Tasiemczyca
Etiologia i przyczyny

Tasiemczyca (taeniasis) to choroba pasożytnicza układu pokarmowego wywoływana przez tasiemce z rodzaju Taenia (m.in. T. saginata, T. solium, T. asiatica), Diphyllobothrium latum oraz Hymenolepis nana. Zakażenie następuje głównie przez spożycie surowego lub niedogotowanego mięsa (wołowiny, wieprzowiny) lub ryb słodkowodnych zawierających cysty larwalne tasiemców. Dorosłe tasiemce rozwijają się w jelicie cienkim, osiągając znaczne rozmiary (np. D. latum do 9 m), przyczepiając się za pomocą przyssawek lub haczyków. Spożycie jaj tasiemca, zwłaszcza T. solium, może prowadzić do cysticerkozy – inwazji larw w tkankach, w tym neurocysticerkozy, która jest przyczyną około 30% przypadków padaczki w rejonach endemicznych. Diagnostyka opiera się na wykrywaniu segmentów tasiemca lub jaj w kale, a leczenie obejmuje stosowanie leków przeciwpasożytniczych oraz interwencje chirurgiczne w przypadku torbieli.

Etiologia tasiemczycy

Tasiemczyca (łac. taeniasis) jest chorobą pasożytniczą układu pokarmowego, wywoływaną przez płaskie, segmentowane robaki należące do gromady tasiemców (Cestoda). Zakażenia tasiemcami u ludzi są powodowane głównie przez kilka gatunków tych pasożytów, które mogą zamieszkiwać i odżywiać się w ludzkim przewodzie pokarmowym, pobierając składniki odżywcze z pożywienia spożywanego przez osobę zakażoną123.

Główne gatunki tasiemców zakażających ludzi

Wśród najczęściej występujących gatunków tasiemców wywołujących zakażenia u ludzi wyróżniamy:456

  • Taenia saginata (tasiemiec nieuzbrojony, tasiemiec bydlęcy) – przenoszony przez zarażoną wołowinę
  • Taenia solium (tasiemiec uzbrojony, tasiemiec świński) – przenoszony przez zarażoną wieprzowinę
  • Taenia asiatica (tasiemiec azjatycki) – nabywany przez spożywanie wieprzowiny w Azji
  • Diphyllobothrium latum (bruzdogłowiec szeroki) – przenoszony przez zarażone ryby słodkowodne
  • Hymenolepis nana (tasiemiec karłowaty) – przenoszony przez zanieczyszczoną żywność, wodę lub przypadkowe połknięcie zarażonego owada

78

Warto podkreślić, że ludzie są jedynymi żywicielami ostatecznymi dla tasiemców z rodzaju Taenia, co oznacza, że pasożyty te mogą osiągnąć dojrzałość i rozmnażać się tylko w ludzkim organizmie9.

Cykl życiowy tasiemców

Tasiemce mają złożony cykl życiowy, który zwykle wymaga jednego lub kilku żywicieli pośrednich i żywiciela ostatecznego, aby ukończyć pełny cykl rozwojowy1011. W przypadku tasiemców zakażających ludzi, cykl życiowy zazwyczaj przebiega następująco:

  1. Jaja tasiemca wydalane są z kałem zarażonego człowieka lub zwierzęcia i trafiają do środowiska (woda, gleba, rośliny)12
  2. Jaja są następnie połykane przez żywiciela pośredniego (np. bydło, świnie, ryby) i rozwijają się w ich tkankach w postaci cysticerkoza/” title=”cysticerkoza” class=”to-tag” data-termid=”87343″>larw (cysticerci)13
  3. Człowiek zaraża się, spożywając surowe lub niedogotowane mięso zawierające cysty larwalne tasiemca14
  4. Po dostaniu się do przewodu pokarmowego człowieka, larwy przyczepiają się do ściany jelita i rozwijają w dorosłe tasiemce15
  5. Dorosły tasiemiec produkuje jaja, które są wydalane z kałem, zamykając cykl16

W przypadku niektórych gatunków tasiemców, jak T. solium, ludzie mogą pełnić rolę zarówno żywiciela ostatecznego, jak i pośredniego. Oznacza to, że mogą mieć zarówno dorosłego tasiemca w jelitach (tasiemczyca jelitowa), jak i larwy w tkankach (cysticerkoza)1718.

Przyczyny zakażenia tasiemcem

Spożywanie zakażonego mięsa i ryb

Główną przyczyną zakażenia tasiemcami u ludzi jest spożywanie surowego lub niedogotowanego mięsa czy ryb, które zawierają cysty larwalne tasiemców1920. W zależności od gatunku tasiemca, źródłem zakażenia może być:

  • Wołowina – zawierająca cysty tasiemca bydlęcego (T. saginata)21
  • Wieprzowina – zawierająca cysty tasiemca świńskiego (T. solium) lub azjatyckiego (T. asiatica)22
  • Ryby słodkowodne (np. łosoś, pstrąg) – zawierające larwy bruzdogłowca szerokiego (D. latum)2324

Po spożyciu zakażonego mięsa lub ryb, larwy tasiemca uwalniają się w jelicie cienkim człowieka i przyczepiają do ściany jelita za pomocą przyssawek lub haczyków (w zależności od gatunku). Tam rozwijają się w dorosłe osobniki, które mogą osiągać znaczne rozmiary – bruzdogłowiec szeroki (D. latum) może dorastać nawet do 9 metrów długości i jest największym pasożytem, który infekuje ludzi2526.

Zakażenie jajami tasiemca

Innym ważnym mechanizmem zakażenia, szczególnie w przypadku tasiemca świńskiego (T. solium), jest spożycie jaj tasiemca. Do zakażenia może dojść poprzez:2728

  • Spożycie żywności lub wody zanieczyszczonej jajami tasiemca29
  • Kontakt z kałem osoby zarażonej tasiemcem i przeniesienie jaj na zasadzie drogi fekalno-oralnej30
  • Autoinfekcję – gdy osoba zarażona dorosłym tasiemcem przenosi jaja z kału na ręce, a następnie do ust31

W przeciwieństwie do spożycia cyst larwalnych, które prowadzi do rozwoju dorosłego tasiemca w jelicie (tasiemczyca jelitowa), spożycie jaj tasiemca może prowadzić do poważniejszej choroby – cysticerkozy. W tym przypadku jaja wylęgają się w jelicie, a uwolnione larwy migrują przez ścianę jelita do krwiobiegu, a następnie osadzają się w różnych tkankach i organach, gdzie tworzą torbiele (cysty)3233.

Cysticerkoza jest szczególnie niebezpieczna, gdy torbiele tworzą się w mózgu (neurocysticerkoza), co może prowadzić do poważnych objawów neurologicznych, w tym padaczki. Szacuje się, że neurocysticerkoza jest przyczyną około 30% wszystkich przypadków padaczki w obszarach endemicznego występowania tasiemca3435.

Czynniki ryzyka zakażenia tasiemcami

Istnieje kilka czynników, które zwiększają ryzyko zakażenia tasiemcami:3637

  • Niskie standardy higieny – nieodpowiednie mycie rąk po korzystaniu z toalety lub przed przygotowywaniem posiłków38
  • Podróże do regionów endemicznych – szczególnie do krajów rozwijających się w Ameryce Łacińskiej, Afryce i Azji, gdzie tasiemce występują powszechnie39
  • Spożywanie surowego lub niedogotowanego mięsa/ryb – szczególnie w regionach, gdzie standardy bezpieczeństwa żywności są niskie40
  • Bliski kontakt z osobami zarażonymi tasiemcem – zwiększa ryzyko zarażenia jajami tasiemca41
  • Życie w warunkach o niskim poziomie sanitarnym – brak dostępu do czystej wody i odpowiednich systemów kanalizacyjnych42
  • Hodowla trzody chlewnej w gospodarstwie domowym – szczególnie w regionach o niskim poziomie higieny43
  • Osłabiony układ odpornościowy – osoby z obniżoną odpornością są bardziej podatne na zakażenia pasożytnicze44

Specyficzne drogi zakażenia dla poszczególnych gatunków tasiemców

Różne gatunki tasiemców mają swoje specyficzne drogi zakażenia:45

Taenia saginata i Taenia solium

Zakażenie tymi tasiemcami następuje głównie przez spożycie surowej lub niedogotowanej wołowiny (T. saginata) lub wieprzowiny (T. solium) zawierającej cysty larwalne46. Bydło i świnie zarażają się, zjadając paszę lub trawy zanieczyszczone jajami tasiemca wydalanymi z kałem zarażonych ludzi47.

W przypadku T. solium, ludzie mogą również zarazić się jajami tasiemca, co prowadzi do cysticerkozy. Jest to poważne zagrożenie dla zdrowia, szczególnie gdy cysty tworzą się w mózgu48.

Diphyllobothrium latum

Bruzdogłowiec szeroki ma bardziej złożony cykl życiowy, który obejmuje kilka żywicieli pośrednich. Jaja wydalane z kałem zarażonego człowieka trafiają do wody słodkiej, gdzie wylęgają się larwy, które są następnie połykane przez skorupiaki wodne. Ryby zjadają zarażone skorupiaki i stają się drugim żywicielem pośrednim. Ludzie zarażają się, spożywając surowe lub niedogotowane ryby słodkowodne zawierające larwy tasiemca4950.

Hymenolepis nana

Tasiemiec karłowaty może zarażać ludzi na kilka sposobów. Może być przenoszony bezpośrednio z człowieka na człowieka (zarażenie fekalno-oralne) lub pośrednio poprzez owady (np. chrząszcze, pchły), które zjadają jaja tasiemca z kału zarażonych gryzoni, a następnie są przypadkowo spożywane przez ludzi5152.

Unikalną cechą H. nana jest to, że cały cykl życiowy może przebiegać w jelicie zarażonej osoby, co oznacza, że infekcja może trwać latami bez leczenia53.

Echinococcus granulosus

Tasiemiec bąblowcowy (E. granulosus) jest przyczyną groźnej choroby – bąblowicy (hydatidozy). Dorosłe tasiemce żyją w jelitach psów i innych psowatych. Jaja wydalane z kałem psa mogą zostać przypadkowo spożyte przez ludzi, szczególnie dzieci, które mają bliski kontakt z psami5455.

Po spożyciu, jaja wylęgają się w jelicie, a larwy migrują przez krwiobiegi i osadzają się w narządach, najczęściej w wątrobie i płucach, gdzie tworzą torbiele wypełnione płynem, zawierające liczne główki tasiemca. Torbiele te mogą rosnąć przez lata, prowadząc do poważnych powikłań zdrowotnych56.

Epidemiologia tasiemczycy

Tasiemczyca jest chorobą pasożytniczą występującą na całym świecie, jednak jej częstość występowania różni się znacznie w zależności od regionu geograficznego, warunków sanitarnych oraz lokalnych zwyczajów żywieniowych57.

Rozkład geograficzny zakażeń tasiemcami

Różne gatunki tasiemców mają charakterystyczne obszary endemicznego występowania:58

  • Taenia saginata (tasiemiec bydlęcy) – występuje częściej na Bliskim Wschodzie, w Afryce i Ameryce Południowej59
  • Taenia solium (tasiemiec świński) – endemiczny w Ameryce Łacińskiej, części Afryki i Azji60
  • Diphyllobothrium latum (bruzdogłowiec szeroki) – występuje głównie w Skandynawii, Ameryce Północnej, Rosji, Europie Wschodniej, Ugandzie i Chile61
  • Hymenolepis nana (tasiemiec karłowaty) – powszechny w ciepłych klimatach, w tym w południowych Stanach Zjednoczonych62
  • Echinococcus granulosus – występuje głównie w regionach rolniczych, gdzie ludzie mają bliski kontakt z psami pasterskimi63

W krajach rozwiniętych, tasiemczyca występuje rzadziej dzięki lepszym standardom higieny, inspekcji mięsa i kontroli żywności. Jednak nawet w tych krajach, przypadki tasiemczycy mogą wystąpić, szczególnie wśród imigrantów z regionów endemicznych, podróżnych oraz osób spożywających surowe lub niedogotowane mięso i ryby6465.

Grupy podwyższonego ryzyka

Pewne grupy osób są bardziej narażone na zakażenie tasiemcami:66

  • Dzieci – szczególnie w przypadku tasiemca karłowatego, ze względu na zachowania eksploracyjne i mniej rygorystyczne praktyki higieniczne67
  • Osoby pracujące z mięsem – rzeźnicy, kucharze, pracownicy przemysłu mięsnego68
  • Hodowcy zwierząt – szczególnie trzody chlewnej i bydła69
  • Podróżni – odwiedzający regiony endemiczne70
  • Osoby z osłabionym układem odpornościowym – podatne na cięższe i bardziej przewlekłe infekcje71
  • Mieszkańcy obszarów o niskim poziomie sanitarnym – szczególnie w krajach rozwijających się72
  • Koneserzy surowego mięsa i ryb – osoby preferujące potrawy takie jak tatar, sushi czy surowe ryby73

Wpływ praktyk żywienia i hodowli zwierząt

Praktyki związane z hodowlą zwierząt oraz przygotowywaniem żywności mają istotny wpływ na epidemiologię tasiemczycy:74

  • Wolny wypas świń – w regionach, gdzie świnie mają dostęp do odchodów ludzkich, cykl życiowy T. solium może być podtrzymywany75
  • Hodowla bydła na zanieczyszczonych pastwiskach – sprzyja rozprzestrzenianiu się T. saginata76
  • Hodowla ryb – niewłaściwie zarządzane gospodarstwa rybackie mogą przyczynić się do rozprzestrzeniania D. latum77
  • Przygotowanie żywności – niedostateczna obróbka termiczna mięsa i ryb jest kluczowym czynnikiem ryzyka78

Interesującym przykładem wpływu praktyk hodowlanych na rozprzestrzenianie się tasiemczycy jest przypadek opisany w czasopiśmie „Emerging Infectious Diseases”, który badał rozprzestrzenianie się zakażeń bruzdogłowcem szerokim w Brazylii. Zakażenia były powiązane z zanieczyszczonym łososiem hodowanym w gospodarstwach akwakultury w Chile. Raport podkreślił, jak hodowla ryb może przyczyniać się do rozprzestrzeniania zakażenia z jednego obszaru na drugi79.

Wpływ tasiemczycy na zdrowie publiczne

Tasiemczyca, szczególnie cysticerkoza wywoływana przez T. solium, stanowi poważne obciążenie dla zdrowia publicznego w wielu regionach świata:80

  • Neurocysticerkoza jest najczęstszą możliwą do uniknięcia przyczyną padaczki na świecie i szacuje się, że powoduje 30% wszystkich przypadków padaczki w rejonach endemicznych8182
  • Całkowita liczba osób cierpiących z powodu neurocysticerkozy, w tym przypadków objawowych i bezobjawowych, szacowana jest na 2,56-8,30 miliona83
  • W Stanach Zjednoczonych, szczególnie na obszarach o dużej liczbie imigrantów z regionów endemicznych, diagnozuje się rocznie ponad 1000 nowych przypadków neurocysticerkozy84
  • W jednym z badań przeprowadzonych na oddziale ratunkowym w Los Angeles, neurocysticerkoza była czynnikiem etiologicznym w 10% przypadków nowo zdiagnozowanych napadów padaczkowych85

Poza bezpośrednim wpływem na zdrowie, tasiemczyca przyczynia się również do niedożywienia w społecznościach rozwijających się w wielu częściach świata86, a także wpływa na wyniki edukacyjne u dzieci. Badanie przeprowadzone przez naukowców ze Stanforda w Chinach wykazało wysokie poziomy potencjalnie śmiertelnych zakażeń tasiemcami wśród dzieci w wieku szkolnym. Badacze odkryli, że szkoły są „rozsadnikami transmisji” zakażeń tasiemcami, ale również miejscami, gdzie można skutecznie interweniować poprzez edukację społeczności i dystrybucję leków przeciwpasożytniczych8788.

