Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Tapeworm infection – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tapeworm/symptoms-causes/syc-20378174

  These steps can help prevent infections with tapeworms or tapeworm larval cysts. […] Wash your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. This is very important after using the toilet, before eating, and before and after handling food. […] Rinse fruits and vegetables under running water before eating, peeling or preparing them. […] Wash cutting boards, knives and other utensils with soapy water after contact with raw meats or unwashed fruits and vegetables. […] Use a meat thermometer to make sure meat is cooked enough to kill larval cysts. Cook whole meats and fish to at least 145 degrees Fahrenheit (63 degrees Celsius) and let rest for at least three minutes. Cook ground meat to at least 160 degrees Fahrenheit (71 degrees Celsius). […] Freezing meat and fish can kill larval cysts. Freeze at minus 4 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 20 degrees Celsius) or below for 7 days. […] Treat dogs with tapeworms right away.

• #2 Tapeworm Infection: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23950-tapeworm-infection

  Risk is low in the developed world, but traveling in developing countries and experimenting with raw and undercooked meats can increase your risk. To prevent tapeworm infection, follow these guidelines: […] Safe hygiene practices: Wash your hands with soap and water after using the toilet or interacting with animals and before handling food. […] Safe water practices: When water sources are untreated, boil for one minute before drinking. You can also filter your own water if the filter is rated absolute 1 micron or less and you dissolve iodine tablets in the filtered water. […] Safe meat preparation: Use a food thermometer when cooking meat. You should cook whole cuts to an internal temperature of at least 145 degrees Fahrenheit, then let them sit for three minutes before eating. You should cook ground meat to 160 degrees Fahrenheit. Smoking and drying meat won’t prevent tapeworms.

• #3 Tapeworm | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/29872

  Sanitation, meat inspection, and preparation are the cornerstone to preventing human infection of all three tapeworms. Since a single tapeworm can produce thousands of eggs per day, the environment can be easily contaminated if lacking basic hygiene. […] The best prophylaxis for Diphyllobothrium is to avoid consumption of raw, smoked, or pickled fish. Fish should be well cooked or alternatively frozen for 24 to 48 hours at -18 C. The FDA recommends that fish intended to be consumed raw should be blast frozen to -35 C or below for 15 hours or frozen to -20 C or below for 7 days. […] The current practice to prevent T. solium in pigs includes visual inspection of the meat for cysticerci. However, some studies suggest that inspection alone is not sufficient for control of bovine cysticercosis. Molecular methods are being used to screen herds, but some tests (such as antibody ELISA) only indicate prior rather than active infection. Adequately cooking or freezing beef or pork prevents infections by Taenia. T. solium is killed by cooking pork to an internal temp of 65C (150F) or freezing at -20 C (-38 F) for at least 12 hours. Neither pickling nor salt-curing pork ensures infection prevention. For T. saginata, cook beef to an internal temperature of 56C (131F) or freeze at -10 C for 5 days. Pickling beef in 25% brine for 5 to 6 days is believed to render beef safe.

• #4 About Hymenolepiasis (Dwarf Tapeworm) | Hymenolepiasis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hymenolepis/about/index.html

  People can get dwarf tapeworm infection when they accidentally consume dwarf tapeworm eggs. […] To avoid getting dwarf tapeworm infection, people should take the following steps: Wash your hands with warm water after using the toilet, changing diapers, and before preparing foods. […] Teach children the importance of handwashing to prevent infection. […] When traveling to countries where there is a higher risk of food contamination, wash, peel, or cook all raw vegetables and fruits with safe water (sanitized water, such as bottled, boiled, or filtered water) before eating.

• #5 Tapeworms. How to protect yourself from them and what should be done? – Bonum.lt

  https://www.bonum.lt/en/health/kaspinuociai.-kaip-apsisaugoti-nuo-ju-ir-ka-reikia-daryti.html

  Prevention is an essential part of fighting a tapeworm (Enterobius vermicularis) infection. These parasites can survive in the external environment for several weeks, so it is important to follow hygiene rules and other preventive measures. […] Hand washing: Frequent and thorough hand washing, especially after using the toilet, after contact with contaminated objects and before eating, can help prevent the spread of tapeworms. It is also important to teach children to wash their hands properly. […] Nail care: Short nails reduce the risk of tapeworm eggs accumulating under the nails. In addition, nail biting and putting fingers in the mouth should be avoided. […] Care of bedding, clothing and towels: Regularly changing bedding, clothing and towels and washing them in hot water can kill tapeworm eggs. It is also recommended to regularly clean and disinfect all surfaces in the home, including carpets, furniture and toys.

