted to evaluate the prevalence profile of BMS in a sample of the Egyptian population and to determine the frequency of different accompanying factors such as xerostomia and taste disturbances, in addition to the assessment of the relation of BMS with different risk factors, perceived stress and QOL. […] To the authors knowledge, the present research is the first study to assess the prevalence of BMS in Egypt. […] The prevalence of BMS was found to be 7.9% of the present sample of the Egyptian population, and this prevalence rate coincides with results of a meta-analysis reporting a pooled worldwide prevalence of BMS of 7.72% in clinical dental practice.

• #1 Burning mouth syndrome

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v19/i5/665.htm

  BMS has a clear predisposition to gender and age. Women are 2.5 to 7 times more commonly affected than men. Furthermore, up to 90% of female patients with BMS are perimenopausal women with typical onset from 3 prior- to 12 years post- the beginning of menopause. BMS may affect any age group, with patients age ranging from 27 to 87 years of age, and a reported mean age of 61 years. Recent analysis by the same group showed an increased likelihood of gastrointestinal and urogenital disease in patients with BMS, with estimated odds ratio of 3.5 and 2.9, respectively, compared to control subjects. […] Although further studies are needed with satisfactory criteria to determine the true prevalence of BMS, this data illustrates that the disease is an important medical condition that may be often encountered in the clinical practice.

• #1 Burning Mouth Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519529/

  BMS is much more common in females than males, with 3 to 7 times higher occurrence. It has a strong association with advancing age in both sexes. The highest prevalence in females occurs in the perimenopausal and postmenopausal periods. The condition is non-existent in children and rarely seen in those under 30. Occurrence in males is rare before the fifth decade. Overall, the prevalence of BMS is not well documented but is thought to be around 4%.[8] […] Diagnosing and managing BMS are challenging and require a multidisciplinary approach – medical and psychological. The cause of the disorder remains unknown, and the treatment is empirical. Treatment is focused on the underlying and associated conditions and symptomatic management. The overall prognosis for patients with BMS is guarded. Some patients improve without treatment, and others lead a poor quality of life with no relief from symptoms.[29][30]

• #1 Open Wide: New Insights Into Burning Mouth Syndrome | MDedge

  https://www.mdedge.com/content/open-wide-new-insights-burning-mouth-syndrome-0

  In the Minnesota study, for example, women accounted for 84% of the 169 individuals diagnosed with new-onset burning mouth syndrome during the study period. […] The incidence among women was 18.8 cases per 100,000 person-years, compared with 3.7 per 100,000 person-years in men. […] The incidence climbed sharply after age 50 in both men and women, achieving a peak rate of 70.3 cases per 100,000 person-years among women age 70-79. […] The next step in this research project will be to investigate the potential role of concurrent disease states and medication use in the incidence and prevalence of burning mouth syndrome in the county’s population.

• #1 Open Wide: New Insights Into Burning Mouth Syndrome | MDedge

  https://www.mdedge.com/content/open-wide-new-insights-burning-mouth-syndrome-0

  Key clinical point: Burning mouth syndrome occurs a lot less frequently than previously understood. […] Major finding: The incidence of newly diagnosed burning mouth syndrome using standardized criteria in Olmsted County, Minn., during 2000-2010 was 18.8 cases per 100,000 person-years among women and 3.7 in men. […] Data source: This first-ever population-based study of burning mouth syndrome was carried out through the Rochester Epidemiology Project. […] The age- and gender-adjusted incidence of burning mouth syndrome during 2000-2010 in Olmsted County, Minn., was 11.4 cases per 100,000 person-years, John J. Kohorst reported at the annual congress of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. […] The new population-based study focused on disease incidence rather than prevalence utilized a standardized definition for the diagnosis: subjective burning pain of the oral mucosa in the absence of physical findings or an identifiable extraneous cause.

• #1 Burning mouth syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_mouth_syndrome

  BMS is fairly uncommon worldwide, affecting up to five individuals per 100,000 general population. People with BMS are more likely to be middle aged or elderly, and females are three to seven times more likely to have BMS than males. Some report a female to male ratio of as much as 33 to 1. BMS is reported in about 10-40% of women seeking medical treatment for menopausal symptoms, and BMS occurs in about 14% of postmenopausal women. […] Asian and Native American people have considerably higher risk of BMS.

• #1 Prevalence profile of burning mouth syndrome in a sample of Egyptian population: A cross-sectional clinical based study

  https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/em/Article/1001244

  The intensity of BMS symptoms was high and was significantly correlated with age, smoking, duration of BMS, presence of medical conditions, long-term medications, QOL, and PSS scores. […] Subjective oral dryness was reported by 78.7% and taste disturbance was reported by 49.3% of BMS cases, further contributing to the adverse impact on the QOL in those patients.