Czynniki predysponujące do zakażeń tasiemcem

Czynniki środowiskowe

Warunki środowiskowe mają istotny wpływ na ryzyko zakażenia tasiemcami:89

  • Ograniczony dostęp do czystej wody – zwiększa ryzyko spożycia wody zanieczyszczonej jajami tasiemców90
  • Nieodpowiednie systemy kanalizacyjne – ułatwiają zanieczyszczenie gleby i wody jajami tasiemców91
  • Klimat – w ciepłych i wilgotnych klimatach jaja tasiemców mogą przetrwać dłużej w środowisku92
  • Obszary rolnicze – szczególnie te z tradycyjnymi metodami hodowli zwierząt, gdzie zwierzęta mają dostęp do odchodów ludzkich93

Regiony o ograniczonym dostępie do nowoczesnej infrastruktury sanitarnej są szczególnie narażone na cykle transmisji tasiemców. W takich warunkach, jaja tasiemców mogą łatwo przenikać do środowiska i zarażać zwierzęta hodowlane, które następnie stają się źródłem zakażenia dla ludzi94.

Czynniki związane z żywnością i żywieniem

Praktyki związane z przygotowywaniem i spożywaniem żywności mają kluczowe znaczenie w etiologii tasiemczycy:95

  • Spożywanie surowego lub niedogotowanego mięsa – główna przyczyna zakażeń tasiemcami T. saginata i T. solium96
  • Konsumpcja surowych ryb – prowadzi do zakażeń D. latum97
  • Rosnąca popularność potraw z surowego mięsa i ryb (np. tatar, carpaccio, sushi, sashimi) – zwiększa ryzyko zakażeń tasiemcami98
  • Niedostateczna higiena podczas przygotowywania posiłków – sprzyja zanieczyszczeniu jajami tasiemców99
  • Tradycyjne metody przygotowywania żywności – niektóre tradycyjne praktyki kulinarne mogą nie zapewniać odpowiedniej obróbki termicznej100

Przykładem wpływu praktyk żywieniowych na rozprzestrzenianie się tasiemczycy jest rosnąca popularność sushi i sashimi, które przyczyniły się do zakażeń bruzdogłowcem szerokim w regionach, gdzie tradycyjnie takie zakażenia były rzadkie101.

Czynniki socjoekonomiczne

Status socjoekonomiczny ma istotny wpływ na ryzyko zakażenia tasiemcami:102

  • Ubóstwo – ograniczony dostęp do opieki zdrowotnej, czystej wody i bezpiecznej żywności103
  • Niski poziom edukacji – mniejsza świadomość ryzyka i środków zapobiegawczych104
  • Przeludnienie – sprzyja rozprzestrzenianiu się zakażeń105
  • Ograniczony dostęp do opieki medycznej – utrudnia wczesne wykrycie i leczenie106

Badanie przeprowadzone przez naukowców ze Stanforda w Chinach wykazało, że jedna trzecia rodziców, którzy odpowiedzieli na ankietę, uważała, że robaki jelitowe nie mają negatywnego wpływu na zdrowie, a 19% myślało, że mniejsza aktywność fizyczna, picie gorącej wody lub jedzenie pikantnych potraw pomoże w leczeniu. Ta niedostateczna wiedza przyczynia się do podtrzymywania cyklu zakażeń107.

Czynniki immunologiczne

Stan układu odpornościowego gospodarza ma istotny wpływ na podatność na zakażenia tasiemcami oraz na przebieg choroby:108

  • Osłabiony układ odpornościowy – zwiększa ryzyko zakażenia i może prowadzić do cięższego przebiegu choroby109
  • HIV/AIDS – osoby z tą chorobą są bardziej podatne na zakażenia pasożytnicze110
  • Leczenie immunosupresyjne – np. u pacjentów po przeszczepach lub podczas chemioterapii111

W przypadku cysticerkozy, reakcja immunologiczna organizmu na cysty pasożytnicze odgrywa kluczową rolę w rozwoju objawów. Objawy zwykle pojawiają się po latach od pierwotnego zakażenia, gdy układ odpornościowy reaguje na cysty uwalniające antygeny, rozpadające się lub ulegające zwapnieniu112.

Mechanizm rozwoju zakażenia tasiemcami

Tasiemczyca jelitowa

Tasiemczyca jelitowa rozwija się, gdy człowiek spożywa cysty larwalne tasiemca znajdujące się w surowym lub niedogotowanym mięsie lub rybach. Mechanizm rozwoju zakażenia przebiega następująco:113114

  1. Cysty larwalne uwalniają się w jelicie cienkim pod wpływem enzymów trawiennych
  2. Uwolnione larwy przyczepiają się do ściany jelita za pomocą przyssawek lub haczyków (scolex)
  3. Larwy rozwijają się w dorosłe tasiemce, które mogą osiągać znaczne rozmiary
  4. Dorosły tasiemiec składa się z głowy (scolex), szyi i segmentów (proglotydów), które zawierają narządy rozrodcze
  5. Dojrzałe segmenty zawierające jaja odrywają się od tasiemca i są wydalane z kałem

Dorosły tasiemiec żywi się pokarmem trawiony w jelicie gospodarza, pobierając składniki odżywcze przez swoją powłokę ciała. To może prowadzić do niedoborów pokarmowych u gospodarza, szczególnie w przypadku zakażenia bruzdogłowcem szerokim (D. latum), który może powodować niedobór witaminy B12 i anemię megaloblastyczną115116.

Cysticerkoza

Cysticerkoza rozwija się, gdy człowiek spożywa jaja tasiemca, najczęściej T. solium. Mechanizm rozwoju tej postaci zakażenia jest następujący:117118

  1. Jaja tasiemca po spożyciu trafiają do jelita cienkiego
  2. Pod wpływem enzymów trawiennych z jaj wylęgają się onkosfery (larwy)
  3. Onkosfery penetrują ścianę jelita i przedostają się do krwiobiegu
  4. Krwioobieg rozprowadza larwy po całym organizmie
  5. Larwy osadzają się w różnych tkankach i organach, najczęściej w mięśniach, mózgu, oczach i tkance podskórnej
  6. W miejscu osadzenia larwy tworzą cysty (cysticerci), które mogą przetrwać w tkankach przez lata

Cysty zawierające larwy tasiemca mogą pozostawać bezobjawowe przez długi czas. Objawy pojawiają się dopiero wtedy, gdy układ odpornościowy gospodarza reaguje na cysty, które uwalniają antygeny, rozpadają się lub ulegają zwapnieniu, lub gdy cysty zakłócają funkcjonowanie narządu, w którym się znajdują119.

Szczególnie niebezpieczna jest neurocysticerkoza, gdy cysty tworzą się w mózgu lub rdzeniu kręgowym. Może to prowadzić do różnorodnych objawów neurologicznych, w tym napadów padaczkowych, bólów głowy, zaburzeń widzenia, zaburzeń zachowania i innych objawów w zależności od lokalizacji i liczby cyst120.

Bąblowica (hydatidoza)

Bąblowica jest wywoływana przez tasiemce z rodzaju Echinococcus, najczęściej E. granulosus. Mechanizm rozwoju tej choroby jest następujący:121122

  1. Człowiek spożywa jaja tasiemca poprzez kontakt z kałem zarażonego psa lub zanieczyszczoną żywnością, wodą, glebą
  2. Jaja wylęgają się w jelicie, a uwolnione onkosfery penetrują ścianę jelita i przedostają się do krwiobiegu
  3. Krwioobieg transportuje onkosfery do różnych narządów, najczęściej do wątroby (60-70% przypadków) i płuc (20-25% przypadków)
  4. W narządach docelowych onkosfery rozwijają się w torbiele wypełnione płynem (torbiele hydatidowe)
  5. Torbiele powoli rosną, osiągając niekiedy znaczne rozmiary, i mogą zawierać liczne protoskoleksy (główki tasiemca)

Torbiele hydatidowe mogą pozostawać bezobjawowe przez lata, a objawy pojawiają się dopiero wtedy, gdy torbiele osiągną rozmiar wywierający ucisk na otaczające tkanki lub narządy. Pęknięcie torbieli może prowadzić do reakcji anafilaktycznej lub rozsiewu pasożyta i tworzenia wtórnych torbieli w innych częściach ciała123.

Interakcje między pasożytami a gospodarzem

Tasiemce wykazują różnorodne adaptacje, które pozwalają im przetrwać w organizmie gospodarza i uniknąć odpowiedzi immunologicznej:124

  • Unikanie układu odpornościowego – tasiemce mogą modulować odpowiedź immunologiczną gospodarza, aby uniknąć rozpoznania i eliminacji
  • Adaptacja do środowiska jelitowego – tasiemce są przystosowane do przetrwania w agresywnym środowisku jelitowym (np. poprzez wytwarzanie ochronnej warstwy zewnętrznej)
  • Zdolność do pobierania składników odżywczych – tasiemce skutecznie pobierają składniki odżywcze z pokarmu trawionego przez gospodarza
  • Długa żywotność – niektóre tasiemce mogą żyć w organizmie gospodarza przez wiele lat

Zdolność tasiemców do przetrwania i osiągnięcia dojrzałości w każdym środowisku jelitowym podobnym do ich żywiciela ostatecznego lub żywicieli, sprawia, że tasiemce będą nadal zarażać i adaptować się do innych żywicieli ssaków, w tym ludzi125.

Podsumowanie etiologii tasiemczycy

Tasiemczyca jest chorobą pasożytniczą wywoływaną przez różne gatunki tasiemców, które mogą zainfekować organizm człowieka na dwa główne sposoby: poprzez spożycie cyst larwalnych w surowym lub niedogotowanym mięsie/rybach (prowadzące do tasiemczycy jelitowej) lub poprzez spożycie jaj tasiemca (prowadzące do cysticerkozy lub bąblowicy)126127.

Główne przyczyny zakażenia tasiemcami to:128129130

  • Spożywanie surowego lub niedogotowanego mięsa (wołowiny, wieprzowiny) zawierającego cysty tasiemca
  • Spożywanie surowych lub niedogotowanych ryb słodkowodnych zawierających larwy tasiemca
  • Spożywanie żywności lub wody zanieczyszczonej jajami tasiemca
  • Nieodpowiednia higiena rąk i kontakt z kałem osoby zarażonej tasiemcem
  • Bliski kontakt z zarażonymi zwierzętami, szczególnie psami (w przypadku bąblowicy)

Czynniki ryzyka obejmują:131132

  • Mieszkanie lub podróżowanie do regionów endemicznych
  • Nieodpowiednie warunki sanitarne i ograniczony dostęp do czystej wody
  • Preferencje żywieniowe obejmujące surowe lub niedogotowane mięso/ryby
  • Praca z mięsem lub zwierzętami hodowlanymi
  • Osłabiony układ odpornościowy

Skuteczne zapobieganie tasiemczycy wymaga kompleksowego podejścia obejmującego poprawę warunków sanitarnych, edukację społeczeństwa, odpowiednią obróbkę termiczną mięsa i ryb, regularne badania lekarskie oraz leczenie zarówno ludzi, jak i zwierząt hodowlanych133134.

Choć w krajach rozwiniętych tasiemczyca występuje rzadziej, nadal stanowi poważny problem zdrowia publicznego w wielu regionach świata, szczególnie w kontekście neurocysticerkozy będącej główną przyczyną padaczki w krajach rozwijających się135136.