• #6 Worms in humans – symptoms and treatments | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/worms-in-humans

  Good hand hygiene and keeping fingernails short is the best way to reduce your chance of catching threadworms. […] To avoid these types of worms: Always wash your hands after gardening and before eating, drinking and smoking. Always wash fruit and vegetables before eating. Cook beef and pork thoroughly. Wear shoes on moist, sandy soil or soil that may be contaminated with dog faeces. […] When looking after your dog, make sure you: Wash your hands after handling dogs. Supervise dogs so that they can’t feed on dead stock or wild animals. Do not feed offal to your dog. Ensure your dogs are regularly dewormed, with worming tablets.

• #7 Tapeworms: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/170461

  Dogs: If a person has a dog, they must make sure the dog receives treatment for tapeworms. They should also take special care with personal hygiene. They may wish to make sure the dog only eats cooked meat and fish, if given. […] Surfaces: Make sure to clean and disinfect all frequently touched areas regularly.

• #8 Tapeworms. How to protect yourself from them and what should be done? – Bonum.lt

  https://www.bonum.lt/en/health/kaspinuociai.-kaip-apsisaugoti-nuo-ju-ir-ka-reikia-daryti.html

  Sleep regulation: Since female tapeworms usually exit their intestines and lay their eggs at night, it is helpful to change and wash your bedding every morning. […] Food and water safety: Raw or undercooked foods should be avoided and only safe, filtered or boiled water should be consumed to avoid food or waterborne infection. […] General hygiene rules: It is recommended that people with enterobiosis use a separate bath and toilet, if possible, and avoid the use of shared bathroom items such as towels. […] Despite all these measures, it is important to remember that tapeworms can be highly contagious, so all family members and close contacts should be treated at the same time, even if they do not have symptoms. It is also important to consult your doctor if you think you have a tapeworm infection so that an appropriate treatment can be determined.

• #9 Worms – including symptoms treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/worms/worms+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Worm infections can be prevented by: […] Make sure children wash their hands after using the toilet and before eating. […] Parents should seek medical treatment for infected children. […] Change bed linen and underwear daily for several days after treatment. Normal hot water washing of clothes and bed linen will kill threadworm eggs. […] Clean toilet seats and potties regularly. […] Keep fingernails short.

• #10 Taeniasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taeniasis

  Prevention is by properly cooking meat. […] Prevention efforts include properly cooking meat, treating active cases in humans, vaccinating and treating pigs against the disease, stricter meat-inspection standards, health education, improved sanitation, and improved pig-raising practices. […] Proper cooking of meat is an effective prevention. For example, cooking (56 C for 5 minutes) of beef viscera destroys cysticerci. Refrigeration, freezing (10 C for 9 days) or long periods of salting is also lethal to cysticerci. […] Preventing human faeces from contaminating pig feeds also plays a role. Infection can be prevented with proper disposal of human faeces around pigs, cooking meat thoroughly and/or freezing the meat at 10 C for 5 days. Contaminated hands are the primary method of transmission for human cysticercosis, especially in populations like food handlers.

• #11 Taenia Saginata (Beef Tapeworm) Infection – Infectious Diseases – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/cestodes-tapeworms/taenia-saginata-beef-tapeworm-infection

  T. saginata infection can be prevented by cooking whole cuts of beef to 63 C ( 145 F) as measured with a food thermometer placed in the thickest part of the meat, then allowing the meat to rest for 3 minutes before carving or consuming. Ground beef should be cooked to 71 C ( 160 F). Ground beef does not require a rest period.