• #1 Top Published Expert Doctors for Burning Mouth Syndrome

  https://findexpertmd.com/d/Burning_Mouth_Syndrome?physician=physician

  250 top medical experts on Burning Mouth Syndrome across 43 countries and 21 U.S. states, including 69 MDs (Physicians). This is based on an objective analysis of their Scientific Publications, Clinical Trials, Medicare, and NIH Grants. […] Clinical Trials ClinicalTrials.gov: at least 30 including 19 Completed, 2 Recruiting.

• #1 Current management strategies for the pain of elderly patients with burning mouth syndrome: a critical review | BioPsychoSocial Medicine | Full Text

  https://bpsmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13030-019-0142-7

  Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS), a chronic intraoral burning sensation or dysesthesia without clinically evident causes, is one of the most common medically unexplained oral symptoms/syndromes. […] In fact, there is a large and growing number of elderly BMS patients for whom the disease is accompanied by systemic diseases, in addition to aging physical change, which makes the diagnosis and treatment of BMS more difficult. […] At the Department of Psychosomatic Dentistry, Dental Hospital, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Japan, we have around 250 new BMS patients every year and currently treat 45000 outpatients. Among them, approximately 55% are over 65 years old. […] The actual situation makes the diagnosis and treatments of BMS more complex and difficult. […] A recent study in the United Kingdom shows the profound financial impact of persistent orofacial pain on patients lives, in which the hidden economical-social cost was calculated around 3000 GBP (Great Britain Pound) per year.

• #1 The impact of burning mouth syndrome on health-related quality of life | Health and Quality of Life Outcomes | Full Text

  https://hqlo.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1477-7525-9-57

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is more common in women in the middle to elderly age range. The prevalence is estimated to be 0.7-4.6% of the general population. […] It has been shown that BMS exerts a negative impact on the quality of life of affected individuals. […] According Lpez-Jornet et al., patients with BMS have poorer scores on all scales that measure quality of life. […] BMS has a negative impact on the health-related quality of life of individuals, as can be shown by instruments such as the SF-36 and OHIP-49. […] The present study showed that BMS had a negative impact on the health-related quality of life of individuals across all domains by using instruments such as the SF-36 and OHIP-49. […] In all studies on the quality of life of individuals with BMS, the OHIP-49 was used in its original form or the short form, which also showed a negative impact on the health-related quality of life of such individuals. […] The majority (84.6%) of patients had severe burning sensations and have BMS for years, what could explain the relationship between BMS and health-related quality of life.

• #1 Current management strategies for the pain of elderly patients with burning mouth syndrome: a critical review | BioPsychoSocial Medicine | Full Text

  https://bpsmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13030-019-0142-7

  Overall, the prevalence of BMS in the adult population has been reported to be between 0.7 and 3.7%. […] The syndrome usually occurs in middle-aged and elderly patients more often than in children and adolescents, and female predominance has been reported (female: male=7:1). […] The relevance of psychiatric disorders in BMS is remains to be clarified, but one study reported that about 50% of BMS patients have specific psychiatric diagnoses, 60% of whom are diagnosed with mood disorders. […] BMS is sometimes comorbid with atypical odontalgia in the same patient, which contributes to a more intensively painful experience.

• #1

  https://www.monz.pl/Zespol-pieczenia-jamy-ustnej-epidemiologia-diagnostyka-i-nowoczesne-standardy-postepowania,122853,0,2.html

  BMS is a multifactorial disease. There are many known local, systemic, and psychological factors that can cause the disease. […] The incidence ratio for males and females ranges from 1: 51: 7 and increases with age for both genders, especially for women in the perimenopausal period. […] The average delay in making the correct diagnosis is from 3441 months. Only 3% of patients have a spontaneous remission of symptoms within 5 years of onset of disease. […] Burning mouth syndrome is a chronic pain condition of unknown cause. The diagnosis of BMS involves the exclusion of other disease entities that could be the cause of pain. Currently, there is no effective, safe, and confirmed diagnostic and therapeutic procedure.

• #1 Burning Mouth Syndrome

  https://maaom.memberclicks.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=81:burning-mouth-syndrome&catid=22:patient-condition-information&Itemid=120

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) affects around 2% of the population with women being up to seven times more likely to be diagnosed than men. […] BMS is not caused by dentures or infections although wearing dentures sometimes makes the burning worse. […] There is no association of BMS with development of oral cancer. […] One-half to two-thirds of patients will experience at least a partial improvement in symptoms within a few weeks to a few months of treatment.