Kolejne rozdziały

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Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Tapeworm Infection: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23950-tapeworm-infection
    Tapeworms infect animals and humans. They live in your intestines and feed off the nutrients you eat. […] A tapeworm is a flat, parasitic worm that lives in the intestines of an animal host. It commonly infects many different animals, including humans, livestock and domestic cats and dogs (usually meat-eating mammals.) […] Like other parasites, the mature tapeworm can only survive inside the host animal, feeding off of the hosts own nutrients. […] Tapeworm infection comes in two forms: […] Intestinal tapeworms are adult tapeworms that have hatched and matured inside the intestines of a host animal. […] You might hear your healthcare provider refer to your tapeworm infection as taeniasis. This term refers to an infection by tapeworms from the genus Taenia. […] An invasive larval infection can happen if tapeworm larvae in your intestines migrate outside of your intestines and enter your bloodstream and other organs.
  • #2 About Human Tapeworm | Human Tapeworm (Taeniasis) | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/taeniasis/about/index.html
    Taeniasis in humans is a parasitic infection caused by the tapeworm species Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm), Taenia solium (pork tapeworm), and Taenia asiatica (Asian tapeworm). […] Humans can become infected with these tapeworms by eating raw or undercooked beef (T. saginata) or pork (T. solium and T. asiatica). […] Eating raw or undercooked contaminated beef or pork is the primary risk factor for acquiring taeniasis. […] A disease called cysticercosis can occur when T. solium tapeworm eggs are ingested. […] This can lead to transmission of cysticercosis to themselves or others unknowingly.
  • #3 10 Signs You May Have A Parasite – NYC Gastroenterologist | Manhattan Gastroenterology
    https://www.manhattangastroenterology.com/10-signs-you-may-have-a-parasite/
    These worms feed need to survive, and they do it at your expense. […] Another sign of parasite infection is that you will never feel satisfied or full after meals. […] Tapeworms can hatch on your stomach and feed on what you eat, and this means you are always hungry for more. […] If you suspect you have a parasite, you should talk to your doctor. […] Tests to detect the presence of a parasite include: […] Your doctor will recommend the most effective medications to treat the parasitic infection and get rid of these unwanted attackers from your body. […] Parasitic infection is not good for health and leads to life-threatening consequences if you are not careful.
  • #4 About Human Tapeworm | Human Tapeworm (Taeniasis) | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/taeniasis/about/index.html
    Taeniasis in humans is a parasitic infection caused by the tapeworm species Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm), Taenia solium (pork tapeworm), and Taenia asiatica (Asian tapeworm). […] Humans can become infected with these tapeworms by eating raw or undercooked beef (T. saginata) or pork (T. solium and T. asiatica). […] Eating raw or undercooked contaminated beef or pork is the primary risk factor for acquiring taeniasis. […] A disease called cysticercosis can occur when T. solium tapeworm eggs are ingested. […] This can lead to transmission of cysticercosis to themselves or others unknowingly.
  • #5 Tapeworm Infection – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/parasitic-infections-cestodes-tapeworms/tapeworm-infection
    Tapeworm infection of the intestine occurs mainly when people eat raw or undercooked contaminated pork, beef, or freshwater fish or, for the dwarf tapeworm, contaminated food or water. […] Several species of tapeworms can cause infection in people. They include Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm), Taenia solium (pork tapeworm), Taenia asiatica, which is acquired by eating pork in Asia (Asian tapeworm), Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm), Hymenolepis nana (dwarf tapeworm). […] People acquire the parasite by eating the cysts in raw or undercooked meat or certain types of freshwater fish. […] People who ingest the eggs of the pork tapeworm can become an intermediate host for the tapeworm. […] Cysticercosis is usually not treated unless it involves the brain. […] Adequate treatment of human waste interrupts the life cycle and thus helps prevent infections with beef tapeworms or pork tapeworms, including cysticercosis.
  • #6 How Human Tapeworm Spreads | Human Tapeworm (Taeniasis) | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/taeniasis/causes/index.html
    Taeniasis, or human tapeworm, is a parasitic infection caused by three tapeworm species. […] Human taeniasis is a parasitic infection caused by three tapeworm species, T. saginata (known as the beef tapeworm), T. solium (pork tapeworm), and T. asiatica (the Asian tapeworm). […] Humans are the only hosts for these Taenia tapeworms. […] You can get human tapeworm by eating raw or undercooked beef or pork that contain the parasite.
  • #7 Tapeworm Infections – Helminthiases – Parasitic Diseases – Infectious Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine
    https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.18.84.1.3.
    Tapeworm infections are parasite infections of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract caused by adult forms of various species of cestodes (tapeworms; Taenia spp, Diphyllobothrium spp, and Hymenolepis spp) colonizing the small intestine. […] Etiologic agent: Most commonly T saginata, less frequently T solium, H nana, and sporadically D latum. […] Reservoir and transmission: Humans (definitive hosts) are the reservoir. Infection occurs as a result of consuming raw beef (T saginata), pork (T solium), or fish (trout, pike, perch, salmon, and other freshwater fish species that contain the larvae [D latum]) or ingestion of eggs of H nana (contaminated food, water, hands or accidental swallowing of an infected insect [insect with a cysticercoid larva]). […] Tapeworm infections are prevalent worldwide. T saginata is more common in the Middle East, Africa, and South America, while D latum is endemic in Scandinavia, North America, Russia, Eastern Europe, Uganda, and Chile.
  • #8 Tapeworm Infection – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/parasitic-infections-cestodes-tapeworms/tapeworm-infection
    Tapeworm infection of the intestine occurs mainly when people eat raw or undercooked contaminated pork, beef, or freshwater fish or, for the dwarf tapeworm, contaminated food or water. […] Several species of tapeworms can cause infection in people. They include Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm), Taenia solium (pork tapeworm), Taenia asiatica, which is acquired by eating pork in Asia (Asian tapeworm), Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm), Hymenolepis nana (dwarf tapeworm). […] People acquire the parasite by eating the cysts in raw or undercooked meat or certain types of freshwater fish. […] People who ingest the eggs of the pork tapeworm can become an intermediate host for the tapeworm. […] Cysticercosis is usually not treated unless it involves the brain. […] Adequate treatment of human waste interrupts the life cycle and thus helps prevent infections with beef tapeworms or pork tapeworms, including cysticercosis.
  • #9 How Human Tapeworm Spreads | Human Tapeworm (Taeniasis) | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/taeniasis/causes/index.html
    Taeniasis, or human tapeworm, is a parasitic infection caused by three tapeworm species. […] Human taeniasis is a parasitic infection caused by three tapeworm species, T. saginata (known as the beef tapeworm), T. solium (pork tapeworm), and T. asiatica (the Asian tapeworm). […] Humans are the only hosts for these Taenia tapeworms. […] You can get human tapeworm by eating raw or undercooked beef or pork that contain the parasite.
  • #10 Tapeworm infection – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tapeworm/symptoms-causes/syc-20378174
    A tapeworm is a parasite that can live and feed in human intestines. This is called a tapeworm infection. […] Most tapeworms need two different hosts to complete a life cycle. One host is the place where a parasite grows from egg to larva, called the intermediate host. The other host is where the larva become adults, called the definitive host. For example, beef tapeworms need cattle and humans to go through a complete life cycle. […] Humans are the definitive hosts for some species of tapeworms. They may get a tapeworm infection after eating raw or undercooked: Beef, Pork, Fish. […] Humans may be the intermediate hosts for other tapeworm species. This usually happens when they drink water or eat food with tapeworm eggs. Humans also can be exposed to eggs in dog feces. […] An egg hatches in the person’s intestines. The larva travels through the bloodstream and forms a cyst somewhere in the body.
  • #11 Tapeworm – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537154/
    Cestodes are flat, parasitic, hermaphroditic tapeworms with complex life cycles that infect animals, including humans. Three cestodes that cause human disease are Taenia solium (pork tapeworm), Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm), and Diphyllobothrium (fish tapeworm). […] Tapeworms require single or multiple hosts to complete their life cycle. Infection of the host depends on the stage of the life cycle the tapeworm is in when the host becomes exposed. […] For diphyllobothriasis, humans become infected by consuming undercooked or raw fish infected with the worm larval stage (cysticerci). The worm attaches to the intestines, matures to the adult form, and releases eggs in human (or other fish-eating carnivores) stool. […] Taeniasis has a similar reproductive cycle as Diphyllobothriasis. Eggs expelled in animal or human stool contaminate the water and vegetation that cattle or swine ingest.
  • #12 Taeniasis – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taeniasis
    Taeniasis is an infection within the intestines by adult tapeworms belonging to the genus Taenia. […] Causes infection with adult tapeworms. […] Taenia saginata is due to eating contaminated undercooked beef while Taenia solium and Taenia asiatica is from contaminated undercooked pork. […] Taeniasis is contracted after eating undercooked pork or beef that contains the larvae. […] Cysticercosis occurs when contaminated food, water, or soil that contains T. solium eggs is eaten.
  • #13 Cysticercosis – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysticercosis
    Cysticercosis is a tissue infection caused by the young form of the pork tapeworm. […] Cysticercosis is usually acquired by eating food or drinking water contaminated by tapeworms’ eggs from human feces. […] The tapeworm eggs are present in the feces of a person infected with the adult worms, a condition known as taeniasis. […] Taeniasis, in the strict sense, is a different disease and is due to eating cysts in poorly cooked pork. […] People who live with someone with pork tapeworm have a greater risk of getting cysticercosis. […] Human cysticercosis develops after ingestion of the egg form of Taenia solium (often abbreviated as T. solium and also called pork tapeworm), which is transmitted through the oral-fecal route. […] The eggs enter the intestine where they develop into oncosphere larvae by hatching. […] The larvae enter the bloodstream and invade host tissues, where they further develop into larvae called cysticerci. […] The cysticercus larva completes development in about two months.
  • #14 Tapeworms in Humans: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments
    https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/tapeworms-in-humans
    Eating undercooked meat from infected animals is the main cause of tapeworm infection in people. […] It is also possible to contract pork tapeworms from foods prepared by an infected person. […] Infection can occur when you eat raw or undercooked meat from an infected animal.
  • #15 Tapeworm infection // Middlesex Health
    https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/tapeworm-infection
    Most tapeworms need two different hosts to complete a life cycle. One host is the place where a parasite grows from egg to larva, called the intermediate host. The other host is where the larva become adults, called the definitive host. For example, beef tapeworms need cattle and humans to go through a complete life cycle. […] When people, the definitive host, eat undercooked meat from that cow, they can develop a tapeworm infection. The larval cyst develops into an adult tapeworm. The tapeworm attaches to the wall of the intestine where it feeds. It produces eggs that pass in the person’s stool. […] Humans may be the intermediate hosts for other tapeworm species. This usually happens when they drink water or eat food with tapeworm eggs. Humans also can be exposed to eggs in dog feces.
  • #16 Tapeworm infection // Middlesex Health
    https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/tapeworm-infection
    Most tapeworms need two different hosts to complete a life cycle. One host is the place where a parasite grows from egg to larva, called the intermediate host. The other host is where the larva become adults, called the definitive host. For example, beef tapeworms need cattle and humans to go through a complete life cycle. […] When people, the definitive host, eat undercooked meat from that cow, they can develop a tapeworm infection. The larval cyst develops into an adult tapeworm. The tapeworm attaches to the wall of the intestine where it feeds. It produces eggs that pass in the person’s stool. […] Humans may be the intermediate hosts for other tapeworm species. This usually happens when they drink water or eat food with tapeworm eggs. Humans also can be exposed to eggs in dog feces.
  • #17 Overview of Tapeworm Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/cestodes-tapeworms/overview-of-tapeworm-infections
    Tapeworms (cestodes) are flat, parasitic worms. Other cestode species also infect humans, causing diseases such as sparganosis, coenurosis, and echinococcosis. Cestode infection is typically foodborne or acquired by accidental ingestion of invertebrate hosts. […] Cestode infection spreads when eggs laid by adult tapeworms in the intestines of definitive hosts are excreted with feces into the environment and ingested by an intermediate host (typically another species). […] With some cestode species (eg, T. solium), the definitive host can also serve as an intermediate host; that is, if eggs rather than tissue cysts are ingested, the eggs develop into larvae, which enter the circulation and encyst in various tissues. […] Humans serve as the definitive host for T. saginata and D. latum after ingesting tissue cysts. Humans serve as the intermediate host for Echinococcus species after ingesting eggs from dogs or other definitive hosts. Humans can serve as either the definitive host after ingesting tissue cysts or the intermediate host after ingesting eggs of T. solium.
  • #18 Tapeworm Infestation: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/786292-overview
    Tapeworms are long, segmented worms of the class Cestoda, which comprise 1 of 3 classes of parasitic worms (worms that require a host within which to mature). […] Typically, a cestode requires one or more intermediate hosts in their life cycle. […] When humans are the primary hosts, the adult cestode is limited to the intestinal tract. When humans are the intermediate hosts, the larvae are within the tissues, migrating through the different organ systems. […] In most cestode infestations (ie, T solium, T saginata, Diphyllobothrium species, Hymenolepis species, and D caninum), humans are the primary hosts. […] In the remaining cestodes (ie, Echinococcus species, Spirometra species, and T multiceps), humans function as the intermediate hosts. […] Hymenolepis species and T solium are the only cestodes for which humans can function as both primary hosts and intermediate hosts. […] Humans are infected by swallowing insects that contain cysticercoid larvae, most often by ingesting mealworms or grain beetles that infest dried grains, cereals, flour, and dried fruit.
  • #19 Tapeworms in Humans: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments
    https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/tapeworms-in-humans
    Eating undercooked meat from infected animals is the main cause of tapeworm infection in people. […] It is also possible to contract pork tapeworms from foods prepared by an infected person. […] Infection can occur when you eat raw or undercooked meat from an infected animal.
  • #20 Taeniasis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
    https://www.healthline.com/health/taeniasis
    Taeniasis is an infection caused by the tapeworm, a type of parasite. […] Taeniasis is an intestinal tapeworm infection caused by eating contaminated beef or pork. […] You can develop taeniasis by eating raw or undercooked beef or pork. Contaminated food can contain tapeworm eggs or larvae that grow in your intestines when eaten. […] Poor hygiene can also cause the spread of taeniasis. […] Taeniasis is more common in areas where raw beef or pork is consumed and where sanitation is poor. […] Taeniasis is more likely to develop in people who have weakened immune systems and aren’t able to fight off infections.
  • #21 Tapeworm infection – beef or pork Information | Mount Sinai – New York
    https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/tapeworm-infection-beef-or-pork
    Beef or pork tapeworm infection is an infection with the tapeworm parasite found in beef or pork. […] Tapeworm infection is caused by eating the raw or undercooked meat of infected animals. Cattle usually carry Taenia saginata (T saginata). Pigs carry Taenia solium (T solium). […] Adults and children with pork tapeworm can infect themselves if they have poor hygiene. They can ingest tapeworm eggs they pick up on their hands while wiping or scratching their anus or the skin around it. […] Those who are infected can expose other people to T solium eggs, usually through food handling.
  • #22
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/taeniasis-cysticercosis
    The term taeniasis refers to intestinal infection with tapeworms. Three parasite species cause taeniasis in humans, Taenia solium, Taenia saginata and Taenia asiatica. Only T. solium causes major health problems. […] T. solium taeniasis is acquired by humans through the ingestion of the parasite’s larval cysts (cysticerci) in undercooked and infected pork. […] Humans can also become infected with T. solium eggs due to poor hygiene (via the fecal-oral route) or ingesting contaminated food or water. […] Infection with the T. solium tapeworm occurs when a person eats raw or undercooked, infected pork. […] Tapeworm eggs passed in the faeces with the tapeworm carrier are infective for pigs. T. solium eggs may also infect humans if they are ingested by a person (via the fecal-oral route, or by ingesting contaminated food or water), causing infection with the larval parasite in the tissues (human cysticercosis).
  • #23 Fish tapeworm infection: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001375.htm
    Fish tapeworm infection is an intestinal infection with a parasite found in fish. […] The fish tapeworm (Diphyllobothrium latum) is the largest parasite that infects humans. Humans become infected when they eat raw or undercooked freshwater fish that contain fish tapeworm cysts. […] After a person has eaten infected fish, the worm larva begins to grow in the intestine. […] The tapeworm absorbs the nutrition from food that the infected person eats. This may lead to vitamin B12 deficiency and anemia.
  • #24 Fish Tapeworm Infection (Diphyllobothriasis)
    https://www.healthline.com/health/diphyllobothriasis
