Szczepionka przeciwko wirusowemu zapaleniu wątroby typu b
Epidemiologia

Wirusowe zapalenie wątroby typu B (HBV) pozostaje istotnym problemem zdrowia publicznego na świecie, z około 245-254 milionami osób przewlekle zakażonych (HBsAg dodatni). Rocznie notuje się około 1,2 miliona nowych zakażeń i 1,1 miliona zgonów, głównie z powodu marskości i raka wątrobowokomórkowego. Szczepionka przeciw HBV, dostępna od 1982 roku, wykazuje ponad 90% skuteczności i zapobiegła około 310 milionom zakażeń w latach 1990-2020. Endemiczność HBV jest zróżnicowana geograficznie: najwyższa w Afryce Subsaharyjskiej i regionie Pacyfiku Zachodniego (5-8%, a w niektórych krajach >15%), umiarkowana w Chinach (6,89% w 2019 r.), a niska w Europie Zachodniej i Ameryce Północnej (<2%). W USA przewlekłym zakażeniem HBV dotkniętych jest 700 tys. do ponad 2 mln osób, z roczną częstością nowych przewlekłych przypadków 5,8/100 000 mieszkańców, przy czym osoby pochodzenia azjatyckiego mają 11-krotnie wyższe ryzyko niż osoby białe. Szczepienia niemowląt, w tym dawka podana w ciągu 24 godzin od urodzenia, są kluczowe w zapobieganiu transmisji wertykalnej i zmniejszają ryzyko przewlekłego zakażenia o około 90% u niemowląt matek HBeAg-dodatnich.

Epidemiologia szczepionki przeciwko wirusowemu zapaleniu wątroby typu b

Wirusowe zapalenie wątroby typu B (WZW B) stanowi poważny globalny problem zdrowia publicznego. Szacuje się, że na całym świecie około 2 miliardy ludzi zostało zarażonych wirusem zapalenia wątroby typu B (HBV), a 245-254 milionów osób jest przewlekle zakażonych (definiowanych jako osoby z dodatnim antygenem powierzchniowym wirusa zapalenia wątroby typu B – HBsAg)12. Każdego roku występuje około 1,2 miliona nowych zakażeń HBV, powodując około 1,1 miliona zgonów, głównie z powodu powikłań marskości wątroby i raka wątrobowokomórkowego12.

Szczepionka przeciwko wirusowemu zapaleniu wątroby typu B jest kluczowym elementem w zapobieganiu zakażeniom HBV. Od momentu wprowadzenia na rynek w 1982 roku, szczepionka ta okazała się być bezpieczna i skuteczna, zapewniając ochronę przed zakażeniem u ponad 90% zaszczepionych osób34. Szacuje się, że szczepionka przeciwko HBV zapobiegła około 310 milionom przypadków zakażeń HBV w latach 1990-20205.

Globalne rozprzestrzenienie WZW B

Rozpowszechnienie zakażeń HBV wykazuje znaczne zróżnicowanie geograficzne. Najwyższe wskaźniki występowania HBsAg obserwuje się w regionach Afryki Subsaharyjskiej i Pacyfiku Zachodniego, gdzie endemiczność jest wysoka do średnio-wysokiej (5-8% rozpowszechnienia), a w niektórych krajach przekracza nawet 15%6. Regionami o średnio-niskiej endemiczności (2-4,99%) są obszary Morza Śródziemnego i regiony europejskie. Ameryka i Europa Zachodnia są uważane za regiony o niskiej endemiczności, gdzie rozpowszechnienie HBsAg jest generalnie mniejsze niż 2%7.

W 2021 roku, 19 krajów afrykańskich miało wskaźniki zakażeń w przedziale 8-19%, co klasyfikuje je do kategorii wysokiej endemiczności. Wysokie rozpowszechnienie HBV występuje również w Mongolii8. W obszarach o umiarkowanym rozpowszechnieniu, gdzie 2-7% populacji jest przewlekle zakażonych, choroba jest głównie rozprzestrzeniana horyzontalnie, często wśród dzieci, ale także wertykalnie. Wskaźnik zakażeń HBV w Chinach plasuje się na wyższym poziomie klasyfikacji umiarkowanego rozpowszechnienia, z częstością występowania 6,89% w 2019 roku9.

Kraje o niskim rozpowszechnieniu HBV obejmują Australię (0,9%), kraje z regionu europejskiego WHO (średnio 1,5%) oraz większość krajów Ameryki Północnej i Południowej (średnio 0,28%). W Stanach Zjednoczonych szacuje się, że około 0,26% populacji żyło z zakażeniem HBV w 2018 roku10.

Sytuacja epidemiologiczna w Stanach Zjednoczonych

W Stanach Zjednoczonych szacuje się, że przewlekłym zakażeniem HBV dotkniętych jest od 700 000 do ponad 2 milionów osób11. W 2022 roku zgłoszono 2126 nowych przypadków ostrego zapalenia wątroby typu B, co przekłada się na szacunkowo 13 800 ostrych zakażeń HBV12. Dodatkowo, w tym samym roku odnotowano 16 729 nowo zgłoszonych przypadków przewlekłego zapalenia wątroby typu B w 43 stanach i Dystrykcie Kolumbii, co odpowiada częstości 5,8 przypadków na 100 000 mieszkańców13.

Wskaźnik nowo zgłoszonych przypadków przewlekłego zapalenia wątroby typu B wśród osób pochodzenia azjatyckiego/z wysp Pacyfiku (A/PI) niewspółmiernie Latynosów wyniósł 20,1 przypadków na 100 000 ludności, co jest 11,2 razy wyższe niż wskaźnik wśród osób białych niewspółmiernie Latynosów (1,8 przypadku na 100 000 ludności)14. Pomimo spadku przewlekłych przypadków WZW B wśród dzieci i młodzieży, dzięki rosnącej odporności po wprowadzeniu uniwersalnych zaleceń dotyczących szczepień, liczba zarażonych dorosłych w USA wzrasta w wyniku imigracji zakażonych osób z krajów o wysokiej endemiczności15.

Szacuje się, że nawet 70% zakażeń HBV w Stanach Zjednoczonych występuje wśród osób urodzonych za granicą. Rocznie 40 000 do 45 000 osób z krajów endemicznych dla HBV, gdzie częstość występowania przewlekłego zakażenia HBV wynosi ≥2%, wjeżdża legalnie do USA. Szacuje się, że obecnie w Stanach Zjednoczonych mieszka 3,9 miliona osób urodzonych za granicą z Azji Wschodniej i Afryki Subsaharyjskiej16.

Wpływ szczepień na epidemiologię WZW B

Wprowadzenie szczepień przeciwko WZW B miało znaczący wpływ na obniżenie częstości występowania zakażeń HBV na całym świecie. W 1991 roku Globalna Grupa Doradcza Rozszerzonego Programu Szczepień (EPI) zaleciła włączenie szczepienia przeciwko wirusowemu zapaleniu wątroby typu B do krajowych programów szczepień do 1995 roku w krajach o częstości występowania nosicieli HBV na poziomie 8% lub wyższym, oraz do 1997 roku w krajach o niższym rozpowszechnieniu17. Do końca 2014 roku szczepionka przeciwko WZW B została wprowadzona w skali kraju w 184 krajach18.

Światowa Organizacja Zdrowia (WHO) zaleca stosowanie monowalentnej szczepionki przeciwko WZW B w ciągu 24 godzin od urodzenia, a następnie ukończenie serii szczepień przeciwko HBV w ciągu 6 do 12 miesięcy jako najbardziej efektywną kosztowo strategię zapobiegania i kontroli wirusowego zapalenia wątroby typu B. Strategia ta zapewnia najwcześniejszą możliwą ochronę przyszłym kohortom urodzeniowym i zmniejsza liczbę przewlekłych nosicieli w populacji19.

W 2014 roku światowy zasięg trzema dawkami szczepionki przeciwko wirusowemu zapaleniu wątroby typu B szacowany był na 82% (w porównaniu do 1% w 1990 roku) i osiągnął nawet 92% w regionie Zachodniego Pacyfiku20. Przykładowo, krajowy program szczepień na Tajwanie, który rozpoczął się w 1984 roku, był skuteczny w 78% do 87% w zmniejszaniu częstości występowania HBsAg u dzieci. Również Chiny poczyniły znaczący postęp w zwiększaniu zasięgu szczepień przeciwko wirusowemu zapaleniu wątroby typu B21.

Skuteczność szczepionki przeciwko WZW B

Szczepionka przeciwko WZW B, która została udowodniona jako bezpieczna i skuteczna, jest kluczowym elementem zapobiegania przewlekłym zakażeniom HBV i ostatecznie ich eliminacji. Rutynowe szczepienia niemowląt w ponad 180 krajach doprowadziły do zmniejszenia globalnej transmisji HBV i spadku częstości występowania przewlekłego zakażenia HBV22.

Ochrona po serii szczepień szacowana jest na co najmniej 30 lat u ponad 90% zaszczepionych osób23. Badania wykazały, że pamięć immunologiczna przeciwko HBV utrzymuje się przez co najmniej 30 lat po szczepieniu i chroni przed kliniczną chorobą i przewlekłym zakażeniem HBV, nawet w przypadkach, gdy poziomy przeciwciał anty-HBs spadają poniżej wykrywalnych poziomów24.

Szczególny sukces w redukcji obciążenia HBV z wysokiej do niskiej endemiczności osiągnięto na Tajwanie i Alasce (USA), co służy jako przykład dla innych obszarów25. Szczepionka przeciwko WZW B jest obecnie uważana za zapewniającą bezterminową ochronę. Starsza literatura zakładała, że odporność osłabnie wraz z mianem przeciwciał i będzie skutecznie trwać tylko pięć do siedmiu lat, ale badania wyzwań immunologicznych pokazują, że nawet po 30 latach układ odpornościowy zachowuje zdolność do wytworzenia odpowiedzi anamnestycznej, tj. do szybkiego podniesienia poziomu przeciwciał po wykryciu wcześniej widzianego antygenu26.

Strategie szczepień i ich wpływ na zdrowie publiczne

Najskuteczniejszą strategią w zmniejszaniu transmisji HBV z matki na noworodka jest włączenie dawki przy urodzeniu do schematu szczepienia przeciwko wirusowemu zapaleniu wątroby typu B. Dawka przy urodzeniu, a następnie 2 kolejne dawki szczepionki przeciwko wirusowemu zapaleniu wątroby typu B mogą zmniejszyć częstość występowania przewlekłego zakażenia HBV u niemowląt o około 90% u niemowląt matek pozytywnych dla HBeAg i niemal wszystkich matek negatywnych dla HBeAg27.

Ta dawka przy urodzeniu jest szczególnie ważna w obszarach świata, gdzie znaczna część matek pozytywnych dla HBsAg jest również pozytywna dla HBeAg, jak w Chinach, Azji Południowo-Wschodniej i na wyspach Pacyfiku. W tych obszarach, jeśli dawka przy urodzeniu nie zostanie podana, skuteczność szczepionki przeciwko wirusowemu zapaleniu wątroby typu B może zostać zmniejszona nawet do zaledwie 50% do 75%28.

