Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Taenia saginata | Johns Hopkins ABX Guide

  https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540535/3.0/Taenia_saginata

  Epidemiology: T. saginata is the most common and widely distributed human tapeworm, infecting 60 million people worldwide. […] Endemic throughout Latin America, Africa, Central Asia and the Middle East; less common in Europe and Southeast Asia; uncommon in Australia and the U.S., but epidemiology may shift with increased global migration.

• #2 Taeniasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taeniasis

  The total global infection is estimated to be between 40 and 60 million people. […] In the US, the incidence of infection is low, but 25% of cattle sold are still infected. […] Taeniasis is predominantly found in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, particularly on farms in which pigs are exposed to human excrement. At a low level though, it occurs everywhere where beef and pork are eaten, even in countries with strict sanitation policies such as the United States. Taenia saginata is relatively common in Africa, some parts of Eastern Europe, the Philippines, and Latin America. It is most prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East. Taenia asiatica is restricted to East Asia, including Taiwan, Korea, Indonesia, Nepal, Thailand and China.

• #3 Tapeworm | Select 5-Minute Pediatrics Topics

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/Select-5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/14061/all/Tapeworm?q=Eye+Pain

  Beef tapeworm: Estimated 77 million people infested worldwide. Widespread in cattle-breeding areas of the world; endemic in Asia, Latin America, Eastern Europe. […] Pork tapeworm: Estimated 50 million people infested worldwide. High prevalence in developing areas of Asia, Central and South America. Up to 5,000 new cases of neurocysticercosis in United States annually. […] Fish tapeworm: Infection is most prevalent in temperate climates of Europe (Finland, Estonia, Sweden most common) and Canada. […] Echinococcosis: Hyperendemic in sheep-raising areas of South America, Australia, areas of Africa, China, Central Asia, and the Western United States.

• #4 Tapeworm Infestation: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/786292-overview

  Tapeworm infection is a significant public health concern, with varying epidemiology across different regions. […] Although many cestode infestations occur worldwide, only a few are common in the United States. […] Infection with T saginata (obtained from raw or undercooked beef) occurs worldwide, the prevalence in the United States is less than 1% because most cattle in the United States are free of the parasite. […] Infection with H nana is the most frequently diagnosed cestode infection in the United States. […] T saginata has a high endemicity in Latin America, Africa, Middle East, and central Asia and has a moderate endemicity in Europe, south Asia, Japan, and the Philippines. […] T solium is prevalent in Latin America, the Slavic countries, Africa, southeast Asia, India, and China.

• #5 Tapeworm Infestation: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/786292-overview

  Diphyllobothrium infection is prevalent in northern Europe (Finland, east Prussia, Russian Karelia), Canada, Africa, Japan, Taiwan, Manchuria, Siberia, Papua New Guinea, Australia, and South America. […] H nana infection is the most common cestode of humans. […] E multilocularis infection occurs only in the northern hemisphere, especially in central Europe, Russia, China, Japan, Canada, and north Africa. […] Infection with Spirometra species has been reported worldwide but especially in east Asia (China, Japan, and Korea) and southeast Asia (Malaysia, India, and the Philippines).

• #6 Tapeworm Infections – Helminthiases – Parasitic Diseases – Infectious Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.18.84.1.3.

  Tapeworm infections are prevalent worldwide. T saginata is more common in the Middle East, Africa, and South America, while D latum is endemic in Scandinavia, North America, Russia, Eastern Europe, Uganda, and Chile. […] Infection occurs as a result of consuming raw beef (T saginata), pork (T solium), or fish (trout, pike, perch, salmon, and other freshwater fish species that contain the larvae [D latum]) or ingestion of eggs of H nana (contaminated food, water, hands or accidental swallowing of an infected insect [insect with a cysticercoid larva]).

• #7 Taenia Saginata (Beef Tapeworm) Infection – Infectious Diseases – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/cestodes-tapeworms/taenia-saginata-beef-tapeworm-infection

  Infection with the beef tapeworm, Taenia saginata, may cause mild gastrointestinal upset or passage of a motile segment in the stool. […] T. saginata infection occurs worldwide but especially in cattle-raising regions of the tropics and subtropics in Africa, the Middle East, Eastern Europe, Mexico, and South America. Infection is uncommon in United States cattle and is monitored by federal inspection.

• #8 Taenia solium – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taenia_solium

  T. solium is found worldwide, but its two distinctive forms rely on eating undercooked pork or on ingesting faeces-contaminated water or food (respectively). […] High prevalences are reported among many places with poorer than average water hygiene or even mildly contaminated water especially with a pork-eating heritage such as Latin America, West Africa, Russia, India, Manchuria, and Southeast Asia. […] The secondary host form, human cysticercosis, predominates in areas where poor hygiene allows for mild fecal contamination of food, soil, or water supplies. […] Rates in the United States have shown immigrants from Mexico, Central and South America, and Southeast Asia bear the brunt of cases of cysticercosis caused by the ingestion of microscopic, long-lasting and hardy tapeworm eggs. […] Neurocystiscercosis is noted at around one-third of all epilepsy cases in many developing countries. […] Global prevalence rates remain largely unknown as screening tools, immunological, molecular tests, and neuroimaging are not usually available in many endemic areas.