    A fish tapeworm infection can occur when a person eats raw or undercooked fish thats contaminated with the parasite Diphyllobothrium latum. […] A fish tapeworm infection occurs when a person eats undercooked or raw fish thats contaminated with fish tapeworm larvae. […] The larvae then grow in the intestines. It takes between three to six weeks before theyre fully grown. An adult tapeworm can grow up to 30 feet long. Its the largest parasite to affect humans. […] The journal Emerging Infectious Diseases published a report that examined the spread of fish tapeworm infections in Brazil. Infections were linked to contaminated salmon farmed at aquaculture sites in Chile. […] The report highlighted how fish farming can spread the infection from one area to another. The cases cited in the report all stemmed from people eating salmon sushi.
  • #25 Fish tapeworm infection: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001375.htm
    Fish tapeworm infection is an intestinal infection with a parasite found in fish. […] The fish tapeworm (Diphyllobothrium latum) is the largest parasite that infects humans. Humans become infected when they eat raw or undercooked freshwater fish that contain fish tapeworm cysts. […] After a person has eaten infected fish, the worm larva begins to grow in the intestine. […] The tapeworm absorbs the nutrition from food that the infected person eats. This may lead to vitamin B12 deficiency and anemia.
  • #26 Fish Tapeworm Infection (Diphyllobothriasis)
    https://www.healthline.com/health/diphyllobothriasis
    A fish tapeworm infection can occur when a person eats raw or undercooked fish thats contaminated with the parasite Diphyllobothrium latum. […] A fish tapeworm infection occurs when a person eats undercooked or raw fish thats contaminated with fish tapeworm larvae. […] The larvae then grow in the intestines. It takes between three to six weeks before theyre fully grown. An adult tapeworm can grow up to 30 feet long. Its the largest parasite to affect humans. […] The journal Emerging Infectious Diseases published a report that examined the spread of fish tapeworm infections in Brazil. Infections were linked to contaminated salmon farmed at aquaculture sites in Chile. […] The report highlighted how fish farming can spread the infection from one area to another. The cases cited in the report all stemmed from people eating salmon sushi.
  • #27 Cysticercosis: Overview, Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23534-cysticercosis
    Cysticercosis is an illness you get when infected with the eggs of the parasite Taenia solium. […] You get cysticercosis from eating food or drinking water contaminated with T. solium eggs or from not washing your hands after touching poop (feces) that has T. solium eggs in it. […] An infection with eggs of the parasite T. solium causes cysticercosis. You can get cysticercosis by eating or drinking something that has T. solium eggs on it (like unwashed fruits and vegetables or untreated water) or by touching your mouth after touching something with T. solium eggs in it (like poop or something contaminated with poop). […] Cysticercosis spreads through the poop of someone infected with the adult tapeworm T. solium. T. solium lays its eggs in human intestines and then the eggs leave your body in your poop. You get cysticercosis from ingesting something that’s contaminated by poop carrying these eggs.
  • #28 What’s New
    https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Cysticercosis-PorkTapeworm-Taeniasis.aspx
    Taeniasis and cysticercosis are diseases of humans caused by a tapeworm (Taenia solium) that normally infects pigs. Taeniasis is an intestinal infection with the adult stage of the tapeworm. Cysticercosis is a tissue infection with the larval stage cysts of the tapeworm. […] People get taeniasis from eating raw or undercooked pork that contains larval cysts. Once in the persons intestine, the larval cysts develop into adult tapeworms and produce a large number of eggs. People and pigs develop cysticercosis from swallowing the tapeworm eggs in the feces from an infected human. The eggs hatch in the small intestine and larvae migrate throughout the body before forming cysts. Cysts can form in a variety of tissues, including the brain where the condition is called neurocysticercosis. […] The tapeworm, Taenia solium, is found wherever humans and pigs exist together. Taeniasis and cysticercosis infections are rare in the United States, but common in countries where pigs roam freely and sanitation is poor.
  • #29 Tapeworms: Causes, symptoms, and treatments
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/170461
    Tapeworms are intestinal parasites that are shaped similarly to a tape measure. Their eggs typically enter a human host from animals through food, particularly raw or undercooked meat. Tapeworm eggs can be present in stools. […] Humans can also contract tapeworms if they have contact with animal feces or contaminated water. When an infection passes from an animal to a human, it is called zoonosis. […] Drinking contaminated water and eating contaminated food are the primary causes. […] Most people who develop tapeworms do so after ingesting tapeworm eggs or larvae. […] Eggs can enter humans through food, water, and contaminated soil. […] A human can contract tapeworms through drinking contaminated water, interacting with affected animals and contaminated soil, and consuming contaminated food.
  • #30 Tapeworms: Causes and Risk Factors
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/tapeworms-causes-and-risk-factors-4161220
    Humans can also be infected with tapeworms through other humans, though this is less common. A person who is infected will pass eggs from the tapeworm in their stools. […] If an infected person touches their stool during a bowel movement, tapeworm eggs may wind up on their hands and then be transmitted to other surfaces or food.
  • #31 Tapeworm infection – beef or pork Information | Mount Sinai – New York
    https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/tapeworm-infection-beef-or-pork
    Beef or pork tapeworm infection is an infection with the tapeworm parasite found in beef or pork. […] Tapeworm infection is caused by eating the raw or undercooked meat of infected animals. Cattle usually carry Taenia saginata (T saginata). Pigs carry Taenia solium (T solium). […] Adults and children with pork tapeworm can infect themselves if they have poor hygiene. They can ingest tapeworm eggs they pick up on their hands while wiping or scratching their anus or the skin around it. […] Those who are infected can expose other people to T solium eggs, usually through food handling.
  • #32 Tapeworm (for Parents) – Humana – Ohio
    https://kidshealth.org/HumanaOhio/en/parents/tapeworm.html
    Tapeworms get into the body when someone eats or drinks something that’s infected with a worm or its eggs. […] Most people with a tapeworm infection got it by: eating raw or undercooked beef, pork, or fish infected with tapeworm or contact with poop that contains tapeworm eggs. […] The eggs of another type of tapeworm (pork tapeworm) cause a disease called cysticercosis (sis-tuh-ser-KOE-sis). This happens when pork tapeworm eggs from poop get into someone’s mouth. […] Cysticercosis is rare in the United States, but common in many developing countries.
  • #33 Cysticercosis – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysticercosis
    Cysticercosis is a tissue infection caused by the young form of the pork tapeworm. […] Cysticercosis is usually acquired by eating food or drinking water contaminated by tapeworms’ eggs from human feces. […] The tapeworm eggs are present in the feces of a person infected with the adult worms, a condition known as taeniasis. […] Taeniasis, in the strict sense, is a different disease and is due to eating cysts in poorly cooked pork. […] People who live with someone with pork tapeworm have a greater risk of getting cysticercosis. […] Human cysticercosis develops after ingestion of the egg form of Taenia solium (often abbreviated as T. solium and also called pork tapeworm), which is transmitted through the oral-fecal route. […] The eggs enter the intestine where they develop into oncosphere larvae by hatching. […] The larvae enter the bloodstream and invade host tissues, where they further develop into larvae called cysticerci. […] The cysticercus larva completes development in about two months.
  • #34 Treat tapeworm infection to improve academic performance | Stanford Report
    https://news.stanford.edu/stories/2018/05/treating-tapeworm-infection-improve-academic-performance
    A Stanford-led study in China has revealed for the first time high levels of a potentially fatal tapeworm infection among school-age children. […] Tapeworm infection tied to pork consumption in poor regions can cause cognitive damage and enforce cycles of poverty. […] The study, published in PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, focuses on Taenia solium, a tapeworm that infects millions of impoverished people worldwide and can cause a disorder of the central nervous system called neurocysticercosis. […] The World Health Organization estimates that the infection is one of the leading causes of epilepsy in the developing world and results in 29 percent of epilepsy cases in endemic areas. […] Openshaw said that the brain form of this disease spreads human to human, with no pigs required. […] All you need is a couple people with gastrointestinal tapeworms and poor hygiene, he said, conditions that exist in rural schools studied.
  • #35 Cysticercosis: An Emerging Parasitic Disease | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0701/p91.html
    Cysticercosis (i.e., tapeworm infection) is an increasingly common medical problem in the United States, especially in the Southwest and other areas of heavy emigration from endemic areas or in populations with significant travel to these areas. […] The larval stage of the pork tapeworm, Taenia solium, causes the clinical syndrome of cysticercosis, with humans as dead-end hosts after ingestion of T. solium eggs. […] Cysticercosis (i.e., tapeworm infection) is the most common parasitic disease worldwide, with an estimated prevalence greater than 50 million persons infected. […] It is endemic in Mexico, Central and South America, and parts of Africa, Asia, and India. […] Neurocysticercosis, the neurologic manifestation of cysticercosis, is the most prevalent infection of the brain worldwide, and more than 1,000 new cases are diagnosed in the United States each year.
  • #36 Tapeworm infection | Beacon Health System
    https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/tapeworm-infection?content_id=CON-20378157
    An egg hatches in the person’s intestines. The larva travels through the bloodstream and forms a cyst somewhere in the body. […] The larval cyst matures. But it won’t become a tapeworm. […] There are two exceptions to the typical life cycle of tapeworms that can infect humans. […] The main risk factor for tapeworm infection is eating raw or undercooked meat and fish. […] Poor handwashing increases the risk of getting and spreading infections. […] A lack of sanitation and sewage for human waste increases the risk of livestock getting tapeworm eggs from people. […] A lack of clean water for drinking, bathing and making food increases the risk of exposure to tapeworm eggs. […] Living in or traveling to regions with high rates of infection is a risk factor.
  • #37 Tapeworm Infection: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
    https://www.metropolisindia.com/blog/preventive-healthcare/tapeworm-infection-symptoms-causes-and-treatment
    Tapeworm infection is a parasitic condition that can affect the digestive system when a person ingests food or water contaminated with tapeworm eggs or larvae. […] Tapeworm infection occurs when a person ingests food or water contaminated with tapeworm eggs or larvae. […] Tapeworm infection causes involve ingesting food or water contaminated with tapeworm eggs or larvae. […] Risk factors include consuming raw or undercooked pork, beef, or fish; exposure to contaminated water, soil, or fecal matter; poor hand hygiene and sanitation practices; travel to or residence in endemic areas; close contact with infected humans or animals; and a weakened immune system. […] Pigs, cattle, and fish can become infected with tapeworm larvae by grazing in contaminated pastures or water. When a human eats raw or undercooked meat or fish containing these larvae (cysticerci), they develop into adult tapeworms in the intestines.
  • #38 Tapeworms: Causes, symptoms, and treatments
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/170461
    If meat or fish have larvae cysts and are undercooked or raw, the cysts can travel to the human intestine, where they can mature into adult tapeworms. […] The dwarf tapeworm can pass from human to human, according to 2015 research. […] Fleas and some types of beetles may pick up the eggs by eating the droppings of infected rats or mice. […] During treatment, humans can reinfect themselves if they have difficulty maintaining hygiene levels. […] Risk factors include exposure to animals, difficulty maintaining hygiene, traveling to or living in certain parts of the world, and consuming raw or undercooked meats and fish.
  • #39 Tapeworms: Causes and Risk Factors
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/tapeworms-causes-and-risk-factors-4161220
    Infections with tapeworms are a risk of eating undercooked or raw meat or fish. […] Most infections with tapeworms, also called taeniasis, come from eating undercooked or raw meat, pork, or fish. A second less common cause is when an infected person transmits the illness to others. […] People who live in close proximity to livestock or free-range animals and/or have poor sanitation have a greater risk of developing a tapeworm infection. […] Tapeworm infections are more common in developing areas of the world where sanitation is poor and people may eat undercooked meats. […] The primary way that humans can contract a tapeworm is from eating meat, pork, or fish that is infected with tapeworms. If the animal was infected the meat will harbor larva or eggs. […] Traveling to less developed countries may put travelers at risk of contracting tapeworms because infection is more common outside the United States.
  • #40 Tapeworms | nidirect
    https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/tapeworms
    Tapeworm infection can occur if their eggs or small newly hatched worms (larvae) get in your mouth. […] There are several ways this can happen, including: eating raw or undercooked beef, pork, or freshwater fish (like salmon or trout) these can contain live tapeworm larvae if they’re not cooked thoroughly; drinking water or eating food that contains or has been in contact with bits of poo of an infected person or animal; close contact with someone who has a tapeworm they may pass out eggs in their poo, which can get on clothing, surfaces and food. […] Tapeworms are found throughout the world, including in Northern Ireland. But you’re more likely to get them in places with poor sanitation and less strict food hygiene standards.
  • #41 Cysticercosis – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysticercosis
    Cysticercosis is a tissue infection caused by the young form of the pork tapeworm. […] Cysticercosis is usually acquired by eating food or drinking water contaminated by tapeworms’ eggs from human feces. […] The tapeworm eggs are present in the feces of a person infected with the adult worms, a condition known as taeniasis. […] Taeniasis, in the strict sense, is a different disease and is due to eating cysts in poorly cooked pork. […] People who live with someone with pork tapeworm have a greater risk of getting cysticercosis. […] Human cysticercosis develops after ingestion of the egg form of Taenia solium (often abbreviated as T. solium and also called pork tapeworm), which is transmitted through the oral-fecal route. […] The eggs enter the intestine where they develop into oncosphere larvae by hatching. […] The larvae enter the bloodstream and invade host tissues, where they further develop into larvae called cysticerci. […] The cysticercus larva completes development in about two months.
  • #42 Tapeworm Infection: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23950-tapeworm-infection
    Tapeworm infection occurs around the world, particularly in countries where people commonly eat raw meat and fish and where sanitation is less rigorous. […] Tapeworms evolve in three stages: egg, larva and adult worm. […] People in less-developed countries with inadequate sewage treatment are more likely than others to get an infection by contamination from poop. […] In more developed countries, humans are more likely to get an infection from eating undercooked infected meat.
  • #43
    https://www.who.int/vietnam/news/feature-stories/detail/what-you-need-to-know-about-tapeworm-infections
    Two diseases in humans are caused by tapeworm infection: taeniasis and cysticercosis […] Taeniasis is an infection in the intestine after eating infected meat that is raw or not well cooked. […] Cysticercosis in humans, on the other hand, occurs when the eggs of pork tapeworms are accidentally ingested. […] Cysticercosis can have considerable impacts to human health. […] Taenaisis can be treated with deworming medicine, such as, praziquantel, niclosamide and albendazole, and requires a short treatment course. […] For cysticercosis, the period from when the tapeworm eggs are ingested by humans to the time they show symptoms varies. […] Taeniasis and cysticercosis infections are common in many countries in Asia, including Viet Nam, particularly where backyard pig raising is practiced but basic sanitation remains poor.
  • #44 Taeniasis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
    https://www.healthline.com/health/taeniasis
    Taeniasis is an infection caused by the tapeworm, a type of parasite. […] Taeniasis is an intestinal tapeworm infection caused by eating contaminated beef or pork. […] You can develop taeniasis by eating raw or undercooked beef or pork. Contaminated food can contain tapeworm eggs or larvae that grow in your intestines when eaten. […] Poor hygiene can also cause the spread of taeniasis. […] Taeniasis is more common in areas where raw beef or pork is consumed and where sanitation is poor. […] Taeniasis is more likely to develop in people who have weakened immune systems and aren’t able to fight off infections.
  • #45 Tapeworm Infections – Helminthiases – Parasitic Diseases – Infectious Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine
    https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.18.84.1.3.
    Tapeworm infections are parasite infections of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract caused by adult forms of various species of cestodes (tapeworms; Taenia spp, Diphyllobothrium spp, and Hymenolepis spp) colonizing the small intestine. […] Etiologic agent: Most commonly T saginata, less frequently T solium, H nana, and sporadically D latum. […] Reservoir and transmission: Humans (definitive hosts) are the reservoir. Infection occurs as a result of consuming raw beef (T saginata), pork (T solium), or fish (trout, pike, perch, salmon, and other freshwater fish species that contain the larvae [D latum]) or ingestion of eggs of H nana (contaminated food, water, hands or accidental swallowing of an infected insect [insect with a cysticercoid larva]). […] Tapeworm infections are prevalent worldwide. T saginata is more common in the Middle East, Africa, and South America, while D latum is endemic in Scandinavia, North America, Russia, Eastern Europe, Uganda, and Chile.
  • #46 Taeniasis – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taeniasis
    Taeniasis is an infection within the intestines by adult tapeworms belonging to the genus Taenia. […] Causes infection with adult tapeworms. […] Taenia saginata is due to eating contaminated undercooked beef while Taenia solium and Taenia asiatica is from contaminated undercooked pork. […] Taeniasis is contracted after eating undercooked pork or beef that contains the larvae. […] Cysticercosis occurs when contaminated food, water, or soil that contains T. solium eggs is eaten.
  • #47 Tapeworm infection: taeniasis, cysticercosis
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/tapeworm-infection