• #1 Co-occurrence of Pain Symptoms and Somatosensory Sensitivity in Burning Mouth Syndrome: A Systematic Review | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0163449

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic and spontaneous oral pain with burning quality in the tongue or other oral mucosa without any identifiable oral lesion or laboratory finding. BMS prevalence increases with age, the highest being in 60-69 years-old women. The pathogenesis and etiology of BMS are still unknown. This disease was initially classified as a psychalgic pain. But recent evidence suggest that it is rather a peripheral and/or central neuropathic disorder. BMS might also be only a pain symptom, which would then be associated with other cephalic and/or extra-cephalic pain symptoms. For instance, it was proposed that BMS and other chronic orofacial pains, such as atypical odontalgia, atypical facial pain and arthromyalgia, are parts of a single disease: they would have the same underlying pathophysiological mechanisms but different tissue expressions. The present work is the first systematic literature review aimed to determine whether BMS is actually associated with other pain syndromes, and to analyze cephalic and extracephalic somatosensory sensitivity in BMS patients. We found that the co-occurrence of BMS with other pain symptoms is assessed in less than 1% of the retrieved studies and there is no or inconsistent evidence of abnormal cutaneous cephalic and extracephalic somatosensory sensitivity in BMS patients. The selected studies report that BMS is associated with headaches, TMD, atypical facial pain, trigeminal neuralgia, post-herpetic facial pain, back pain, fibromyalgia, joint pain, abdominal pain, rectal pain or vulvodynia. However, the prevalence of pain symptoms in BMS patients is not different from that in the age-matched general population. Thus, the absence of any study that properly assessed overlapping pain conditions in BMS and more rigorously conducted research is required to allow definitive conclusion. The present systematic review reveals that (i) there is no evidence for an association between BMS and other pain symptoms and (ii) BMS patients do not display clear somatosensory patterns. The lack of co-occurring pain symptom with BMS suggests that this chronic pain syndrome depends on specific mechanisms, probably at the trigeminal level.

• #1 Oral dysaesthesia: a special focus on aetiopathogenesis, clinical diagnostics and treatment modalities | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41415-024-7057-9

  Oral dysaesthesia is a condition characterised by persistent alteration to oral sensation, perceived by the patient to be abnormal and/or unpleasant, in the absence of any mucosal pathology. […] Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is the most common idiopathic oral dysesthesia in which long-term suffering is often reported by patients. […] Large-scale epidemiological studies are required to provide an accurate estimate for prevalence and incidence of the condition. […] Many studies focus on BMS, though the precise estimate on prevalence and incidence is difficult to establish given the historic lack of consensus on disease definitions and diagnostic criteria. […] Overall, OD symptoms are rare and occur in less than 1% of the population. […] Restricting symptoms to BMS only, the range varies between 0.7-4.6% of the adult population. […] There is a higher predominance in women and specifically during peri-/post-menopausal age.

• #2 Burning Mouth Syndrome – European Association of Oral Medicine

  https://eaom.eu/education/eaom-handbook/burning-mouth-syndrome/

  Burning mouth syndrome predominantly seems to affect women, particularly after the menopause and its frequency seems to increase with age. Reported incidence and prevalence in general populations varies significantly according to diagnostic criteria employed: many studies have included people with the symptom of burning mouth rather than with BMS as defined above, and when this is taken into account, prevalence of 1% or less is more accurate. […] Confusingly, many research studies concerning people with symptoms of burning mouth do not distinguish those with burning mouth syndrome (i.e. idiopathic disease) from those with other conditions (such as vitamin B deficiency), making the results unreliable and difficult to interpret.

• #2 The impact of burning mouth syndrome on health-related quality of life | Health and Quality of Life Outcomes | Full Text

  https://hqlo.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1477-7525-9-57

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is more common in women in the middle to elderly age range. The prevalence is estimated to be 0.7-4.6% of the general population. […] It has been shown that BMS exerts a negative impact on the quality of life of affected individuals. […] According Lpez-Jornet et al., patients with BMS have poorer scores on all scales that measure quality of life. […] BMS has a negative impact on the health-related quality of life of individuals, as can be shown by instruments such as the SF-36 and OHIP-49. […] The present study showed that BMS had a negative impact on the health-related quality of life of individuals across all domains by using instruments such as the SF-36 and OHIP-49. […] In all studies on the quality of life of individuals with BMS, the OHIP-49 was used in its original form or the short form, which also showed a negative impact on the health-related quality of life of such individuals. […] The majority (84.6%) of patients had severe burning sensations and have BMS for years, what could explain the relationship between BMS and health-related quality of life.