• #9

  https://www.healio.com/news/infectious-disease/20200416/t-solium-the-pork-tapeworm-beware-the-carrier

  Humans are the only definitive host for the tapeworms Taenia saginata and Taenia solium. […] T. solium infection and cysticercosis are rare in the United States except in immigrants or visitors from Mexico, South and Central America, Eastern Europe, India and parts of Africa and Asia where sanitation is poor (ie, pigs have access to human feces) and people eat raw or undercooked pork. […] Travelers to these parts of the world can become infected with the tapeworm by eating raw or undercooked pork. […] In addition, travelers may develop cysticercosis from food contaminated with the feces of an infected food handler. […] Infection of a person in the U.S. also may occur from an infected food handler residing in the U.S. who is from a country where T. solium infection is common. […] For example, cases of cysticercosis were reported in Orthodox Jews who strictly avoid porcine products; they became infected by food handlers from Latin America.

• #10 Taenia asiatica (Asian Tapeworm) Infection – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/cestodes-tapeworms/taenia-asiatica-asian-tapeworm-infection

  Infection with T. asiatica is limited to Asia and occurs mostly in China, Taiwan, Indonesia, Thailand, South Korea, India, and adjacent countries (1). […] Pigs are the intermediate hosts for T. asiatica. Humans are infected by eating cysticerci (larvae) in raw or undercooked pork. […] The stool should be examined for proglottids and ova; ova may also be present on anal swabs. Ova of T. asiatica are morphologically indistinguishable from those of T. saginata and T. solium. Molecular tests for parasite DNA can differentiate T. asiatica from T. saginata. […] Stools should be reexamined for Taenia ova 1 and 3 months after treatment to verify cure.

• #11 Cysticercosis |Tapeworm Infections – Education | IIL

  http://cysticercosis.in/tapeworm-education?page=introduction

  T. asiatica, on the other hand, is prevalent in Asia and is commonly seen in China, Indonesia, Taiwan, Thailand, and Republic of Korea. […] In India, tapeworm infections occur in all states, but the prevalence among the states vary. Both taeniasis and cysticercosis is believed to be highly prevalent in northern India than southern India. Unfortunately, the population-based epidemiological data on taeniasis and cysticercosis are lacking from India. […] According to a report by The National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, neurocysticercosis occurred in 2% of unselected series of epilepsy patients. A study from New Delhi reported that 2.5% of all intracranial space occupying lesions were caused due to neurocysticercosis. More than 95% of Indian patients with neurocysticercosis were vegetarians.

• #11 Cysticercosis |Tapeworm Infections – Education | IIL

  http://cysticercosis.in/tapeworm-education?page=introduction

  Tapeworm infections can occur when a person consumes food that is contaminated with tapeworm larvae. […] Epidemiology of Tapeworm Infection […] Taenia saginata, T. solium, and T. asiatica, the tapeworms that cause taeniasis are found throughout the globe. Worldwide, about 50 million people are infected by T. saginata or T. solium. The only one of medical relevance is T. solium as it causes neurocysticercosis. Nearly 50,000 human deaths occur due to cysticercosis. […] T. solium is prevalent in non-Islamic areas of Southeast Asia, India, parts of China, Central and South America, Africa and is present in Eastern Europe. The infection is particularly prevalent in parts of Africa and Latin America. […] T. saginata is common in the cattle-breeding areas. It is highly prevalent (i.e. 10%) in the Near East, central and eastern Africa, and central Asia. It is least prevalent in (i.e.1%) in the regions Central and South America, Europe and Southeast Asia.

• #12 Tapeworm – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537154/

  Cestodes are flat, parasitic, hermaphroditic tapeworms with complex life cycles that infect animals, including humans. […] These tapeworm infections have significant human and veterinary disease implications as well as economic effects. […] Tapeworms require single or multiple hosts to complete their life cycle. Infection of the host depends on the stage of the life cycle the tapeworm is in when the host becomes exposed. […] Although Taenia solium and Taenia saginata have a global distribution, the highest prevalence is found in areas with poor access to adequate clean water and sanitation and areas that ingest raw or under-cooked meat. […] It is important to note that due to potential diagnostic limitations, the prevalence of neurocysticercosis is likely under-diagnosed. […] Diphyllobothriasis has a global distribution with some decline in human disease in North American, Asia, and most of Europe but also a reemergence in some areas, including Russia, South Korea, Japan, and South America. […] The occurrence is unknown in Africa and Australia. […] The best prophylaxis for Diphyllobothrium is to avoid consumption of raw, smoked, or pickled fish. […] Sanitation, meat inspection, and preparation are the cornerstone to preventing human infection of all three tapeworms.

• #13 Tapeworm | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/29872

  Diphyllobothriasis has a global distribution with some decline in human disease in North American, Asia, and most of Europe but also a reemergence in some areas, including Russia, South Korea, Japan, and South America. Diphyllobothriasis is generally associated with cold waters in the Palaearctic region, although some cases have been reported in South America. The occurrence is unknown in Africa and Australia. D. latum is thought to be the most common cause of Diphyllobothriosis; however, recent studies show that due to the difficulty in classifying species, D. latum may be misdiagnosed as other emerging species. D. latum is mostly reported in northern Europe, Russia, and North America; however, it also was recently found in South America (Chile).

• #14 Cysticercosis: An Emerging Parasitic Disease | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0701/p91.html

  Cysticercosis (i.e., tapeworm infection) is an increasingly common medical problem in the United States, especially in the Southwest and other areas of heavy emigration from endemic areas or in populations with significant travel to these areas. […] Cysticercosis (i.e., tapeworm infection) is the most common parasitic disease worldwide, with an estimated prevalence greater than 50 million persons infected. […] It is endemic in Mexico, Central and South America, and parts of Africa, Asia, and India. […] Neurocysticercosis, the neurologic manifestation of cysticercosis, is the most prevalent infection of the brain worldwide, and more than 1,000 new cases are diagnosed in the United States each year. […] Neurocysticercosis is one of the leading causes of adult-onset seizures worldwide and was found to be the etiologic agent in 10 percent of new-onset seizure patients in one Los Angeles, Calif., emergency department.