    Taeniasis is an infection caused by a particular tapeworm called Taenia. […] Taeniasis occurs when an individual eats contaminated, undercooked or raw meat, usually beef, where cattle are infected with T. saginata, or pork, where pigs are infected with T. solium and T. asiatica. […] Humans with taeniasis pass eggs or proglottids in the stool which can contaminate pastures. Cattle or pigs become infected with these eggs or proglottids when ingesting contaminated vegetation. […] Tapeworm infection is maintained by poor food preparation practices, as well as the continuous infection of pigs and cattle by feeding on vegetation contaminated by tapeworm eggs.
  • #48
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/taeniasis-cysticercosis
    The term taeniasis refers to intestinal infection with tapeworms. Three parasite species cause taeniasis in humans, Taenia solium, Taenia saginata and Taenia asiatica. Only T. solium causes major health problems. […] T. solium taeniasis is acquired by humans through the ingestion of the parasite’s larval cysts (cysticerci) in undercooked and infected pork. […] Humans can also become infected with T. solium eggs due to poor hygiene (via the fecal-oral route) or ingesting contaminated food or water. […] Infection with the T. solium tapeworm occurs when a person eats raw or undercooked, infected pork. […] Tapeworm eggs passed in the faeces with the tapeworm carrier are infective for pigs. T. solium eggs may also infect humans if they are ingested by a person (via the fecal-oral route, or by ingesting contaminated food or water), causing infection with the larval parasite in the tissues (human cysticercosis).
  • #49 Diphyllobothriasis (Fish Tapeworm Infection) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK540971/
    Diphyllobothriasis is a parasitic infection caused by broad or fish tapeworms. […] The life cycles of tapeworms in the Diphyllobothriidae family are complex, and the full life cycle of only a few species is currently known. […] The lifecycle begins when diphyllobothriid eggs are deposited or washed into fresh or marine water, where they develop into first larvae. […] Human infection with diphyllobothriids is known from the early Neolithic period, as evidenced by diphyllobothriid eggs found in Germany and dated between 3917 and 3905 bce. […] Due to their ability to survive and reach maturity in any intestinal environment similar to their definitive host or hosts, broad tapeworms will continue to infect and adapt to other mammalian hosts, including humans. […] Most species causing human infection have recently been reclassified and renamed based on morphological and molecular analyses.
  • #50 Fish tapeworm infection Information | Mount Sinai – New York
    https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/fish-tapeworm-infection
    Fish tapeworm infection is an intestinal infection with a parasite found in fish. […] The fish tapeworm (Diphyllobothrium latum) is the largest parasite that infects humans. Humans become infected when they eat raw or undercooked freshwater fish that contain fish tapeworm cysts. […] The infection is seen in many areas where humans eat uncooked or undercooked freshwater fish from rivers or lakes, including: Africa, Eastern Europe, North and South America, Scandinavia, Some Asian countries. […] After a person has eaten infected fish, the worm larva begins to grow in the intestine. […] The tapeworm absorbs the nutrition from food that the infected person eats. This may lead to vitamin B12 deficiency and anemia.
  • #51 Tapeworm infection – hymenolepsis – UF Health
    https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/tapeworm-infection-hymenolepsis
    Hymenolepis infection is an infestation by one of two species of tapeworm: Hymenolepis nana or Hymenolepis diminuta. The disease is also called hymenolepiasis. […] Hymenolepis worms live in warm climates and are common in the southern United States. Insects eat the eggs of these worms. […] Humans and other animals become infected when they eat material contaminated by insects (including fleas associated with rats). In an infected person, it is possible for the worm’s entire life cycle to be completed in the bowel, so infection can last for years. […] Hymenolepis nana infections are much more common than Hymenolepis diminuta infections in humans. These infections used to be common in the southeastern United States, in crowded environments, and in people who were confined to institutions. However, the disease occurs throughout the world.
  • #52 Cysticercosis | Causes Of A Tapeworm Infection | IIL
    https://www.cysticercosis.in/tapeworm-education?page=causes-of-a-tapeworm-infection
    Tapeworm infection occurs due to consumption of food or water contaminated with tapeworm eggs or larvae. Tapeworm infection is usually caused by two species of tapeworms – Taenia solium (pork tapeworm) and Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm). […] The eggs of the tapeworm can be transmitted from one person to another. […] Insects, like some beetles and fleas, can pick up the eggs by eating feces of mice or rats with tapeworm infection. These insects can pass the eggs to humans when they are accidently eaten. […] The eggs of a dwarf tapeworm can be transmitted from one person to another by poor hygiene habits. […] Dwarf tapeworm infection is common among children, individuals living in unhygienic conditions, especially in the regions where fleas are prevalent.
  • #53 Tapeworm infection – hymenolepsis – UF Health
    https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/tapeworm-infection-hymenolepsis
    Hymenolepis infection is an infestation by one of two species of tapeworm: Hymenolepis nana or Hymenolepis diminuta. The disease is also called hymenolepiasis. […] Hymenolepis worms live in warm climates and are common in the southern United States. Insects eat the eggs of these worms. […] Humans and other animals become infected when they eat material contaminated by insects (including fleas associated with rats). In an infected person, it is possible for the worm’s entire life cycle to be completed in the bowel, so infection can last for years. […] Hymenolepis nana infections are much more common than Hymenolepis diminuta infections in humans. These infections used to be common in the southeastern United States, in crowded environments, and in people who were confined to institutions. However, the disease occurs throughout the world.
  • #54 Tapeworms and hydatid disease | Better Health Channel
    https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/tapeworms-and-hydatid-disease
    Contact with dog faeces infected with tapeworm eggs may cause hydatid disease, which is when cysts form in vital organs such as the liver. […] A person who comes in contact with the faeces of an infected dog (that is, when eggs from the tapeworm are passed in the faeces) may develop hydatid disease. This is serious and potentially fatal. Infection with tapeworm eggs causes cysts to form in vital organs such as the liver and lungs. […] Human infection does not occur from eating infected offal. People usually become infected by accidentally swallowing the tapeworm eggs passed in dog faeces. […] The eggs travel through the bloodstream, lodge in organs and form watery cysts full of tapeworm heads. This is known as hydatid disease or echinococcosis. […] To reduce this risk, the doctor may prescribe high doses of the drug albendazole in conjunction with surgery. This drug helps to destroy any remaining tapeworm heads.
  • #55 Diphyllobothrium latum – Causes of a tapeworm infection | Clear Chemist
    https://www.clearchemist.co.uk/az-health/diphyllobothrium-latum/causes-of-a-tapeworm-infection
    In the UK, a tapeworm infection usually occurs when you eat raw contaminated pork, beef or freshwater fish. […] Infection with adult pork or beef tapeworms can be caused by eating raw or undercooked pork or beef that contain tapeworm larvae (newly hatched worms). […] The eggs then develop into larvae inside your body and invade other areas, such as your muscles and brain. […] Infection with the fish tapeworm can be caused by eating raw or undercooked freshwater fish, such as salmon. […] The eggs of a dwarf tapeworm can pass from one person to another through poor hygiene. […] People can occasionally be infected with the dog tapeworm. This infection is called hydatid disease. […] Children can accidentally swallow the eggs of the dog tapeworm after touching dog faeces or through close contact with dogs. […] A human swallows tapeworm cysts when they eat the undercooked meat of the contaminated animal or the raw contaminated fish.
  • #56 Tapeworms and hydatid disease | Better Health Channel
    https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/tapeworms-and-hydatid-disease
    Contact with dog faeces infected with tapeworm eggs may cause hydatid disease, which is when cysts form in vital organs such as the liver. […] A person who comes in contact with the faeces of an infected dog (that is, when eggs from the tapeworm are passed in the faeces) may develop hydatid disease. This is serious and potentially fatal. Infection with tapeworm eggs causes cysts to form in vital organs such as the liver and lungs. […] Human infection does not occur from eating infected offal. People usually become infected by accidentally swallowing the tapeworm eggs passed in dog faeces. […] The eggs travel through the bloodstream, lodge in organs and form watery cysts full of tapeworm heads. This is known as hydatid disease or echinococcosis. […] To reduce this risk, the doctor may prescribe high doses of the drug albendazole in conjunction with surgery. This drug helps to destroy any remaining tapeworm heads.
  • #57 Tapeworm Infection: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23950-tapeworm-infection
    Tapeworm infection occurs around the world, particularly in countries where people commonly eat raw meat and fish and where sanitation is less rigorous. […] Tapeworms evolve in three stages: egg, larva and adult worm. […] People in less-developed countries with inadequate sewage treatment are more likely than others to get an infection by contamination from poop. […] In more developed countries, humans are more likely to get an infection from eating undercooked infected meat.
  • #58 Tapeworm Infections – Helminthiases – Parasitic Diseases – Infectious Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine
    https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.18.84.1.3.
    Tapeworm infections are parasite infections of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract caused by adult forms of various species of cestodes (tapeworms; Taenia spp, Diphyllobothrium spp, and Hymenolepis spp) colonizing the small intestine. […] Etiologic agent: Most commonly T saginata, less frequently T solium, H nana, and sporadically D latum. […] Reservoir and transmission: Humans (definitive hosts) are the reservoir. Infection occurs as a result of consuming raw beef (T saginata), pork (T solium), or fish (trout, pike, perch, salmon, and other freshwater fish species that contain the larvae [D latum]) or ingestion of eggs of H nana (contaminated food, water, hands or accidental swallowing of an infected insect [insect with a cysticercoid larva]). […] Tapeworm infections are prevalent worldwide. T saginata is more common in the Middle East, Africa, and South America, while D latum is endemic in Scandinavia, North America, Russia, Eastern Europe, Uganda, and Chile.
  • #59 Tapeworm Infections – Helminthiases – Parasitic Diseases – Infectious Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine
    https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.18.84.1.3.
    Tapeworm infections are parasite infections of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract caused by adult forms of various species of cestodes (tapeworms; Taenia spp, Diphyllobothrium spp, and Hymenolepis spp) colonizing the small intestine. […] Etiologic agent: Most commonly T saginata, less frequently T solium, H nana, and sporadically D latum. […] Reservoir and transmission: Humans (definitive hosts) are the reservoir. Infection occurs as a result of consuming raw beef (T saginata), pork (T solium), or fish (trout, pike, perch, salmon, and other freshwater fish species that contain the larvae [D latum]) or ingestion of eggs of H nana (contaminated food, water, hands or accidental swallowing of an infected insect [insect with a cysticercoid larva]). […] Tapeworm infections are prevalent worldwide. T saginata is more common in the Middle East, Africa, and South America, while D latum is endemic in Scandinavia, North America, Russia, Eastern Europe, Uganda, and Chile.
  • #60 Cysticercosis: An Emerging Parasitic Disease | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0701/p91.html
    Cysticercosis (i.e., tapeworm infection) is an increasingly common medical problem in the United States, especially in the Southwest and other areas of heavy emigration from endemic areas or in populations with significant travel to these areas. […] The larval stage of the pork tapeworm, Taenia solium, causes the clinical syndrome of cysticercosis, with humans as dead-end hosts after ingestion of T. solium eggs. […] Cysticercosis (i.e., tapeworm infection) is the most common parasitic disease worldwide, with an estimated prevalence greater than 50 million persons infected. […] It is endemic in Mexico, Central and South America, and parts of Africa, Asia, and India. […] Neurocysticercosis, the neurologic manifestation of cysticercosis, is the most prevalent infection of the brain worldwide, and more than 1,000 new cases are diagnosed in the United States each year.
  • #61 Tapeworm Infections – Helminthiases – Parasitic Diseases – Infectious Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine
    https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.18.84.1.3.
    Tapeworm infections are parasite infections of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract caused by adult forms of various species of cestodes (tapeworms; Taenia spp, Diphyllobothrium spp, and Hymenolepis spp) colonizing the small intestine. […] Etiologic agent: Most commonly T saginata, less frequently T solium, H nana, and sporadically D latum. […] Reservoir and transmission: Humans (definitive hosts) are the reservoir. Infection occurs as a result of consuming raw beef (T saginata), pork (T solium), or fish (trout, pike, perch, salmon, and other freshwater fish species that contain the larvae [D latum]) or ingestion of eggs of H nana (contaminated food, water, hands or accidental swallowing of an infected insect [insect with a cysticercoid larva]). […] Tapeworm infections are prevalent worldwide. T saginata is more common in the Middle East, Africa, and South America, while D latum is endemic in Scandinavia, North America, Russia, Eastern Europe, Uganda, and Chile.
  • #62 Tapeworm infection – hymenolepsis – UF Health
    https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/tapeworm-infection-hymenolepsis
    Hymenolepis infection is an infestation by one of two species of tapeworm: Hymenolepis nana or Hymenolepis diminuta. The disease is also called hymenolepiasis. […] Hymenolepis worms live in warm climates and are common in the southern United States. Insects eat the eggs of these worms. […] Humans and other animals become infected when they eat material contaminated by insects (including fleas associated with rats). In an infected person, it is possible for the worm’s entire life cycle to be completed in the bowel, so infection can last for years. […] Hymenolepis nana infections are much more common than Hymenolepis diminuta infections in humans. These infections used to be common in the southeastern United States, in crowded environments, and in people who were confined to institutions. However, the disease occurs throughout the world.
  • #63 Tapeworms and hydatid disease | Better Health Channel
    https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/tapeworms-and-hydatid-disease
    Contact with dog faeces infected with tapeworm eggs may cause hydatid disease, which is when cysts form in vital organs such as the liver. […] A person who comes in contact with the faeces of an infected dog (that is, when eggs from the tapeworm are passed in the faeces) may develop hydatid disease. This is serious and potentially fatal. Infection with tapeworm eggs causes cysts to form in vital organs such as the liver and lungs. […] Human infection does not occur from eating infected offal. People usually become infected by accidentally swallowing the tapeworm eggs passed in dog faeces. […] The eggs travel through the bloodstream, lodge in organs and form watery cysts full of tapeworm heads. This is known as hydatid disease or echinococcosis. […] To reduce this risk, the doctor may prescribe high doses of the drug albendazole in conjunction with surgery. This drug helps to destroy any remaining tapeworm heads.
  • #64 Tapeworm Infection: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23950-tapeworm-infection
    Tapeworm infection occurs around the world, particularly in countries where people commonly eat raw meat and fish and where sanitation is less rigorous. […] Tapeworms evolve in three stages: egg, larva and adult worm. […] People in less-developed countries with inadequate sewage treatment are more likely than others to get an infection by contamination from poop. […] In more developed countries, humans are more likely to get an infection from eating undercooked infected meat.
  • #65 Tapeworms: Causes and Risk Factors
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/tapeworms-causes-and-risk-factors-4161220
    Infections with tapeworms are a risk of eating undercooked or raw meat or fish. […] Most infections with tapeworms, also called taeniasis, come from eating undercooked or raw meat, pork, or fish. A second less common cause is when an infected person transmits the illness to others. […] People who live in close proximity to livestock or free-range animals and/or have poor sanitation have a greater risk of developing a tapeworm infection. […] Tapeworm infections are more common in developing areas of the world where sanitation is poor and people may eat undercooked meats. […] The primary way that humans can contract a tapeworm is from eating meat, pork, or fish that is infected with tapeworms. If the animal was infected the meat will harbor larva or eggs. […] Traveling to less developed countries may put travelers at risk of contracting tapeworms because infection is more common outside the United States.
  • #66 Tapeworm Infection: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
    https://www.metropolisindia.com/blog/preventive-healthcare/tapeworm-infection-symptoms-causes-and-treatment
    Tapeworm infection is a parasitic condition that can affect the digestive system when a person ingests food or water contaminated with tapeworm eggs or larvae. […] Tapeworm infection occurs when a person ingests food or water contaminated with tapeworm eggs or larvae. […] Tapeworm infection causes involve ingesting food or water contaminated with tapeworm eggs or larvae. […] Risk factors include consuming raw or undercooked pork, beef, or fish; exposure to contaminated water, soil, or fecal matter; poor hand hygiene and sanitation practices; travel to or residence in endemic areas; close contact with infected humans or animals; and a weakened immune system. […] Pigs, cattle, and fish can become infected with tapeworm larvae by grazing in contaminated pastures or water. When a human eats raw or undercooked meat or fish containing these larvae (cysticerci), they develop into adult tapeworms in the intestines.
  • #67 Tapeworm Infection – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
    https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/tapeworm-infection
    Tapeworm infection, also known as taeniasis, is a parasitic disease caused by flat, segmented worms belonging to the class Cestoda. […] A tapeworm infection occurs when a person ingests the larvae or eggs of tapeworms, leading to the establishment of these parasites in the intestines. […] Infectious/Environmental Causes: Tapeworm infections are primarily caused by ingesting contaminated food or water. The larvae or eggs can be present in undercooked or raw meat, particularly pork and beef, or in contaminated water sources. […] Lifestyle and Dietary Factors: Dietary habits play a significant role in the risk of tapeworm infections. Consuming undercooked or raw meat, particularly from infected animals, is a primary risk factor. […] Key Risk Factors: – Age: Children are more susceptible due to their exploratory behavior and less stringent hygiene practices. […] Geographic Location: Regions with poor sanitation and hygiene practices, particularly in developing countries, have higher rates of tapeworm infections. […] Individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or undergoing chemotherapy, are at greater risk.
