Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Tapeworm infection – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tapeworm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378178

  Your health care provider treats a tapeworm infection in the intestines with anti-parasitic drugs. These include: […] These drugs kill the tapeworm but not the eggs. You need to wash your hands well with soap and water after using the toilet. This protects you and other people from the spread of tapeworm eggs. […] Your health care provider will schedule follow-up appointments. They use tests of stool samples to see if the treatment has worked. […] Treating a larval cyst infection depends on the location or effects of the infection. Treatments often include: […] Anti-parasitic drugs. Albendazole and praziquantel are used to treat larval cysts in the brain or central nervous system. […] Corticosteroids. Corticosteroids can reduce swelling and other immune system activity that may damage organs, muscles or other tissues.

• #1 Tapeworms: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/170461

  Anyone who has a tapeworm will need medical treatment to get rid of it. Treatment is about 95% effective and typically takes a few days. […] Doctors may prescribe oral medications. The digestive system does not absorb these drugs well. They either dissolve or kill the adult tapeworm. […] The persons stools will be checked several times for a few months after the course of medication. These medications, if a person follows procedures correctly, are 95% effective. […] If the infection affects tissues outside the intestine, the person may have to take a course of anti-inflammatory steroids to reduce swelling caused by the development of cysts. […] If the person has life threatening cysts that have developed in vital organs such as the lungs or liver, they may need surgery. A doctor may inject a cyst with medication, such as formalin, to destroy the larvae before removing the cyst. […] Tapeworms can be treated through oral medications and laxatives. If a person follows treatment correctly, medications are highly effective.

• #1 Clinical Treatment of Taeniasis | Human Tapeworm (Taeniasis) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/taeniasis/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Praziquantel is the preferred medication for treatment of taeniasis; albendazole is another option. […] Niclosamide is an alternative for children, but not available for human use in the U.S. […] Use praziquantel and albendazole carefully in patients suspected to have cysticercosis as there are reports of seizures associated with treatment. […] Praziquantel is the medication most often used to treat active taeniasis, given at 5-10 mg/kg orally once for adults and 5-10 mg/kg orally once for children. Available evidence suggests that using 10mg/kg once orally may have a higher rate of cure than the 5mg/kg dose. […] Niclosamide is an alternative, given at 2 g orally once for adults and 50 mg/kg orally once for children. […] Albendazole, given as 400mg daily for three days, may be used as another option for the treatment of taeniasis, although this is based on studies treating small numbers of infected individuals with T. solium or T. saginata.

• #1 Tapeworm infection – beef or pork: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001391.htm

  Tapeworms are treated with medicines taken by mouth, usually in a single dose. The drug of choice for tapeworm infections is praziquantel. Niclosamide can also be used, but this medicine is not available in the United States. […] With treatment, the tapeworm infection goes away.

• #1 Clinical Treatment of Taeniasis | Human Tapeworm (Taeniasis) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/taeniasis/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Stools may be collected for 3 days after treatment to search for proglottids or scolices for species identification if necessary. […] Stools should be re-examined for Taenia eggs 1 and 3 months after treatment to be sure the infection is cleared. […] Both praziquantel and albendazole should be used cautiously in patients suspected to have cysticercosis. […] There are case reports of seizures that may have been temporally associated with treatment. […] Oral praziquantel is available for human use in the United States. […] Niclosamide is NOT available for human use in the United States. […] Oral albendazole is available for human use in the United States. […] Praziquantel and albendazole are not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of taeniasis.

