Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Tapeworm infection – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tapeworm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378178

  A health care provider tests for a tapeworm infection in the intestines using a test of a stool sample. A lab test may find pieces of tapeworms or eggs. You may give a sample on more than one day. […] Providers use imaging tests to find larval cysts. These may include CT scans, MRI scans or ultrasound. Larval cysts are sometimes found during an imaging exam for another illness before the cysts cause disease. […] Providers may use a blood test to confirm a diagnosis. A lab exam may find immune system antibodies to the larval cysts in a blood sample. […] Your health care provider will schedule follow-up appointments. They use tests of stool samples to see if the treatment has worked.

• #2 Tapeworm Infection: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23950-tapeworm-infection

  If you suspect you might have an intestinal tapeworm, look for worm segments in your poop. […] Healthcare providers diagnose intestinal tapeworms by examining your poop in a lab. The lab can spot the tapeworm eggs and worm segments, if there are any, and they can identify which species of worm you have by certain features. […] To check for an invasive larval infection, your healthcare provider may start with a blood test. The blood test will show if your body is producing antibodies to the larvae. […] If you have the pork tapeworm, your healthcare provider will want to test for larva infection (cysticercosis) as well.

• #3 About Human Tapeworm | Human Tapeworm (Taeniasis) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/taeniasis/about/index.html

  Diagnosis of Taenia tapeworm infections is made by examination of stool samples; individuals should also be asked if they have passed tapeworm segments. Stool specimens should be collected on three different days and examined in the lab for Taenia eggs using a microscope. Tapeworm eggs can be detected in the stool 2 3 months after the tapeworm infection is established. […] Tapeworm eggs of T. solium can also infect humans, causing cysticercosis. It is important to diagnose and treat all tapeworm infections.

• #4 Tapeworm Infestation Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Other Tests

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/786292-workup

  Perianal and stool examinations can be performed. If worm infestation is suspected, first consider a stool examination for ova and parasites. This clearly is indicated for some of the cestodes that release eggs or worm segments directly into the stool (ie, T saginata, Diphyllobothrium species, D caninum). This is especially true of H nana infection, which is the most frequently diagnosed cestode infection in the United States. […] Collecting 2-3 stool samples is necessary for detection of the parasite because eggs and parasite particles are released irregularly into the stool and may be periodically absent from stool during infection. Therefore, microscopy has been known to be relatively insensitive. […] In T saginata infections, eggs may be observed in the perianal area and can be detected by using a cellophane tape swab. This method detects eggs in 85-90% of patients.

• #5 Tapeworm Infestation Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Other Tests

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/786292-workup

  Eosinophil counts are not diagnostically reliable. Eosinophilia is sporadically present and does not correlate with the severity of the infection. Eosinophil counts also do not help in monitoring treatment modalities. […] Imaging studies are not only useful in differential diagnosis and evaluation of neurocysticercosis, but they are important in identifying the number, the location, and the stage of the infestation. […] Although this type of testing may be useful for primary screening, it most commonly is used for confirmation testing for parasitic disease. […] Copro-Ag testing has been shown to achieve a sensitivity of 98% and specificity of 99% compared to the sensitivity of 38% with direct microscopy. […] The immunoblot (Western blot = enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot assay) is the most effective, with sensitivity and specificity as high as 100% and 98%, respectively; however, the sensitivity decreases to about 70% in patients with a single cyst or in those with only calcified lesions. […] Stool antigen testing detects at least 2-3 times more cases of Taenia infection than stool microscopy.

• #6 Tapeworm infection – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/358

  Diagnosis is made by stool examination and serology; radiology is necessary for extraintestinal manifestations. […] Diagnostic tests […] 1st tests to order […] stool examination […] complete blood count […] enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB) […] Echinococcus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot serology […] ultrasound […] CT of brain […] MRI of brain/spine.

• #8 Tapeworm – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537154/

  For species-specific diagnosis, PCR for gene sequences of T. solium achieves 100% specificity and 97% to 100% sensitivity. […] Diphyllobothriasis also relies on stool examination for distinct eggs, which can classify the genus but not the species. […] Molecular methods, such as PCR of stool samples is the most reliable method to identify at the species level. […] The diagnosis of NCC depends on radiologic suspicion and congruent interpretation of serology. […] Serology aids in the confirmation of the diagnosis.

• #9 Tapeworm Infection: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention

  https://chastainvets.info/tapeworm-infection-diagnosis-treatment-and-prevention/

  Tapeworms are diagnosed by identifying the proglottids (segments). These segments are about the size of a grain of rice and are found in the pet’s bedding, attached to the fur around the anus, or in the feces. […] Medication is available for treating tapeworm infection. The medication kills the adult worm. After successful treatment, segments are no longer seen in the feces.

• #10 Tapeworm Infection – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/parasitic-infections-cestodes-tapeworms/tapeworm-infection

  Doctors diagnose intestinal tapeworm infection by finding worm segments or eggs in a stool sample, and they diagnose cysticercosis by identifying cysts elsewhere in the body by doing imaging or blood tests. […] A doctor diagnoses intestinal tapeworm infection by finding worm segments or eggs in a stool sample. […] In people with cysticercosis, cysts in the brain or other tissues can be seen using computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Blood tests for antibodies to the pork tapeworm may also be helpful.