  • #68 Tapeworm Infection – Symptoms, Causes, Treatments
    https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/infections-and-contagious-diseases/tapeworm-infection
    Tapeworm infections are parasitic infections caused by accidental ingestion of immature forms of the tapeworm in infected meats or fish. […] A number of factors increase your risk of developing tapeworm infection. Not all people with risk factors will get tapeworm. […] Accidental ingestion of the tapeworm species Diphyllobothrium latum or other types of fish tapeworm from undercooked fish. […] Accidental ingestion of the tapeworm species Taenia saginata from raw beef. […] Accidental ingestion of the tapeworm species Taenia solium from raw pork.
  • #69 Tapeworms: Causes and Risk Factors
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/tapeworms-causes-and-risk-factors-4161220
    Infections with tapeworms are a risk of eating undercooked or raw meat or fish. […] Most infections with tapeworms, also called taeniasis, come from eating undercooked or raw meat, pork, or fish. A second less common cause is when an infected person transmits the illness to others. […] People who live in close proximity to livestock or free-range animals and/or have poor sanitation have a greater risk of developing a tapeworm infection. […] Tapeworm infections are more common in developing areas of the world where sanitation is poor and people may eat undercooked meats. […] The primary way that humans can contract a tapeworm is from eating meat, pork, or fish that is infected with tapeworms. If the animal was infected the meat will harbor larva or eggs. […] Traveling to less developed countries may put travelers at risk of contracting tapeworms because infection is more common outside the United States.
  • #70 Tapeworms: Causes and Risk Factors
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/tapeworms-causes-and-risk-factors-4161220
    Infections with tapeworms are a risk of eating undercooked or raw meat or fish. […] Most infections with tapeworms, also called taeniasis, come from eating undercooked or raw meat, pork, or fish. A second less common cause is when an infected person transmits the illness to others. […] People who live in close proximity to livestock or free-range animals and/or have poor sanitation have a greater risk of developing a tapeworm infection. […] Tapeworm infections are more common in developing areas of the world where sanitation is poor and people may eat undercooked meats. […] The primary way that humans can contract a tapeworm is from eating meat, pork, or fish that is infected with tapeworms. If the animal was infected the meat will harbor larva or eggs. […] Traveling to less developed countries may put travelers at risk of contracting tapeworms because infection is more common outside the United States.
  • #71 Taeniasis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
    https://www.healthline.com/health/taeniasis
    Taeniasis is an infection caused by the tapeworm, a type of parasite. […] Taeniasis is an intestinal tapeworm infection caused by eating contaminated beef or pork. […] You can develop taeniasis by eating raw or undercooked beef or pork. Contaminated food can contain tapeworm eggs or larvae that grow in your intestines when eaten. […] Poor hygiene can also cause the spread of taeniasis. […] Taeniasis is more common in areas where raw beef or pork is consumed and where sanitation is poor. […] Taeniasis is more likely to develop in people who have weakened immune systems and aren’t able to fight off infections.
  • #72 Tapeworm Infection: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23950-tapeworm-infection
    Tapeworm infection occurs around the world, particularly in countries where people commonly eat raw meat and fish and where sanitation is less rigorous. […] Tapeworms evolve in three stages: egg, larva and adult worm. […] People in less-developed countries with inadequate sewage treatment are more likely than others to get an infection by contamination from poop. […] In more developed countries, humans are more likely to get an infection from eating undercooked infected meat.
  • #73 Fish Tapeworm Infection (Diphyllobothriasis)
    https://www.healthline.com/health/diphyllobothriasis
    A fish tapeworm infection can occur when a person eats raw or undercooked fish thats contaminated with the parasite Diphyllobothrium latum. […] A fish tapeworm infection occurs when a person eats undercooked or raw fish thats contaminated with fish tapeworm larvae. […] The larvae then grow in the intestines. It takes between three to six weeks before theyre fully grown. An adult tapeworm can grow up to 30 feet long. Its the largest parasite to affect humans. […] The journal Emerging Infectious Diseases published a report that examined the spread of fish tapeworm infections in Brazil. Infections were linked to contaminated salmon farmed at aquaculture sites in Chile. […] The report highlighted how fish farming can spread the infection from one area to another. The cases cited in the report all stemmed from people eating salmon sushi.
  • #74 Tapeworm infection: taeniasis, cysticercosis
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/tapeworm-infection
    Taeniasis is an infection caused by a particular tapeworm called Taenia. […] Taeniasis occurs when an individual eats contaminated, undercooked or raw meat, usually beef, where cattle are infected with T. saginata, or pork, where pigs are infected with T. solium and T. asiatica. […] Humans with taeniasis pass eggs or proglottids in the stool which can contaminate pastures. Cattle or pigs become infected with these eggs or proglottids when ingesting contaminated vegetation. […] Tapeworm infection is maintained by poor food preparation practices, as well as the continuous infection of pigs and cattle by feeding on vegetation contaminated by tapeworm eggs.
  • #75 What’s New
    https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Cysticercosis-PorkTapeworm-Taeniasis.aspx
    Taeniasis and cysticercosis are diseases of humans caused by a tapeworm (Taenia solium) that normally infects pigs. Taeniasis is an intestinal infection with the adult stage of the tapeworm. Cysticercosis is a tissue infection with the larval stage cysts of the tapeworm. […] People get taeniasis from eating raw or undercooked pork that contains larval cysts. Once in the persons intestine, the larval cysts develop into adult tapeworms and produce a large number of eggs. People and pigs develop cysticercosis from swallowing the tapeworm eggs in the feces from an infected human. The eggs hatch in the small intestine and larvae migrate throughout the body before forming cysts. Cysts can form in a variety of tissues, including the brain where the condition is called neurocysticercosis. […] The tapeworm, Taenia solium, is found wherever humans and pigs exist together. Taeniasis and cysticercosis infections are rare in the United States, but common in countries where pigs roam freely and sanitation is poor.
  • #76 Tapeworm infection: taeniasis, cysticercosis
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/tapeworm-infection
    Taeniasis is an infection caused by a particular tapeworm called Taenia. […] Taeniasis occurs when an individual eats contaminated, undercooked or raw meat, usually beef, where cattle are infected with T. saginata, or pork, where pigs are infected with T. solium and T. asiatica. […] Humans with taeniasis pass eggs or proglottids in the stool which can contaminate pastures. Cattle or pigs become infected with these eggs or proglottids when ingesting contaminated vegetation. […] Tapeworm infection is maintained by poor food preparation practices, as well as the continuous infection of pigs and cattle by feeding on vegetation contaminated by tapeworm eggs.
  • #77 Fish Tapeworm Infection (Diphyllobothriasis)
    https://www.healthline.com/health/diphyllobothriasis
    A fish tapeworm infection can occur when a person eats raw or undercooked fish thats contaminated with the parasite Diphyllobothrium latum. […] A fish tapeworm infection occurs when a person eats undercooked or raw fish thats contaminated with fish tapeworm larvae. […] The larvae then grow in the intestines. It takes between three to six weeks before theyre fully grown. An adult tapeworm can grow up to 30 feet long. Its the largest parasite to affect humans. […] The journal Emerging Infectious Diseases published a report that examined the spread of fish tapeworm infections in Brazil. Infections were linked to contaminated salmon farmed at aquaculture sites in Chile. […] The report highlighted how fish farming can spread the infection from one area to another. The cases cited in the report all stemmed from people eating salmon sushi.
  • #78 Tapeworms in Humans: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments
    https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/tapeworms-in-humans
    Eating undercooked meat from infected animals is the main cause of tapeworm infection in people. […] It is also possible to contract pork tapeworms from foods prepared by an infected person. […] Infection can occur when you eat raw or undercooked meat from an infected animal.
  • #79 Fish Tapeworm Infection (Diphyllobothriasis)
    https://www.healthline.com/health/diphyllobothriasis
    A fish tapeworm infection can occur when a person eats raw or undercooked fish thats contaminated with the parasite Diphyllobothrium latum. […] A fish tapeworm infection occurs when a person eats undercooked or raw fish thats contaminated with fish tapeworm larvae. […] The larvae then grow in the intestines. It takes between three to six weeks before theyre fully grown. An adult tapeworm can grow up to 30 feet long. Its the largest parasite to affect humans. […] The journal Emerging Infectious Diseases published a report that examined the spread of fish tapeworm infections in Brazil. Infections were linked to contaminated salmon farmed at aquaculture sites in Chile. […] The report highlighted how fish farming can spread the infection from one area to another. The cases cited in the report all stemmed from people eating salmon sushi.
  • #80
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/taeniasis-cysticercosis
    Neurocysticercosis is the most frequent preventable cause of epilepsy worldwide and is estimated to cause 30% of all epilepsy cases in countries where the parasite is endemic. […] Cysticercosis mainly affects the health and livelihoods of subsistence farming communities in developing countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America. […] The total number of people suffering from NCC, including symptomatic and asymptomatic cases, is estimated to be between 2.568.30 million, based on the range of epilepsy prevalence data available.
  • #81 Treat tapeworm infection to improve academic performance | Stanford Report
    https://news.stanford.edu/stories/2018/05/treating-tapeworm-infection-improve-academic-performance
    A Stanford-led study in China has revealed for the first time high levels of a potentially fatal tapeworm infection among school-age children. […] Tapeworm infection tied to pork consumption in poor regions can cause cognitive damage and enforce cycles of poverty. […] The study, published in PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, focuses on Taenia solium, a tapeworm that infects millions of impoverished people worldwide and can cause a disorder of the central nervous system called neurocysticercosis. […] The World Health Organization estimates that the infection is one of the leading causes of epilepsy in the developing world and results in 29 percent of epilepsy cases in endemic areas. […] Openshaw said that the brain form of this disease spreads human to human, with no pigs required. […] All you need is a couple people with gastrointestinal tapeworms and poor hygiene, he said, conditions that exist in rural schools studied.
  • #82 Pork tapeworm infection among leading causes of epilepsy worldwide – UN health agency | UN News
    https://news.un.org/en/story/2014/11/483302-pork-tapeworm-infection-among-leading-causes-epilepsy-worldwide-un-health
    Neurocysticercosis transmitted after consuming undercooked pork or water contaminated by tapeworm eggs is the most frequent preventable cause of epilepsy in the developing world. […] Humans become infected after consuming undercooked food, particularly pork, or water contaminated with tapeworm eggs, or through poor hygiene practices, it said.
  • #83
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/taeniasis-cysticercosis
    Neurocysticercosis is the most frequent preventable cause of epilepsy worldwide and is estimated to cause 30% of all epilepsy cases in countries where the parasite is endemic. […] Cysticercosis mainly affects the health and livelihoods of subsistence farming communities in developing countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America. […] The total number of people suffering from NCC, including symptomatic and asymptomatic cases, is estimated to be between 2.568.30 million, based on the range of epilepsy prevalence data available.
  • #84 Cysticercosis: An Emerging Parasitic Disease | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0701/p91.html
    Cysticercosis (i.e., tapeworm infection) is an increasingly common medical problem in the United States, especially in the Southwest and other areas of heavy emigration from endemic areas or in populations with significant travel to these areas. […] The larval stage of the pork tapeworm, Taenia solium, causes the clinical syndrome of cysticercosis, with humans as dead-end hosts after ingestion of T. solium eggs. […] Cysticercosis (i.e., tapeworm infection) is the most common parasitic disease worldwide, with an estimated prevalence greater than 50 million persons infected. […] It is endemic in Mexico, Central and South America, and parts of Africa, Asia, and India. […] Neurocysticercosis, the neurologic manifestation of cysticercosis, is the most prevalent infection of the brain worldwide, and more than 1,000 new cases are diagnosed in the United States each year.
  • #85 Cysticercosis: An Emerging Parasitic Disease | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0701/p91.html
    Neurocysticercosis is one of the leading causes of adult-onset seizures worldwide and was found to be the etiologic agent in 10 percent of new-onset seizure patients in one Los Angeles, Calif., emergency department. […] Human tapeworm infection occurs when T. solium cysts are ingested from undercooked pork. […] When humans ingest eggs, through fecal-oral transmission or possibly through auto-infection, they become dead-end hosts of the larval stage of the parasite and develop cysticercosis similar to pigs. […] Ingestion of encysted pork does not directly cause cysticercosis; rather, it produces an intestinal infection of the adult tapeworm and a carrier state for the T. solium eggs that, when ingested by humans, produce the clinical syndrome of cysticercosis. […] Even populations who do not eat pork (e.g., vegetarians) can develop cysticercosis.
  • #86 Taeniasis (tapeworm)
    https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/taeniasis-tapeworm
    Both pork (Taenia solium) and beef (T. saginata) tapeworm can cause intestinal infections in people. […] Taenia solium (pork tapeworm) causes both intestinal infection with the adult tapeworm and somatic infections with the larvae (cysticerci). […] T. saginata (beef tapeworm) causes only intestinal infection with the adult tapeworm in humans. […] Symptoms of cysticercosis may appear from weeks to years after infection. […] Chronic tapeworm infections contribute to malnutrition in developing communities in many parts of the world. […] Eggs of T. saginata passed in the faeces of an infected person are only infectious to cattle. […] Infections by T. solium may follow a similar cycle, with consumption of infected pork leading to the subsequent development of adult tapeworms. […] However, human infection may also occur through the consumption of T. solium eggs. […] When the eggs of T. solium are ingested by either humans or pigs, the embryos escape the shells and penetrate the intestinal wall, with subsequent spread of larvae to various tissues to produce cysticercosis. […] Everyone is susceptible to infection. Infection does not appear to confer immunity.
  • #87 Treat tapeworm infection to improve academic performance | Stanford Report
    https://news.stanford.edu/stories/2018/05/treating-tapeworm-infection-improve-academic-performance
    A Stanford-led study in China has revealed for the first time high levels of a potentially fatal tapeworm infection among school-age children. […] Tapeworm infection tied to pork consumption in poor regions can cause cognitive damage and enforce cycles of poverty. […] The study, published in PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, focuses on Taenia solium, a tapeworm that infects millions of impoverished people worldwide and can cause a disorder of the central nervous system called neurocysticercosis. […] The World Health Organization estimates that the infection is one of the leading causes of epilepsy in the developing world and results in 29 percent of epilepsy cases in endemic areas. […] Openshaw said that the brain form of this disease spreads human to human, with no pigs required. […] All you need is a couple people with gastrointestinal tapeworms and poor hygiene, he said, conditions that exist in rural schools studied.
  • #88 Treat tapeworm infection to improve academic performance | Stanford Report
    https://news.stanford.edu/stories/2018/05/treating-tapeworm-infection-improve-academic-performance
    Schools appear to be hotbeds of transmission, as well as places for potentially effective intervention, Openshaw said. […] Community education will be key to pushing down infections a third of parents who responded to a survey believed intestinal worms have no adverse effects, and 19 percent thought less activity and drinking hot water or eating spicy food would help. […] The researchers also plan to distribute medication in schools to counter the tapeworms, and administer vaccines and anti-parasitic medications to pigs in the region. […] The tools to eradicate this disease are available, Openshaw said.
  • #89 Tapeworm Infection: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
    https://www.metropolisindia.com/blog/preventive-healthcare/tapeworm-infection-symptoms-causes-and-treatment
    Tapeworm infection is a parasitic condition that can affect the digestive system when a person ingests food or water contaminated with tapeworm eggs or larvae. […] Tapeworm infection occurs when a person ingests food or water contaminated with tapeworm eggs or larvae. […] Tapeworm infection causes involve ingesting food or water contaminated with tapeworm eggs or larvae. […] Risk factors include consuming raw or undercooked pork, beef, or fish; exposure to contaminated water, soil, or fecal matter; poor hand hygiene and sanitation practices; travel to or residence in endemic areas; close contact with infected humans or animals; and a weakened immune system. […] Pigs, cattle, and fish can become infected with tapeworm larvae by grazing in contaminated pastures or water. When a human eats raw or undercooked meat or fish containing these larvae (cysticerci), they develop into adult tapeworms in the intestines.
  • #90 Tapeworms: Causes, symptoms, and treatments
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/170461
    Tapeworms are intestinal parasites that are shaped similarly to a tape measure. Their eggs typically enter a human host from animals through food, particularly raw or undercooked meat. Tapeworm eggs can be present in stools. […] Humans can also contract tapeworms if they have contact with animal feces or contaminated water. When an infection passes from an animal to a human, it is called zoonosis. […] Drinking contaminated water and eating contaminated food are the primary causes. […] Most people who develop tapeworms do so after ingesting tapeworm eggs or larvae. […] Eggs can enter humans through food, water, and contaminated soil. […] A human can contract tapeworms through drinking contaminated water, interacting with affected animals and contaminated soil, and consuming contaminated food.