• #15 Tapeworm (Taeniasis / Cysticercosis) | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/notifiable-conditions/zoonosis-control/zoonosis-control-diseases-and-conditions/tapeworm-taeniasis-cysticercosis

  Taeniasis is an infection of the digestive tract caused by adult tapeworms. People can get the infection from beef, which can carry the tapeworm Taenia saginata, or pigs, which can carry Taenia solium. […] Approximately 50 million persons are infected with both parasites worldwide. About 50,000 people die of cysticercosis annually. In the US, laws governing feeding practices and inspection of domestic food animals have largely eliminated the problem of tapeworms. An estimated 1,000 new cases of cysticercosis are diagnosed in the US each year. […] Taeniasis is found worldwide. Taenia saginata is prevalent in regions where cattle are raised: Africa, the Middle East, Central and South America, Europe, and Asia. Taenia solium is prevalent in Central and South America (especially in Mexico), Africa, Southeast Asia, Eastern Europe, and Micronesia.

• #16 Cysticercosis (Pork Tapeworm Infection): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215589-overview

  Neurocysticercosis is the most frequent preventable cause of epilepsy worldwide and is estimated to cause 30% of all epilepsy cases in endemic countries. In 2015, the WHOs Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group identified T solium as a leading cause of death from foodborne diseases, resulting in a considerable total of 2.8 million disability-adjusted life-years. Neurocysticercosis was found to be responsible for 10% of newly onset seizures in one Los Angeles, California, emergency department. Overall, among patients who presented to emergency departments with newly onset seizure, neurocysticercosis was found to be responsible for 2.1-5.7% of cases.

• #17

  https://www.healio.com/news/infectious-disease/20200416/t-solium-the-pork-tapeworm-beware-the-carrier

  In countries where pigs are not raised, T. solium is rare. […] Similarly, cysticercosis occurs primarily in the countries where T. solium is found because the disease occurs only when eggs are ingested from the feces of a human carrying T. solium. […] That being said, at least 2,000 cases of neurocysticercosis are diagnosed each year in the U.S.; and about 2% of patients presenting with seizures in U.S. emergency rooms are found to have neurocysticercosis.

• #18 Epidemiology of taeniosis/cysticercosis in Europe, a systematic review: Western Europe | Parasites & Vectors | Full Text

  https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-017-2280-8

  Taeniosis cases were found in twelve out of eighteen countries in western Europe. […] Human cysticercosis cases were reported in all western European countries except for Iceland, with the highest number originating from Portugal and Spain. […] Detection and reporting of taeniosis in western Europe should be improved. […] The existence of T. solium tapeworm carriers, of suspected autochthonous cases of human cysticercosis and the lack of confirmation of porcine cysticercosis cases deserve further attention. […] Both taeniosis and human cysticercosis should be notifiable and surveillance in animals should be improved.

• #19 Taeniasis (tapeworm)

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/taeniasis-tapeworm

  Both forms of taeniasis are usually imported to Australia, but sporadic locally acquired cases of T. saginata infection have been reported. […] Taeniasis occurs worldwide. It is commonly seen in parts of Latin America, Africa, South-East Asia and eastern Europe. Both forms are usually imported to Australia, but sporadic locally acquired cases of T. saginata infection have been reported. […] Many infections are largely asymptomatic, but the larval stage of T. solium may cause fatal cysticercosis. Chronic tapeworm infections contribute to malnutrition in developing communities in many parts of the world. […] T. saginata is not directly transmissible from person to person, but T. solium may be. Adult tapeworms may persist in the intestines for up to 30 years and are able to disseminate eggs for all of this time. Eggs may remain viable in the environment for months. […] Infection does not appear to confer immunity. […] The public should be advised to avoid faecal contamination of soil, and human and animal food; avoid the use of raw sewage for irrigation of pasture soil; and cook beef and pork thoroughly.

• #20 Caring for Kids New to Canada – Cysticercosis and Taeniasis

  https://kidsnewtocanada.ca/conditions/cysticercosis-and-taeniasis

  Cysticercosis is highly endemic in Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa and South and Southeast Asia, as well as parts of Korea, China, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. The WHO estimates between 2.5 and 8.3 million people have neurocysticercosis, including both symptomatic and asymptomatic. […] In the developing world, neurocysticercosis is a common infection of the human central nervous system (CNS) and the most frequent preventable cause of epilepsy. Increasing migration from and travel to disease-endemic regions results in neurocysticercosis being seen more often in industrialized countries. […] Typical cases in the U.S. have been immigrants from Latin America and Asia who became infected in their home country, or who acquired cysticercosis from a close contact in the U.S. […] There are limited Canadian data. In 2012, Del Brutto identified a total of 21 articles reporting 60 patients, of whom 40 (67%) were diagnosed in the past two decades. Immigrants accounted for 96% of the 28 cases for whom citizenship information was available. […] Although cysticercosis is uncommon in Canada, health care providers should be aware of its potential to present as afebrile seizures in children and adolescents.

• #21

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/taeniasis-cysticercosis

  Cysticercosis mainly affects the health and livelihoods of subsistence farming communities in developing countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America. […] In 2015, the WHO Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group identified T. solium as a leading cause of deaths from food-borne diseases, resulting in a considerable total of 2.8 million disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). […] WHO has developed a mapping protocol which includes an Excel mapping tool, to evaluate the level of risk and assist the countries in identify high risk areas for endemicity to T. solium. […] Robust surveillance data is fundamental to assess disease burden, take action and to evaluate progress.

