Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Tapeworm Infestation: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/786292-overview

  Tapeworms are long, segmented worms of the class Cestoda, which comprise 1 of 3 classes of parasitic worms (worms that require a host within which to mature). The adult consists of a head (scolex), where the worms attach to the mucosa of the intestine; a neck; and a segmented body that contains both male gonads and female gonads (proglottids). […] Typically, a cestode requires one or more intermediate hosts in their life cycle. The life cycle is as follows: The eggs are passed into the environment from the primary host. The eggs are ingested by an intermediate host in which they hatch. The larvae enter the tissues of the intermediate host and encyst. The primary host ingests the cysts in the flesh of the intermediate host. […] When humans are the primary hosts, the adult cestode is limited to the intestinal tract. When humans are the intermediate hosts, the larvae are within the tissues, migrating through the different organ systems.

• #2 Tapeworm infection – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tapeworm/symptoms-causes/syc-20378174

  A tapeworm is a parasite that can live and feed in human intestines. This is called a tapeworm infection. […] A young and inactive form of the tapeworm is called a larval cyst. It can stay alive in other parts of the body. This is called a larval cyst infection. […] Tapeworm infections are treated with anti-parasitic drugs. Treatments for larval cyst infections may include anti-parasitic drugs and surgery to remove the cyst. Other drugs may be used to treat symptoms. […] Most tapeworms need two different hosts to complete a life cycle. One host is the place where a parasite grows from egg to larva, called the intermediate host. The other host is where the larva become adults, called the definitive host. […] When people, the definitive host, eat undercooked meat from that cow, they can develop a tapeworm infection. The larval cyst develops into an adult tapeworm. The tapeworm attaches to the wall of the intestine where it feeds. It produces eggs that pass in the person’s stool.

• #3 Tapeworm Infestation: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/786292-overview

  In most cestode infestations (ie, T solium, T saginata, Diphyllobothrium species, Hymenolepis species, and D caninum), humans are the primary hosts. Adult worms survive inside their human hosts, where they are limited to the intestinal tract. Human fecal contamination of the environment is needed to sustain these life cycles. […] In the remaining cestodes (ie, Echinococcus species, Spirometra species, and T multiceps), humans function as the intermediate hosts. Larvae exist within the tissues and migrate through different organ systems. […] Hymenolepis species and T solium are the only cestodes for which humans can function as both primary hosts and intermediate hosts. Hymenolepis diminuta is primarily a cestode of rodents, although humans can be a rare and accidental hosts in the life cycle. Humans are infected by swallowing insects that contain cysticercoid larvae, most often by ingesting mealworms or grain beetles that infest dried grains, cereals, flour, and dried fruit.

• #4 Tapeworm infection – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/358

  Tapeworms cause intestinal infection in humans when the immature cysticercoid larvae attach to the intestinal mucosa using the scolices, and grow by production of proglottid segments. […] Certain cestodes can also cause extraintestinal infections. Ingested eggs hatch in the intestines and larvae migrate to extraintestinal tissues, where they encyst. […] Cysts due to Taenia solium within the central nervous system are referred to as neurocysticercosis, and cysts in other locations are termed cysticercosis. […] Cysts due to Echinococcus granulosus are referred to as cystic echinococcosis or hydatid cysts, and cysts due to E multilocularis are referred to as alveolar echinococcosis.

• #5 Cestodes – Medical Microbiology – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8399/

  Pathology due to adult worms results from the physical presence and activity of the large worms (Taenia species), occasional erosive action (causing local inflammation) by scolex hooks (T solium, H nana), or reduced host intake of vitamin B12 (Diphyllobothrium latum). Allergic reactions may also be responsible for symptoms such as headache, dizziness, inanition, and anal and nasal pruritus. […] The hooked scolex of T solium may cause greater intestinal disturbance, pain, and inflammatory response than that caused by T saginata, but symptoms are still generally mild and the pathology minor. However, T solium larval infection (cysticercosis) is a potentially dangerous systemic infection, the degree of damage depending on the site and number of cysticerci that develop. Infection most commonly occurs in the central nervous system (CNS). It is also frequently found in muscles and subcutaneous tissues. The globe of the eye is also a common site. In the CNS, the larvae most often occupy the brain hemispheres. They may also be found in the cisternae and ventricles. Hydrocephalus may result from obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid flow. Infection in specific sites can induce epilepsy, mental disturbances, or a meningeal syndrome. Nevertheless, up to one-half of CNS infections are thought to be asymptomatic. After death of the scolex within the cyst—often years after infection—the capsule becomes fibrosed or calcified. […] Jaundice and portal hypertension can result from pressure effects of a cyst in the liver; hemoptysis and dyspnea from a lung cyst; and acute inflammatory effects may follow brain or spinal cord infections.