• #11 Tapeworm infection: taeniasis, cysticercosis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/tapeworm-infection

  Taeniasis is diagnosed by finding taenia eggs when examining the stool under the microscope. Taenia eggs can be detected 2 to 3 months following infection. The proglottids can also be seen and may indicate a species-specific diagnosis. […] Biopsy of a subcutaneous nodule or radiological imaging may detect the cysts of cysticercosis.

• #13 Tapeworm (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/tapeworm.html

  To diagnose a tapeworm infection, doctors will collect and examine a stool sample on 3 different days to check for tapeworm eggs or pieces of worm. They may also do a blood test. […] If a child could have cysticercosis, the doctor might recommend a CT (CAT) scan or MRI of the brain or other organs to look for cysts.

• #16 Taenia Solium (Pork Tapeworm) Infection and Cysticercosis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/cestodes-tapeworms/taenia-solium-pork-tapeworm-infection-and-cysticercosis

  Presentation, diagnosis, and management of intestinal infection with the adult T. solium tapeworm are similar to those of T. saginata (beef tapeworm) infection. […] Intestinal infection with adult T. solium worms can usually be diagnosed by microscopic examination of stool samples and identification of ova and/or proglottids. […] Neurocysticercosis is usually diagnosed when CT or MRI is done to evaluate neurologic symptoms. Scans may show solid nodules, cysticerci, calcified cysts, ring-enhancing lesions, or hydrocephalus. […] The Centers’ for Disease Control and Prevention immunoblot assay (using a serum or cerebrospinal fluid specimen) is highly specific and more sensitive than other enzyme immunoassays (particularly when 2 central nervous system lesions are present; sensitivity is lower when only a single cyst is present).

• #17 Taenia Solium (Pork Tapeworm) Infection and Cysticercosis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/cestodes-tapeworms/taenia-solium-pork-tapeworm-infection-and-cysticercosis

  Antigen detection assays appear to have higher sensitivity for subarachnoid and ventricular neurocysticercosis over parenchymal disease. […] Diagnosis reference. […] Diagnose intestinal infection with adult worms by identifying proglottids in stool and microscopic examination of stool samples for ova. […] Diagnose neurocysticercosis by neuroimaging and serologic testing.

• #19 Tapeworm infection – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/358

  Diagnosis is made by stool examination and serology; radiology is necessary for extra-intestinal manifestations. […] Diagnostic investigations […] 1st investigations to order […] stool examination […] enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB) […] Echinococcus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot serology […] ultrasound […] CT of brain […] MRI of brain/spine.

• #30 Tapeworms and hydatid disease | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/tapeworms-and-hydatid-disease

  Diagnosis of hydatid disease may include: […] medical history […] physical examination […] x-ray examination […] ultrasound […] CT scan […] MRI scan […] examination of blood, urine, sputum, faeces or other bodily fluids if a burst hydatid cyst is suspected […] blood tests for antibodies to the cysts.

• #31 The Diagnosis of Neurocysticercosis: A Team Effort

  https://asm.org/articles/2023/may/the-diagnosis-of-neurocysticercosis-a-team-effort

  Neuroimaging findings in neurocysticercosis depend on the stage of the cyst. During the initial vesicular stage, in which the cysticerci are still viable, there is usually little swelling, but edema and inflammation surrounding the cysts become more prominent as the organisms are degraded and die. In the final stage, once cysts have been fully degraded, they become calcified. […] A definitive diagnosis of neurocysticercosis can be made based on a single finding in only 3 scenarios: […] The diagnosis in these cases is less straightforward. Conditions other than neurocysticercosis (including bacterial abscesses, tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis, echinococcosis and non-infectious conditions such as tumor metastases) can cause cystic lesions in the brain that may be difficult to distinguish from neurocysticercosis.

• #31 How to Tell if You Have a Tapeworm: 12 Steps (with Pictures)

  https://www.wikihow.com/Tell-if-You-Have-a-Tapeworm

  If you do have a tapeworm, your doctor may want you to have a CT (computed tomography), ultrasound, or MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) to see if it has caused damage to other parts of your body. […] To ensure that you are tapeworm free, your doctor will need to check your stools again one month following your treatment and then again three months after your treatment.

• #32 The Diagnosis of Neurocysticercosis: A Team Effort

  https://asm.org/articles/2023/may/the-diagnosis-of-neurocysticercosis-a-team-effort

  Diagnosis in such cases must be made based on a collection of other supportive information. Clinical and epidemiologic data is often sufficient to make the diagnosis: for example, a person who resides in an endemic region, such as Latin America, India, China or sub-Saharan Africa, who presents with first-time seizures and is found to have multiple characteristic brain lesions, without evidence of any other type of infection, is extremely likely to have neurocysticercosis. […] In these ambiguous cases, antibody testing can be a helpful diagnostic tool. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) are offered by several commercial reference laboratories, but these tests suffer from poor sensitivity, as well as cross-reactivity with other infections, most notably echinococcosis, another type of tapeworm infection.