• #21

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/taeniasis-cysticercosis

  The term taeniasis refers to intestinal infection with tapeworms. […] Taeniasis is an intestinal infection caused by 3 species of tapeworm: Taenia solium (pork tapeworm), Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm) and Taenia asiatica. […] Therefore, this fact sheet refers to the transmission and health impacts of T. solium only. […] Infection with the T. solium tapeworm occurs when a person eats raw or undercooked, infected pork. […] Tapeworm eggs passed in the faeces with the tapeworm carrier are infective for pigs. […] T. solium is the cause of 30% of epilepsy cases in many endemic areas where people and roaming pigs live in close proximity. […] Neurocysticercosis is the most frequent preventable cause of epilepsy worldwide and is estimated to cause 30% of all epilepsy cases in countries where the parasite is endemic.

• #22

  https://www.who.int/news/item/25-01-2019-developing-surveillance-indicators-to-measure-global-progress-against-pork-tapeworm

  The World Health Organization (WHO) is developing a set of indicators on surveillance and control to track global progress in controlling Taenia solium (pork tapeworm). […] Valid epidemiological data are scarce and knowledge gaps pose a problem to implementing effective control measures. […] In order to generate evidence towards better surveillance of the disease and make data available more easily, WHO has recently added global data on T. solium to its Global Health Observatory (GHO). […] This is an important step towards making available important information on the global situation and trends of T. solium, said Dr Bernadette Abela-Ridder, Team Leader of WHOs Neglected Zoonotic Diseases unit. […] Increasing access to reliable global data can help the drive for informed control policies, translate into better national policy and community-level action, and tackle the impact of neurocysticercosis and taeniasis on mainly poor communities, worldwide.

• #23

  https://www.who.int/news/item/25-01-2019-developing-surveillance-indicators-to-measure-global-progress-against-pork-tapeworm

  Data on the current status of T. solium taeniasis and neurocysticercosis are limited from many countries, so other risk factors are considered. […] Emphasis is given to evidence indicating active transmission of the disease and not only the presence of imported cases. […] In order to classify each country according to their T. solium endemicity status, current GHO data were obtained from publications on the presence of porcine cysticercosis. […] One of the limitations is that data are presented at national level and not at subnational level. This is particularly relevant for some countries as transmission often occurs in specific locations.

• #24 The epidemiology of human Taenia solium infections: A systematic review of the distribution in Eastern and Southern Africa

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10096517/

  Taenia solium is a tapeworm that causes taeniosis in humans and cysticercosis in humans and pigs. Within Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA), information on the presence of human taeniosis and cysticercosis seems scarce. This systematic review aimed to describe the current information available and gaps in the epidemiology of human T. solium infections in ESA. […] Information on either taeniosis, cysticercosis or NCC was available for 16 of 27 countries within the region and a total of 113 reports were retained for the review. […] Despite the public health and economic impact of T. solium in ESA, there are still large gaps in knowledge about the occurrence of the parasite, and the resulting One Health disease complex, and monitoring of T. solium taeniosis and cysticercosis is mostly not in place.

• #25 The epidemiology of human Taenia solium infections: A systematic review of the distribution in Eastern and Southern Africa

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10096517/

  Understanding the epidemiology of T. solium infections is essential for monitoring, prevention and control of the disease complex in a One Health approach. […] The human taeniosis prevalence based on microscopy ranged between 0.1-14.7%. Based on Copro Ag-ELISA studies conducted in Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Zambia, the highest prevalence of 19.7% was reported in Kenya. […] The prevalence of human CC in ESA in different study populations showed wide variation within and between countries. […] The CC seroprevalence ranged between 0.7-40.8% on Ag-ELISA and between 13.1-45.3% on Ab-ELISA tests. […] The prevalence of T. solium taeniosis in the region may be overestimated as most Taenia spp. diagnoses could be T. saginata as beef is consumed in most countries, while in some regions, the consumption of pork is prohibited for religious reasons. […] Human taeniosis in the region is due to the high prevalence of porcine cysticercosis in ESA countries which is ranked amongst the highest in the world.

• #26 Epidemiology of intestinal helminthiasis with an emphasis on taeniasis in the Chipata district of the Eastern province of Zambia | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.23293479v1.full-text

  Intestinal helminth infections are among the most common infections worldwide and have a negative impact on the health, education, nutrition and economic development of affected populations. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of intestinal helminthiasis, including T. solium taeniasis, using a large-scale community-based study in the Chiparamba area of Chipata District of the Eastern province of Zambia. […] A total of 2762 stool samples were examined. One hundred ninety-five (7.1%) tested positive for at least one helminthic parasite on microscopy, with hookworm being the most frequent (84, 3.0%), followed by S. mansoni (66, 2.4%). For taeniasis, 11 (0.4%) participants were positive for Taenia spp. microscopically, while 241 (8.7%) tested positive via copro Ag-ELISA. […] Intestinal helminths, including T. solium taeniasis, are prevalent in the Chiparamba area of the Chipata district in the eastern province of Zambia, supporting the clear need for further targeted public health interventions for surveillance and control.