• #6

  https://veterinarypartner.vin.com/doc/?id=4951442&pid=19239

  The adult Dipylidium caninum lives in the small intestine of a dog or cat. It does not float around freely or travel about. Instead, it anchors its head to the intestinal wall and holds itself in place using a structure called a rostellum, which resembles a hat with hooks on it. The tapeworm lives there without causing too much trouble, absorbing nutrients through its skin and dropping egg sacs off the end of its tail. It is generally regarded as a fairly disgusting creature but causes very little harm to its host. […] The dog or cat becomes infected after swallowing a flea carrying a larval tapeworm. The flea’s body is digested, releasing the tiny tapeworm, which is, at this point, mostly a head with hooks and suction cups. The tiny tapeworm looks for a place to latch onto the host’s intestine to grow a full body. Tapeworms are not spread from pet to pet directly; to get infected, your pet must swallow the infected flea.

• #7 Cestodiasis | Tapeworm, Infestation, Symptoms, & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/cestodiasis

  cestodiasis, infestation with cestodes, a group of flattened and tapelike hermaphroditic worms that are intestinal parasites in humans and other animals, producing larvae that may invade body tissues. […] For humans there are two kinds of tapeworm infestations: (1) intestinal cestodiasis, in which the mature worm lives in the lumen of the intestine, producing eggs that are evacuated in the feces and develop further in other animal hosts, and (2) visceral and somatic cestodiasis, in which the larvae form lesions in body organs. […] Symptoms of intestinal cestodiasis include abdominal pain that may be relieved by eating and that may be associated with distention, flatulence, and nausea. […] Visceral and somatic cestodiasis include the following infections: (1) Echinococcosis, or hydatic disease, is caused by the larval stage of Echinoccocus granulosus or E. multilocularis. In humans the first organism produces cystic, slowly expanding lesions principally involving the liver and lungs; the second organism produces an alveolar (pitted) type of lesion that progresses rapidly, may occasionally form lesions in the brain and bones, and is invariably fatal. […] The adult worm lives mainly in dogs, and human infestation is contracted by the ingestion of eggs present in dog excreta.

• #8 Tapeworms: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/170461

  Tapeworms are intestinal parasites that are shaped similarly to a tape measure. Their eggs typically enter a human host from animals through food, particularly raw or undercooked meat. Tapeworm eggs can be present in stools. […] A tapeworm cannot live freely on its own. It survives within the gut of animals, including humans. […] The eggs hatch into larvae and make their way into the gut, or outside the gut and infect other parts of the body. This type of infection is most common with tapeworms that come from infected pigs, and is much less common if the original host was cattle or fish. […] If meat or fish have larvae cysts and are undercooked or raw, the cysts can travel to the human intestine, where they can mature into adult tapeworms. […] An adult tapeworm can: live as long as 25 years, be up to 50 feet long, attach themselves to the walls of the intestine, pass through the human digestive system and end up in the toilet when a person passes stool.

• #9 Tapeworms (Cestodes) | Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/cestodes-tapeworms

  Cestodes are tapeworms. There is a large variety of tapeworms but only those that are pathogenic to humans will be discussed here. […] These cause 'taeniasis’. […] Poorly cooked meat is ingested by humans who are the only definitive hosts. The poorly cooked meat includes tapeworm larval cysts (cysticerci) which then release larvae. These attach to the small intestine by the scolex suckers. The tapeworm then matures over 3-4 months during which the proglottids develop. The tapeworm can survive for up to 25 years in humans during which time the gravid proglottids are released into the faeces. […] Cysticercosis T. solium can also lead to cysticercosis whereby larval cysts infiltrate the lung, liver, eye or brain. This results in inflammation leading to clinical features such as severe sight impairment and neurological symptoms. In some countries (eg, Peru and Mexico) neurocysticercosis accounts for 30% of seizures, making it an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.