• #12 Tapeworm infection – beef or pork Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/tapeworm-infection-beef-or-pork

  In the United States, laws on feeding practices and the inspection of domestic food animals have largely eliminated tapeworms. […] Measures you can take to prevent tapeworm infection include: […] Do not eat raw meat. […] Cook whole cut meat to 145°F (63°C) and ground meat to 160°F (71°C). Use a food thermometer to measure the thickest part of the meat. […] Freezing meat is not reliable because it may not kill all eggs. […] Wash hands well after using the toilet, especially after a bowel movement.

• #13 Tapeworms in Humans: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/tapeworms-in-humans

  Tapeworms are uncommon in the U.S. today because of laws on feeding practices and inspection of the animals we use for food. […] You can further reduce your risk of tapeworms by washing your hands before and after using the toilet and by following these food safety tips. […] Avoid raw fish and meat. […] Thoroughly cook meat to temperatures of at least 145 degrees Fahrenheit for whole cuts of meat and to at least 160 degrees F for ground meat and poultry. Then, allow the meat to rest for three minutes before carving or consuming; the heat continues killing pathogens during that time. […] Freezing meat to -4 degrees F for at least 24 hours also kills tapeworm eggs. […] When traveling in undeveloped countries, cook fruits and vegetables with boiled or chemically-treated water before eating. […] Wash hands with soap and hot water before preparing or eating food.

• #14 Overview of Tapeworm Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/cestodes-tapeworms/overview-of-tapeworm-infections

  Prevention and control involve the following: […] Thorough cooking of pork, beef, lamb, game meat, and fish (recommended temperatures and times vary) […] Prolonged freezing of meat for some tapeworms (eg, fish tapeworm) […] Regular deworming of dogs and cats […] Prevention of recycling through hosts (eg, dogs eating dead game or livestock) […] Reduction and avoidance of intermediate hosts such as rodents, fleas, and grain beetles […] Meat inspection […] Sanitary treatment of human waste. Smoking and drying meat are ineffective in preventing infection.

• #15 Fish tapeworm infection: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001375.htm

  Measures you can take to prevent tapeworm infection include: […] Do not eat raw or undercooked fish. […] Cook fish at 145°F (63°C) for at least 4 minutes. Use a food thermometer to measure the thickest part of the fish. […] Freeze fish at -4°F (-20°C) or below for 7 days, or at -31°F (-35°C) or below for 15 hours.

• #16 Tapeworm Infection: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23950-tapeworm-infection

  Safe fish preparation: Cook large freshwater fish, such as salmon, to an internal temperature of 145 degrees Fahrenheit. If you’re eating fish raw, it’s safest to freeze it first. Many fine sushi restaurants acquire fresh fish that has been flash-frozen at 31 degrees Fahrenheit. Then they store the fish for up to 24 hours at 4 degrees Fahrenheit. Without deep freezing, you must freeze fish for seven days at 4 degrees Fahrenheit to kill parasites, according to the FDA.

• #17 Tapeworm infection – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/tapeworm-infection/

  To prevent tapeworm infection: […] Wash your hands with soap and water before eating or handling food and after using the toilet. […] When traveling in areas where tapeworm is more common, wash and cook all fruits and vegetables with safe water before eating. If water might not be safe, be sure to boil it for at least a minute and then let it cool off before using it. […] Eliminate livestock exposure to tapeworm eggs by properly disposing of animal and human feces. […] Thoroughly cook meat at temperatures of at least 145 F (63 C) to kill tapeworm eggs or larvae. […] Freeze meat for as long as seven to 10 days and fish for at least 24 hours in a freezer with a temperature of -31 F (-35 C) to kill tapeworm eggs and larvae. […] Avoid eating raw or undercooked pork, beef and fish. […] Promptly treat dogs infected with tapeworm.

• #18 Tapeworm (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/tapeworm.html

  To help protect your family from tapeworm infections: […] Wash your hands well and often with soap and warm water, especially after using the bathroom and before touching food. Teach your kids to do the same. […] Cook meat until juices run clear and the centers are no longer pink. […] Cook fish until it is solid in color (no longer clear) and flakes when separated with a fork. […] Freeze meat for 24 hours before cooking to kill any tapeworm eggs. […] If you live in or travel to areas where tapeworm infections are common: […] Wash and cook all fruits and vegetables with safe water. […] Avoid raw or undercooked meat and fish, raw fruits and vegetables that you didn’t peel yourself, and any food from street vendors. […] Drink only water that’s been boiled for at least a minute, bottled water, or other beverages in bottles and cans. […] At restaurants, ask if their water and ice are filtered.