• #27 Epidemiology of intestinal helminthiasis with an emphasis on taeniasis in the Chipata district of the Eastern province of Zambia | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.23293479v1.full-text

  Although T. solium taeniasis has been recognized as a serious and emerging challenge to public health in Africa, there are limited data on its incidence and prevalence in most endemic areas due to a lack of adequate surveillance, monitoring and reporting systems. […] Within the same province, human taeniasis prevalence based on copro Ag-ELISA was found to range from 6.3% to 12%. […] Our study aimed to estimate the prevalence of intestinal helminthiasis, including T. solium taeniasis in the Chiparamba area of Chipata district of the Eastern province of Zambia. […] The study shows that intestinal helminths including T. solium are present in our study community and require public health interventions for surveillance and control. […] Hyperendemicity for T. solium taeniasis in an area is defined as a point prevalence rate greater than 1%. Our study community, with an estimated prevalence of 8.7% by copro Ag-ELISA, was thus hyperendemic to taeniasis. […] The overall taeniasis positivity determined by copro Ag-ELISA in this study is higher than the prevalence of 6.3% reported in Petauke district within the Eastern province of Zambia but lower than the 11.9% reported in the neighboring district of Katete.

• #28 Epidemiology of Taenia saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis: a systematic review of the distribution in West and Central Africa | Parasites & Vectors | Full Text

  https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-019-3584-7

  The zoonotic tapeworm Taenia saginata, although causing only minor discomfort in humans, is responsible for considerable economic losses in the livestock sector due to condemnation or downgrading of infected beef carcasses. […] Our systematic review has revealed that human taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis are seriously understudied in West and Central Africa. The high prevalence estimates of both conditions suggest an active dissemination of this parasite in the region, calling for a concerted One Health action from public health, veterinary health and food surveillance sectors. […] Overall, human taeniosis was reported in seven out of 27 countries/territories, while bovine cysticercosis was reported in 14 out of 27 countries/territories. This systematic review has revealed that human T. saginata taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis are seriously understudied in this region.

• #29 CAPACITY BUILDINGFOR SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROLOF ZOONOTIC DISEASES

  https://www.fao.org/4/a0083e/a0083e07.htm

  The terms cysticercosis and taeniasis refer to food-borne zoonotic infections with larval and adult tapeworms, respectively. […] These cestodes are cosmopolitan in distribution, and are highly endemic in Latin America, Africa and Asia where poverty conditions such as poor sanitation, and intimate contact between humans and their livestock are commonplace. […] It has been estimated that millions of people worldwide are infected with T. solium. […] Although the life cycle cannot be maintained in regions that have adequate sanitation and good animal husbandry practices, these regions are still vulnerable, owing to immigration of people from highly endemic regions carrying infections of the adult stage (taeniasis). […] The rapid expansion of smallholder pig production in Africa has led to a significant increase in cysticercosis in pigs and humans, an important problem for governments seeking to increase livestock production and rural incomes.

• #30 Cysticercosis |Tapeworm Infections – Education | IIL

  http://cysticercosis.in/tapeworm-education?page=introduction

  A study reported that a rural pig farming community in Lucknow district, Uttar Pradesh, had a high prevalence of taeniasis, which was 18.6%. In this community, active epilepsy occurred in 5.8% of the population and 48.3% of the population with epilepsy met the probable or definitive diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis. […] There are various studies conducted to estimate the prevalence of porcine cysticercosis in the different states of India. The prevalence of cysticercosis was found to range between 3.33% to 17.8% according to these studies. The incidence varied according to the regions and other factors.

• #31 Clinical characteristics and epidemiology of intestinal tapeworm infections over the last decade in Tokyo, Japan: A retrospective review | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0006297

  Tapeworm (cestode) infections occur worldwide even in developed countries and globalization has further complicated the epidemiology of such infections. […] Our objectives were to elucidate the clinical characteristics and epidemiology of diphyllobothriosis and taeniosis in Tokyo, Japan. […] The cestode infection, especially with D. nihonkaiense, has frequently occurred, even in Japanese cities, thereby implicating the probable increase in the prevalence of diphyllobothriosis among travelers, as the number of travelers is expected to increase owing to the Tokyo Olympics/Paralympics in 2020. […] Medical practitioners should be aware of the importance of providing advice to travelers to endemic countries of taeniosis, including the potential risks of infection and preventive methods for these infections.

• #32 Incidence of Tapeworm Infection in Human Population of Swat, Pakistan: An Occupation Based Study

  https://researcherslinks.com/current-issues/Incidence-of-Tapeworm-Infection/20/1/1051/html

  Incidence of Tapeworm Infection in Human Population of Swat, Pakistan: An Occupation Based Study […] Diseases caused by tapeworms remain a public health problem in low and middle-income countries including Pakistan. The current study was aimed to assess the prevalence of Taenia saginata and Hymenolepis nana (tapeworms) infections among farmers, education concerned and shepherds of Swat, Pakistan. A total of 1041 stool samples were examined from January 2006 to December 2008 using direct smear and concentration methods. Two hundred and twenty one (21.2%) participants were found infected with one or more than one intestinal tapeworms. […] Tapeworm infection has a global distribution and is endemic in Southeast Asia, including Pakistan. The epidemiology of Taeniasis in Asia suggests the existence of a form of human Taenia different from T. saginata and T. solium. The life cycle of this zoonotic cestode includes the pig and other cattles as the normal intermediate host and humans as the definitive host.