• #10 Taenia Solium (Pork Tapeworm) Infection and Cysticercosis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/cestodes-tapeworms/taenia-solium-pork-tapeworm-infection-and-cysticercosis

  Cysticercosis is infection with larvae of T. solium, which develops after ingestion of ova excreted in human feces. Cysticercosis is usually asymptomatic unless larvae invade the central nervous system, resulting in neurocysticercosis, which can cause seizures and various other neurologic signs. Neurocysticercosis may be recognized on brain imaging studies. […] Some experts postulate that if an adult tapeworm is present in the intestine, gravid proglottids (tapeworm segments) may be passed retrograde from the intestine to the stomach, where oncospheres (immature form of the parasite enclosed in an embryonic envelope) may hatch and migrate to subcutaneous tissue, muscle, viscera, and the central nervous system. […] Viable cysticerci (larval form) in most organs cause minimal or no tissue reaction, but dying cysts in the central nervous system, eye, or spinal cord can release antigens that elicit an intense tissue response. Thus, symptoms often do not appear for years after infection.

• #11

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/taeniasis-cysticercosis

  The term taeniasis refers to intestinal infection with tapeworms. Three parasite species cause taeniasis in humans, Taenia solium, Taenia saginata and Taenia asiatica. Only T. solium causes major health problems. […] Infection with the T. solium tapeworm occurs when a person eats raw or undercooked, infected pork. Infection with the tapeworm causes few clinical symptoms. Tapeworm eggs passed in the faeces with the tapeworm carrier are infective for pigs. T. solium eggs may also infect humans if they are ingested by a person (via the fecal-oral route, or by ingesting contaminated food or water), causing infection with the larval parasite in the tissues (human cysticercosis). […] Human cysticercosis can result in devastating effects on human health. The larvae (cysticerci) may develop in the muscles, skin, eyes and the central nervous system. When cysts develop in the brain, the condition is referred to as neurocysticercosis (NCC). Symptoms include severe headache, blindness, convulsions and epileptic seizures and can be fatal.

• #12 About Cysticercosis | Cysticercosis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cysticercosis/about/index.html

  Cysticercosis is an infection caused by the larvae of the parasite Taenia solium. This infection occurs after a person swallows tapeworm eggs. […] You get cysticercosis when you swallow tapeworm (T. solium) eggs. The eggs are passed in the feces (poop) of someone with a tapeworm. […] Diagnosing neurocysticercosis typically involves MRI or CT brain scans and sometimes blood tests. […] Infections are generally treated with a combination of anti-parasitic drugs and anti-inflammatory drugs.

• #13 Cysticercosis (Pork Tapeworm Infection): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215589-overview

  Cysticercosis is a tissue infection with the cysticercus, or larval, stage of Taenia solium (pork tapeworm) that results from ingestion of T solium eggs. […] Neurocysticercosis refers to CNS infection with T solium. […] Cysticerci are able to survive in the human brain by disarming host defenses. The cysticercus secretes prostaglandins and other compounds (paramyosin, taeniastatin, sulfated polysaccharides) that inhibit or divert complement activation and cytokine production, resulting in only minimal host inflammation around the viable cysticercus. […] Over a period of years, the parasite may lose its ability to control the host defenses. Consequently, an inflammatory response leads to degeneration of the cysticercus. […] An inflammatory response that occurs in the CNS parenchyma causes seizures typical of parenchymal neurocysticercosis.

• #14 Cysticercosis (Pork Tapeworm Infection): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215589-overview

  Cysticerci may be located in the spinal subarachnoid space and the spinal cord medulla. […] Cysticerci can form in the ventricles of the brain, where they can cause hydrocephalus by blocking the outflow of CSF. […] In severe cases, cysticerci in the sylvian fissures may enlarge to several centimeters in diameter and cause mass effects. […] Cysticerci suppress the host inflammatory response and can survive in tissues for months to years.