WHO zaleca, aby wszystkie niemowlęta otrzymały szczepionkę przeciwko wirusowemu zapaleniu wątroby typu B jak najszybciej po urodzeniu (w ciągu 24 godzin). Następnie podaje się dwie lub trzy dawki szczepionki przeciwko wirusowemu zapaleniu wątroby typu B w odstępie co najmniej czterech tygodni. Szczepionka chroni przed wirusowym zapaleniem wątroby typu B przez co najmniej 20 lat, a prawdopodobnie przez całe życie29.

Globalne inicjatywy i programy szczepień

W latach 90. XX wieku wiele krajów uprzemysłowionych i kilka mniej rozwiniętych krajów wdrożyło powszechne szczepienia przeciwko wirusowemu zapaleniu wątroby typu B i odnotowało wymierne zmniejszenie częstości występowania chorób związanych z HBV30. Wiele ubogich w zasoby krajów niedawno zainicjowało powszechne programy szczepień przeciwko wirusowemu zapaleniu wątroby typu B przy pomocy Globalnego Sojuszu na rzecz Szczepionek i Szczepień31.

Przykładowo, w Tajlandii, która wprowadziła pilotażowy program powszechnych szczepień przeciwko HBV w 1988 roku jako część Narodowego Programu Szczepień, osoby urodzone po wdrożeniu szczepień miały znacząco niższe wskaźniki zakażeń HBV (p<0,0001)32. Aktualny wskaźnik pokrycia pierwszą dawką szczepienia przeciwko HBV jest wysoki (93,1%), głównie dlatego, że większość porodów w Tajlandii odbywa się w szpitalach33.

Narodowe badania przeprowadzone w 2004 i 2014 roku, obejmujące około 6000 uczestników reprezentujących różne regiony Tajlandii, wykazały, że osoby urodzone po wprowadzeniu szczepionki przeciwko HBV w ramach EPI miały znacznie zmniejszony wskaźnik zakażeń HBV, mierzony za pomocą anty-HBc i HBsAg34.

Nadzór epidemiologiczny i monitorowanie skuteczności szczepień

Monitorowanie danych nadzoru dotyczących wirusowego zapalenia wątroby typu B jest ważne dla oceny postępów w kierunku globalnych celów eliminacji wirusowego zapalenia wątroby typu B. Dokładna klasyfikacja ostrych i przewlekłych zakażeń jest niezbędna do oceny skuteczności programu35.

Cele nadzoru nad chorobami, którym można zapobiegać poprzez szczepienia, różnią się w zależności od etapu programu szczepień. Dane po wdrożeniu są wymagane do monitorowania skuteczności, ale gdy osiągnie się wysokie pokrycie, nadzór musi być w stanie dokładnie identyfikować pozostałe grupy osób podatnych na zachorowanie36.

Aby zachęcić do szybkiego śledzenia i szczepienia kontaktów osób z ostrym wirusowym zapaleniem wątroby typu B, wymagana jest czuła definicja przypadku i terminowy system raportowania37. Gdy kraj zbliża się do eliminacji, wartość predykcyjna dowolnej definicji przypadku spadnie i zawsze będzie wymagane laboratoryjne potwierdzenie w celu odpowiedniego ukierunkowania polityki38.

Nadzór serologiczny jest inną metodą szacowania częstości występowania chorób39. Nadzór nad chorobami, którym można zapobiegać poprzez szczepienia, wymaga zatem elastycznych systemów nadzoru, które są w stanie dostosować się do zmian w częstości występowania zakażeń i w polityce kontroli40.

Przyszłe wyzwania i strategie

Pomimo znaczących postępów w zapobieganiu zakażeniom HBV poprzez szczepienia, nadal istnieją wyzwania, które wymagają uwagi. Dalszy postęp w kierunku eliminacji transmisji HBV będzie wymagał zrównoważonych programów szczepień z poprawioną ich dostępnością, praktycznych metod pomiaru wpływu programów szczepień oraz ukierunkowanych wysiłków szczepień dla społeczności o wysokim ryzyku zakażenia41.

W Stanach Zjednoczonych Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) opublikowało w 2022 roku zaktualizowane zalecenia dotyczące powszechnego szczepienia dorosłych przeciwko wirusowemu zapaleniu wątroby typu B, wzywając wszystkie osoby w wieku 19-59 lat do otrzymania szczepionki przeciwko wirusowemu zapaleniu wątroby typu B, niezależnie od tego, czy mają czynniki ryzyka, czy nie42.

W 2022 roku Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) zaleciło szczepienie przeciwko wirusowemu zapaleniu wątroby typu B dla wszystkich dorosłych w wieku 19-59 lat, eliminując potrzebę badania przesiewowego czynników ryzyka w tej grupie wiekowej43.

Niezbędne są również wysiłki w celu poprawy badań przesiewowych i rozpoznawalności zakażeń HBV. Szacuje się, że około 50% osób żyjących z przewlekłym zakażeniem HBV nie jest świadomych swojego statusu zakażenia44. W związku z tym CDC wydało zalecenia dotyczące powszechnych badań przesiewowych w kierunku wirusowego zapalenia wątroby typu B u dorosłych. Zalecają one, aby wszystkie osoby dorosłe w wieku 18 lat były badane przynajmniej raz45.

Szczepionka przeciwko WZW B a zapobieganie transmisji wertykalnej

Wszystkie kobiety w ciąży powinny być poddane badaniom przesiewowym w kierunku wirusowego zapalenia wątroby typu B, najlepiej w pierwszym trymestrze i niezależnie od statusu szczepienia lub historii badań, ze względu na ryzyko transmisji perinatalnej46. Niemowlęta, które są perinatalnie narażone na HBV, powinny otrzymać pierwszą dawkę szczepionki przeciwko wirusowemu zapaleniu wątroby typu B i immunoglobulinę przeciwko wirusowemu zapaleniu wątroby typu B (HBIG) w ciągu 12 godzin od urodzenia47.

Bez interwencji zapobiegawczych przewlekłe zakażenie rozwija się u około 90% zakażonych niemowląt w porównaniu z 25-30% dzieci, które nabywają zakażenie HBV w wieku 1-5 lat i około 10% osób zakażonych w wieku 5 lat48.

Najbardziej znaczącą strategią zmniejszania transmisji HBV z matki na noworodka jest włączenie dawki przy urodzeniu do schematu szczepień przeciwko wirusowemu zapaleniu wątroby typu B. Dawka przy urodzeniu, a następnie 2 kolejne dawki szczepionki przeciwko wirusowemu zapaleniu wątroby typu B mogą zmniejszyć częstość występowania przewlekłego HBV u niemowląt o około 90% u niemowląt matek pozytywnych dla HBeAg i prawie wszystkich matek negatywnych dla HBeAg49.

Zasięg szczepień i wpływ na transmisję WZW B

Zasięg szczepień przeciwko wirusowemu zapaleniu wątroby typu B znacznie się poprawił na całym świecie w ostatnich dziesięcioleciach. W 2014 roku globalny zasięg trzema dawkami szczepionki przeciwko wirusowemu zapaleniu wątroby typu B szacowany był na 82% (w porównaniu do 1% w 1990 roku) i jest tak wysoki jak 92% w Zachodnim Pacyfiku50.

Według Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia (WHO), do końca 2010 roku szczepionka przeciwko HBV została rutynowo wprowadzona w 179 krajach, z globalnym zasięgiem 75%. Zasięg w Amerykach wynosił 89%; w Europie 78%; w Afryce 76%; a w Azji Południowo-Wschodniej 52%51.

Programy szczepień wdrożone na obszarach o wysokiej endemiczności wydają się zmniejszać częstość występowania zakażeń HBV. Na przykład na Tajwanie, częstość występowania HBV spadła z 10% w 1984 roku (przed programami szczepień) do mniej niż 1% w 1994 roku po wdrożeniu programów szczepień, a częstość występowania raka wątrobowokomórkowego spadła z 0,52% do 0,13% w tym samym okresie52.

Monitorowanie i nadzór nad programami szczepień

Skuteczne monitorowanie i nadzór nad programami szczepień przeciwko wirusowemu zapaleniu wątroby typu B są kluczowe dla oceny ich wpływu i identyfikacji obszarów wymagających poprawy. Dane dotyczące rozpowszechnienia HBV i skuteczności szczepień są gromadzone poprzez różne systemy nadzoru, badania epidemiologiczne i rejestry53.

W Unii Europejskiej i Europejskim Obszarze Gospodarczym (UE/EOG), 27 krajów zaleca powszechne szczepienia dzieci przeciwko wirusowemu zapaleniu wątroby typu B. Dane dotyczące zasięgu szczepień w 2020 roku były dostępne z 23 krajów. Z tych, 11 krajów (50%) osiągnęło cel na 2020 rok wynoszący 95% zasięgu54.

Niektóre kraje zgłosiły, że zasięg trzech dawek szczepionki przeciwko HBV zmniejszył się od 2019 roku, co może być spowodowane pandemią COVID-19 i wynikającymi z niej środkami zdrowia publicznego55.

Szesnaście krajów zgłosiło, że mają politykę lub program szczepień przeciwko HBV mający na celu szczepienie osób przyjmujących narkotyki drogą dożylną (PWID) przeciwko HBV56. Dwadzieścia cztery kraje zgłosiły, że mają krajowe polityki lub programy szczepień przeciwko HBV skierowane do pracowników służby zdrowia57.

Monitoring zdarzeń niepożądanych po szczepieniu

Monitoring zdarzeń niepożądanych po immunizacji (AEFI) jest ważnym aspektem programów szczepień przeciwko wirusowemu zapaleniu wątroby typu B. Badanie przeprowadzone w prowincji Guangdong w Chinach w latach 2005-2017 oceniło zdarzenia niepożądane po szczepieniach przeciwko HBV58.

W sumie w prowincji Guangdong podano ponad 88 milionów dawek szczepionki przeciwko HBV w okresie badania. Łącznie wystąpiło 3115 zdarzeń niepożądanych po immunizacji (AEFI) związanych ze szczepieniem przeciwko HBV, z ogólną częstością występowania 35,39 na milion dawek59.

Badanie sugerowało, że szczepionka przeciwko HBV ma rozsądny profil bezpieczeństwa, ponieważ większość zdarzeń niepożądanych pozostała stosunkowo łagodna, a zdarzenia neurologiczne były stosunkowo rzadkie. Badanie to wykazało, że częstość występowania ciężkich reakcji na szczepionkę związanych ze szczepieniem przeciwko HBV jest niezwykle niska60.

Wyzwania i perspektywy na przyszłość

Pomimo znaczących postępów w zapobieganiu zakażeniom HBV poprzez szczepienia, nadal istnieją wyzwania wymagające uwagi. Jednym z głównych wyzwań jest zapewnienie odpowiedniego zasięgu szczepień w grupach wysokiego ryzyka i społecznościach marginalizowanych61.