• #33 Incidence of Tapeworm Infection in Human Population of Swat, Pakistan: An Occupation Based Study

  https://researcherslinks.com/current-issues/Incidence-of-Tapeworm-Infection/20/1/1051/html

  In the hilly areas of Pakistan, the prevalence of infection with T. saginata has been reported to be 12.8%. Swat district in northwestern Pakistan has been known as a highly endemic area for taeniasis. It is also found that the overall tapeworm infection rate was as high as 7.1% in Lahore, hospital patients. […] To date, most studies have focused more on intestinal parasitic infections among humans population of Pakistan. However, data on the prevalence of tapeworms infections are still lacking and this information remains scanty in Pakistan. Hence, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of tapeworms infection in farmers, education concerned and shepherd of Swat, Pakistan. […] The prevalence rate of Hymenolepis nana is 19.7% in the present study. In Multan well persons this infection was recorded to be 3.4%. In school children of Dir district 6.6% prevalence was recorded. In school children of Chitral district 5.98% prevalence was noted. Nearly similar to the present study this similarity may due to same socio-economic level. […] Variable prevalence of this intestinal pathogenic tapeworm for different areas might be due to the different ecological, personal habits, cultural and geographical restrictions.

• #34 Cysticercosis (Pork Tapeworm Infection): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215589-overview

  An estimated 50-100 million people are infected with cysticercosis worldwide. This is probably an underestimate since many infections go undiagnosed. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates suggest 2.56-8.30 million cases of neurocysticercosis globally. Neurocysticercosis is one of the leading causes of adult-onset seizures worldwide. CT scanning and MRI of the brain have greatly improved the diagnosis of neurocysticercosis. […] Areas of endemic disease include Central and South America, India, China, Southeast Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. Studies in Latin America and India have noted adult-onset seizures in approximately 2% of the population, with as many as half due to neurocysticercosis. In Latin America, the seroprevalence rate ranges from 4.9-24%. In India, the estimated prevalence is similar. Rural China and Korea have lower infection rates. The seroprevalence in certain rural South American communities is as high as 10-25%. The estimated true prevalence of human taeniasis and cysticercosis in rural Vietnam is as high as 13% for each. There is also an indication that cysticercosis and taeniasis are present across eastern European countries.

• #35 CAPACITY BUILDINGFOR SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROLOF ZOONOTIC DISEASES

  https://www.fao.org/4/a0083e/a0083e07.htm

  The incidence data in humans are very limited owing to a lack of adequate surveillance, monitoring and reporting systems, although the recognition of its status as a serious and emerging threat to public health is increasing. […] The prevalence of T. solium infection varies greatly according to the regional level of sanitation, pig husbandry practices and eating habits. […] The high prevalence of pig cysticercosis should be expected to be accompanied by obvious and frequent T. solium tapeworm infections in man. […] The control of human (neuro)cysticercosis: which way forward? […] The major risk factors related to transmission of T. solium eggs to pigs can be summarized as follows: Extensive or free-range pig rearing in households lacking latrines, and outdoor human defecation near or in pig-rearing areas.

• #36 Parasitetesting

  https://www.parasitetesting.com/Taenia-solium-saginata?srsltid=AfmBOooNbT_MKZM1-qEua9QAkHxLe8fuSfB9kW71AwiX19tFTuoVSEsI

  Taeniasis is under-reported in a significant portion of the world because diagnosis is difficult in resource-poor settings. The number of new cases in the U.S. each year is probably less than 1000, but an exact number is not known. […] The tapeworms that cause taeniasis (Taenia saginata, T. solium, and T. asiatica) are found worldwide. Eating raw or undercooked beef or pork is the primary risk factor for acquiring taeniasis. Persons who don’t eat raw or undercooked beef or pork are not likely to get taeniasis. […] Infections with T. saginata occur wherever contaminated raw beef is eaten, particularly in Eastern Europe, Russia, eastern Africa and Latin America. Taeniasis due to T. saginata is rare in the United States, except in places where cattle and people are concentrated and sanitation is poor, such as around feed lots when cattle can be exposed to human feces. Tapeworm infections due to T. solium are more prevalent in under-developed communities with poor sanitation and where people eat raw or undercooked pork. Higher rates of illness have been seen in people in Latin America, Eastern Europe, sub-Saharan Africa, India, and Asia. Taenia solium taeniasis is seen in the United States, typically among Latin American immigrants. Taenia asiatica is limited to Asia and is seen mostly in the Republic of Korea, China, Taiwan, Indonesia, and Thailand.

• #37 CAPACITY BUILDINGFOR SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROLOF ZOONOTIC DISEASES

  https://www.fao.org/4/a0083e/a0083e07.htm

  The risk factors important to the transmission of cysticerci to humans are: Lack of comprehensive and satisfactory meat inspection at pig slaughter. […] The way forward: specific capacities needed to implement control activities. […] The development of improved sanitation and hygiene practices have had a major impact on the occurrence of cysticercosis in developed countries, and also among urban dwellers in the developing countries, because of their effect on the transmission of Taenia eggs. […] A control programme will necessitate establishing a national organization that helps and guides the local effort.

• #38 Parasitetesting

  https://www.parasitetesting.com/Taenia-solium-saginata?srsltid=AfmBOooNbT_MKZM1-qEua9QAkHxLe8fuSfB9kW71AwiX19tFTuoVSEsI

  A disease called cysticercosis can occur when T. solium tapeworm eggs are ingested. For example, people with poor hygiene who have taeniasis — with or without symptoms — will shed tapeworm eggs in their feces and might accidentally contaminate their environment. This can lead to transmission of cysticercosis to themselves or others.