• #33 Tapeworm Infections – Diagnosis

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/tapeworm-diagnosis.htm

  History: Patients sometimes give history of passing worms or segments of worms in the stool. […] Stool test: Examination of proglottids passed in the stool of the patient reveals tapeworm infections. […] The characteristic diagnostic feature of the beef tapeworm infection is the ability of the proglottids to crawl. […] Microscopic examination: Microscopic identification of the eggs is the basis of specific tapeworm infection diagnosis. […] Blood test: It shows elevated levels of eosinophils in the blood of the patient. […] Presences of large and pale red blood cells are indicative of vitamin B12 deficiency characteristic of fish tapeworm infections. […] Blood samples are taken from the patient to detect the presence of antibodies against the larval stage of the tapeworm. […] Cysticercosis: In case of neurocysticercosis an MRI, CT-scan is performed. In case of lodgment of the cyst in the muscles, liver, other areas, the tissue is taken from the affected area for biopsy and other antibody tests. Ultrasound imaging facilitates in the direct method of identification/viewing of the adult tapeworm.

• #33 The Diagnosis of Neurocysticercosis: A Team Effort

  https://asm.org/articles/2023/may/the-diagnosis-of-neurocysticercosis-a-team-effort

  The gold-standard antibody test, which is performed by the CDC, is an enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB) assay. […] This test has high sensitivity and specificity for neurocysticercosis, but because it requires submission of a sample to the CDC, the results can take some time to return, and sensitivity is lower in cases with only a single cyst or with calcified lesions. […] Ultimately, as with so many parasitic infections and other infectious diseases, no single test has perfect sensitivity and specificity for neurocysticercosis. Instead, the diagnosis relies on a combination of clinical, epidemiological, radiographic and serologic data and on input from clinicians, radiologists and clinical microbiologists.

• #34 Cysticercosis | Diagnosing A Tapeworm Infection | IIL

  https://cysticercosis.in/tapeworm-education?page=diagnosing-a-tapeworm-infection

  Diagnosing A Tapeworm Infection […] If you have any of the signs or symptoms of a tapeworm infection, see a general physician for a diagnosis. The doctor may recommend the following tests: […] Stool sample analysis: Adult tapeworm infection is diagnosed by finding larvae, eggs, or segments in the faeces. If the infection is caused by beef or pork infection, the segments in the stool may be moving. A sterile container will be given to collect the sample of the stools, which may be sent to the laboratory for some tests. The stools are microscopically examined to detect the presence of eggs or segments in the stools. As the segments or the eggs are passed irregularly, two or three samples may be collected. […] The area around the anus may be checked for the signs of tapeworm eggs or larvae. A piece of transparent adhesive tape may be pressed to the anus to take the eggs for microscopic analysis.

• #39

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/taeniasis-cysticercosis

  The term taeniasis refers to intestinal infection with tapeworms. […] Infection with the T. solium tapeworm occurs when a person eats raw or undercooked, infected pork. […] Tapeworm eggs passed in the faeces with the tapeworm carrier are infective for pigs. […] T. solium eggs may also infect humans if they are ingested by a person (via the fecal-oral route, or by ingesting contaminated food or water), causing infection with the larval parasite in the tissues (human cysticercosis). […] Neurocysticercosis is the most frequent preventable cause of epilepsy worldwide and is estimated to cause 30% of all epilepsy cases in countries where the parasite is endemic. […] The gold standard for the diagnostic of NCC is imaging. […] Improved, simple, cost-effective diagnostic tools for Taenia solium are still needed. […] WHO has developed Target Product Profiles (TPPs) for the diagnosis of NCC, taeniasis and porcine cysticercosis and they were published in 2017.

• #41 Fish tapeworm infection: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001375.htm

  Fish tapeworm infection is an intestinal infection with a parasite found in fish. […] People who are infected sometimes pass segments of worm in their stools. These segments can be seen in the stool. […] Tests may include: Complete blood count, including differential, Blood tests to determine the cause of anemia, if present, Vitamin B12 level, Stool exam for worm eggs and parasites.

• #42 Diphyllobothriasis (Fish Tapeworm Infection) – Infectious Diseases – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/cestodes-tapeworms/diphyllobothriasis-fish-tapeworm-infection

  Diphyllobothriasis occurs worldwide, especially where cool lakes are contaminated by sewage. […] Diagnosis of diphyllobothriasis is by identification of characteristic operculated eggs or broad proglottids in stool. Complete blood count is done to check for megaloblastic anemia. […] Treatment of diphyllobothriasis is with a single oral dose of praziquantel.

• #43 Tapeworm Infections – Helminthiases – Parasitic Diseases – Infectious Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.18.84.1.3.

  Diagnosis is based on microscopic identification of tapeworm segments or (occasionally) eggs in stool. Sampling may need to be repeated several times. […] Eggs of T saginata and T solium are morphologically identical, so the species can only be identified on the basis of microscopic examination of the excreted proglottids.

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