• #15 Neurocysticercosis: An Overview of Pathology and Pathogenesis | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/88730

  Neurocysticercosis (NCC), a subtle parasite infection of the central nervous system, is a powerful example of the complex interaction between human behavior, zoonotic transmission, and neurological illness development. Cysticerci causes an immunological response in the CNS, resulting in inflammation and immune cell recruitment. The existence of intraventricular cysts, cysts in the cerebral aqueduct or fourth ventricle, and the degree of inflammation and scarring induced by the infection are all risk factors for the development of hydrocephalus. […] NCC is a complex parasitic infection that elicits diverse neuropathological changes within the central nervous system. The development of neuropathology in NCC follows a progressive course characterized by distinct stages. In the early vesicular stage, the cysticerci, comprising fluid-filled bladders housing the tapeworm larvae, exhibit a translucent membrane and contain a scolex with hooklets. As the infection progresses to the colloidal stage, degenerative changes occur, leading to a granulomatous reaction. This granuloma, composed of a necrotic core, edema, fibrous capsule, and inflammatory cells, contributes to the clinical manifestations commonly associated with NCC, such as seizures, headaches, and focal neurological deficits. Over time, some cysticerci may undergo calcification, resulting in the calcified stage where the parasites become inert, and the host response aims to contain the infection. Developing these neuropathological features in NCC underscores the dynamic interplay between the parasite, the host immune response, and the structural alterations within the central nervous system.

• #16 Neurocysticercosis: An Overview of Pathology and Pathogenesis | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/88730

  The relationship between the inflammatory response and neuropathology in NCC is complex and dynamic. The presence of the larval stage of the pork tapeworm, T. solium, in the CNS, triggers an immune response, leading to inflammation. This inflammatory response plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis and progression of NCC. […] The inflammatory response in NCC involves infiltrating various immune cells into the affected CNS tissue. These immune cells include lymphocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, and occasionally neutrophils. They are recruited to the site of infection in response to the presence of the larval cysticerci. […] In NCC, irregularly shaped large fluid cysts are a hallmark of NCC and are particularly common in areas of high endemicity. These cysts are typically spherical to oval in shape and vary in size, usually several centimeters in diameter. Their appearance in neuroimaging such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is characterized by a well-defined, thin-walled, translucent structure filled with clear or slightly turbid fluid.

• #17 Neurocysticercosis: An Overview of Pathology and Pathogenesis | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/88730

  Hydrocephalus is a common complication of NCC, particularly when cysts are located in the ventricular system or cause obstruction to the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In certain instances, NCC can obstruct the flow of CSF within the brain, leading to hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus is characterized by an accumulation of CSF, causing increased intracranial pressure and enlargement of the ventricles. It can result from cysts obstruction of CSF pathways or inflammation-induced scarring. […] Understanding the relationship between the inflammatory response and neuropathology in NCC is crucial for comprehending the disease progression, developing therapeutic strategies, and managing neurological complications. The modulation of the inflammatory response and targeted interventions may hold promise for improving outcomes in NCC.

• #18 Tapeworm Infestation: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/786292-overview

  In Echinococcus infestations, humans ingest the eggs and the embryos escape, penetrate intestinal mucosa, and enter the portal circulation to invade other organs, mainly the liver (60%) and lungs (25%). The patient remains asymptomatic until the cysts cause a mass effect on the organ, which can be 5-20 years after the initial infestation. […] Rupture or leakage of an Echinococcus cyst produces symptoms of fever, pruritus, urticaria, eosinophilia, and potentially fatal anaphylaxis.

• #19 Tapeworms (Cestodes) | Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/cestodes-tapeworms

  The adult tapeworms live in domestic and in wild carnivorous animals. Infected animals pass eggs in their faeces, which are then ingested by grazing farm animals and humans. The eggs then localise in various organs, resulting in a hydatid cyst which contains many larvae (called 'hydatid sand’). Other animals may then consume the infected organs and the cysts then release proto-scolices. These pass into the small intestine, leading to adult tapeworms. […] In humans, the echinococcus eggs invade the small intestine and then enter the circulation. The cysts then locate and reside in organs including the liver, bone, lung and brain. Cysts are usually 1-7 cm but can be as big as 30 cm. […] Treatment involves removal of the tapeworm – eg, surgery.

• #20 Life cycle and pathogenesis – Primary Care Notebook

  https://primarycarenotebook.com/pages/cardiovascular-medicine/hydatid-disease/life-cycle-and-pathogenesis

  Infection is by ingestion of canine tapeworm eggs which hatch in the duodenum. The released embryos cross the mucosal membrane and travel to the portal blood supply, and thence to the liver. The primary site of infection is the liver; however they may affect any organ in the body. […] The hydatid itself is a large parasitic cyst which grows slowly and assymptomatically. Eventually they can have an effect on other structures – pressure effects, or rupturing. The cysts themselves can become infected with bacteria with subsequent problems.