Według WHO, tylko 42% niemowląt na całym świecie i 17% w regionie afrykańskim WHO otrzymało dawkę szczepionki przeciwko HBV przy urodzeniu do 2021 roku, pomimo zalecenia WHO dotyczącego uniwersalnej dawki przy urodzeniu od 2009 roku62. To podkreśla potrzebę zwiększonych wysiłków w celu poprawy zasięgu szczepień, szczególnie w regionach o wysokiej endemiczności.

Innym wyzwaniem jest identyfikacja i szczepienie dorosłych z grup ryzyka, którzy mogli nie zostać zaszczepieni w dzieciństwie. W wielu krajach, znaczna część populacji dorosłych pozostaje niezaszczepiona i podatna na zakażenie HBV63.

Implementacja programów szczepień przeciwko HBV dla dorosłych z częstością 10% rocznie przez 15 lat zapobiegłaby dodatkowo 39 tysiącom nowych zakażeń HDV w Chinach do 2028 roku w porównaniu do programów szczepień przeciwko HBV wyłącznie dla noworodków64.

Postępy w kierunku eliminacji WZW B

Światowa Organizacja Zdrowia wyznaczyła cel eliminacji wirusowego zapalenia wątroby jako zagrożenia dla zdrowia publicznego do 2030 roku65. Jedną z kluczowych strategii jest zmniejszenie nowych zakażeń HBV o co najmniej 90%, a podanie dawki przy urodzeniu szczepionki przeciwko HBV jest wysoce skutecznym środkiem66.

Niektóre kraje poczyniły znaczące postępy w kierunku osiągnięcia tego celu. Na przykład, dane z nadzoru w Irlandii wskazują, że badania przesiewowe u kobiet w ciąży w kierunku wirusowego zapalenia wątroby typu B, z odpowiednią opieką dla matek w celu zapobiegania zakażeniom u niemowląt, oraz powszechne szczepienia przeciwko wirusowemu zapaleniu wątroby typu B jako część podstawowego schematu szczepień przynoszą efekty. W ciągu ostatnich pięciu lat nie było zgłoszeń wirusowego zapalenia wątroby typu B u dzieci poniżej 16 roku życia urodzonych w Irlandii67.

Wskaźnik zgłoszeń ostrych przypadków (niedawnych zakażeń) wirusowego zapalenia wątroby typu B był niski w Irlandii w 2023 roku, podobnie jak w krajach UE/EOG w 2022 roku68. Dane dotyczące zgłoszeń pokazują, że programy szczepień niemowląt i dzieci są bardzo skuteczne. Zapobiegają zakażeniom u dzieci, co jest ważnym osiągnięciem, ponieważ osoby, które zostają zakażone we wczesnym dzieciństwie, prawdopodobnie rozwiną przewlekłe zakażenie69.

Przyszłe kierunki badań i nadzoru

Przyszłe badania powinny koncentrować się na długoterminowej skuteczności szczepionki przeciwko HBV, skuteczności różnych strategii szczepień w różnych populacjach oraz wpływie szczepień na epidemiologię HBV i powiązane choroby, takie jak rak wątrobowokomórkowy70.

Istnieje również potrzeba ulepszonych systemów nadzoru, które mogą dokładnie monitorować obciążenie HBV i wpływ interwencji, takich jak szczepienia71. Rutynowe oceny nadzoru mogą być przydatne w poprawie jakości danych i monitorowaniu skuteczności programu72.

Ponadto, badania powinny badać wpływ szczepień przeciwko HBV na epidemiologię współistniejących infekcji, takich jak wirus zapalenia wątroby typu D (HDV), który może prowadzić do cięższej choroby u osób zakażonych HBV73.

Zasięg szczepień i skuteczność w różnych krajach

Zasięg szczepień przeciwko wirusowemu zapaleniu wątroby typu B różni się znacznie w różnych krajach i regionach. Według WHO, w 2017 roku w porównaniu do 2022 roku, odsetek niemowląt otrzymujących trzy dawki szczepionki przeciwko wirusowemu zapaleniu wątroby typu B różnił się w zależności od kraju74.

Według CDC, 34,2% wszystkich dorosłych powyżej 18 roku życia w Stanach Zjednoczonych otrzymało co najmniej jedną szczepionkę przeciwko HBV. Przyjęcie szczepionki różni się w zależności od różnych czynników demograficznych, takich jak rasa, wiek i status podróży75.

W Chinach Narodowe Programy Szczepień skutecznie zmniejszyły częstość występowania zakażeń HBV. Badanie przeprowadzone w północno-wschodnich Chinach wykazało, że wskaźnik pozytywnych wyników HBsAg wśród wszystkich uczestników badania wynosił 3,8%, co odpowiada niskiej średniej endemiczności i był znacznie niższy niż wcześniej zgłaszany wskaźnik 7,2%76.

Co więcej, dzieci urodzone po wdrożeniu strategii szczepień przeciwko wirusowemu zapaleniu wątroby typu B miały najniższy wskaźnik pozytywnych wyników HBsAg wynoszący 0,2% wśród wszystkich grup wiekowych, co wskazuje na korzystny wpływ polityki zdrowia publicznego na zapobieganie i kontrolę zakażeń HBV w Chinach77.

Podobne trendy zaobserwowano w Tajlandii, która wprowadziła pilotażowy program powszechnych szczepień przeciwko HBV w 1988 roku jako część Narodowego Programu Szczepień. Badanie wykazało znaczący spadek całkowitej liczby zakażeń wirusowym zapaleniem wątroby typu B, co odzwierciedlają markery anty-HBc i zmniejszony wskaźnik nosicielstwa wirusowego zapalenia wątroby typu B w porównaniu do poprzednich dekad78.

Tajlandia wdrożyła skuteczne środki zapobiegania zakażeniom wirusowym zapaleniem wątroby typu B poprzez podawanie szczepionek od urodzenia i ukończenie serii szczepionek w pierwszym roku życia79.

Zasięg szczepień w populacjach wysokiego ryzyka

Pomimo ogólnego sukcesu programów szczepień przeciwko wirusowemu zapaleniu wątroby typu B, zasięg szczepień w niektórych populacjach wysokiego ryzyka pozostaje niski. Badanie przeprowadzone wśród osób bezdomnych w Goiânia, Brazylia, wykazało, że tylko 19,5% uczestników miało serologiczny profil wcześniejszej immunizacji, potwierdzając niską częstość szczepień przeciwko wirusowemu zapaleniu wątroby typu B wśród populacji narażonych w ich regionie i gdzie indziej80.

Badanie przeprowadzone w Sierra Leone, Liberii i Gwinei wykazało, że pokrycie szczepieniami przeciwko HBV w dzieciństwie było nieoptymalne, przy czym Sierra Leone miało najwyższy zasięg szczepień przeciwko HBV w dzieciństwie (70,3%), następnie Liberia (64,6%) i Gwinea (39,3%)81.

Zrozumienie i zajęcie się modyfikowalnymi determinantami niekompletnych szczepień będzie niezbędne do osiągnięcia celów eliminacji wirusowego zapalenia wątroby do 2030 roku82.

Wpływ pandemii COVID-19 na programy szczepień przeciwko WZW B

Pandemia COVID-19 miała znaczący wpływ na programy szczepień przeciwko wirusowemu zapaleniu wątroby typu B i nadzór nad HBV. W Stanach Zjednoczonych, wskaźnik nowych zakażeń wirusem HBV zmniejszył się znacząco w 2020 i 2021 roku83.

Według raportu CDC, w 2021 roku 47 stanów zgłosiło 2045 przypadków wirusowego zapalenia wątroby typu B, co odpowiada szacunkowo 13 300 zakażeniom. Autorzy donoszą, że przez lata wskaźniki zakażeń wirusowym zapaleniem wątroby typu B były stabilne, jednak wskaźnik zakażeń znacząco zmniejszył się w 2020 roku, a następnie wskaźnik ponownie zmniejszył się o 14% w 2021 roku84.

Chociaż dwa wskaźniki wirusowego zapalenia wątroby typu B dla nowych zakażeń osiągnęły roczny cel na 2021 rok, trudno jest określić, w jakim stopniu niższe wskaźniki są przypisywalne prawdziwym redukcjom obciążenia chorobą, a w jakim wpływowi pandemii COVID-19 na dostęp do opieki zdrowotnej, badania w kierunku wirusowego zapalenia wątroby i zdolność departamentów zdrowia do przeprowadzania dochodzeń w sprawie przypadków wirusowego zapalenia wątroby85.

Wskaźniki zgonów związanych z wirusowym zapaleniem wątroby typu B nie osiągnęły rocznych celów w 2021 roku; jednak wskaźniki zgonów związanych z wirusowym zapaleniem wątroby typu B mogły być dotknięte wzrostem ogólnej liczby zgonów podczas pandemii86.

Podsumowanie i wnioski

Szczepionka przeciwko wirusowemu zapaleniu wątroby typu B jest bezpiecznym i skutecznym środkiem zapobiegającym zakażeniom HBV, przewlekłej chorobie wątroby i związanym z nią zgonom87. Od momentu wprowadzenia na rynek w 1982 roku, szczepionka ta spowodowała znaczące zmniejszenie globalnego obciążenia zakażeniami HBV, szczególnie wśród dzieci88.

Skuteczne strategie szczepień obejmują rutynowe szczepienia niemowląt, podawanie dawki przy urodzeniu, szczepienia osób z grup ryzyka oraz programy nadrabiania zaległości dla niezaszczepionych dorosłych89. Te strategie przyczyniły się do zmniejszenia zachorowalności i umieralności związanej z HBV w wielu krajach90.

Trwają wysiłki mające na celu poprawę zasięgu szczepień, szczególnie w populacjach wysokiego ryzyka i marginalizowanych91. Niezbędne są również lepsze systemy nadzoru w celu monitorowania skuteczności programów szczepień i identyfikacji obszarów wymagających poprawy92.

Wraz z postępem programów szczepień przeciwko wirusowemu zapaleniu wątroby typu B, cel WHO dotyczący eliminacji wirusowego zapalenia wątroby jako zagrożenia dla zdrowia publicznego do 2030 roku wydaje się być osiągalny93. Jednak będzie to wymagać ciągłego zaangażowania ze strony rządów, dostawców opieki zdrowotnej i społeczeństwa, aby zapewnić, że korzyści ze szczepień przeciwko wirusowemu zapaleniu wątroby typu B dotrą do wszystkich potrzebujących94.