• #19 Tapeworms and hydatid disease | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/tapeworms-and-hydatid-disease

  It is important to control tapeworm infection in domestic dogs take your dog to the vet for treatment with anti-tapeworm medication. […] Regular preventive deworming of dogs is important, especially in rural areas where dogs may have access to animal carcasses. […] Take your dog to the vet for diagnosis and treatment (if necessary) for tapeworm infection. Treatment includes regular dosing with anti-tapeworm medicines. […] While your dog is undergoing treatment, dispose of its faeces carefully. Wear rubber gloves. Incinerate or bury deeply all dog droppings for at least three days. Wash your hands thoroughly after disposing of dog droppings. […] Thoroughly clean and disinfect the kennel and surrounding area. […] Always wash your hands with plenty of soap and water after touching your dog. Instruct children to do the same. Supervise small children when they wash their hands.

• #20 Understanding tapeworms: Prevention, symptoms, and treatment – Ontario SPCA and Humane Society

  https://ontariospca.ca/blog/understanding-tapeworms-prevention-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Here are some effective strategies to help stay tapeworm-free: […] Since fleas are a common source of tapeworms, maintaining a rigorous flea control regimen is crucial. This includes regular use of flea preventatives and keeping your pets living area clean and free of fleas. […] Routine deworming treatments as recommended by your veterinarian can help prevent not only tapeworms, but also other internal parasites, as well. […] Dispose of animal feces promptly to reduce the risk of contamination. […] Prevent your pets from scavenging or hunting, which can expose them to tapeworm larvae in infected animals or environments. […] Regular veterinary checkups and a vigilant approach to flea control and hygiene are key components of effective tapeworm prevention.

• #21 Tapeworms and hydatid disease | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/tapeworms-and-hydatid-disease

  Wash hands with soap before eating, drinking and smoking and after gardening or handling animals. […] Only feed your dog with commercially prepared dog foods. […] Do not feed raw or cooked offal to your dog. This includes offal bought from a supermarket or butcher. […] Be especially vigilant if you are a sheep or cattle farmer. For example, keep your dog fenced or on a lead when it is not working to prevent it from eating carcasses. […] Do not allow your dog to roam when holidaying in country areas. […] If you grow your own vegetables, fence your vegetable patch to make sure that pets and wild animals cant defecate on the soil.

• #22 Tapeworms In Dogs – Symptoms, Prevention & Treatment | NexGard® Range

  https://nexgard.com.au/dog-parasites/worms/tapeworms-in-dogs

  Preventing exposure to the intermediate host of the tapeworm can prevent tapeworm infestations: […] Flea tapeworm infestations can be prevented with rapid, effective flea control (e.g. with NexGard for Dogs or NexGard SPECTRA for Dogs). To control existing flea tapeworm infestations, use ParaGard Allwormer for Dogs. […] Hydatid tapeworm in dogs is 100% preventable if dogs are restricted from eating raw offal and from scavenging on carcasses. Dogs at risk of hydatid tapeworm (access to raw offal or carcasses) should be treated with ParaGard every 6 weeks.

• #23 Tapeworm Infection in Cats | VCA Animal Hospitals

  https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/tapeworm-infection-in-cats

  If the cat lives in a flea-infested environment, tapeworm infection can reoccur within a few weeks, so flea control is the cornerstone of the management and prevention of tapeworm infection. […] In cats that hunt frequently, regular deworming is recommended. […] Rodent control and good hygiene are important in preventing the spread of this disease to humans.

• #24 Tapeworm Infection in Dogs | VCA Animal Hospitals

  https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/tapeworm-infection-in-dogs

  Flea control is critical in the management and prevention of tapeworm infection. […] If your dog lives in a flea-infested environment, reinfection with tapeworms may occur in as little as two weeks. […] Your veterinarian can recommend safe and effective flea control for your pet. […] Rodent control and good hygiene are important in preventing the spread of this disease to humans.