• #1 How Tapeworm Infection Is Treated

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/treating-tapeworm-infection-4163405

  Praziquantel works to clear the infection by paralyzing the worms, who then detach from the intestinal wall and then pass through the intestine and out of the body through the anus with a bowel movement. […] Alinia (nitazoxanide) is an alternative for treatment of dwarf tapeworm, but praziquantel is still the preferred treatment, though at a higher dose than for Taeniasis. […] Cysticercosis is a complication of infection with the pork tapeworm (T. solium). […] Antiparasitic medications that kill the cysts will be given, but other drugs might also be necessary. […] To ensure that the tapeworm infection has cleared, a physician will order stool tests. […] Once diagnosed, it’s relatively easy to clear up a tapeworm infection with a single dose of an anthelminthic medication that destroys parasitic worms: typically Biltricide (praziquantel) or, for a dwarf tapeworm infection, Alinia (nitazoxanide). […] It isn’t necessary to have surgery to get rid of tapeworms. However, surgery may be necessary to treat cysticercosis to remove cysts blocking the flow of cerebrospinal fluid or relieve problems in the spinal cord or eyes caused by cysts.

• #1 Successful treatment of niclosamide- and praziquantel-resistant beef tapeworm infection with nitazoxanide – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17962058/

  Beef tapeworm (Taenia saginata) infection is acquired by eating inadequately cooked beef that contains the larvae or cysticerci of T. saginata. […] We report herein the results of nitazoxanide therapy. […] A prospective study was conducted in 18 children and 34 adults to assess the efficacy and safety of nitazoxanide in the treatment of niclosamide- and praziquantel-resistant T. saginata infection. […] Nitazoxanide was administered twice daily for 3 days in 500-mg doses for those aged over 14 years and at 20mg/kg body weight/day in children aged 5-14 years. […] Nitazoxanide cured 51 of 52 (98.1%) patients. […] Nitazoxanide is a safe, effective, inexpensive, and well-tolerated drug for the treatment of niclosamide- and praziquantel-resistant beef tapeworm infection.

• #1 Tapeworm Infestation Treatment & Management: Emergency Department Care, Consultations, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/786292-treatment

  Unless the parasite is detected (eg, presence of eggs, worm segments, cysts), definitive therapy in the ED is unlikely. Stabilization of any patient in the presence of a systemic disease such as seizure, anaphylaxis, or organ failure is essential. […] Recent reviews summarize that most intestinal tapeworm infections can be effectively treated with praziquantel or niclosamide. These antihelminthic agents have effective rates of 85-98%. Praziquantel was found to be 100% effective in the treatment of Taenia and H nana infection. […] In neurocysticercosis, neurologic manifestations indicate the need for antihelminthic agents and antiepileptics. The recommended antihelminthic agent is albendazole. In a meta-analysis of comparative trials, albendazole provides better seizure control and resolution of cysts or granuloma as compared with praziquantel.

• #1 Cysticercosis: An Emerging Parasitic Disease | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0701/p91.html

  Cysticercosis should be considered in any patient from an endemic area presenting with these symptoms. Treatment varies with the clinical presentation. Parenchymal neurocysticercosis generally is treated with albendazole in conjunction with steroids to limit edema and with antiepileptic medications for seizure control. Ocular and extraocular muscle cysticercosis generally requires surgical intervention. Skeletal muscle cysts are surgically removed only if painful. […] Treatment decision-making process can be complex, and therapeutic options include medications, surgery, or watchful waiting. The treatment decision must take into account multiple factors, including symptoms and the location, number, stage, and size of cysts. […] Small case series suggest that antiparasitic therapy with albendazole (Albenza) or praziquantel (Biltricide), generally in conjunction with steroids, is effective in the treatment of extraocular muscle involvement.

• #1 Tapeworm infection – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tapeworm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378178

  Surgery. When possible, a surgeon removes a larval cyst. […] Surgery alternative. Sometimes, when surgery isn’t possible, another treatment may be used. A specialist uses a fine needle to remove some fluid from the cyst. They inject a treatment into the cyst to kill it. Then they remove all of the fluid in the cyst. […] Other treatments to manage complications and symptoms may include: […] Anti-epileptic medicine. These drugs help prevent or stop seizures caused by larval cysts in the brain. […] Shunt. A tube, called a shunt, may be used to drain excess fluid in the brain.