• #39 Cysticercosis Surveillance: Locally Acquired and Travel-Related Infections and Detection of Intestinal Tapeworm Carriers in Los Angeles County in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 47 Issue 3 (1992)

  https://www.ajtmh.org/abstract/journals/tpmd/47/3/article-p365.xml

  A surveillance system for cysticercosis was initiated in January 1988 in Los Angeles County to measure the incidence of the disease, to more accurately assess the level of locally acquired and travel-related infection, and to evaluate household contacts for intestinal tapeworm infection. […] The highest rates were among Hispanics (1.6/100,000), most of whom were Mexican immigrants. […] At least one Taenia tapeworm carrier was found among contacts of five (6.9%) of 72 cysticercosis patients. […] Cysticercosis causes appreciable morbidity and mortality in Los Angeles County, principally among Hispanic immigrants. However, these results indicate that both travel-acquired and locally acquired cysticercosis may be more common than previously recognized. Public health followup of cysticercosis cases, including screening of household contacts, can identify tapeworm carriers, who can be treated and removed as potential sources of further infection.

• #40 Clinical characteristics and epidemiology of intestinal tapeworm infections over the last decade in Tokyo, Japan: A retrospective review | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0006297

  Globalization has further complicated the epidemiology of cestode infections. […] The estimated infection sites were significantly different between taeniosis and diphyllobothriosis. […] The actual number of taeniosis is expected to be much higher because the cases of taeniosis should have been under-reported. […] D. nihonkaiense infection often occurs even in cities in Japan, thereby implicating the probable increase in the prevalence of diphyllobothriosis among travelers. […] Considering the increasing number of travelers to foreign countries where taeniosis is endemic, medical practitioners should be aware of the importance of providing advice to travelers including the potential risks of infection, and preventive methods for these infections should be considered.

• #41 Cysticercosis: Epidemiology, transmission, and prevention – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cysticercosis-epidemiology-transmission-and-prevention

  Cysticercosis is caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Taenia solium; clinical syndromes include neurocysticercosis and extraneural cysticercosis. […] The epidemiology and transmission of cysticercosis will be reviewed here. […] Cysticercosis is endemic in many regions of Central and South America, sub-Saharan Africa, India, and Asia. […] In countries where cysticercosis is endemic, the prevalence is often higher in rural or periurban areas where pigs are raised and sanitary conditions are suboptimal. […] Individuals with cysticercosis also present for medical attention outside of endemic areas, particularly where there are significant numbers of immigrants. […] A review of a national database estimated that there were more than 18,000 hospitalizations for neurocysticercosis in the United States between 2003 and 2012. […] The incidence of neurocysticercosis may be twice the estimates based on inpatient data. […] Individuals with no history of pork consumption or travel to endemic areas can also develop neurocysticercosis.

• #42 Epidemiology of Taenia saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis: a systematic review of the distribution in West and Central Africa | Parasites & Vectors | Full Text

  https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-019-3584-7

  Overall, prevalence estimates for taeniosis of up to 50%, and for bovine cysticercosis of up to 30%, indicate the continued transmission of this parasite between cattle and humans. Despite the limited pathology caused by T. saginata, bovine cysticercosis has the potential to cause a high economic cost due to condemnation of infected carcasses. To interrupt transmission, stringent meat inspection procedures should be applied and improvements implemented in the sanitation and management of human sewage. The public should also be educated regarding general food safety measures such as thorough cooking of meat products, which also reduces the risk of infection with other microbiological hazards associated with meat products, such as pathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Mycobacterium bovis and Campylobacter spp.

• #43 Epidemiology of Taeniosis/Cysticercosis in Humans and Animals | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/86635

  In most African countries where pigs are raised extensively, cysticercosis caused by T. solium is extremely widespread. […] In Eastern and Southern African countries, T. solium is a serious public health and agricultural problem. […] The existing problem of low reporting data on cysticercosis in EU has been previously recognized and evaluated by the EFSA Panel on Biological Hazard. […] The major constraint with regard to monitoring of cysticercosis is the lack of a gold-standard reference diagnostic test that would solely ensure a high level of confidence in detecting the disease, particularly in animals with low parasite burdens. […] The high prevalence of taeniosis and cysticercosis is a reflection of poor sanitary conditions, which are below standards and poor food safety measures. Therefore, in endemic areas there is a need to improve local surveillance, sanitary conditions, diagnostics and the regulatory system.

• #44 Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances – Taenia saginata – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/taenia-saginata.html

  EPIDEMIOLOGY: Worldwide. It has increased prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa, Central and South America, Asia and some European countries. High prevalence is associated with the habit of heating raw or undercooked beef. In Ethiopia, 2.2-3.2% of cattle are infected with larval stage of T. saginata, although the reported rates of infection in humans vary widely. […] SURVEILLANCE: Monitor for symptoms. Can be diagnosed by looking for eggs in feces and the active migration of the gravid proglottids out of the anus. Identification is done by examination of the proglottids based on the morphology of the uterus. The uterus is injected with India ink for visualization of the branching. Other identification methods include PCR of species-specific sequences of mitochondrial DNA, detection of coproantigens and enzyme linked immunoabsorbent assays for the detection of serum antigens.

• #45 Taenia solium – Cysticercosis and Taeniasis | Choose the Right Test

  https://arupconsult.com/content/cysticercosis

  For those with suspected taeniasis, intestinal infection can be identified through stool microscopy. Additional methods to detect taeniasis (i.e., coproantigen, nucleic acid-based, and serologic testing) are currently only available on a research basis. […] Taeniasis can occur due to other Taenia species. Because T. solium diagnoses entail subsequent testing, species identification via stool microscopy is recommended when possible.