• #25 Tapeworm Infection in Dogs: Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment | UrgentVet

  https://urgentvet.com/tapeworm-infection-in-dogs-signs-symptoms-treatment/

  To effectively prevent tapeworm infections in dogs, the most important step you can take is to control and eradicate fleas. Here’s a step-by-step approach to help your pet stay tapeworm-free: […] Regular flea treatments: Consistently apply vet-recommended flea control products to your dog. These treatments not only kill fleas but also prevent them from multiplying. […] Environmental cleanliness: Regularly clean your dog’s sleeping and feeding areas. Wash bedding in hot water and vacuum frequently to remove any flea eggs or larvae. […] Routine veterinary visits: Schedule regular check-ups with your vet. These visits can catch flea problems early and prevent tapeworms from establishing themselves. […] Hygiene education: Teach family members the importance of cleanliness, especially after interacting with pets. Simple actions like washing hands can significantly decrease the likelihood of tapeworm transmission.

• #26 The ABCs of Tapeworm treatment and prevention (Sponsored by Virbac Animal Health)

  https://www.dvm360.com/view/abcs-tapeworm-treatment-and-prevention-sponsored-virbac-animal-health

  Dr. Holfinger says monthly flea control is an excellent means of reducing the likelihood of some tapeworms, and year-round control is advisable. However, he says flea control is often not enough to prevent tapeworm infection. Small rodents also serve as intermediate hosts for other species of tapeworms, and since dogs are predatory by nature, the risk of acquiring tapeworms persists even with excellent flea control. Pets that spend time outdoors are at added risk of flea infestation and tapeworm infection, and will benefit from a monthly preventive most.

• #27 Tapeworm Infection: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention

  https://chastainvets.info/tapeworm-infection-diagnosis-treatment-and-prevention/

  Flea prevention is an excellent method of controlling Dipylidium caninum infection. […] Taenia infections are controlled by reducing the pet’s contact with intermediate hosts (rabbits and rodents).

• #28 Tapeworms (Cestodes) | Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/cestodes-tapeworms

  Inspect meat thoroughly. […] Adequate handling of food – eg, freezing or cooking. […] Cysticerci do not survive temperatures of 10C and 50C. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) advocates the periodic treatment of tapeworms such as T. solium in endemic areas with albendazole. This can prevent neurocysticercosis at a later stage. […] Freeze fish for 24 hours. […] Thoroughly cook fish. […] Pickle fish. […] Prevent sewage contamination of fish reservoirs. […] Good hygiene can effectively prevent spread. […] Avoid contact with infected animals. […] Eliminate the infection in domestic animals.

• #29 Cysticercosis (Pork Tapeworm Infection) Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215589-treatment

  A combination of mass treatment for tapeworm carriage, mass treatment of pigs, and vaccination of pigs shows potential for interrupting transmission of T solium infection in endemic regions, as demonstrated in Peru. […] Mass chemotherapy has been used to interrupt transmission in some areas of endemic infection, but disease usually returns within a few years. […] Mass anthelminthic therapy yields only limited success and may cause adverse neurologic events in individuals with undiagnosed neurocysticercosis who receive these drugs. […] Consider identifying human carriers of tapeworms, possibly based on a history of proglottid passage, and instituting targeted treatment. […] Serologic screening of the contacts of patients should also be considered in the management of cysticercosis, particularly in nonendemic countries when transmission may have occurred within a household (eg, via food prepared by a household worker from an endemic country).

• #30 The ABCs of Tapeworm treatment and prevention (Sponsored by Virbac Animal Health)

  https://www.dvm360.com/view/abcs-tapeworm-treatment-and-prevention-sponsored-virbac-animal-health

  Of all internal parasites, one of the most disgusting for clients to discover on their pets are the white tell-tale signs of tapeworms. „Tapeworm segments, when passed in feces, are more repugnant to pet owners than roundworms,” says Byron L. Blagburn, MS, PhD, with Auburn University’s College of Veterinary Medicine in Auburn, AL. And when pet owners find them, they want them gone fast. […] „The regular use of a product that contains praziquantel (along with ivermectin and pyrantel pamoate) can help control tapeworms and multiple other parasite species, and offers monthly heartworm prevention,” Blagburn says. These products are an easy and effective solution to what can be a messy client issue. […] When pets are receiving heartworm prevention with a gastrointestinal dewormer added, you might wonder why you’re seeing tapeworms. The active ingredient to prevent heartworms in heartworm medication is not effective against tapeworms. And praziquantel, a drug specifically designed to treat and prevent tapeworms, won’t treat other types of intestinal parasites. However, using a once-monthly preventive that contains praziquantel, ivermectin, and pyrantel pamoate will fight multiple parasites, protecting dogs from tapeworms, heartworms, roundworms, and hookworms.