• #1 Taenia Solium (Pork Tapeworm) Infection and Cysticercosis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/cestodes-tapeworms/taenia-solium-pork-tapeworm-infection-and-cysticercosis

  Treatment of neurocysticercosis is complicated. […] The initial treatment goals for symptomatic neurocysticercosis are to reduce inflammation associated with degenerating cysticerci documented by MRI, to prevent seizures if present or if risk is high, and to relieve increased intracranial pressure if present. […] Corticosteroids (prednisone up to 60 mg orally once/day or dexamethasone 12 to 24 mg orally once/day) are used to reduce inflammation and increased intracranial pressure. […] Conventional antiseizure drugs are given to patients who have seizures. […] Neurosurgical intervention may be necessary for patients with increased intracranial pressure or intraventricular cysticerci. […] Anthelmintic treatment of neurocysticercosis is complicated, and consultation with an expert is recommended.

• #1 Cysticercosis | Treating A Tapeworm Infection | IIL

  https://cysticercosis.in/tapeworm-education?page=treating-a-tapeworm-infection

  Seizures are common symptom of neurocysticercosis. These seizures can be managed by anti-epileptic medications. […] If the cysts develop in the lungs, liver or eyes, they can affect the organ function significantly. Some cysts can block the flow of the fluid that surrounds the spinal cord and brain. Such cysts are removed surgically. In some cases, a medication like formalin may be injected into the cyst to kill the larvae before the cyst is removed. […] An alternative to surgery is the use of a drainage tube, which allows the area with cysts to be irrigated (rinsed aggressively) with anti-parasitic solutions. Surgery to remove cysts is not recommended in cases where the cysts are near a major blood vessel or an organ. […] Tapeworm infection can be successfully treated if appropriate treatment is received for the particular type of tapeworm causing the infection.

• #1 Tapeworm Infestation Treatment & Management: Emergency Department Care, Consultations, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/786292-treatment

  Antihelminthic treatment may provoke an inflammatory response in the central nervous system. Steroids affect this inflammatory response and may influence outcomes such as headache, but further research is needed to test this. In cases of viable intraparenchymal-neurocystercercosis, adjunctive corticosteroid therapy is recommended prior to beginning antiparasitic drugs. […] Effectiveness of therapy can be monitored via radiographic imaging. The size of the active lesions should decrease within 3-6 months. […] Cystic echinococcosis is treated with antihelminthics, cyst puncture, PAIR (puncture, aspiration, injection, re-aspiration) or surgery depending on severity of disease. Albendazole is recommended as first-line antihelminthic therapy, however Mebendazole can also be used as second-choice drug if Albendazole not available.

• #1 Tapeworms and hydatid disease | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/tapeworms-and-hydatid-disease

  Surgery is the main form of treatment for hydatid disease. A risk of surgery is that a hydatid cyst may rupture and spread tapeworm heads throughout the patients body. To reduce this risk, the doctor may prescribe high doses of the drug albendazole in conjunction with surgery. This drug helps to destroy any remaining tapeworm heads. However, risk of disease recurrence is high. About one in three people treated for hydatid disease develop the condition again and need repeat treatment. […] Take your dog to the vet for diagnosis and treatment (if necessary) for tapeworm infection. Treatment includes regular dosing with anti-tapeworm medicines.

• #1 Tapeworm – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537154/

  Treatment of adult Taenia tapeworm is responsive to common antihelmintic drugs; niclosamide, praziquantel, tribendimidine, and albendazole. Praziquantel and niclosamide have been the treatment of choice; however, praziquantel is the most cost-effective. Both praziquantel and albendazole cross the blood-brain-barrier while niclosamide does not. Crossing the BBB may cause neurologic consequences due to activation of undiagnosed latent NCC. Treatment by endoscopic removal of the tapeworm is neither typical nor required for T. solium; however, has been performed in conjunction with praziquantel with good results. Side effects for praziquantel are usually mild and do not require treatment but may be more frequent depending on the worm burden. Side effects include malaise, headache, dizziness, abdominal discomfort, nausea, temperature elevation, and rarely urticaria. Treatment for both Taenia and Diphyllobothrium in adults or children is with a single 5- to 10-mg/kg dose of praziquantel.