• #2 Burning Mouth Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Anatomy and Physiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1508869-overview

  Good epidemiologic data documenting incidence and prevalence of burning mouth syndrome (BMS) are lacking. Statistical values vary widely and are likely affected by variable definitions of burning mouth syndrome (BMS). […] The overall prevalence is roughly 4%. Women are 3-7 times more likely than men of a similar age to experience burning mouth syndrome (BMS) symptoms. […] Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is rarely observed in patients younger than age 30 years, and prevalence may increase from 3- to 12-fold with increasing age. […] No racial or ethnic predilections have been reported. […] Similar prevalences were found in a literature review by Wu et al, although the investigators reported the overall pooled prevalence of burning mouth syndrome (BMS) in the worldwide general population to be 1.73%. This prevalence was found to vary by region, being 1.05% in Asia, 1.10% in North America, and 5.58% in Europe. The prevalence in the general female population was estimated to be 1.15%, compared with 0.38% in the general male population. Moreover, older age was also seen here to increase the risk of burning mouth syndrome (BMS), with the prevalence being 1.92% in people under age 50 years and 3.31% in those over 50 years.

• #2 Burning Mouth Syndrome – Indian Journal of Palliative Care

  https://jpalliativecare.com/burning-mouth-syndrome/

  Epidemiological studies on BMS have estimated a prevalence rate of 2.65.1%. Due to the lack in the consensus of diagnosing BMS, prevalence rates tend to vary across studies. The prevalence of BMS reported from international studies ranges from commonly reported range has been 0.74.6%. The mean age of BMS is between 55 and 60 years, with occurrence under 30 being rare. The ratio between females and males varies from 3:1 to 16:1. Furthermore, up to 90% of female patients with BMS are perimenopausal women with typical onset from 3 years prior to 12 years post the beginning of menopause. […] This review focuses on various aspects of BMS including its epidemiology, pathophysiology, etiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, classification, clinical diagnosis, current treatment, and general prognosis.

• #2 Burning mouth syndrome

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v19/i5/665.htm

  BMS has a clear predisposition to gender and age. Women are 2.5 to 7 times more commonly affected than men. Furthermore, up to 90% of female patients with BMS are perimenopausal women with typical onset from 3 prior- to 12 years post- the beginning of menopause. BMS may affect any age group, with patients age ranging from 27 to 87 years of age, and a reported mean age of 61 years. Recent analysis by the same group showed an increased likelihood of gastrointestinal and urogenital disease in patients with BMS, with estimated odds ratio of 3.5 and 2.9, respectively, compared to control subjects. […] Although further studies are needed with satisfactory criteria to determine the true prevalence of BMS, this data illustrates that the disease is an important medical condition that may be often encountered in the clinical practice.

• #2

  https://journals.lww.com/jpbs/fulltext/2014/06001/burning_mouth_syndrome__a_review_on_its_diagnostic.7.aspx

  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is basically a disorder of middle-aged and elderly individuals with an age range of 38-78 years. […] The prevalence of BMS reported from various international studies ranges from 0.6% to 15%, respectively. […] BMS exhibits significant female predilection and the ratio between females and males varies from 3:1 to 16:1 in various literature studies. […] Epidemiological studies reveal that this condition is particularly common among peri- and post-menopausal women where their prevalence increases up to 12-18%. […] This condition is extremely rare in patients under 30 years and never been reported in children and adolescence.

• #2 Open Wide: New Insights Into Burning Mouth Syndrome | MDedge

  https://www.mdedge.com/content/open-wide-new-insights-burning-mouth-syndrome-0

  In the Minnesota study, for example, women accounted for 84% of the 169 individuals diagnosed with new-onset burning mouth syndrome during the study period. […] The incidence among women was 18.8 cases per 100,000 person-years, compared with 3.7 per 100,000 person-years in men. […] The incidence climbed sharply after age 50 in both men and women, achieving a peak rate of 70.3 cases per 100,000 person-years among women age 70-79. […] The next step in this research project will be to investigate the potential role of concurrent disease states and medication use in the incidence and prevalence of burning mouth syndrome in the county’s population.