  • #91 Tapeworm Infection: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23950-tapeworm-infection
    Tapeworm infection occurs around the world, particularly in countries where people commonly eat raw meat and fish and where sanitation is less rigorous. […] Tapeworms evolve in three stages: egg, larva and adult worm. […] People in less-developed countries with inadequate sewage treatment are more likely than others to get an infection by contamination from poop. […] In more developed countries, humans are more likely to get an infection from eating undercooked infected meat.
  • #92 Tapeworm – Symptoms, causes & treatment in humans
    https://cara.care/en/digestive-disorders/lower-abdomen/tapeworm/
    The tapeworm (cestoda) is a flatworm (plathelminths). […] Contaminated food or close contact with infected animals can lead to infection with tapeworm eggs or larvae. […] More than ten different tapeworm species use humans as intermediate or final hosts. […] Half-raw meat and fish products contain larvae or encapsulated worm stages that mature into the adult tapeworm in the human intestine. […] In addition to consumption raw meat and fish products, unwashed raw food and contaminated fruits can be a source. […] The development cycle differs depending on the type of tapeworm. […] According to the Robert Koch Institute, the incidence of illness is therefore closely related to origin and eating habits. […] The dwarf tapeworm does not need intermediate hosts. […] The associated clinical picture is considered hymenolepiasis, which occurs most often in warm countries.
  • #93 What’s New
    https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Cysticercosis-PorkTapeworm-Taeniasis.aspx
    Taeniasis and cysticercosis are diseases of humans caused by a tapeworm (Taenia solium) that normally infects pigs. Taeniasis is an intestinal infection with the adult stage of the tapeworm. Cysticercosis is a tissue infection with the larval stage cysts of the tapeworm. […] People get taeniasis from eating raw or undercooked pork that contains larval cysts. Once in the persons intestine, the larval cysts develop into adult tapeworms and produce a large number of eggs. People and pigs develop cysticercosis from swallowing the tapeworm eggs in the feces from an infected human. The eggs hatch in the small intestine and larvae migrate throughout the body before forming cysts. Cysts can form in a variety of tissues, including the brain where the condition is called neurocysticercosis. […] The tapeworm, Taenia solium, is found wherever humans and pigs exist together. Taeniasis and cysticercosis infections are rare in the United States, but common in countries where pigs roam freely and sanitation is poor.
  • #94 Tapeworms | nidirect
    https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/tapeworms
    Tapeworm infection can occur if their eggs or small newly hatched worms (larvae) get in your mouth. […] There are several ways this can happen, including: eating raw or undercooked beef, pork, or freshwater fish (like salmon or trout) these can contain live tapeworm larvae if they’re not cooked thoroughly; drinking water or eating food that contains or has been in contact with bits of poo of an infected person or animal; close contact with someone who has a tapeworm they may pass out eggs in their poo, which can get on clothing, surfaces and food. […] Tapeworms are found throughout the world, including in Northern Ireland. But you’re more likely to get them in places with poor sanitation and less strict food hygiene standards.
  • #95 Tapeworms in Humans: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments
    https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/tapeworms-in-humans
    Eating undercooked meat from infected animals is the main cause of tapeworm infection in people. […] It is also possible to contract pork tapeworms from foods prepared by an infected person. […] Infection can occur when you eat raw or undercooked meat from an infected animal.
  • #96 Tapeworm infection – beef or pork Information | Mount Sinai – New York
    https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/tapeworm-infection-beef-or-pork
    Beef or pork tapeworm infection is an infection with the tapeworm parasite found in beef or pork. […] Tapeworm infection is caused by eating the raw or undercooked meat of infected animals. Cattle usually carry Taenia saginata (T saginata). Pigs carry Taenia solium (T solium). […] Adults and children with pork tapeworm can infect themselves if they have poor hygiene. They can ingest tapeworm eggs they pick up on their hands while wiping or scratching their anus or the skin around it. […] Those who are infected can expose other people to T solium eggs, usually through food handling.
  • #97 Fish Tapeworm Infection (Diphyllobothriasis)
    https://www.healthline.com/health/diphyllobothriasis
    A fish tapeworm infection can occur when a person eats raw or undercooked fish thats contaminated with the parasite Diphyllobothrium latum. […] A fish tapeworm infection occurs when a person eats undercooked or raw fish thats contaminated with fish tapeworm larvae. […] The larvae then grow in the intestines. It takes between three to six weeks before theyre fully grown. An adult tapeworm can grow up to 30 feet long. Its the largest parasite to affect humans. […] The journal Emerging Infectious Diseases published a report that examined the spread of fish tapeworm infections in Brazil. Infections were linked to contaminated salmon farmed at aquaculture sites in Chile. […] The report highlighted how fish farming can spread the infection from one area to another. The cases cited in the report all stemmed from people eating salmon sushi.
  • #98 Fish Tapeworm Infection (Diphyllobothriasis)
    https://www.healthline.com/health/diphyllobothriasis
    A fish tapeworm infection can occur when a person eats raw or undercooked fish thats contaminated with the parasite Diphyllobothrium latum. […] A fish tapeworm infection occurs when a person eats undercooked or raw fish thats contaminated with fish tapeworm larvae. […] The larvae then grow in the intestines. It takes between three to six weeks before theyre fully grown. An adult tapeworm can grow up to 30 feet long. Its the largest parasite to affect humans. […] The journal Emerging Infectious Diseases published a report that examined the spread of fish tapeworm infections in Brazil. Infections were linked to contaminated salmon farmed at aquaculture sites in Chile. […] The report highlighted how fish farming can spread the infection from one area to another. The cases cited in the report all stemmed from people eating salmon sushi.
  • #99 Taeniasis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
    https://www.healthline.com/health/taeniasis
    Taeniasis is an infection caused by the tapeworm, a type of parasite. […] Taeniasis is an intestinal tapeworm infection caused by eating contaminated beef or pork. […] You can develop taeniasis by eating raw or undercooked beef or pork. Contaminated food can contain tapeworm eggs or larvae that grow in your intestines when eaten. […] Poor hygiene can also cause the spread of taeniasis. […] Taeniasis is more common in areas where raw beef or pork is consumed and where sanitation is poor. […] Taeniasis is more likely to develop in people who have weakened immune systems and aren’t able to fight off infections.
  • #100 Tapeworms: Causes and Risk Factors
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/tapeworms-causes-and-risk-factors-4161220
    Infections with tapeworms are a risk of eating undercooked or raw meat or fish. […] Most infections with tapeworms, also called taeniasis, come from eating undercooked or raw meat, pork, or fish. A second less common cause is when an infected person transmits the illness to others. […] People who live in close proximity to livestock or free-range animals and/or have poor sanitation have a greater risk of developing a tapeworm infection. […] Tapeworm infections are more common in developing areas of the world where sanitation is poor and people may eat undercooked meats. […] The primary way that humans can contract a tapeworm is from eating meat, pork, or fish that is infected with tapeworms. If the animal was infected the meat will harbor larva or eggs. […] Traveling to less developed countries may put travelers at risk of contracting tapeworms because infection is more common outside the United States.
  • #101 Fish Tapeworm Infection (Diphyllobothriasis)
    https://www.healthline.com/health/diphyllobothriasis
    A fish tapeworm infection can occur when a person eats raw or undercooked fish thats contaminated with the parasite Diphyllobothrium latum. […] A fish tapeworm infection occurs when a person eats undercooked or raw fish thats contaminated with fish tapeworm larvae. […] The larvae then grow in the intestines. It takes between three to six weeks before theyre fully grown. An adult tapeworm can grow up to 30 feet long. Its the largest parasite to affect humans. […] The journal Emerging Infectious Diseases published a report that examined the spread of fish tapeworm infections in Brazil. Infections were linked to contaminated salmon farmed at aquaculture sites in Chile. […] The report highlighted how fish farming can spread the infection from one area to another. The cases cited in the report all stemmed from people eating salmon sushi.
  • #102 Tapeworm Infection – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
    https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/tapeworm-infection
    Tapeworm infection, also known as taeniasis, is a parasitic disease caused by flat, segmented worms belonging to the class Cestoda. […] A tapeworm infection occurs when a person ingests the larvae or eggs of tapeworms, leading to the establishment of these parasites in the intestines. […] Infectious/Environmental Causes: Tapeworm infections are primarily caused by ingesting contaminated food or water. The larvae or eggs can be present in undercooked or raw meat, particularly pork and beef, or in contaminated water sources. […] Lifestyle and Dietary Factors: Dietary habits play a significant role in the risk of tapeworm infections. Consuming undercooked or raw meat, particularly from infected animals, is a primary risk factor. […] Key Risk Factors: – Age: Children are more susceptible due to their exploratory behavior and less stringent hygiene practices. […] Geographic Location: Regions with poor sanitation and hygiene practices, particularly in developing countries, have higher rates of tapeworm infections. […] Individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or undergoing chemotherapy, are at greater risk.
  • #103 Tapeworm Infection: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23950-tapeworm-infection
    Tapeworm infection occurs around the world, particularly in countries where people commonly eat raw meat and fish and where sanitation is less rigorous. […] Tapeworms evolve in three stages: egg, larva and adult worm. […] People in less-developed countries with inadequate sewage treatment are more likely than others to get an infection by contamination from poop. […] In more developed countries, humans are more likely to get an infection from eating undercooked infected meat.
  • #104 Treat tapeworm infection to improve academic performance | Stanford Report
    https://news.stanford.edu/stories/2018/05/treating-tapeworm-infection-improve-academic-performance
    Schools appear to be hotbeds of transmission, as well as places for potentially effective intervention, Openshaw said. […] Community education will be key to pushing down infections a third of parents who responded to a survey believed intestinal worms have no adverse effects, and 19 percent thought less activity and drinking hot water or eating spicy food would help. […] The researchers also plan to distribute medication in schools to counter the tapeworms, and administer vaccines and anti-parasitic medications to pigs in the region. […] The tools to eradicate this disease are available, Openshaw said.
  • #105 Tapeworm infection – hymenolepsis – UF Health
    https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/tapeworm-infection-hymenolepsis
    Hymenolepis infection is an infestation by one of two species of tapeworm: Hymenolepis nana or Hymenolepis diminuta. The disease is also called hymenolepiasis. […] Hymenolepis worms live in warm climates and are common in the southern United States. Insects eat the eggs of these worms. […] Humans and other animals become infected when they eat material contaminated by insects (including fleas associated with rats). In an infected person, it is possible for the worm’s entire life cycle to be completed in the bowel, so infection can last for years. […] Hymenolepis nana infections are much more common than Hymenolepis diminuta infections in humans. These infections used to be common in the southeastern United States, in crowded environments, and in people who were confined to institutions. However, the disease occurs throughout the world.
  • #106 Tapeworm Infection – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
    https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/tapeworm-infection
    Tapeworm infection, also known as taeniasis, is a parasitic disease caused by flat, segmented worms belonging to the class Cestoda. […] A tapeworm infection occurs when a person ingests the larvae or eggs of tapeworms, leading to the establishment of these parasites in the intestines. […] Infectious/Environmental Causes: Tapeworm infections are primarily caused by ingesting contaminated food or water. The larvae or eggs can be present in undercooked or raw meat, particularly pork and beef, or in contaminated water sources. […] Lifestyle and Dietary Factors: Dietary habits play a significant role in the risk of tapeworm infections. Consuming undercooked or raw meat, particularly from infected animals, is a primary risk factor. […] Key Risk Factors: – Age: Children are more susceptible due to their exploratory behavior and less stringent hygiene practices. […] Geographic Location: Regions with poor sanitation and hygiene practices, particularly in developing countries, have higher rates of tapeworm infections. […] Individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or undergoing chemotherapy, are at greater risk.
  • #107 Treat tapeworm infection to improve academic performance | Stanford Report
    https://news.stanford.edu/stories/2018/05/treating-tapeworm-infection-improve-academic-performance
    Schools appear to be hotbeds of transmission, as well as places for potentially effective intervention, Openshaw said. […] Community education will be key to pushing down infections a third of parents who responded to a survey believed intestinal worms have no adverse effects, and 19 percent thought less activity and drinking hot water or eating spicy food would help. […] The researchers also plan to distribute medication in schools to counter the tapeworms, and administer vaccines and anti-parasitic medications to pigs in the region. […] The tools to eradicate this disease are available, Openshaw said.
  • #108 Tapeworm Infection – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
    https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/tapeworm-infection
    Tapeworm infection, also known as taeniasis, is a parasitic disease caused by flat, segmented worms belonging to the class Cestoda. […] A tapeworm infection occurs when a person ingests the larvae or eggs of tapeworms, leading to the establishment of these parasites in the intestines. […] Infectious/Environmental Causes: Tapeworm infections are primarily caused by ingesting contaminated food or water. The larvae or eggs can be present in undercooked or raw meat, particularly pork and beef, or in contaminated water sources. […] Lifestyle and Dietary Factors: Dietary habits play a significant role in the risk of tapeworm infections. Consuming undercooked or raw meat, particularly from infected animals, is a primary risk factor. […] Key Risk Factors: – Age: Children are more susceptible due to their exploratory behavior and less stringent hygiene practices. […] Geographic Location: Regions with poor sanitation and hygiene practices, particularly in developing countries, have higher rates of tapeworm infections. […] Individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or undergoing chemotherapy, are at greater risk.
  • #109 Taeniasis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
    https://www.healthline.com/health/taeniasis
    Taeniasis is an infection caused by the tapeworm, a type of parasite. […] Taeniasis is an intestinal tapeworm infection caused by eating contaminated beef or pork. […] You can develop taeniasis by eating raw or undercooked beef or pork. Contaminated food can contain tapeworm eggs or larvae that grow in your intestines when eaten. […] Poor hygiene can also cause the spread of taeniasis. […] Taeniasis is more common in areas where raw beef or pork is consumed and where sanitation is poor. […] Taeniasis is more likely to develop in people who have weakened immune systems and aren’t able to fight off infections.
  • #110 Tapeworm Infection – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
    https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/tapeworm-infection
    Tapeworm infection, also known as taeniasis, is a parasitic disease caused by flat, segmented worms belonging to the class Cestoda. […] A tapeworm infection occurs when a person ingests the larvae or eggs of tapeworms, leading to the establishment of these parasites in the intestines. […] Infectious/Environmental Causes: Tapeworm infections are primarily caused by ingesting contaminated food or water. The larvae or eggs can be present in undercooked or raw meat, particularly pork and beef, or in contaminated water sources. […] Lifestyle and Dietary Factors: Dietary habits play a significant role in the risk of tapeworm infections. Consuming undercooked or raw meat, particularly from infected animals, is a primary risk factor. […] Key Risk Factors: – Age: Children are more susceptible due to their exploratory behavior and less stringent hygiene practices. […] Geographic Location: Regions with poor sanitation and hygiene practices, particularly in developing countries, have higher rates of tapeworm infections. […] Individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or undergoing chemotherapy, are at greater risk.
  • #111 Tapeworm Infection – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
    https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/tapeworm-infection
    Tapeworm infection, also known as taeniasis, is a parasitic disease caused by flat, segmented worms belonging to the class Cestoda. […] A tapeworm infection occurs when a person ingests the larvae or eggs of tapeworms, leading to the establishment of these parasites in the intestines. […] Infectious/Environmental Causes: Tapeworm infections are primarily caused by ingesting contaminated food or water. The larvae or eggs can be present in undercooked or raw meat, particularly pork and beef, or in contaminated water sources. […] Lifestyle and Dietary Factors: Dietary habits play a significant role in the risk of tapeworm infections. Consuming undercooked or raw meat, particularly from infected animals, is a primary risk factor. […] Key Risk Factors: – Age: Children are more susceptible due to their exploratory behavior and less stringent hygiene practices. […] Geographic Location: Regions with poor sanitation and hygiene practices, particularly in developing countries, have higher rates of tapeworm infections. […] Individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or undergoing chemotherapy, are at greater risk.
  • #112 Tapeworm infection – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tapeworm/symptoms-causes/syc-20378174