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  1. 09.04.2026
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Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Impact of Vaccination on Disease
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5582972/
    Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global public health problem. Worldwide estimates suggest that more than 2 billion people have been infected with HBV, and that 248 million of these people are chronically infected (defined as hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg] positivity). About 15% to 25% of persons with chronic HBV infection die from cirrhosis or liver cancer. The Global Burden of Disease study estimated that there were 686,000 deaths caused by hepatitis B in 2013 and a 5.9 per 100,000 age-standardized death rate globally, of which 300,000 deaths were attributed to liver cancer and 317,400 deaths to cirrhosis of the liver secondary to hepatitis B. This rate represents a substantial global burden, with wide global geographic variation. Hepatitis B prevalence (HBsAg) is highest in the sub-Saharan African and western Pacific regions, considered high-intermediate to high endemicity countries (5% to 8% prevalence), and prevalence estimates exceed 15% in several countries. Low-intermediate regions (2%4.99%) include the eastern Mediterranean and European regions. The Americas and Western Europe regions are considered low endemicity, with HBsAg prevalence generally less than 2%. There has been an overall decrease in HBsAg prevalence over time in most countries, but with notable increases in African and eastern European countries. […]
  • #2 Epidemiology, transmission, and prevention of hepatitis B virus infection – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-transmission-and-prevention-of-hepatitis-b-virus-infection/print
    Epidemiology, transmission, and prevention of hepatitis B virus infection […] Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global public health problem. The World Health Organization estimated that, in 2022, there were 245 million HBV carriers, 1.2 million new infections per year, and an annual mortality of 1.1 million individuals (mostly from complications of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma). The implementation of effective vaccination programs in many countries has resulted in a significant decrease in the incidence of new hepatitis B infection. Nevertheless, HBV infection remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality. […] It is estimated that approximately two billion people worldwide have evidence of past or present infection with HBV, and 245 million individuals are chronic carriers (ie, positive for hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg]). The overall prevalence of HBsAg is reported to be 3.2 percent; however, it varies depending upon the geographic area. The prevalence is highest in the Western Pacific (96.8 million infections), followed by the African region (64.7 million infections), Southeast Asia (61.4 million infections), the Eastern Mediterranean region (15.1 million infections), the European region (10.6 million infections), and the Americas (5 million infections).
  • #3 Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Impact of Vaccination on Disease
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5582972/
    The hepatitis B vaccine which has been proven to be safe and effective with protection after the vaccine series estimated to persist for at least 30 years among greater than 90% of persons vaccinated, is a key component of chronic hepatitis B prevention and eventual elimination. Routine infant vaccination in over 180 countries has resulted in a reduction in global HBV transmission and declines in chronic HBV prevalence. Particular success in reduction of HBV burden from high to low endemicity was achieved in Taiwan and Alaska, US and serve as examples for other areas.
  • #4 Hepatitis B virus infection: epidemiology and vaccination – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16754644/
    Worldwide, two billion people have been infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), 360 million have chronic infection, and 600,000 die each year from HBV-related liver disease or hepatocellular carcinoma. […] Vaccination against HBV infection can be started at birth and provides long-term protection against infection in more than 90% of healthy people. […] In the 1990s, many industrialized countries and a few less-developed countries implemented universal hepatitis B immunization and experienced measurable reductions in HBV-related disease. […] Many resource-poor nations have recently initiated universal hepatitis B immunization programs with assistance from the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization. […] Further progress towards the elimination of HBV transmission will require sustainable vaccination programs with improved vaccination coverage, practical methods of measuring the impact of vaccination programs, and targeted vaccination efforts for communities at high risk of infection.
  • #5 The forgotten people: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection as a priority for the inclusion health agenda | eLife
    https://elifesciences.org/articles/81070
    Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection represents a significant global health threat, accounting for 300 million chronic infections and up to 1 million deaths each year. […] The global burden of HBV infection is unevenly distributed, with particularly high prevalence in some populations in Africa and South East Asia. […] Vaccination against HBV, including universal birth dose administration, is a key elimination strategy and is estimated to have prevented 310 million cases of HBV infection between 1990 and 2020. […] However, birth dose vaccine implementation has been slow in reaching the most vulnerable populations, while a three-dose vaccine schedule remains a challenge. […] Chronic HBV infection usually remains asymptomatic until late complications (liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)).
  • #6 Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Impact of Vaccination on Disease
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5582972/
    Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global public health problem. Worldwide estimates suggest that more than 2 billion people have been infected with HBV, and that 248 million of these people are chronically infected (defined as hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg] positivity). About 15% to 25% of persons with chronic HBV infection die from cirrhosis or liver cancer. The Global Burden of Disease study estimated that there were 686,000 deaths caused by hepatitis B in 2013 and a 5.9 per 100,000 age-standardized death rate globally, of which 300,000 deaths were attributed to liver cancer and 317,400 deaths to cirrhosis of the liver secondary to hepatitis B. This rate represents a substantial global burden, with wide global geographic variation. Hepatitis B prevalence (HBsAg) is highest in the sub-Saharan African and western Pacific regions, considered high-intermediate to high endemicity countries (5% to 8% prevalence), and prevalence estimates exceed 15% in several countries. Low-intermediate regions (2%4.99%) include the eastern Mediterranean and European regions. The Americas and Western Europe regions are considered low endemicity, with HBsAg prevalence generally less than 2%. There has been an overall decrease in HBsAg prevalence over time in most countries, but with notable increases in African and eastern European countries. […]
  • #7 Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Impact of Vaccination on Disease
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5582972/
    Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global public health problem. Worldwide estimates suggest that more than 2 billion people have been infected with HBV, and that 248 million of these people are chronically infected (defined as hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg] positivity). About 15% to 25% of persons with chronic HBV infection die from cirrhosis or liver cancer. The Global Burden of Disease study estimated that there were 686,000 deaths caused by hepatitis B in 2013 and a 5.9 per 100,000 age-standardized death rate globally, of which 300,000 deaths were attributed to liver cancer and 317,400 deaths to cirrhosis of the liver secondary to hepatitis B. This rate represents a substantial global burden, with wide global geographic variation. Hepatitis B prevalence (HBsAg) is highest in the sub-Saharan African and western Pacific regions, considered high-intermediate to high endemicity countries (5% to 8% prevalence), and prevalence estimates exceed 15% in several countries. Low-intermediate regions (2%4.99%) include the eastern Mediterranean and European regions. The Americas and Western Europe regions are considered low endemicity, with HBsAg prevalence generally less than 2%. There has been an overall decrease in HBsAg prevalence over time in most countries, but with notable increases in African and eastern European countries. […]
  • #8 Hepatitis B – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B
    Approximately 254 million people had chronic HBV infection as of 2022. Another 1.2 million cases of acute HBV infection also occurred that year. Regional prevalences across the globe range from around 7.5% in Africa to 0.5% in the Americas. […] The primary method of HBV transmission and the prevalence of chronic HBV infection in specific regions often correspond with one another. In populations where HBV infection rates are 8% or higher, which are classified as high prevalence, vertical transmission (usually occurring during birth) is most common, though rates of early childhood transmission can also be significant among these populations. […] In 2021, 19 African countries had infection rates ranging between 8-19%, placing them in the high prevalence category. High prevalence of HBV also exists in Mongolia.
  • #9 Hepatitis B – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B
    In moderate prevalence areas where 27% of the population is chronically infected, the disease is predominantly spread horizontally, often among children, but also vertically. China’s HBV infection rate is at the higher end of the moderate prevalence classification with an infection rate of 6.89% as of 2019. […] Countries with low HBV prevalence include Australia (0.9%), those in the WHO European Region (which average 1.5%), and most countries in North and South America (which average 0.28%). In the United States, an estimated 0.26% of the population was living with HBV infection as of 2018.
  • #10 Hepatitis B – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B
    In moderate prevalence areas where 27% of the population is chronically infected, the disease is predominantly spread horizontally, often among children, but also vertically. China’s HBV infection rate is at the higher end of the moderate prevalence classification with an infection rate of 6.89% as of 2019. […] Countries with low HBV prevalence include Australia (0.9%), those in the WHO European Region (which average 1.5%), and most countries in North and South America (which average 0.28%). In the United States, an estimated 0.26% of the population was living with HBV infection as of 2018.
  • #11 Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Impact of Vaccination on Disease
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5582972/
    In the United States, estimates of chronic hepatitis B infection range from 700,000 to more than 2 million people. Estimating the number of chronically infected persons globally and in the United States is challenging because the disease is asymptomatic in most infected persons, leading to underdiagnosis, and passive surveillance often results in under reporting. Despite declines in chronic hepatitis B cases among children and adolescents, due to increasing immunity following universal vaccine recommendations, the number of chronically infected adults in the United States has been increasing as a result of immigration of infected persons from highly endemic countries. As many as 70% of HBV infections in the United States are estimated to be among foreign-born persons. Yearly, 40,000 to 45,000 people from HBV-endemic countries where the prevalence of chronic HBV infection is 2%, enter the United States legally; an estimated 3.9 million foreign-born persons from eastern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa currently reside in the United States. […]
  • #12 Hepatitis B Surveillance | 2022 Hepatitis Surveillance | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-surveillance-2022/hepatitis-b/index.html
    There were 2,126 new cases of acute hepatitis B reported during 2022. […] There were 13,800 estimated acute HBV infections during 2022. […] There were 16,729 cases of newly reported chronic hepatitis B during 2022. […] There were 1,797 hepatitis B-related deaths reported during 2022. […] Hepatitis B vaccination prevents hepatitis B. To further decrease hepatitis B incidence, CDC published the 2022 universal hepatitis B adult vaccination recommendation calling for all people aged 19-59 years to receive hepatitis B vaccine whether they have risk factors or not. […] During 2022, 16,729 cases of chronic hepatitis B were newly reported by 43 states and the District of Columbia, corresponding to a rate of 5.8 cases per 100,000 people. […] The rate of newly reported chronic hepatitis B cases among non-Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander (A/PI) persons (20.1 cases per 100,000 population) was 11.2 times as high as the rate among non-Hispanic White persons (1.8 cases per 100,000 population).
  • #13 Hepatitis B Surveillance | 2022 Hepatitis Surveillance | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-surveillance-2022/hepatitis-b/index.html
    There were 2,126 new cases of acute hepatitis B reported during 2022. […] There were 13,800 estimated acute HBV infections during 2022. […] There were 16,729 cases of newly reported chronic hepatitis B during 2022. […] There were 1,797 hepatitis B-related deaths reported during 2022. […] Hepatitis B vaccination prevents hepatitis B. To further decrease hepatitis B incidence, CDC published the 2022 universal hepatitis B adult vaccination recommendation calling for all people aged 19-59 years to receive hepatitis B vaccine whether they have risk factors or not. […] During 2022, 16,729 cases of chronic hepatitis B were newly reported by 43 states and the District of Columbia, corresponding to a rate of 5.8 cases per 100,000 people. […] The rate of newly reported chronic hepatitis B cases among non-Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander (A/PI) persons (20.1 cases per 100,000 population) was 11.2 times as high as the rate among non-Hispanic White persons (1.8 cases per 100,000 population).