• #46 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Cysticercosis-PorkTapeworm-Taeniasis.aspx

  Taeniasis and cysticercosis are diseases of humans caused by a tapeworm (Taenia solium) that normally infects pigs. Taeniasis is an intestinal infection with the adult stage of the tapeworm. Cysticercosis is a tissue infection with the larval stage cysts of the tapeworm. […] The tapeworm, Taenia solium, is found wherever humans and pigs exist together. Taeniasis and cysticercosis infections are rare in the United States, but common in countries where pigs roam freely and sanitation is poor. […] Taeniasis is diagnosed by laboratory detection of tapeworm eggs in stool specimens. Neurocysticercosis may be diagnosed with imaging technology such as MRI or CT. […] Pork tapeworm infection can be prevented by avoiding eating raw or undercooked pork. Always wash your hands with soap and water after using the toilet and before handling food, especially when traveling in developing countries.

• #47 Taenia Solium (Pork Tapeworm) Infection and Cysticercosis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/cestodes-tapeworms/taenia-solium-pork-tapeworm-infection-and-cysticercosis

  Taeniasis and cysticercosis occur worldwide. Cysticercosis is prevalent, and neurocysticercosis is a major cause of seizure disorders in Latin America. Cysticercosis is rare in countries with low pork consumption. Infection in the United States or Canada is rare in those who have not traveled abroad, but infection may occur by ingesting ova from people who visited endemic countries and are harboring adult T. solium. […] Diagnosis of neurocysticercosis is usually made when CT or MRI is done to evaluate neurologic symptoms. […] Identifying and treating carriers of adult T. solium is an important public health measure in preventing cysticercosis.

• #48 Epidemiology of Taenia saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis: a systematic review of the distribution in West and Central Africa | Parasites & Vectors | Full Text

  https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-019-3584-7

  Based on the findings of our systematic review, both human taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis are understudied in West and Central Africa. Included articles reported high prevalence estimates for both conditions, pointing to a continued transmission of T. saginata in the region. A One Health approach is needed to protect the general public from acquiring tapeworm infection.

• #49 Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity of Spirometra Tapeworm Isolates from Snakes in Hunan Province, China

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/9/1216

  Data on Spirometra tapeworm infection of snakes in Hunan province were supplemented for the first time in this study. The prevalence of Spirometra tapeworm in snakes worldwide was also analyzed. A total of 2934 snakes belonging to 28 species were surveyed for sparganum infection. As a result, 1581 (53.89%, 1581/2934) were found to be positive. The level of sparganum infection in wild snakes in Korea was the highest (83.04%, 235/283), followed by China (51.93%, 1152/2218) and Indonesia (50.85%, 192/378). In China, the highest prevalence was found in Zhejiang province (100%, 5/5), followed by Shanghai (93.22%, 55/59) and Hunan (89.53%, 402/449). […] The distinct genetic separation of the Polish and Chinese populations of Spirometra isolates was identified. Phylogenetic analysis supported the division of Polish and Chinese Spirometra isolates, which supports the findings of previous studies. The survey results showed that sparganum infection rates in wild snakes in Asian countries were higher than in Europe. Most snake species (82.14%, 23/28) were sensitive to sparganum infection, and the most frequently infected species was Zaocys dhumnades, followed by Dinodon rufozonatum and Agkistrodon saxatilis. The sparganum infection rates in wild snakes in several regions of China were still high, especially in Zhejiang, Shanghai, and Hunan. Genetic diversity analysis based on cytb and cox1 genes revealed no distinct genetic structure among Spirometra populations in Hunan province.

• #50 Development and validation of CystiAgent: an agent-based model to investigate transmission and control of taenia solium in Peru

  https://digitalcollections.ohsu.edu/record/7497?ln=en

  The pork tapeworm (Taenia solium) is a parasitic helminth that imposes a major health and economic burden on poor rural populations around the world. […] As recognized by the World Health Organization, a key barrier for achieving control of T. solium is the lack of an accurate and validated simulation model with which to study transmission and evaluate available control strategies.

• #51 The epidemiology of human Taenia solium infections: a systematic review of the distribution in Eastern and Southern Africa | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.22283765v1

  Taenia solium is a tapeworm that causes taeniosis in humans and cysticercosis in humans and pigs. Within Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA), there are many countries in which information on the presence of human taeniosis and cysticercosis is missing. This systematic review aimed to describe the current information available and gaps in the epidemiology of human T. solium infections in ESA. […] Information on either taeniosis, cysticercosis or NCC was available for 16 of 27 countries within the region. […] Despite the public health and economic impact of T. solium in ESA, there are still large gaps in knowledge about the occurrence of the parasite, and the resulting One Health disease complex, and monitoring of T. solium taeniosis and cysticercosis is mostly not in place. […] Understanding the epidemiology of T. solium infections is essential for monitoring, prevention and control of the disease complex in a One Health approach.

• #52 Epidemiology of Taeniosis/Cysticercosis in Humans and Animals | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/86635

  Estimates are that millions of people worldwide are infected with T. solium, a tapeworm with more important clinical significance than the other two taenia species. […] Taeniosis and cysticercosis are endemic in the Andean region of South America, Brazil, Central America, and Mexico; China, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia; and sub-Saharan Africa. […] In non-endemic countries, that is, many European countries, the USA, Canada, and Australia, reporting of HCC is due to increased consumption of pork, travel, and an increased flow of immigrants. […] Epidemiological studies estimate 2.56 million human taeniosis cases worldwide and 8.3 cases of cysticercosis, including at least 400,000 symptomatic cases in South America, 1.53 million cases in sub-Saharan Africa, and 37 million cases of HCC in China.

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