• #1 Diphyllobothrium latum – Treating a tapeworm infection | Clear Chemist

  https://www.clearchemist.co.uk/az-health/diphyllobothrium-latum/treating-a-tapeworm-infection

  If an adult tapeworm infection is identified, it can be treated with medication. In some cases there are no symptoms or the tapeworm leaves the body by itself. […] Adult tapeworm infections are treated with anthelmintic medication which: kills parasitic worms, makes the worms pass out of your intestine in your stools (poo). […] The medication works by dissolving or attacking the tapeworm. Little of the medication is absorbed by your digestive system. Your GP will probably prescribe niclosamide or praziquantel, to be taken in a single dose. […] Tapeworm infection in the UK is so rare that these medications are not generally available. Your GP will prescribe it to you on a named-patient basis and your pharmacist may have to make special arrangements to get the medicine for you. […] You will need to provide your GP with stool samples for several months to make sure the treatment has worked. […] Your GP will refer you to an Infectious Diseases Unit or Tropical Infection Unit for further assessment and treatment. This may include the use of another medication called albendazole. […] If the infection is with the hydatid tapeworm, treatment is complicated and in some cases may need surgery.

• #1 Tapeworm infection – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tapeworm/symptoms-causes/syc-20378174

  Tapeworm infections are treated with anti-parasitic drugs. Treatments for larval cyst infections may include anti-parasitic drugs and surgery to remove the cyst. Other drugs may be used to treat symptoms. […] If you experience any of the symptoms of tapeworm or larval cyst infection, get medical care.

• #1 Tapeworm – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537154/

  NCC treatment is based on the location of brain involvement and the number of cysts and may include symptomatic therapy (antiepileptics), antiparasitic therapy, or surgery. Often more than one is needed. Of note, antiparasitic drugs can also lead to temporary inflammation and increased symptoms; therefore, caution must be exercised. One or two parenchymal lesions may be treated with short courses of albendazole and corticosteroids, while multiple lesions require combination albendazole and praziquantel with steroids. Ventricular cysts are often surgically removed, and subarachnoid cysts may require longer courses of antiparasitic and anti-inflammatories.

• #2 Clinical Treatment of Taeniasis | Human Tapeworm (Taeniasis) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/taeniasis/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Praziquantel is the preferred medication for treatment of taeniasis; albendazole is another option. […] Niclosamide is an alternative for children, but not available for human use in the U.S. […] Use praziquantel and albendazole carefully in patients suspected to have cysticercosis as there are reports of seizures associated with treatment. […] Praziquantel is the medication most often used to treat active taeniasis, given at 5-10 mg/kg orally once for adults and 5-10 mg/kg orally once for children. Available evidence suggests that using 10mg/kg once orally may have a higher rate of cure than the 5mg/kg dose. […] Niclosamide is an alternative, given at 2 g orally once for adults and 50 mg/kg orally once for children. […] Albendazole, given as 400mg daily for three days, may be used as another option for the treatment of taeniasis, although this is based on studies treating small numbers of infected individuals with T. solium or T. saginata.

• #2 Tapeworms in Humans: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/tapeworms-in-humans

  If you suspect you have tapeworms, see your doctor. Diagnosing a tapeworm infection may require a stool sample to identify the type of worm. […] The type and length of treatment may depend on the type of tapeworm you have. Tapeworms are usually treated with a medicine taken by mouth. The most commonly used medicine for tapeworms is praziquantel (Biltricide). […] These medications paralyze the tapeworms, which let go of the intestine, dissolve, and pass from your body with bowel movements. If worms are large, you may have cramping when they pass. Your doctor will recheck stool samples one and three months after you finish treatment. When tapeworms are confined to the intestines, appropriate treatment gets rid of them in more than 95% of people. […] More serious complications of tapeworm infection are also treated with medications.