  • #14 Hepatitis B Surveillance | 2022 Hepatitis Surveillance | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-surveillance-2022/hepatitis-b/index.html
    There were 2,126 new cases of acute hepatitis B reported during 2022. […] There were 13,800 estimated acute HBV infections during 2022. […] There were 16,729 cases of newly reported chronic hepatitis B during 2022. […] There were 1,797 hepatitis B-related deaths reported during 2022. […] Hepatitis B vaccination prevents hepatitis B. To further decrease hepatitis B incidence, CDC published the 2022 universal hepatitis B adult vaccination recommendation calling for all people aged 19-59 years to receive hepatitis B vaccine whether they have risk factors or not. […] During 2022, 16,729 cases of chronic hepatitis B were newly reported by 43 states and the District of Columbia, corresponding to a rate of 5.8 cases per 100,000 people. […] The rate of newly reported chronic hepatitis B cases among non-Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander (A/PI) persons (20.1 cases per 100,000 population) was 11.2 times as high as the rate among non-Hispanic White persons (1.8 cases per 100,000 population).
  • #15 Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Impact of Vaccination on Disease
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5582972/
    In the United States, estimates of chronic hepatitis B infection range from 700,000 to more than 2 million people. Estimating the number of chronically infected persons globally and in the United States is challenging because the disease is asymptomatic in most infected persons, leading to underdiagnosis, and passive surveillance often results in under reporting. Despite declines in chronic hepatitis B cases among children and adolescents, due to increasing immunity following universal vaccine recommendations, the number of chronically infected adults in the United States has been increasing as a result of immigration of infected persons from highly endemic countries. As many as 70% of HBV infections in the United States are estimated to be among foreign-born persons. Yearly, 40,000 to 45,000 people from HBV-endemic countries where the prevalence of chronic HBV infection is 2%, enter the United States legally; an estimated 3.9 million foreign-born persons from eastern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa currently reside in the United States. […]
  • #16 Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Impact of Vaccination on Disease
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5582972/
    In the United States, estimates of chronic hepatitis B infection range from 700,000 to more than 2 million people. Estimating the number of chronically infected persons globally and in the United States is challenging because the disease is asymptomatic in most infected persons, leading to underdiagnosis, and passive surveillance often results in under reporting. Despite declines in chronic hepatitis B cases among children and adolescents, due to increasing immunity following universal vaccine recommendations, the number of chronically infected adults in the United States has been increasing as a result of immigration of infected persons from highly endemic countries. As many as 70% of HBV infections in the United States are estimated to be among foreign-born persons. Yearly, 40,000 to 45,000 people from HBV-endemic countries where the prevalence of chronic HBV infection is 2%, enter the United States legally; an estimated 3.9 million foreign-born persons from eastern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa currently reside in the United States. […]
  • #17 Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Impact of Vaccination on Disease
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5582972/
    The most impactful strategy for reducing mother to newborn transmission of HBV is incorporating the birth dose into the hepatitis B vaccine schedule. A birth dose followed by 2 more doses of hepatitis B vaccine can reduce the prevalence of chronic HBV in the infant by approximately 90% in infants of HBeAg-positive mothers and almost all HBeAg-negative mothers. This birth dose is especially important in areas of the world where a significant proportion of HBsAg-positive mothers are also positive for HBeAg, such as in China, south east Asia, and the Pacific Islands. In these areas, if the birth dose is not given, the effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccine could be reduced to as low as only 50% to 75%. […] […] In 1991, the Global Advisory Group of the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) recommended integration of hepatitis B vaccination into national immunization programs by 1995 in countries with an HBV carrier prevalence of 8% or higher, and by 1997 in countries with a lower prevalence. By the end of 2014, hepatitis B vaccine had been introduced nationwide in 184 countries. […]
  • #18 Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Impact of Vaccination on Disease
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5582972/
    The most impactful strategy for reducing mother to newborn transmission of HBV is incorporating the birth dose into the hepatitis B vaccine schedule. A birth dose followed by 2 more doses of hepatitis B vaccine can reduce the prevalence of chronic HBV in the infant by approximately 90% in infants of HBeAg-positive mothers and almost all HBeAg-negative mothers. This birth dose is especially important in areas of the world where a significant proportion of HBsAg-positive mothers are also positive for HBeAg, such as in China, south east Asia, and the Pacific Islands. In these areas, if the birth dose is not given, the effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccine could be reduced to as low as only 50% to 75%. […] […] In 1991, the Global Advisory Group of the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) recommended integration of hepatitis B vaccination into national immunization programs by 1995 in countries with an HBV carrier prevalence of 8% or higher, and by 1997 in countries with a lower prevalence. By the end of 2014, hepatitis B vaccine had been introduced nationwide in 184 countries. […]
  • #19 Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Impact of Vaccination on Disease
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5582972/
    The WHO recommends the use of monovalent HBV vaccination within 24 hours of birth, followed by completion of the HBV vaccine series within 6 to 12 months as the most cost-effective strategy for the prevention and control of hepatitis B. This strategy provides the earliest possible protection to future birth cohorts and reduces the pool of chronic carriers in the population. Timely vaccination of newborn infants can prevent perinatal HBV transmission. […] […] The 1991 EPI recommendations for universal hepatitis B vaccine at birth and other hepatitis B vaccination strategies have resulted in substantial reductions of HBV transmission in previously high endemic countries. In 2014, global coverage with 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine is estimated at 82% (compared to 1% in 1990) and is as high as 92% in the Western Pacific. For example, the national Taiwan vaccine program, which started in 1984, has been 78% to 87% effective in reducing HBsAg seroprevalence in children. China has also made remarkable progress in increasing immunization coverage of hepatitis B vaccine. […]
  • #20 Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Impact of Vaccination on Disease
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5582972/
    The WHO recommends the use of monovalent HBV vaccination within 24 hours of birth, followed by completion of the HBV vaccine series within 6 to 12 months as the most cost-effective strategy for the prevention and control of hepatitis B. This strategy provides the earliest possible protection to future birth cohorts and reduces the pool of chronic carriers in the population. Timely vaccination of newborn infants can prevent perinatal HBV transmission. […] […] The 1991 EPI recommendations for universal hepatitis B vaccine at birth and other hepatitis B vaccination strategies have resulted in substantial reductions of HBV transmission in previously high endemic countries. In 2014, global coverage with 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine is estimated at 82% (compared to 1% in 1990) and is as high as 92% in the Western Pacific. For example, the national Taiwan vaccine program, which started in 1984, has been 78% to 87% effective in reducing HBsAg seroprevalence in children. China has also made remarkable progress in increasing immunization coverage of hepatitis B vaccine. […]
  • #21 Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Impact of Vaccination on Disease
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5582972/
    The WHO recommends the use of monovalent HBV vaccination within 24 hours of birth, followed by completion of the HBV vaccine series within 6 to 12 months as the most cost-effective strategy for the prevention and control of hepatitis B. This strategy provides the earliest possible protection to future birth cohorts and reduces the pool of chronic carriers in the population. Timely vaccination of newborn infants can prevent perinatal HBV transmission. […] […] The 1991 EPI recommendations for universal hepatitis B vaccine at birth and other hepatitis B vaccination strategies have resulted in substantial reductions of HBV transmission in previously high endemic countries. In 2014, global coverage with 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine is estimated at 82% (compared to 1% in 1990) and is as high as 92% in the Western Pacific. For example, the national Taiwan vaccine program, which started in 1984, has been 78% to 87% effective in reducing HBsAg seroprevalence in children. China has also made remarkable progress in increasing immunization coverage of hepatitis B vaccine. […]
  • #22 Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Impact of Vaccination on Disease
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5582972/
    The hepatitis B vaccine which has been proven to be safe and effective with protection after the vaccine series estimated to persist for at least 30 years among greater than 90% of persons vaccinated, is a key component of chronic hepatitis B prevention and eventual elimination. Routine infant vaccination in over 180 countries has resulted in a reduction in global HBV transmission and declines in chronic HBV prevalence. Particular success in reduction of HBV burden from high to low endemicity was achieved in Taiwan and Alaska, US and serve as examples for other areas.
  • #23 Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Impact of Vaccination on Disease
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5582972/
    The hepatitis B vaccine which has been proven to be safe and effective with protection after the vaccine series estimated to persist for at least 30 years among greater than 90% of persons vaccinated, is a key component of chronic hepatitis B prevention and eventual elimination. Routine infant vaccination in over 180 countries has resulted in a reduction in global HBV transmission and declines in chronic HBV prevalence. Particular success in reduction of HBV burden from high to low endemicity was achieved in Taiwan and Alaska, US and serve as examples for other areas.
  • #24 Hepatitis B vaccine – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B_vaccine
    Hepatitis B vaccination, hepatitis B immunoglobulin, and the combination of hepatitis B vaccine plus hepatitis B immunoglobulin, all are considered as preventive for babies born to mothers infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). The combination is superior for protecting these infants. […] Studies have found that that immune memory against HepB is sustained for at least 30 years after vaccination, and protects against clinical disease and chronic HepB infection, even in cases where anti-hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-Hbs) levels decline below detectable levels. […] The HepB vaccine is vital for use for infants who contract HepB. 90% of infants who contract HepB and do not receive the vaccination will develop chronic infection. And these chronic HBV infections are life-threatening, with a 15-25% risk of death from complications.
  • #25 Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Impact of Vaccination on Disease
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5582972/
    The hepatitis B vaccine which has been proven to be safe and effective with protection after the vaccine series estimated to persist for at least 30 years among greater than 90% of persons vaccinated, is a key component of chronic hepatitis B prevention and eventual elimination. Routine infant vaccination in over 180 countries has resulted in a reduction in global HBV transmission and declines in chronic HBV prevalence. Particular success in reduction of HBV burden from high to low endemicity was achieved in Taiwan and Alaska, US and serve as examples for other areas.
  • #26 Hepatitis B vaccine – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B_vaccine
    The Hepatitis B vaccine is now believed to provide indefinite protection. Older literature assumed that immunity would wane with antibody titers and only effectively last five to seven years, but immune-challenge studies show that even after 30 years, the immune system maintains the ability to produce an anamnestic response, i.e. to rapidly bump up antibody levels when the previously seen antigen is detected. […] The following is a list of countries by the percentage of infants receiving three doses of hepatitis B vaccine as published by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2017 compared to 2022. […] According to the CDC, 34.2% of all adults over the age of 18 in the United States have received at least one HepB vaccine. Vaccine uptake varies across demographics such race, age, and travel status.
  • #27 Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Impact of Vaccination on Disease
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5582972/