• #31

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/taeniasis-cysticercosis

  Specific control measures in the pig population include the implementation of good farming practices, vaccination of pigs with the TSOL18 vaccine and the treatment with oxfendazole. Vaccination prevents the pigs getting infected; oxfendazole cures the pigs already infected at the time of vaccination, and both can be given simultaneously.

• #31

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/taeniasis-cysticercosis

  To prevent, control and possibly eliminate T. solium, public health interventions including veterinary, human health and environmental sectors are required. […] There are several interventions for the control of T. solium that can be used in different combinations. […] Core rapid impact interventions: treatment of human taeniasis; intervention in pigs (vaccination plus anthelmintic treatment); […] Supporting measures: community health education, including hygiene and food safety; improved sanitation – ending open defecation; […] Measures requiring more fundamental societal changes: improved pig husbandry – no free-roaming pigs; and improved meat inspection and processing of meat products. […] The transmission cycle of T. solium involves pigs as intermediate hosts. As part of an integrated control strategy to break the transmission cycle of the parasite it is important to implement control measures in pigs.

• #32 Cysticercosis (Pork Tapeworm Infection) Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215589-treatment

  Vaccines for prevention of cysticercosis have proven effective for other Taenia species and are in development for T solium. […] Transmission of cysticercal infections to pigs can be prevented with the following measures: Changing pig-raising practices in endemic areas by confining the animals and preventing them from roaming freely to avoid contact with infectious ova excreted in human feces. Improving sanitary conditions and proper disposal of human stool. Possibly vaccinating pigs (Preliminary studies suggest this may be feasible.)

• #33 Reducing tapeworm infection could improve academic performance, reduce poverty | News Center

  https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2018/05/reducing-tapeworm-infection-could-improve-academic-performance.html

  „Schools appear to be hotbeds of transmission, as well as places for potentially effective intervention,” Openshaw said. […] Community education will be key to pushing down infections: A third of parents who responded to a survey believed intestinal worms have no adverse effects, and 19 percent thought less activity and drinking hot water or eating spicy food would help. […] The researchers also plan to distribute medication in schools to counter the tapeworms and administer vaccines and anti-parasitic medications to pigs in the region. […] In schools, Openshaw and his colleagues are working to install working hand-washing stations near bathrooms, develop cost-effective ways of supplying soap, provide curriculum materials about the disease and hand-washing, and integrate good hand hygiene into school-based reward systems. […] „The tools to eradicate this disease are available,” Openshaw said. „We hope that as the true burden of this disease on children becomes clearer, governments and nongovernmental actors will commit more resources.”

• #34 Worms in humans

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/worms-in-humans/

  There are some things you can do to help prevent worm infections. […] wash your hands before eating or preparing food, and after touching soil or using the toilet […] only drink bottled or boiled water in high-risk areas (places without modern toilets or sewage systems) […] thoroughly wash garden-grown fruit and vegetables […] deworm pet dogs and cats regularly […] dispose of dog and cat poo in a bin as soon as possible […] do not let children play in areas where there’s dog or cat poo […] do not eat raw fruit and vegetables in high-risk areas […] do not walk barefoot in high-risk areas […] do not eat raw or undercooked pork, beef or freshwater fish.