    The larval cyst matures. But it won’t become a tapeworm. Cysts vary by species. Some cysts have a single larva. Others have several larvae. Or they can make more. If a cyst bursts, it can lead to cysts forming in other parts of the body. […] Symptoms usually show up years after the infection began. They happen when the immune system responds to the cyst shedding debris, breaking down or hardening. Symptoms also appear when one or more cysts keep an organ from working correctly.
  • #113 Tapeworm infection // Middlesex Health
    https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/tapeworm-infection
    Most tapeworms need two different hosts to complete a life cycle. One host is the place where a parasite grows from egg to larva, called the intermediate host. The other host is where the larva become adults, called the definitive host. For example, beef tapeworms need cattle and humans to go through a complete life cycle. […] When people, the definitive host, eat undercooked meat from that cow, they can develop a tapeworm infection. The larval cyst develops into an adult tapeworm. The tapeworm attaches to the wall of the intestine where it feeds. It produces eggs that pass in the person’s stool. […] Humans may be the intermediate hosts for other tapeworm species. This usually happens when they drink water or eat food with tapeworm eggs. Humans also can be exposed to eggs in dog feces.
  • #114 Tapeworm: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment
    https://www.health.com/tapeworm-7971678
    Tapeworms are parasitic flatworms that can live in the intestines of animals and humans. You can get infected with a tapeworm by eating contaminated raw or undercooked pork, beef, or fish. […] Eating raw or undercooked pork, beef, or fish containing tapeworm eggs or larvae is the most common cause of tapeworm infections. You may also get tapeworm from drinking contaminated water. […] Once swallowed, the larvae or eggs hatch and latch onto the intestinal walls, where they develop into adults and continue to live, feed, and grow.
  • #115 Fish tapeworm infection: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001375.htm
    Fish tapeworm infection is an intestinal infection with a parasite found in fish. […] The fish tapeworm (Diphyllobothrium latum) is the largest parasite that infects humans. Humans become infected when they eat raw or undercooked freshwater fish that contain fish tapeworm cysts. […] After a person has eaten infected fish, the worm larva begins to grow in the intestine. […] The tapeworm absorbs the nutrition from food that the infected person eats. This may lead to vitamin B12 deficiency and anemia.
  • #116 HIE Multimedia – Fish tapeworm infection
    https://adamcertificationdemo.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=117&pid=1&gid=001375
    Fish tapeworm infection is an intestinal infection with a parasite found in fish. […] The fish tapeworm (Diphyllobothrium latum) is the largest parasite that infects humans. Humans become infected when they eat raw or undercooked freshwater fish that contain fish tapeworm cysts. […] The tapeworm absorbs the nutrition from food that the infected person eats. This may lead to vitamin B12 deficiency and anemia. […] Untreated, fish tapeworm infection may cause the following: Anemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency (megaloblastic anemia).
  • #117 Cysticercosis – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysticercosis
    Cysticercosis is a tissue infection caused by the young form of the pork tapeworm. […] Cysticercosis is usually acquired by eating food or drinking water contaminated by tapeworms’ eggs from human feces. […] The tapeworm eggs are present in the feces of a person infected with the adult worms, a condition known as taeniasis. […] Taeniasis, in the strict sense, is a different disease and is due to eating cysts in poorly cooked pork. […] People who live with someone with pork tapeworm have a greater risk of getting cysticercosis. […] Human cysticercosis develops after ingestion of the egg form of Taenia solium (often abbreviated as T. solium and also called pork tapeworm), which is transmitted through the oral-fecal route. […] The eggs enter the intestine where they develop into oncosphere larvae by hatching. […] The larvae enter the bloodstream and invade host tissues, where they further develop into larvae called cysticerci. […] The cysticercus larva completes development in about two months.
  • #118 What’s New
    https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Cysticercosis-PorkTapeworm-Taeniasis.aspx
    Taeniasis and cysticercosis are diseases of humans caused by a tapeworm (Taenia solium) that normally infects pigs. Taeniasis is an intestinal infection with the adult stage of the tapeworm. Cysticercosis is a tissue infection with the larval stage cysts of the tapeworm. […] People get taeniasis from eating raw or undercooked pork that contains larval cysts. Once in the persons intestine, the larval cysts develop into adult tapeworms and produce a large number of eggs. People and pigs develop cysticercosis from swallowing the tapeworm eggs in the feces from an infected human. The eggs hatch in the small intestine and larvae migrate throughout the body before forming cysts. Cysts can form in a variety of tissues, including the brain where the condition is called neurocysticercosis. […] The tapeworm, Taenia solium, is found wherever humans and pigs exist together. Taeniasis and cysticercosis infections are rare in the United States, but common in countries where pigs roam freely and sanitation is poor.
  • #119 Tapeworm infection – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tapeworm/symptoms-causes/syc-20378174
    The larval cyst matures. But it won’t become a tapeworm. Cysts vary by species. Some cysts have a single larva. Others have several larvae. Or they can make more. If a cyst bursts, it can lead to cysts forming in other parts of the body. […] Symptoms usually show up years after the infection began. They happen when the immune system responds to the cyst shedding debris, breaking down or hardening. Symptoms also appear when one or more cysts keep an organ from working correctly.
  • #120 Cysticercosis: An Emerging Parasitic Disease | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0701/p91.html
    Neurocysticercosis is one of the leading causes of adult-onset seizures worldwide and was found to be the etiologic agent in 10 percent of new-onset seizure patients in one Los Angeles, Calif., emergency department. […] Human tapeworm infection occurs when T. solium cysts are ingested from undercooked pork. […] When humans ingest eggs, through fecal-oral transmission or possibly through auto-infection, they become dead-end hosts of the larval stage of the parasite and develop cysticercosis similar to pigs. […] Ingestion of encysted pork does not directly cause cysticercosis; rather, it produces an intestinal infection of the adult tapeworm and a carrier state for the T. solium eggs that, when ingested by humans, produce the clinical syndrome of cysticercosis. […] Even populations who do not eat pork (e.g., vegetarians) can develop cysticercosis.
  • #121 Tapeworms and hydatid disease | Better Health Channel
    https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/tapeworms-and-hydatid-disease
    Contact with dog faeces infected with tapeworm eggs may cause hydatid disease, which is when cysts form in vital organs such as the liver. […] A person who comes in contact with the faeces of an infected dog (that is, when eggs from the tapeworm are passed in the faeces) may develop hydatid disease. This is serious and potentially fatal. Infection with tapeworm eggs causes cysts to form in vital organs such as the liver and lungs. […] Human infection does not occur from eating infected offal. People usually become infected by accidentally swallowing the tapeworm eggs passed in dog faeces. […] The eggs travel through the bloodstream, lodge in organs and form watery cysts full of tapeworm heads. This is known as hydatid disease or echinococcosis. […] To reduce this risk, the doctor may prescribe high doses of the drug albendazole in conjunction with surgery. This drug helps to destroy any remaining tapeworm heads.
  • #122 Echinococcus Granulosus (Tapeworm Infection) – MD Searchlight
    https://mdsearchlight.com/infectious-disease/echinococcus-granulosus-tapeworm-infection/
    Echinococcosis is a disease caused by a parasite named Echinococcus that can infect both animals and humans all over the world. […] Hydatidosis is a disease caused by the larvae of a type of tapeworm called Echinococcus granulosus. This illness is known for the growth of unique cysts called hydatid cysts in the internal organs of infected individuals, including humans. […] The tapeworm typically resides in carnivores like dogs. Humans and other hosts become infected when they consume the eggs or sections of mature tapeworms that are found in the feces of these animals.
  • #123 Tapeworms and hydatid disease | Better Health Channel
    https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/tapeworms-and-hydatid-disease
    Contact with dog faeces infected with tapeworm eggs may cause hydatid disease, which is when cysts form in vital organs such as the liver. […] A person who comes in contact with the faeces of an infected dog (that is, when eggs from the tapeworm are passed in the faeces) may develop hydatid disease. This is serious and potentially fatal. Infection with tapeworm eggs causes cysts to form in vital organs such as the liver and lungs. […] Human infection does not occur from eating infected offal. People usually become infected by accidentally swallowing the tapeworm eggs passed in dog faeces. […] The eggs travel through the bloodstream, lodge in organs and form watery cysts full of tapeworm heads. This is known as hydatid disease or echinococcosis. […] To reduce this risk, the doctor may prescribe high doses of the drug albendazole in conjunction with surgery. This drug helps to destroy any remaining tapeworm heads.
  • #124 Diphyllobothriasis (Fish Tapeworm Infection) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK540971/
    The anterior end or scolex of the tapeworm attaches to the intestine in the host organism via a paired groove called the bothrium on its dorsal and ventral surfaces. […] The lack of species-specific morphological traits and intraspecies variability in egg and body characteristics across broad tapeworm species renders identification based solely on morphology unreliable.
  • #125 Diphyllobothriasis (Fish Tapeworm Infection) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK540971/
    Diphyllobothriasis is a parasitic infection caused by broad or fish tapeworms. […] The life cycles of tapeworms in the Diphyllobothriidae family are complex, and the full life cycle of only a few species is currently known. […] The lifecycle begins when diphyllobothriid eggs are deposited or washed into fresh or marine water, where they develop into first larvae. […] Human infection with diphyllobothriids is known from the early Neolithic period, as evidenced by diphyllobothriid eggs found in Germany and dated between 3917 and 3905 bce. […] Due to their ability to survive and reach maturity in any intestinal environment similar to their definitive host or hosts, broad tapeworms will continue to infect and adapt to other mammalian hosts, including humans. […] Most species causing human infection have recently been reclassified and renamed based on morphological and molecular analyses.
  • #126 Tapeworm Infection: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23950-tapeworm-infection
    Tapeworms infect animals and humans. They live in your intestines and feed off the nutrients you eat. […] A tapeworm is a flat, parasitic worm that lives in the intestines of an animal host. It commonly infects many different animals, including humans, livestock and domestic cats and dogs (usually meat-eating mammals.) […] Like other parasites, the mature tapeworm can only survive inside the host animal, feeding off of the hosts own nutrients. […] Tapeworm infection comes in two forms: […] Intestinal tapeworms are adult tapeworms that have hatched and matured inside the intestines of a host animal. […] You might hear your healthcare provider refer to your tapeworm infection as taeniasis. This term refers to an infection by tapeworms from the genus Taenia. […] An invasive larval infection can happen if tapeworm larvae in your intestines migrate outside of your intestines and enter your bloodstream and other organs.
  • #127 What’s New
    https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Cysticercosis-PorkTapeworm-Taeniasis.aspx
    Taeniasis and cysticercosis are diseases of humans caused by a tapeworm (Taenia solium) that normally infects pigs. Taeniasis is an intestinal infection with the adult stage of the tapeworm. Cysticercosis is a tissue infection with the larval stage cysts of the tapeworm. […] People get taeniasis from eating raw or undercooked pork that contains larval cysts. Once in the persons intestine, the larval cysts develop into adult tapeworms and produce a large number of eggs. People and pigs develop cysticercosis from swallowing the tapeworm eggs in the feces from an infected human. The eggs hatch in the small intestine and larvae migrate throughout the body before forming cysts. Cysts can form in a variety of tissues, including the brain where the condition is called neurocysticercosis. […] The tapeworm, Taenia solium, is found wherever humans and pigs exist together. Taeniasis and cysticercosis infections are rare in the United States, but common in countries where pigs roam freely and sanitation is poor.
  • #128 Tapeworms in Humans: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments
    https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/tapeworms-in-humans
    Eating undercooked meat from infected animals is the main cause of tapeworm infection in people. […] It is also possible to contract pork tapeworms from foods prepared by an infected person. […] Infection can occur when you eat raw or undercooked meat from an infected animal.
  • #129 Taeniasis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
    https://www.healthline.com/health/taeniasis
    Taeniasis is an infection caused by the tapeworm, a type of parasite. […] Taeniasis is an intestinal tapeworm infection caused by eating contaminated beef or pork. […] You can develop taeniasis by eating raw or undercooked beef or pork. Contaminated food can contain tapeworm eggs or larvae that grow in your intestines when eaten. […] Poor hygiene can also cause the spread of taeniasis. […] Taeniasis is more common in areas where raw beef or pork is consumed and where sanitation is poor. […] Taeniasis is more likely to develop in people who have weakened immune systems and aren’t able to fight off infections.
  • #130 Tapeworms: Causes, symptoms, and treatments
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/170461
    Tapeworms are intestinal parasites that are shaped similarly to a tape measure. Their eggs typically enter a human host from animals through food, particularly raw or undercooked meat. Tapeworm eggs can be present in stools. […] Humans can also contract tapeworms if they have contact with animal feces or contaminated water. When an infection passes from an animal to a human, it is called zoonosis. […] Drinking contaminated water and eating contaminated food are the primary causes. […] Most people who develop tapeworms do so after ingesting tapeworm eggs or larvae. […] Eggs can enter humans through food, water, and contaminated soil. […] A human can contract tapeworms through drinking contaminated water, interacting with affected animals and contaminated soil, and consuming contaminated food.
  • #131 Tapeworm infection | Beacon Health System
    https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/tapeworm-infection?content_id=CON-20378157
    An egg hatches in the person’s intestines. The larva travels through the bloodstream and forms a cyst somewhere in the body. […] The larval cyst matures. But it won’t become a tapeworm. […] There are two exceptions to the typical life cycle of tapeworms that can infect humans. […] The main risk factor for tapeworm infection is eating raw or undercooked meat and fish. […] Poor handwashing increases the risk of getting and spreading infections. […] A lack of sanitation and sewage for human waste increases the risk of livestock getting tapeworm eggs from people. […] A lack of clean water for drinking, bathing and making food increases the risk of exposure to tapeworm eggs. […] Living in or traveling to regions with high rates of infection is a risk factor.
  • #132 Tapeworm Infection: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
    https://www.metropolisindia.com/blog/preventive-healthcare/tapeworm-infection-symptoms-causes-and-treatment
    Tapeworm infection is a parasitic condition that can affect the digestive system when a person ingests food or water contaminated with tapeworm eggs or larvae. […] Tapeworm infection occurs when a person ingests food or water contaminated with tapeworm eggs or larvae. […] Tapeworm infection causes involve ingesting food or water contaminated with tapeworm eggs or larvae. […] Risk factors include consuming raw or undercooked pork, beef, or fish; exposure to contaminated water, soil, or fecal matter; poor hand hygiene and sanitation practices; travel to or residence in endemic areas; close contact with infected humans or animals; and a weakened immune system. […] Pigs, cattle, and fish can become infected with tapeworm larvae by grazing in contaminated pastures or water. When a human eats raw or undercooked meat or fish containing these larvae (cysticerci), they develop into adult tapeworms in the intestines.
  • #133 Treat tapeworm infection to improve academic performance | Stanford Report
    https://news.stanford.edu/stories/2018/05/treating-tapeworm-infection-improve-academic-performance
    Schools appear to be hotbeds of transmission, as well as places for potentially effective intervention, Openshaw said. […] Community education will be key to pushing down infections a third of parents who responded to a survey believed intestinal worms have no adverse effects, and 19 percent thought less activity and drinking hot water or eating spicy food would help. […] The researchers also plan to distribute medication in schools to counter the tapeworms, and administer vaccines and anti-parasitic medications to pigs in the region. […] The tools to eradicate this disease are available, Openshaw said.
  • #134 Fish tapeworm infection – UF Health
    https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/fish-tapeworm-infection
    Fish tapeworm infection is an intestinal infection with a parasite found in fish. […] The fish tapeworm (Diphyllobothrium latum) is the largest parasite that infects humans. Humans become infected when they eat raw or undercooked freshwater fish that contain fish tapeworm cysts. […] After a person has eaten infected fish, the worm larva begins to grow in the intestine. […] The tapeworm absorbs the nutrition from food that the infected person eats. […] The drug of choice for tapeworm infections is praziquantel. […] Measures you can take to prevent tapeworm infection include: Do not eat raw or undercooked fish.
  • #135
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/taeniasis-cysticercosis
    Neurocysticercosis is the most frequent preventable cause of epilepsy worldwide and is estimated to cause 30% of all epilepsy cases in countries where the parasite is endemic. […] Cysticercosis mainly affects the health and livelihoods of subsistence farming communities in developing countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America. […] The total number of people suffering from NCC, including symptomatic and asymptomatic cases, is estimated to be between 2.568.30 million, based on the range of epilepsy prevalence data available.
  • #136 Pork tapeworm infection among leading causes of epilepsy worldwide – UN health agency | UN News
    https://news.un.org/en/story/2014/11/483302-pork-tapeworm-infection-among-leading-causes-epilepsy-worldwide-un-health
    Neurocysticercosis transmitted after consuming undercooked pork or water contaminated by tapeworm eggs is the most frequent preventable cause of epilepsy in the developing world. […] Humans become infected after consuming undercooked food, particularly pork, or water contaminated with tapeworm eggs, or through poor hygiene practices, it said.