• #2 Successful treatment of niclosamide- and praziquantel-resistant beef tapeworm infection with nitazoxanide – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17962058/

  Beef tapeworm (Taenia saginata) infection is acquired by eating inadequately cooked beef that contains the larvae or cysticerci of T. saginata. […] We report herein the results of nitazoxanide therapy. […] A prospective study was conducted in 18 children and 34 adults to assess the efficacy and safety of nitazoxanide in the treatment of niclosamide- and praziquantel-resistant T. saginata infection. […] Nitazoxanide was administered twice daily for 3 days in 500-mg doses for those aged over 14 years and at 20mg/kg body weight/day in children aged 5-14 years. […] Nitazoxanide cured 51 of 52 (98.1%) patients. […] Nitazoxanide is a safe, effective, inexpensive, and well-tolerated drug for the treatment of niclosamide- and praziquantel-resistant beef tapeworm infection.

• #2 Fish tapeworm infection: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001375.htm

  You will receive medicines to fight the parasites. You take these medicines by mouth, usually in a single dose. […] The drug of choice for tapeworm infections is praziquantel. Niclosamide can also be used. If needed, your health care provider will prescribe vitamin B12 injections or supplements to treat vitamin B12 deficiency and anemia. […] Fish tapeworms can be treated with a single treatment dose. There are no lasting effects.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/taeniasis-cysticercosis

  Taeniasis can be treated with single doses of praziquantel (10 mg/kg) or niclosamide (adults and children over 6 years: 2 g, children aged 2-6 years: 1 g). Albendazole at 400 mg for 3 consecutive days has also been used. Recommendations and important considerations for the use of these drugs for preventive chemotherapy for taeniasis, are described in the PAHO/WHO Guideline for preventive chemotherapy for the control of T. solium taeniasis.

• #2 About Human Tapeworm | Human Tapeworm (Taeniasis) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/taeniasis/about/index.html

  Treatment is available after accurate diagnosis. Praziquantel is the drug of choice. Niclosamide is an alternative drug. See your healthcare provider for proper treatment and care.

• #2 How to Get Rid of Tapeworms in Humans: Do Home Remedies Work?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-get-rid-of-tapeworms

  In some cases, tapeworm infections resolve on their own. Theres a lack of research to support the use of home treatments for tapeworms, but oral antiparastici medications are effective. […] If a tapeworm doesn’t leave your body, your doctor will recommend a treatment based on the type of infection. […] For an intestinal infection, you’ll need to take an oral medication to get rid of the tapeworm. Antiparasitic drugs used to treat intestinal infections may include: praziquantel (Biltricide), albendazole (Albenza), nitazoxanide (Alinia). […] After completing treatment, you’ll have a follow-up stool sample to ensure the infection has cleared. […] If you have an invasive infection and the tapeworm forms a cyst or a lump, your doctor may prescribe an anthelmintic drug to shrink the mass. This is a type of antiparasitic medication. Sometimes, doctors recommend surgery to remove a large cyst or lump.

• #2 Tapeworm Infection – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/parasitic-infections-cestodes-tapeworms/tapeworm-infection

  Antiparasitic medications such as praziquantel may be used to treat infection in the intestine, and albendazole and/or praziquantel plus corticosteroids may be used to relieve symptoms caused by cysts in the brain. […] A person with an intestinal tapeworm is treated with a single oral dose of praziquantel. For dwarf tapeworm infection, nitazoxanide may be used instead. […] Cysticercosis treatment depends on various factors, such as symptoms and the number and location of cysts in the brain. […] Cysticercosis is usually not treated unless it involves the brain. Corticosteroids, such as prednisone, are given to people with symptoms due to cysts in the brain. These medications can reduce inflammation. […] Antiparasitic medications (such as albendazole or praziquantel) can be used to kill living cysts in the brain, but they are given after symptoms are adequately controlled. […] Occasionally, surgery is necessary for example, when cysts are blocking the flow of fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord (cerebrospinal fluid) or when cysts are causing problems in the spinal cord or eye.