• #21 Fish tapeworm infection: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001375.htm

  Fish tapeworm infection is an intestinal infection with a parasite found in fish. […] The fish tapeworm (Diphyllobothrium latum) is the largest parasite that infects humans. Humans become infected when they eat raw or undercooked freshwater fish that contain fish tapeworm cysts. […] After a person has eaten infected fish, the worm larva begins to grow in the intestine. Larvae are fully grown in 3 to 6 weeks. The adult worm, which is segmented, attaches to the wall of the intestine. The tapeworm may reach a length of 30 feet (9 meters). Eggs are formed in each segment of the worm and are passed in the stool. Sometimes, parts of the worm may also be passed in the stool. […] The tapeworm absorbs the nutrition from food that the infected person eats. This may lead to vitamin B12 deficiency and anemia.

• #22 Tapeworm – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537154/

  A large part of NCC pathology is due to the host immune response to the T. solium larval cyst. Once the cyst is in the tissue, the host immune system induces granuloma formation and perilesional edema. […] Treatment of adult Taenia tapeworm is responsive to common antihelmintic drugs; niclosamide, praziquantel, tribendimidine, and albendazole. […] NCC treatment is based on the location of brain involvement and the number of cysts and may include symptomatic therapy (antiepileptics), antiparasitic therapy, or surgery.

• #23 Taenia solium; morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, clinical infection, lab diagnosis, treatment, prevention and epidemiology – Online Biology Notes

  https://www.onlinebiologynotes.com/taenia-solium-morphology-life-cycle-pathogenesis-clinical-infection-lab-diagnosis-treatment-prevention-and-epidemiology/

  Both adult worm and cyst are pathogenic. The adult worms are less pathogenic. They occasionally cause mild irritation or inflammation of the intestinal mucosa by their armed scolex. […] The cyst, (Cysticercus cellulosae) are more pathogenic. They cause a serious disease cysticercosis in human, mostly cyst are produced in the skin, skeletal muscles, eye and CNS. […] The cyst can remain viable for few years. […] In the brain the cyst survives by overcoming the host defenses. It secretes the prostaglandins and other substances that inhibit activation of the complement and production of cytokines. This result in minimal host inflammation around the live cysticercus. The live cyst is surrounded by a local minimal cellular reaction that consists of few eosinophiles and macrophages. […] The dead cyst is surrounded by a dense infiltration that consists entire spectrum of inflammatory cells, including leucocytes and multinucleated giant macrophages, inflammatory cells and less frequently foreign body giant cells. Outside this area a zone of fibrosis and chronic inflammatory infiltration are present.

• #24 A defence mechanism to kill intestinal worms | Crick

  https://www.crick.ac.uk/news/2017-10-11-a-defence-mechanism-to-kill-intestinal-worms

  Researchers have discovered a mechanism that kills intestinal worms, which affect nearly a third of the world’s population as well as livestock. […] The worm-killer is an enzyme that is thought to disrupt vital cell processes in intestinal worms. […] When they knocked out the gene in mice, so that they didn’t make the enzyme, intestinal worms were not killed and expelled from the body as normal. But when they pre-treated worms with the enzyme before infection, killing and expulsion from the mice was restored. […] Chemical analysis revealed that enzyme-treated worms had fewer phospholipids – molecules in cell membranes that are required for many crucial processes. […] „Designing drugs that mimic the effect of the enzyme on intestinal worms could also be a fruitful avenue for combating worm infections,” says Lewis.

• #25 Tapeworm Infection: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23950-tapeworm-infection

  A tapeworm is flat like tape. Its body grows in segments from the neck, while the head attaches to your intestines. The tapeworm head attaches to the intestines of its host. The body grows in segments from the neck. Like other parasites, the mature tapeworm can only survive inside the host animal, feeding off of the hosts own nutrients. The head attaches to the inside of your intestines and absorbs nutrients from the food digesting there. […] An invasive larval infection can happen if tapeworm larvae in your intestines migrate outside of your intestines and enter your bloodstream and other organs. The larvae adhere to your insides and form cysts there pockets of fluid that grow around the larvae as they grow. These cysts can cause a variety of complications, depending on where they are. Cysts in your lungs, liver or heart can grow big enough to disrupt those organs normal functioning. Cysts that adhere to your spinal cord or brain can cause neurological symptoms, such as seizures.