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40496-022-00316-x

  Information on the prevalence and epidemiology of BMD is inadequate worldwide due to vague diagnostic criteria and complicated by the poor exclusion of other causes of oral burning. […] A substantial portion of adults is affected by BMD with prevalence estimated between 0.7 and 15% in various races, with postmenopausal women being most frequently affected. […] There is a significant female predilection with a reported ratio of approximately 5:1 to 7:1. […] In a meta-analysis involving the general population, the prevalence of BMD was higher in Europe (5.58%) and North America (1.1%) and lower in Asia (1.05%).

• #2 BMS: Burning Mouth Syndrome

  https://ostrowonline.usc.edu/unraveling-burning-mouth-syndrome-a-review-of-diagnosis-and-treatments/

  Burning mouth syndrome [BMS] is a chronic and challenging orofacial pain syndrome characterized by a persistent burning sensation in the oral mucosa, in the absence of specific oral lesions. The true prevalence of BMS is challenging to establish due to the lack of consistent diagnostic criteria and awareness among healthcare professionals. Reported prevalence rates range from 0.6% to 15%, with a higher incidence among middle-aged and elderly individuals, particularly peri- and post-menopausal women. BMS exhibits a significant female predilection, with a female-to-male ratio ranging from 3:1 to 16:1. The condition is rare in individuals under 30 years of age and has not been reported in children or adolescents. […] This comprehensive review highlights the epidemiology, clinical features, classification, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic approaches for BMS. Further research is needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms and develop targeted treatment strategies to improve the quality of life for individuals suffering from BMS.

• #2 Open Wide: New Insights Into Burning Mouth Syndrome | MDedge

  https://www.mdedge.com/content/open-wide-new-insights-burning-mouth-syndrome-0

  Key clinical point: Burning mouth syndrome occurs a lot less frequently than previously understood. […] Major finding: The incidence of newly diagnosed burning mouth syndrome using standardized criteria in Olmsted County, Minn., during 2000-2010 was 18.8 cases per 100,000 person-years among women and 3.7 in men. […] Data source: This first-ever population-based study of burning mouth syndrome was carried out through the Rochester Epidemiology Project. […] The age- and gender-adjusted incidence of burning mouth syndrome during 2000-2010 in Olmsted County, Minn., was 11.4 cases per 100,000 person-years, John J. Kohorst reported at the annual congress of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. […] The new population-based study focused on disease incidence rather than prevalence utilized a standardized definition for the diagnosis: subjective burning pain of the oral mucosa in the absence of physical findings or an identifiable extraneous cause.

• #3 Epidemiology of Burning Mouth Disease | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-71640-0_2

  Epidemiologic data on the prevalence of burning mouth disease (BMD) also referred to as burning mouth syndrome, are scarce and often related to selected populations, such as patients from a general dental practice, or patients visiting a menopause clinic. […] The estimated prevalence in the population at large, all ages and both genders together amounts 0.010.02%, which equals 100200 patients per one million population. […] BMD affects menopausal and postmenopausal women much more often than men, the mean being approximately 60 years. In several studies BMD in men occurs at a significant lower age than in women.

• #3 Current management strategies for the pain of elderly patients with burning mouth syndrome: a critical review | BioPsychoSocial Medicine | Full Text

  https://bpsmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13030-019-0142-7

  Overall, the prevalence of BMS in the adult population has been reported to be between 0.7 and 3.7%. […] The syndrome usually occurs in middle-aged and elderly patients more often than in children and adolescents, and female predominance has been reported (female: male=7:1). […] The relevance of psychiatric disorders in BMS is remains to be clarified, but one study reported that about 50% of BMS patients have specific psychiatric diagnoses, 60% of whom are diagnosed with mood disorders. […] BMS is sometimes comorbid with atypical odontalgia in the same patient, which contributes to a more intensively painful experience.

• #3 BMS: Burning Mouth Syndrome

  https://ostrowonline.usc.edu/unraveling-burning-mouth-syndrome-a-review-of-diagnosis-and-treatments/

  Burning mouth syndrome [BMS] is a chronic and challenging orofacial pain syndrome characterized by a persistent burning sensation in the oral mucosa, in the absence of specific oral lesions. The true prevalence of BMS is challenging to establish due to the lack of consistent diagnostic criteria and awareness among healthcare professionals. Reported prevalence rates range from 0.6% to 15%, with a higher incidence among middle-aged and elderly individuals, particularly peri- and post-menopausal women. BMS exhibits a significant female predilection, with a female-to-male ratio ranging from 3:1 to 16:1. The condition is rare in individuals under 30 years of age and has not been reported in children or adolescents. […] This comprehensive review highlights the epidemiology, clinical features, classification, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic approaches for BMS. Further research is needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms and develop targeted treatment strategies to improve the quality of life for individuals suffering from BMS.

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