    The most impactful strategy for reducing mother to newborn transmission of HBV is incorporating the birth dose into the hepatitis B vaccine schedule. A birth dose followed by 2 more doses of hepatitis B vaccine can reduce the prevalence of chronic HBV in the infant by approximately 90% in infants of HBeAg-positive mothers and almost all HBeAg-negative mothers. This birth dose is especially important in areas of the world where a significant proportion of HBsAg-positive mothers are also positive for HBeAg, such as in China, south east Asia, and the Pacific Islands. In these areas, if the birth dose is not given, the effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccine could be reduced to as low as only 50% to 75%. […] […] In 1991, the Global Advisory Group of the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) recommended integration of hepatitis B vaccination into national immunization programs by 1995 in countries with an HBV carrier prevalence of 8% or higher, and by 1997 in countries with a lower prevalence. By the end of 2014, hepatitis B vaccine had been introduced nationwide in 184 countries. […]
  • #28 Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Impact of Vaccination on Disease
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5582972/
    The most impactful strategy for reducing mother to newborn transmission of HBV is incorporating the birth dose into the hepatitis B vaccine schedule. A birth dose followed by 2 more doses of hepatitis B vaccine can reduce the prevalence of chronic HBV in the infant by approximately 90% in infants of HBeAg-positive mothers and almost all HBeAg-negative mothers. This birth dose is especially important in areas of the world where a significant proportion of HBsAg-positive mothers are also positive for HBeAg, such as in China, south east Asia, and the Pacific Islands. In these areas, if the birth dose is not given, the effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccine could be reduced to as low as only 50% to 75%. […] […] In 1991, the Global Advisory Group of the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) recommended integration of hepatitis B vaccination into national immunization programs by 1995 in countries with an HBV carrier prevalence of 8% or higher, and by 1997 in countries with a lower prevalence. By the end of 2014, hepatitis B vaccine had been introduced nationwide in 184 countries. […]
  • #29
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b
    Hepatitis B can be prevented by vaccines that are safe, available and effective. […] Hepatitis B can be prevented with a safe and effective vaccine. The vaccine is usually given soon after birth with boosters a few weeks later. It offers nearly 100% protection against the virus. […] Hepatitis B is preventable with a vaccine. All babies should receive the hepatitis B vaccine as soon as possible after birth (within 24 hours). This is followed by two or three doses of hepatitis B vaccine at least four weeks apart. […] The vaccine protects against hepatitis B for at least 20 years and probably for life. […] WHO recommends that all blood donations be tested for hepatitis B to ensure blood safety and avoid accidental transmission.
  • #30 Hepatitis B virus infection: epidemiology and vaccination – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16754644/
    Worldwide, two billion people have been infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), 360 million have chronic infection, and 600,000 die each year from HBV-related liver disease or hepatocellular carcinoma. […] Vaccination against HBV infection can be started at birth and provides long-term protection against infection in more than 90% of healthy people. […] In the 1990s, many industrialized countries and a few less-developed countries implemented universal hepatitis B immunization and experienced measurable reductions in HBV-related disease. […] Many resource-poor nations have recently initiated universal hepatitis B immunization programs with assistance from the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization. […] Further progress towards the elimination of HBV transmission will require sustainable vaccination programs with improved vaccination coverage, practical methods of measuring the impact of vaccination programs, and targeted vaccination efforts for communities at high risk of infection.
  • #31 Hepatitis B virus infection: epidemiology and vaccination – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16754644/
    Worldwide, two billion people have been infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), 360 million have chronic infection, and 600,000 die each year from HBV-related liver disease or hepatocellular carcinoma. […] Vaccination against HBV infection can be started at birth and provides long-term protection against infection in more than 90% of healthy people. […] In the 1990s, many industrialized countries and a few less-developed countries implemented universal hepatitis B immunization and experienced measurable reductions in HBV-related disease. […] Many resource-poor nations have recently initiated universal hepatitis B immunization programs with assistance from the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization. […] Further progress towards the elimination of HBV transmission will require sustainable vaccination programs with improved vaccination coverage, practical methods of measuring the impact of vaccination programs, and targeted vaccination efforts for communities at high risk of infection.
  • #32 Significant reduction in Hepatitis B virus infections following 32 years of universal Hepatitis B vaccination as part of EPI, Thailand | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-84854-7
    This study aimed to evaluate the impact of Thailands hepatitis B virus (HBV) National Program Immunization (NPI), 32 years post-implementation, on infection rates and immunity in various age groups. […] Individuals born after the implementation of the NPI had significantly lower HBV infection rates (p0.0001). […] Thailand introduced a pilot program for universal HBV vaccination in 1988 as part of the National Immunization Program, beginning in Chonburi and Chiang Mai provinces. […] The current HBV vaccine coverage rate for the first dose of HBV vaccination was high (93.1%)14, largely because most births in Thailand occur in hospitals. […] National surveys conducted in 2004 and 2014, involving approximately 6,000 participants representing different regions of Thailand, revealed that individuals born after the introduction of the HBV vaccine under EPI had a markedly reduced rate of HBV infection, as measured by anti-HBc and HBsAg18,19.
  • #33 Significant reduction in Hepatitis B virus infections following 32 years of universal Hepatitis B vaccination as part of EPI, Thailand | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-84854-7
    This study aimed to evaluate the impact of Thailands hepatitis B virus (HBV) National Program Immunization (NPI), 32 years post-implementation, on infection rates and immunity in various age groups. […] Individuals born after the implementation of the NPI had significantly lower HBV infection rates (p0.0001). […] Thailand introduced a pilot program for universal HBV vaccination in 1988 as part of the National Immunization Program, beginning in Chonburi and Chiang Mai provinces. […] The current HBV vaccine coverage rate for the first dose of HBV vaccination was high (93.1%)14, largely because most births in Thailand occur in hospitals. […] National surveys conducted in 2004 and 2014, involving approximately 6,000 participants representing different regions of Thailand, revealed that individuals born after the introduction of the HBV vaccine under EPI had a markedly reduced rate of HBV infection, as measured by anti-HBc and HBsAg18,19.
  • #34 Significant reduction in Hepatitis B virus infections following 32 years of universal Hepatitis B vaccination as part of EPI, Thailand | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-84854-7
    This study aimed to evaluate the impact of Thailands hepatitis B virus (HBV) National Program Immunization (NPI), 32 years post-implementation, on infection rates and immunity in various age groups. […] Individuals born after the implementation of the NPI had significantly lower HBV infection rates (p0.0001). […] Thailand introduced a pilot program for universal HBV vaccination in 1988 as part of the National Immunization Program, beginning in Chonburi and Chiang Mai provinces. […] The current HBV vaccine coverage rate for the first dose of HBV vaccination was high (93.1%)14, largely because most births in Thailand occur in hospitals. […] National surveys conducted in 2004 and 2014, involving approximately 6,000 participants representing different regions of Thailand, revealed that individuals born after the introduction of the HBV vaccine under EPI had a markedly reduced rate of HBV infection, as measured by anti-HBc and HBsAg18,19.
  • #35 Using a hepatitis B surveillance system evaluation in Fujian, Hainan, and Gansu provinces to improve data quality and assess program effectiveness, China, 2015 | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text
    https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-020-05265-3
    Monitoring hepatitis B surveillance data is important for evaluating progress towards global hepatitis B elimination goals. Accurate classification of acute and chronic hepatitis infections is essential for assessing program effectiveness. […] We identified discrepancies in the accuracy of HBV case-reporting in the project hospitals. Onsite training on the use of anti-HBc IgM testing as well as on HBV case definitions and reporting procedures are needed to accurately assess program effectiveness and ensure case-patients are referred to appropriate treatment and care. Routine surveillance evaluations such as this can be useful for improving data quality and monitoring program effectiveness. […] Our evaluation identified discrepancies in the classification of HBV cases reported to NNDRSonly 60% of chronic HBV cases and 7% of acute HBV cases were reported correctly to NNDRS. Most misclassifications involved patients with chronic HBV or HBV carriers or patients without the required diagnostic information who were reported as having an acute infection. Misclassification varied by province, hospital grade, and ward type. Additionally, only a few patients received anti-HBc IgM laboratory tests for differentiating acute and chronic infections as recommended. These discrepancies can be addressed through training, possible revisions to reporting procedures, and development of feedback mechanisms to hospital staff. Our project highlights the importance of routine surveillance evaluations for assessing data quality and monitoring program effectiveness. […] Our findings support the use of similar evaluations in other locations as a possible complement to resource-intensive HBV sero-surveys.
  • #36 Surveillance of hepatitis B: an example of a vaccine preventable disease
    https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br/index.php/acervo/buscador.html?task=detalhes&id=W1997362533
    Surveillance of hepatitis B: an example of a vaccine preventable disease […] The objectives of surveillance for vaccine preventable disease vary with the stage of the vaccination programme. […] Post-implementation data is required to monitor effectiveness but when high coverage is achieved surveillance must be able to accurately identify remaining pockets of susceptible persons. […] To encourage the rapid tracing and vaccination of contacts of acute hepatitis B, a sensitive case definition and timely reporting system are required. […] As a country nears elimination, the predictive value of any case definition will fall and laboratory confirmation will always be required to target policy appropriately. […] Serological surveillance is another method for estimating disease incidence. […] Surveillance of vaccine preventable disease therefore requires flexible surveillance systems which are able to adapt to changes in incidence of infection and in control policy.
  • #37 Surveillance of hepatitis B: an example of a vaccine preventable disease
    https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br/index.php/acervo/buscador.html?task=detalhes&id=W1997362533
    Surveillance of hepatitis B: an example of a vaccine preventable disease […] The objectives of surveillance for vaccine preventable disease vary with the stage of the vaccination programme. […] Post-implementation data is required to monitor effectiveness but when high coverage is achieved surveillance must be able to accurately identify remaining pockets of susceptible persons. […] To encourage the rapid tracing and vaccination of contacts of acute hepatitis B, a sensitive case definition and timely reporting system are required. […] As a country nears elimination, the predictive value of any case definition will fall and laboratory confirmation will always be required to target policy appropriately. […] Serological surveillance is another method for estimating disease incidence. […] Surveillance of vaccine preventable disease therefore requires flexible surveillance systems which are able to adapt to changes in incidence of infection and in control policy.
  • #38 Surveillance of hepatitis B: an example of a vaccine preventable disease
    https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br/index.php/acervo/buscador.html?task=detalhes&id=W1997362533
    Surveillance of hepatitis B: an example of a vaccine preventable disease […] The objectives of surveillance for vaccine preventable disease vary with the stage of the vaccination programme. […] Post-implementation data is required to monitor effectiveness but when high coverage is achieved surveillance must be able to accurately identify remaining pockets of susceptible persons. […] To encourage the rapid tracing and vaccination of contacts of acute hepatitis B, a sensitive case definition and timely reporting system are required. […] As a country nears elimination, the predictive value of any case definition will fall and laboratory confirmation will always be required to target policy appropriately. […] Serological surveillance is another method for estimating disease incidence. […] Surveillance of vaccine preventable disease therefore requires flexible surveillance systems which are able to adapt to changes in incidence of infection and in control policy.
  • #39 Surveillance of hepatitis B: an example of a vaccine preventable disease
    https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br/index.php/acervo/buscador.html?task=detalhes&id=W1997362533
    Surveillance of hepatitis B: an example of a vaccine preventable disease […] The objectives of surveillance for vaccine preventable disease vary with the stage of the vaccination programme. […] Post-implementation data is required to monitor effectiveness but when high coverage is achieved surveillance must be able to accurately identify remaining pockets of susceptible persons. […] To encourage the rapid tracing and vaccination of contacts of acute hepatitis B, a sensitive case definition and timely reporting system are required. […] As a country nears elimination, the predictive value of any case definition will fall and laboratory confirmation will always be required to target policy appropriately. […] Serological surveillance is another method for estimating disease incidence. […] Surveillance of vaccine preventable disease therefore requires flexible surveillance systems which are able to adapt to changes in incidence of infection and in control policy.