• #26 Taeniasis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/taeniasis

  Both drugs are antihelmintics, which means that they kill parasitic worms and their eggs. In most cases, these medications are provided in a single dose. They can take a few weeks to fully clear an infection. The tapeworm will be excreted as waste. […] In rare cases, serious complications from the infection can occur. Tapeworms may block your intestines. This may require surgery to correct. […] In other cases, a pork tapeworm may travel to other parts of your body such as the heart, eye, or brain. This condition is called cysticercosis. Cysticercosis can cause other health problems such as seizures or infections in the nervous system.

• #27 Feline Tapeworm Infection | The Drake Center For Veterinary Care

  https://www.thedrakecenter.com/resources/materials/cats/feline-tapeworm-infection

  In order for a cat to become infected with tapeworms, they must ingest a flea that contains tapeworm eggs. This process begins when tapeworm eggs are swallowed by flea larvae (an immature stage of the flea). Contact between flea larvae and tapeworm eggs is thought to occur most frequently in contaminated bedding or carpet. Next, the cat chews or licks their skin as a flea bites and the flea is then swallowed. As the flea is digested within the cat’s intestine, the tapeworm hatches and anchors itself to the intestinal lining. […] Tapeworms attach to the small intestinal wall by hook-like mouth parts. […] Tapeworms are not highly pathogenic (harmful) to your cat and few clinical signs are attributed to their presence. Though rare, tapeworms may cause debilitation and weight loss if they are present in large numbers.

• #28 Tape worm of poultry | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/tape-worm-of-poultry/95111994

  Tapeworms affect chickens by taking the required nutrients from the intestine and also disturb the absorptive organs at sites where they grow and result in low feed conversion efficiency. […] Heavy parasitic infections cause stress that lowers the chickens resistance to other infections. […] D. proglottina is most pathogenic tapeworm. The worms penetrate deeply between the villi causing necrosis and haemorrhagic enteritis. Sometimes death may occur due to intestinal obstruction. Chronic infection is characterized by reduced growth rate, emaciation, and weakness. R. echinobothridia is most pathogenic and causes nodule formation in the intestine, which is called Nodular taeniasis in poultry. Hyperplastic enteritis may also occur. All other tapeworms are less pathogenic, but in heavy infection, results in reduced egg production and general weakness.

• #29 Cysticercosis: An Emerging Parasitic Disease | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0701/p91.html

  Cysticercosis (i.e., tapeworm infection) is an increasingly common medical problem in the United States, especially in the Southwest and other areas of heavy emigration from endemic areas or in populations with significant travel to these areas. The larval stage of the pork tapeworm, Taenia solium, causes the clinical syndrome of cysticercosis, with humans as dead-end hosts after ingestion of T. solium eggs. Its clinical effects vary depending on site of larval lodging, larval burden, and host reaction. These effects include seizures, headaches, focal neurologic symptoms, visual disturbances, and localized skeletal muscle nodules and pain. Cysticercosis should be considered in any patient from an endemic area presenting with these symptoms. […] Cysticercosis (i.e., tapeworm infection) is the most common parasitic disease worldwide, with an estimated prevalence greater than 50 million persons infected. Neurocysticercosis, the neurologic manifestation of cysticercosis, is the most prevalent infection of the brain worldwide, and more than 1,000 new cases are diagnosed in the United States each year. Neurocysticercosis is one of the leading causes of adult-onset seizures worldwide and was found to be the etiologic agent in 10 percent of new-onset seizure patients in one Los Angeles, Calif., emergency department.

• #30 Cysticercosis: An Emerging Parasitic Disease | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0701/p91.html

  The clinical features of cysticercosis depend on the location of the cysts and overall cyst burden. Cysts can lodge in the brain and spinal column, eyes, skeletal muscle, and subcutaneous tissues. Brain and eye cysts cause the most morbidity, with the brain being the most common location for cysts (60 to 90 percent of all cases) and the eye being the least common (1 to 3 percent). The initial host reaction is often avoided through the encystment of the larvae, a process that includes enlisting defense mechanisms against destruction by the host. This phase may last for years and is often clinically silent except when cyst location or size causes signs or symptoms. Most cysts are unable to maintain these protective barriers indefinitely, and degenerating cysts release larval antigens that produce a vigorous host response and cause the clinically apparent syndrome through inflammatory mediators and surrounding edema.