• #2 Clinical Treatment of Taeniasis | Human Tapeworm (Taeniasis) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/taeniasis/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Stools may be collected for 3 days after treatment to search for proglottids or scolices for species identification if necessary. […] Stools should be re-examined for Taenia eggs 1 and 3 months after treatment to be sure the infection is cleared. […] Both praziquantel and albendazole should be used cautiously in patients suspected to have cysticercosis. […] There are case reports of seizures that may have been temporally associated with treatment. […] Oral praziquantel is available for human use in the United States. […] Niclosamide is NOT available for human use in the United States. […] Oral albendazole is available for human use in the United States. […] Praziquantel and albendazole are not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of taeniasis.

• #2 Taenia Saginata (Beef Tapeworm) Infection – Infectious Diseases – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/cestodes-tapeworms/taenia-saginata-beef-tapeworm-infection

  Infection with the beef tapeworm, Taenia saginata, may cause mild gastrointestinal upset or passage of a motile segment in the stool. It is treated with praziquantel or niclosamide. […] Treatment of T. saginata infection is with praziquantel. Alternatively, niclosamide, outside of the United States. […] Treatment can be considered successful when no Taenia ova are identified in stool 1 and 3 months after treatment.

• #2 Taenia Solium (Pork Tapeworm) Infection and Cysticercosis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/cestodes-tapeworms/taenia-solium-pork-tapeworm-infection-and-cysticercosis

  Adult worms can be eradicated with praziquantel or niclosamide. […] Treatment of symptomatic neurocysticercosis is complicated; it includes corticosteroids, antiseizure drugs, and, in some situations, albendazole or praziquantel. Surgery may be required. […] For intestinal infection (without neurocysticercosis): Praziquantel or niclosamide (outside the United States). […] For neurocysticercosis: Corticosteroids, antiseizure drugs, and sometimes albendazole or praziquantel and/or surgery. […] Intestinal infection is treated with praziquantel; alternatively, niclosamide, outside of the United States. […] Antiparasitic drugs should be used with caution in patients who also have signs of neurocysticercosis (including previously asymptomatic or unrecognized disease) because killing of cysts in the brain may trigger an inflammatory response associated with seizures or other symptoms.

• #2 Taenia Solium (Pork Tapeworm) Infection and Cysticercosis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/cestodes-tapeworms/taenia-solium-pork-tapeworm-infection-and-cysticercosis

  Treatment of neurocysticercosis is complicated. […] The initial treatment goals for symptomatic neurocysticercosis are to reduce inflammation associated with degenerating cysticerci documented by MRI, to prevent seizures if present or if risk is high, and to relieve increased intracranial pressure if present. […] Corticosteroids (prednisone up to 60 mg orally once/day or dexamethasone 12 to 24 mg orally once/day) are used to reduce inflammation and increased intracranial pressure. […] Conventional antiseizure drugs are given to patients who have seizures. […] Neurosurgical intervention may be necessary for patients with increased intracranial pressure or intraventricular cysticerci. […] Anthelmintic treatment of neurocysticercosis is complicated, and consultation with an expert is recommended.

• #2 Cysticercosis: An Emerging Parasitic Disease | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0701/p91.html

  Surgical removal of the cyst is considered the treatment of choice for intraocular cysts, although evidence mainly comes from case reports and small case series demonstrating superiority of surgery over antihelminthic therapy. […] A recent trial suggests that high-dose albendazole (30 mg per kg per day) increases clearance of subarachnoid and intraventricular cysts compared with usual dosing (15 mg per kg per day). […] If antiparasitic therapy is used for parenchymal neurocysticercosis, a seven-day course of albendazole seems to be equally effective as a 14- or 28-day course and is probably more effective than praziquantel. […] Using steroids to treat cerebral edema, usually in the form of dexamethasone or prednisolone, has demonstrated a more consistent therapeutic benefit for neurocysticercosis patients with seizures. […] Antiepileptic medications in standard dosages, most commonly phenytoin (Dilantin) and carbamazepine (Tegretol), are key for symptom control.