  • #40 Surveillance of hepatitis B: an example of a vaccine preventable disease
    https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br/index.php/acervo/buscador.html?task=detalhes&id=W1997362533
    Surveillance of hepatitis B: an example of a vaccine preventable disease […] The objectives of surveillance for vaccine preventable disease vary with the stage of the vaccination programme. […] Post-implementation data is required to monitor effectiveness but when high coverage is achieved surveillance must be able to accurately identify remaining pockets of susceptible persons. […] To encourage the rapid tracing and vaccination of contacts of acute hepatitis B, a sensitive case definition and timely reporting system are required. […] As a country nears elimination, the predictive value of any case definition will fall and laboratory confirmation will always be required to target policy appropriately. […] Serological surveillance is another method for estimating disease incidence. […] Surveillance of vaccine preventable disease therefore requires flexible surveillance systems which are able to adapt to changes in incidence of infection and in control policy.
  • #41 Hepatitis B virus infection: epidemiology and vaccination – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16754644/
    Worldwide, two billion people have been infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), 360 million have chronic infection, and 600,000 die each year from HBV-related liver disease or hepatocellular carcinoma. […] Vaccination against HBV infection can be started at birth and provides long-term protection against infection in more than 90% of healthy people. […] In the 1990s, many industrialized countries and a few less-developed countries implemented universal hepatitis B immunization and experienced measurable reductions in HBV-related disease. […] Many resource-poor nations have recently initiated universal hepatitis B immunization programs with assistance from the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization. […] Further progress towards the elimination of HBV transmission will require sustainable vaccination programs with improved vaccination coverage, practical methods of measuring the impact of vaccination programs, and targeted vaccination efforts for communities at high risk of infection.
  • #42 Hepatitis B Surveillance | 2022 Hepatitis Surveillance | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-surveillance-2022/hepatitis-b/index.html
    There were 2,126 new cases of acute hepatitis B reported during 2022. […] There were 13,800 estimated acute HBV infections during 2022. […] There were 16,729 cases of newly reported chronic hepatitis B during 2022. […] There were 1,797 hepatitis B-related deaths reported during 2022. […] Hepatitis B vaccination prevents hepatitis B. To further decrease hepatitis B incidence, CDC published the 2022 universal hepatitis B adult vaccination recommendation calling for all people aged 19-59 years to receive hepatitis B vaccine whether they have risk factors or not. […] During 2022, 16,729 cases of chronic hepatitis B were newly reported by 43 states and the District of Columbia, corresponding to a rate of 5.8 cases per 100,000 people. […] The rate of newly reported chronic hepatitis B cases among non-Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander (A/PI) persons (20.1 cases per 100,000 population) was 11.2 times as high as the rate among non-Hispanic White persons (1.8 cases per 100,000 population).
  • #43 Viral Hepatitis Surveillance and Case Management – Hepatitis B | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/surveillanceguidance/HepatitisB.htm
    Hepatitis B is a disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that can be self-limited for some and lifelong for others. HBV is transmitted through the blood or bodily fluids of an infected person. In the United States, injection drug use (IDU) and having multiple sexual partners are the first and second most common risk behaviors or exposures reported for acute hepatitis B, respectively. Approximately 50-70% of people with acute hepatitis B are not symptomatic, resulting in many undiagnosed and unreported infections. The epidemiology of hepatitis B in the United States has evolved since the hepatitis B vaccine first became available in 1982. Declines in acute hepatitis B incidence following the expansion of vaccination recommendations ceased during 2010-2019. National chronic hepatitis B prevalence and death rates have remained relatively stable. During January 2017-March 2020, approximately 0.2% of the non-institutionalized US population, representing approximately 660,000 people, were estimated to be living with chronic hepatitis B. The prevalence of chronic hepatitis B was highest among non-US-born people and those of Asian/Pacific Islander descent. Approximately 50% of people living with chronic hepatitis B were unaware of their infection status. Recommendations for universal adult hepatitis B screening were released by the CDC. They recommend that all adults 18 years of age be screened at least once. All pregnant women are recommended for universal hepatitis B screening, preferably during the first trimester and regardless of vaccination status or testing history, because of the risk for perinatal transmission. Infants who are perinatally exposed to HBV should receive the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) within 12 hours of birth. Without preventive interventions, chronic infection develops in approximately 90% of infected infants compared with 25-30% of children who acquire HBV infection during 1-5 years of age and about 10% of people infected at 5 years of age. In 2022, the ACIP recommended hepatitis B vaccination for all adults 19-59 years removing the need for risk factor screening among this age group. The purpose of this section is to provide guidance to jurisdictions as they implement and improve hepatitis B surveillance. It contains information regarding reporting requirements, collection of relevant laboratory data, and case investigation. The national incidence of acute hepatitis B dramatically declined after incremental recommendations for vaccinating people at-risk for infection and severe outcomes were released beginning in 1982 and for infants and children in 1991. The number of acute hepatitis B cases reported each year in the United States has remained relatively stable during 2014-2019 but decreased abruptly in 2020 and 2021. The decrease in reported cases could be due to prevention efforts as well as disruptions of the COVID-19 pandemic. IDU and having multiple sexual partners are major risk behaviors associated with acute hepatitis B in the United States, and incidence is highest among non-Hispanic White people, non-Hispanic Black people, and those 30-59 years of age. CDC has provided guidelines for hepatitis B screening among all adults 18 years of age at least once during a lifetime and pregnant women during each pregnancy. Improving hepatitis B surveillance by improving screening is an important component of national and jurisdictional strategies for the prevention and control of hepatitis B.
  • #44 Viral Hepatitis Surveillance and Case Management – Hepatitis B | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/surveillanceguidance/HepatitisB.htm
    Hepatitis B is a disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that can be self-limited for some and lifelong for others. HBV is transmitted through the blood or bodily fluids of an infected person. In the United States, injection drug use (IDU) and having multiple sexual partners are the first and second most common risk behaviors or exposures reported for acute hepatitis B, respectively. Approximately 50-70% of people with acute hepatitis B are not symptomatic, resulting in many undiagnosed and unreported infections. The epidemiology of hepatitis B in the United States has evolved since the hepatitis B vaccine first became available in 1982. Declines in acute hepatitis B incidence following the expansion of vaccination recommendations ceased during 2010-2019. National chronic hepatitis B prevalence and death rates have remained relatively stable. During January 2017-March 2020, approximately 0.2% of the non-institutionalized US population, representing approximately 660,000 people, were estimated to be living with chronic hepatitis B. The prevalence of chronic hepatitis B was highest among non-US-born people and those of Asian/Pacific Islander descent. Approximately 50% of people living with chronic hepatitis B were unaware of their infection status. Recommendations for universal adult hepatitis B screening were released by the CDC. They recommend that all adults 18 years of age be screened at least once. All pregnant women are recommended for universal hepatitis B screening, preferably during the first trimester and regardless of vaccination status or testing history, because of the risk for perinatal transmission. Infants who are perinatally exposed to HBV should receive the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) within 12 hours of birth. Without preventive interventions, chronic infection develops in approximately 90% of infected infants compared with 25-30% of children who acquire HBV infection during 1-5 years of age and about 10% of people infected at 5 years of age. In 2022, the ACIP recommended hepatitis B vaccination for all adults 19-59 years removing the need for risk factor screening among this age group. The purpose of this section is to provide guidance to jurisdictions as they implement and improve hepatitis B surveillance. It contains information regarding reporting requirements, collection of relevant laboratory data, and case investigation. The national incidence of acute hepatitis B dramatically declined after incremental recommendations for vaccinating people at-risk for infection and severe outcomes were released beginning in 1982 and for infants and children in 1991. The number of acute hepatitis B cases reported each year in the United States has remained relatively stable during 2014-2019 but decreased abruptly in 2020 and 2021. The decrease in reported cases could be due to prevention efforts as well as disruptions of the COVID-19 pandemic. IDU and having multiple sexual partners are major risk behaviors associated with acute hepatitis B in the United States, and incidence is highest among non-Hispanic White people, non-Hispanic Black people, and those 30-59 years of age. CDC has provided guidelines for hepatitis B screening among all adults 18 years of age at least once during a lifetime and pregnant women during each pregnancy. Improving hepatitis B surveillance by improving screening is an important component of national and jurisdictional strategies for the prevention and control of hepatitis B.
  • #45 Viral Hepatitis Surveillance and Case Management – Hepatitis B | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/surveillanceguidance/HepatitisB.htm
    Hepatitis B is a disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that can be self-limited for some and lifelong for others. HBV is transmitted through the blood or bodily fluids of an infected person. In the United States, injection drug use (IDU) and having multiple sexual partners are the first and second most common risk behaviors or exposures reported for acute hepatitis B, respectively. Approximately 50-70% of people with acute hepatitis B are not symptomatic, resulting in many undiagnosed and unreported infections. The epidemiology of hepatitis B in the United States has evolved since the hepatitis B vaccine first became available in 1982. Declines in acute hepatitis B incidence following the expansion of vaccination recommendations ceased during 2010-2019. National chronic hepatitis B prevalence and death rates have remained relatively stable. During January 2017-March 2020, approximately 0.2% of the non-institutionalized US population, representing approximately 660,000 people, were estimated to be living with chronic hepatitis B. The prevalence of chronic hepatitis B was highest among non-US-born people and those of Asian/Pacific Islander descent. Approximately 50% of people living with chronic hepatitis B were unaware of their infection status. Recommendations for universal adult hepatitis B screening were released by the CDC. They recommend that all adults 18 years of age be screened at least once. All pregnant women are recommended for universal hepatitis B screening, preferably during the first trimester and regardless of vaccination status or testing history, because of the risk for perinatal transmission. Infants who are perinatally exposed to HBV should receive the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) within 12 hours of birth. Without preventive interventions, chronic infection develops in approximately 90% of infected infants compared with 25-30% of children who acquire HBV infection during 1-5 years of age and about 10% of people infected at 5 years of age. In 2022, the ACIP recommended hepatitis B vaccination for all adults 19-59 years removing the need for risk factor screening among this age group. The purpose of this section is to provide guidance to jurisdictions as they implement and improve hepatitis B surveillance. It contains information regarding reporting requirements, collection of relevant laboratory data, and case investigation. The national incidence of acute hepatitis B dramatically declined after incremental recommendations for vaccinating people at-risk for infection and severe outcomes were released beginning in 1982 and for infants and children in 1991. The number of acute hepatitis B cases reported each year in the United States has remained relatively stable during 2014-2019 but decreased abruptly in 2020 and 2021. The decrease in reported cases could be due to prevention efforts as well as disruptions of the COVID-19 pandemic. IDU and having multiple sexual partners are major risk behaviors associated with acute hepatitis B in the United States, and incidence is highest among non-Hispanic White people, non-Hispanic Black people, and those 30-59 years of age. CDC has provided guidelines for hepatitis B screening among all adults 18 years of age at least once during a lifetime and pregnant women during each pregnancy. Improving hepatitis B surveillance by improving screening is an important component of national and jurisdictional strategies for the prevention and control of hepatitis B.