• #31 Cysticercosis: An Emerging Parasitic Disease | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0701/p91.html

  Parenchymal neurocysticercosis, the infection of brain parenchyma, is a common cause of focal and generalized seizures, but it less commonly presents as headache, parkinsonism, or other neurologic abnormality. Heavy cyst burden in neural tissue can cause encephalopathy with fever, headache, nausea and vomiting, altered mental status, and seizures. […] Cysticercosis also can occur at sites distant from the central nervous system. Ocular manifestations can be found in the subretinal space or vitreous humor and can threaten vision through inflammation of degenerating cysts or through retinal detachment. Cysts can settle into extraocular muscles, producing limitations on the range of eye movements that can mimic cranial nerve palsies. […] Diagnosis of cysticercosis in a nonendemic region such as the United States requires a high index of suspicion in the appropriate clinical setting. Travel to or emigration from an endemic area should raise suspicion, but exact timing may not be helpful because of T. solium’s propensity for a prolonged and variable period of clinically silent infection.

• #32 BugBitten Tapeworm eggs on fresh produce in a province of Poland

  https://blogs.biomedcentral.com/bugbitten/2016/09/30/tapeworm-eggs-fresh-produce-province-poland/

  People can be infected if they accidentally ingest eggs, either by intimate contact with an infected canine (most usually dogs, so dont let them kiss you) or via contaminated fresh produced, grown in areas where infected canines may defecate. […] In both cases eggs hatch in the gut, but the resultant larvae do not live there. They enter the blood stream and invade tissues, usually the liver, and form large cysts where they reproduce asexually forming hundreds of a larval form called protoscoleces which will develop into an adult tapeworm if eaten by a carnivore. […] E. multilocularis causes alveolar cystic echinococcosis (AE) in which multiple small cysts are formed that spread throughout the internal organs. The disease progresses slowly and can be asymptomatic for as long as 15 years, but eventually produces disorders similar to liver cancer. It is extremely pathogenic with a fatality rate reaching over 50%.

• #33 Tapeworm infection – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tapeworm/symptoms-causes/syc-20378174

  An egg hatches in the person’s intestines. The larva travels through the bloodstream and forms a cyst somewhere in the body. […] Symptoms usually show up years after the infection began. They happen when the immune system responds to the cyst shedding debris, breaking down or hardening. Symptoms also appear when one or more cysts keep an organ from working correctly. […] Larval cysts in the brain or spine. These may cause: Headache. Seizures. Dizziness. Nerve pain in the spine or limbs. Muscle weakness. Poor coordination. Changes in thinking or behaviors. […] Larval cysts in other organs. These can affect how well the organ works. For example, larval cysts can cause severe disease in the liver, lungs or heart. Symptoms vary widely. In some cases, a lump can be felt. There also may be pain and swelling at the site of the larval cyst infection.

• #34 Tapeworm infection – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tapeworm/symptoms-causes/syc-20378174

  Complications from larval cysts vary depending on what organ is affected. Serious complications include the following. Larval cysts in the brain or central nervous system. These can cause: Inflammation, or swelling, of the fluids and membranes surrounding the brain and spinal column, also called meningitis. Buildup of fluid in the brain, also called hydrocephalus. Pressure on the spinal cord. Damage to nerves, blood vessels or the brainstem. […] Larval cysts in other organs. These can lead to: Cyst growth that damages organ tissue. Bacterial disease in cysts. Bacterial disease related to blockages caused by cysts.

• #35 The genomes of four tapeworm species reveal adaptations to parasitism | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nature12031

  Tapeworms (Cestoda) cause neglected diseases that can be fatal and are difficult to treat, owing to inefficient drugs. […] The 115- to 141-megabase genomes offer insights into the evolution of parasitism. […] Tapeworms have specialized detoxification pathways, metabolism that is finely tuned to rely on nutrients scavenged from their hosts, and species-specific expansions of non-canonical heat shock proteins and families of known antigens. […] The high-confidence gene sets reveal extensive reductions in overall metabolic capability and an increased ability to absorb nutrients, compared to that of other animals. […] Their main energy source, carbohydrates, can be catabolized by aerobic respiration or by two complementary anaerobic pathways; the lactate fermentation and malate dismutation pathways.