• #35 Tapeworm Infection – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/parasitic-infections-cestodes-tapeworms/tapeworm-infection

  Thoroughly cooking whole cuts of meat and freshwater fish to a temperature of more than 145 F (63 C) for 3 minutes or more can help prevent the infection. […] If the meat is ground, a cooking temperature of at least 160 F (71 C) is recommended. […] Freshwater fish should not be served raw (as sushi) and should be eaten only after it has been cooked to a temperature of 145 F (63 C) or properly frozen at temperatures below that of typical home freezers. […] Another line of defense is careful evaluation of meat and fish by trained inspectors. […] Adequate treatment of human waste interrupts the life cycle and thus helps prevent infections with beef tapeworms or pork tapeworms, including cysticercosis. […] Dwarf tapeworm infection can be prevented by avoiding food and water likely to be contaminated with stool and grains contaminated by infected insects.

• #36 Tapeworm Infection – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/tapeworm-infection.html

  How can a tapeworm infection be prevented? […] Clean thoroughly. Wash your hands in warm, soapy water for 20 seconds before and after you handle food. Wash your hands after you use the bathroom or change a diaper. Rinse fruits and vegetables in running water. Clean cutting boards, knives, countertops, and other areas where you prepare food before and after you cook. Wash sponges and dishtowels weekly in hot water. […] Cook food all the way through. Cook meat until the juices run clear and the middle is no longer pink. Cook fish until it is solid in color (not clear) and flakes when you separate it with a fork. Cook meat to 145°F (63°C) for whole cuts of meat. Cook ground meat and poultry to 160°F (71°C). Use a meat thermometer to make sure meat is heated to a temperature that will kill bacteria.

• #37 Tapeworm Infection: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://www.carehospitals.com/diseases-conditions/tapeworm-infection

  Preventing tapeworm infections in humans involves a combination of proper food preparation, good hygiene practices, and public health measures. Some key strategies for tapeworm prevention include: […] Thoroughly Cooking Meat and Fish: Ensure all meat, fish, and poultry are cooked to the recommended safe internal temperatures to kill any potential tapeworm larvae or eggs. Avoid having raw or undercooked meat, poultry, or fish. […] Practicing Good Hygiene: Wash your hands with soap and water in the correct manner, particularly before handling food and using the restroom. Properly clean and sanitise all food preparation surfaces, utensils, and cutting boards. […] Maintaining Good Sanitation: Ensure you have access to clean water and proper sewage disposal systems to prevent the spread of tapeworm eggs through contaminated soil or water. Support public health initiatives that promote improved sanitation and hygiene in areas with high rates of tapeworm infections. […] Educating Yourself and Others: Learn more about the risks and prevention of tapeworm infections, and share this information with your family, friends, and community. Encourage others to seek medical guidance if they suspect a tapeworm infection.

• #38 Tapeworm Infection – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/tapeworm-infection.html

  Store food properly. Freeze meat for at least 4 days and fish for at least 24 hours before eating to help kill tapeworm eggs and larvae. […] Do not eat raw fish or meat. Separate raw and cooked foods. Keep raw meat and its juices away from other foods to prevent the spread of bacteria. Always put cooked food on a clean platter. Never use a platter that held raw meat. […] Be careful with food and drinks when you travel. Wash or cook fruits and vegetables with water that has been boiled or chemically treated.

• #39 Intestinal Parasites & Worms: Symptoms, Types, Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/intestinal-parasites

  Access to clean water and waste facilities is the best solution for preventing most intestinal parasite infections. But you can reduce your risk of intestinal parasites by: […] Drinking clean water. Avoid drinking water in lakes, rivers and ponds. And if you’re unsure if a water source is safe, use bottled water instead. […] Washing your hands regularly. Use clean water and antibacterial soap to keep your hands free of parasite eggs. Wash your hands after going to the bathroom, before handling food or eating, and after cleaning up after children (dirty diapers) or pets. […] Eating carefully prepared produce in high-risk areas. Avoid eating raw produce if you’re in an area where intestinal parasites are common. Only eat fruits and vegetables washed in clean water, peeled and cooked. […] Wearing shoes and gloves. Footwear that doesn’t leave your feet exposed can prevent whipworm infections. Wear gloves if you’re working in the dirt. […] Cooking meats until they’re at a safe temperature. Cook whole cuts to 145 degrees Fahrenheit (62.8 degrees Celsius) and ground meat to 160 (about 71 degrees Celsius) degrees Fahrenheit. […] Practice safe sex. Use a condom or dental dam when having sex to reduce the likelihood of transmission.

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