• #2 Tapeworm Infestation Treatment & Management: Emergency Department Care, Consultations, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/786292-treatment

  Antihelminthic treatment may provoke an inflammatory response in the central nervous system. Steroids affect this inflammatory response and may influence outcomes such as headache, but further research is needed to test this. In cases of viable intraparenchymal-neurocystercercosis, adjunctive corticosteroid therapy is recommended prior to beginning antiparasitic drugs. […] Effectiveness of therapy can be monitored via radiographic imaging. The size of the active lesions should decrease within 3-6 months. […] Cystic echinococcosis is treated with antihelminthics, cyst puncture, PAIR (puncture, aspiration, injection, re-aspiration) or surgery depending on severity of disease. Albendazole is recommended as first-line antihelminthic therapy, however Mebendazole can also be used as second-choice drug if Albendazole not available.

• #2 Tapeworm Infestation Treatment & Management: Emergency Department Care, Consultations, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/786292-treatment

  Some cestode infections require surgery not only for diagnostic purposes but also for therapy. Patients with hydrocephalus due to cysticercosis require placement of a ventricular shunt. This is needed prior to any recommended drug therapies because drug therapies typically result in further increases in intracranial pressures. […] The only treatment of sparganosis and coenurosis is surgical excision of the localized infections.

• #2 Taenia Solium (Pork Tapeworm) Infection and Cysticercosis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/cestodes-tapeworms/taenia-solium-pork-tapeworm-infection-and-cysticercosis

  Not all patients respond to treatment, and not all patients must be treated (cysts may already be dead and calcified, or the potential inflammatory response to treatment may be worse than the disease, as in cysticercal encephalitis when patients have a large number of cysts and widespread brain inflammation). […] When anthelmintic treatment is used, albendazole appears to be more effective than the alternative, praziquantel. […] Antihelminthic drugs do not lead to rapid abatement of symptoms. […] Surgery may be necessary for obstructive hydrocephalus (due to intraventricular cysticerci including those in the 4th ventricle) or spinal or ocular cysticercosis.

• #2 Tapeworm: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.health.com/tapeworm-7971678

  Tapeworm infections don’t often cause symptoms, though some people may experience abdominal discomfort or digestive problems like diarrhea or nausea. Most tapeworm infections are easy to treat with antiparasitic medication. Some types of tapeworm can infect other areas in the body and may require additional treatments. […] Tapeworm is curable with treatment. Prescription medications known as antiparasitics are taken by mouth to kill the tapeworm and remove it from your body. […] Biltricide (praziquantel) is the most common medication used for tapeworm infections and is given in a single dose. Albenza (albendazole) is an alternative and is taken over the course of three days. […] Prescription antiparasitic drugs are the cornerstone treatment for tapeworm infections. Treatment can help prevent complications like cysticercosis, anemia, and bowel blockages.

• #3 Tapeworm – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537154/

  NCC treatment is based on the location of brain involvement and the number of cysts and may include symptomatic therapy (antiepileptics), antiparasitic therapy, or surgery. Often more than one is needed. Of note, antiparasitic drugs can also lead to temporary inflammation and increased symptoms; therefore, caution must be exercised. One or two parenchymal lesions may be treated with short courses of albendazole and corticosteroids, while multiple lesions require combination albendazole and praziquantel with steroids. Ventricular cysts are often surgically removed, and subarachnoid cysts may require longer courses of antiparasitic and anti-inflammatories.

Zobacz więcej