• #36 The genomes of four tapeworm species reveal adaptations to parasitism | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nature12031

  Differences in the detoxification systems between tapeworms and their mammalian hosts may be exploited for drug design. […] Uniquely, tapeworms and flukes have merged two key enzymatic functions for redox homeostasis in one single enzyme: thioredoxin glutathione reductase (TGR). […] Homeobox genes are high-level transcription factors that are implicated in the patterning of body plans in animals. […] Across parasitic flatworms, the homeobox gene numbers are extensively reduced. […] Tapeworms and flukes appear to lack the ubiquitous stem cell marker gene vasa. […] These findings suggest that stem-cell-associated pathways in parasitic flatworms may be highly modified. […] We sought to identify novel and expanded gene families in tapeworms, and found many frequently occurring novel domains involved in cell-cell adhesion and the formation of the tegument.

• #37 The genomes of four tapeworm species reveal adaptations to parasitism | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nature12031

  One of the most striking gene family expansions in the tapeworm genomes is the heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) family. […] Tapeworm cysts are treated by chemotherapy or surgical intervention depending on tapeworm species, patient health and the site of the cyst. […] Novel targets and compound classes are therefore urgently needed. […] We identified approximately 250 to 300 new protein kinases, and these cover most major classes. […] We also identified 151 proteases and 63 peptidase-like proteins in E. multilocularis, a repertoire of similar diversity to S. mansoni. […] The challenges of inhibiting cancer tumours and metacestodes (particularly those of E. multilocularis) with drugs are in some ways similar; both show uncontrolled proliferation, invasion and metastasis, and are difficult to kill without causing damage to the surrounding tissue. […] These genomes provide hundreds of potential drug targets that can be tested using high-throughput drug screenings that were made possible by recent advances in axenic and cell culturing techniques.

• #38

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/taeniasis-cysticercosis

  Neurocysticercosis is the most frequent preventable cause of epilepsy worldwide and is estimated to cause 30% of all epilepsy cases in countries where the parasite is endemic. In specific communities the association between NCC and epilepsy can be up to 70%. […] In NCC, since the destruction of cysts may lead to an inflammatory response, specialised treatment is required and may include long courses with high doses of praziquantel and/or albendazole, as well as supporting therapy with corticosteroids and/or anti-epileptic drugs, and possibly surgery. […] The transmission cycle of T. solium involves pigs as intermediate hosts. As part of an integrated control strategy to break the transmission cycle of the parasite it is important to implement control measures in pigs.

• #39 Taenia Solium (Pork Tapeworm) Infection and Cysticercosis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/cestodes-tapeworms/taenia-solium-pork-tapeworm-infection-and-cysticercosis

  Infection in the brain (neurocysticercosis) may result in severe symptoms due to mass effect and inflammation induced by degeneration of cysticerci and release of antigens. […] Depending on the location and number of cysticerci, patients with neurocysticercosis may present with seizures, signs of increased intracranial pressure, hydrocephalus, focal neurologic signs, altered mental status, or aseptic meningitis. […] Antiparasitic drugs should be used with caution in patients who also have signs of neurocysticercosis (including previously asymptomatic or unrecognized disease) because killing of cysts in the brain may trigger an inflammatory response associated with seizures or other symptoms. […] Treatment of neurocysticercosis is complicated. […] The initial treatment goals for symptomatic neurocysticercosis are to reduce inflammation associated with degenerating cysticerci documented by MRI, to prevent seizures if present or if risk is high, and to relieve increased intracranial pressure if present.

• #40 Taenia Solium (Pork Tapeworm) Infection and Cysticercosis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/cestodes-tapeworms/taenia-solium-pork-tapeworm-infection-and-cysticercosis

  Antihelminthic treatment of neurocysticercosis is complicated, and consultation with an expert is recommended. […] The presence of intraventricular cysticerci is also a relative contraindication for anthelminthic drugs because the resulting inflammatory response elicited by the dying cysts can cause obstructive hydrocephalus. […] Surgery may be necessary for obstructive hydrocephalus (due to intraventricular cysticerci including those in the 4th ventricle) or spinal or ocular cysticercosis.

Zobacz więcej