  • #46 Viral Hepatitis Surveillance and Case Management – Hepatitis B | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/surveillanceguidance/HepatitisB.htm
    Hepatitis B is a disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that can be self-limited for some and lifelong for others. HBV is transmitted through the blood or bodily fluids of an infected person. In the United States, injection drug use (IDU) and having multiple sexual partners are the first and second most common risk behaviors or exposures reported for acute hepatitis B, respectively. Approximately 50-70% of people with acute hepatitis B are not symptomatic, resulting in many undiagnosed and unreported infections. The epidemiology of hepatitis B in the United States has evolved since the hepatitis B vaccine first became available in 1982. Declines in acute hepatitis B incidence following the expansion of vaccination recommendations ceased during 2010-2019. National chronic hepatitis B prevalence and death rates have remained relatively stable. During January 2017-March 2020, approximately 0.2% of the non-institutionalized US population, representing approximately 660,000 people, were estimated to be living with chronic hepatitis B. The prevalence of chronic hepatitis B was highest among non-US-born people and those of Asian/Pacific Islander descent. Approximately 50% of people living with chronic hepatitis B were unaware of their infection status. Recommendations for universal adult hepatitis B screening were released by the CDC. They recommend that all adults 18 years of age be screened at least once. All pregnant women are recommended for universal hepatitis B screening, preferably during the first trimester and regardless of vaccination status or testing history, because of the risk for perinatal transmission. Infants who are perinatally exposed to HBV should receive the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) within 12 hours of birth. Without preventive interventions, chronic infection develops in approximately 90% of infected infants compared with 25-30% of children who acquire HBV infection during 1-5 years of age and about 10% of people infected at 5 years of age. In 2022, the ACIP recommended hepatitis B vaccination for all adults 19-59 years removing the need for risk factor screening among this age group. The purpose of this section is to provide guidance to jurisdictions as they implement and improve hepatitis B surveillance. It contains information regarding reporting requirements, collection of relevant laboratory data, and case investigation. The national incidence of acute hepatitis B dramatically declined after incremental recommendations for vaccinating people at-risk for infection and severe outcomes were released beginning in 1982 and for infants and children in 1991. The number of acute hepatitis B cases reported each year in the United States has remained relatively stable during 2014-2019 but decreased abruptly in 2020 and 2021. The decrease in reported cases could be due to prevention efforts as well as disruptions of the COVID-19 pandemic. IDU and having multiple sexual partners are major risk behaviors associated with acute hepatitis B in the United States, and incidence is highest among non-Hispanic White people, non-Hispanic Black people, and those 30-59 years of age. CDC has provided guidelines for hepatitis B screening among all adults 18 years of age at least once during a lifetime and pregnant women during each pregnancy. Improving hepatitis B surveillance by improving screening is an important component of national and jurisdictional strategies for the prevention and control of hepatitis B.
  • #47 Viral Hepatitis Surveillance and Case Management – Hepatitis B | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/surveillanceguidance/HepatitisB.htm
    Hepatitis B is a disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that can be self-limited for some and lifelong for others. HBV is transmitted through the blood or bodily fluids of an infected person. In the United States, injection drug use (IDU) and having multiple sexual partners are the first and second most common risk behaviors or exposures reported for acute hepatitis B, respectively. Approximately 50-70% of people with acute hepatitis B are not symptomatic, resulting in many undiagnosed and unreported infections. The epidemiology of hepatitis B in the United States has evolved since the hepatitis B vaccine first became available in 1982. Declines in acute hepatitis B incidence following the expansion of vaccination recommendations ceased during 2010-2019. National chronic hepatitis B prevalence and death rates have remained relatively stable. During January 2017-March 2020, approximately 0.2% of the non-institutionalized US population, representing approximately 660,000 people, were estimated to be living with chronic hepatitis B. The prevalence of chronic hepatitis B was highest among non-US-born people and those of Asian/Pacific Islander descent. Approximately 50% of people living with chronic hepatitis B were unaware of their infection status. Recommendations for universal adult hepatitis B screening were released by the CDC. They recommend that all adults 18 years of age be screened at least once. All pregnant women are recommended for universal hepatitis B screening, preferably during the first trimester and regardless of vaccination status or testing history, because of the risk for perinatal transmission. Infants who are perinatally exposed to HBV should receive the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) within 12 hours of birth. Without preventive interventions, chronic infection develops in approximately 90% of infected infants compared with 25-30% of children who acquire HBV infection during 1-5 years of age and about 10% of people infected at 5 years of age. In 2022, the ACIP recommended hepatitis B vaccination for all adults 19-59 years removing the need for risk factor screening among this age group. The purpose of this section is to provide guidance to jurisdictions as they implement and improve hepatitis B surveillance. It contains information regarding reporting requirements, collection of relevant laboratory data, and case investigation. The national incidence of acute hepatitis B dramatically declined after incremental recommendations for vaccinating people at-risk for infection and severe outcomes were released beginning in 1982 and for infants and children in 1991. The number of acute hepatitis B cases reported each year in the United States has remained relatively stable during 2014-2019 but decreased abruptly in 2020 and 2021. The decrease in reported cases could be due to prevention efforts as well as disruptions of the COVID-19 pandemic. IDU and having multiple sexual partners are major risk behaviors associated with acute hepatitis B in the United States, and incidence is highest among non-Hispanic White people, non-Hispanic Black people, and those 30-59 years of age. CDC has provided guidelines for hepatitis B screening among all adults 18 years of age at least once during a lifetime and pregnant women during each pregnancy. Improving hepatitis B surveillance by improving screening is an important component of national and jurisdictional strategies for the prevention and control of hepatitis B.
  • #48 Viral Hepatitis Surveillance and Case Management – Hepatitis B | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/surveillanceguidance/HepatitisB.htm
    Hepatitis B is a disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that can be self-limited for some and lifelong for others. HBV is transmitted through the blood or bodily fluids of an infected person. In the United States, injection drug use (IDU) and having multiple sexual partners are the first and second most common risk behaviors or exposures reported for acute hepatitis B, respectively. Approximately 50-70% of people with acute hepatitis B are not symptomatic, resulting in many undiagnosed and unreported infections. The epidemiology of hepatitis B in the United States has evolved since the hepatitis B vaccine first became available in 1982. Declines in acute hepatitis B incidence following the expansion of vaccination recommendations ceased during 2010-2019. National chronic hepatitis B prevalence and death rates have remained relatively stable. During January 2017-March 2020, approximately 0.2% of the non-institutionalized US population, representing approximately 660,000 people, were estimated to be living with chronic hepatitis B. The prevalence of chronic hepatitis B was highest among non-US-born people and those of Asian/Pacific Islander descent. Approximately 50% of people living with chronic hepatitis B were unaware of their infection status. Recommendations for universal adult hepatitis B screening were released by the CDC. They recommend that all adults 18 years of age be screened at least once. All pregnant women are recommended for universal hepatitis B screening, preferably during the first trimester and regardless of vaccination status or testing history, because of the risk for perinatal transmission. Infants who are perinatally exposed to HBV should receive the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) within 12 hours of birth. Without preventive interventions, chronic infection develops in approximately 90% of infected infants compared with 25-30% of children who acquire HBV infection during 1-5 years of age and about 10% of people infected at 5 years of age. In 2022, the ACIP recommended hepatitis B vaccination for all adults 19-59 years removing the need for risk factor screening among this age group. The purpose of this section is to provide guidance to jurisdictions as they implement and improve hepatitis B surveillance. It contains information regarding reporting requirements, collection of relevant laboratory data, and case investigation. The national incidence of acute hepatitis B dramatically declined after incremental recommendations for vaccinating people at-risk for infection and severe outcomes were released beginning in 1982 and for infants and children in 1991. The number of acute hepatitis B cases reported each year in the United States has remained relatively stable during 2014-2019 but decreased abruptly in 2020 and 2021. The decrease in reported cases could be due to prevention efforts as well as disruptions of the COVID-19 pandemic. IDU and having multiple sexual partners are major risk behaviors associated with acute hepatitis B in the United States, and incidence is highest among non-Hispanic White people, non-Hispanic Black people, and those 30-59 years of age. CDC has provided guidelines for hepatitis B screening among all adults 18 years of age at least once during a lifetime and pregnant women during each pregnancy. Improving hepatitis B surveillance by improving screening is an important component of national and jurisdictional strategies for the prevention and control of hepatitis B.
  • #49 Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Impact of Vaccination on Disease
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5582972/
    The most impactful strategy for reducing mother to newborn transmission of HBV is incorporating the birth dose into the hepatitis B vaccine schedule. A birth dose followed by 2 more doses of hepatitis B vaccine can reduce the prevalence of chronic HBV in the infant by approximately 90% in infants of HBeAg-positive mothers and almost all HBeAg-negative mothers. This birth dose is especially important in areas of the world where a significant proportion of HBsAg-positive mothers are also positive for HBeAg, such as in China, south east Asia, and the Pacific Islands. In these areas, if the birth dose is not given, the effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccine could be reduced to as low as only 50% to 75%. […] […] In 1991, the Global Advisory Group of the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) recommended integration of hepatitis B vaccination into national immunization programs by 1995 in countries with an HBV carrier prevalence of 8% or higher, and by 1997 in countries with a lower prevalence. By the end of 2014, hepatitis B vaccine had been introduced nationwide in 184 countries. […]
  • #50 Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Impact of Vaccination on Disease
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5582972/
    The WHO recommends the use of monovalent HBV vaccination within 24 hours of birth, followed by completion of the HBV vaccine series within 6 to 12 months as the most cost-effective strategy for the prevention and control of hepatitis B. This strategy provides the earliest possible protection to future birth cohorts and reduces the pool of chronic carriers in the population. Timely vaccination of newborn infants can prevent perinatal HBV transmission. […] […] The 1991 EPI recommendations for universal hepatitis B vaccine at birth and other hepatitis B vaccination strategies have resulted in substantial reductions of HBV transmission in previously high endemic countries. In 2014, global coverage with 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine is estimated at 82% (compared to 1% in 1990) and is as high as 92% in the Western Pacific. For example, the national Taiwan vaccine program, which started in 1984, has been 78% to 87% effective in reducing HBsAg seroprevalence in children. China has also made remarkable progress in increasing immunization coverage of hepatitis B vaccine. […]
  • #51 Hepatitis B: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177632-overview
    Hepatitis B infection is a worldwide healthcare problem, especially in developing areas. The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is commonly transmitted via body fluids such as blood, semen, and vaginal secretions. […] An estimated one third of the global population is infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Approximately 250-350 million people have lifelong chronic infection, with approximately 1.5 million new cases every year. […] Since the 1970s, considerable progress has also been made regarding the knowledge of the epidemiology, virology, natural history, and treatment of the hepatitis B virion, a hepatotropic virus particle. In addition, ongoing vaccination programs have been successful in many countries and territories in decreasing the prevalence of HBV disease (eg, Taiwan). […] According to the World Health Organization (WHO), by the end of 2010, the HBV vaccine had been routinely introduced in 179 countries, with a global coverage of 75%. Coverage in the Americas was at 89%; in Europe, 78%; in Africa, 76%; and in Southeast Asia, 52%.
  • #52 Hepatitis B: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177632-overview
    Vaccination programs implemented in highly endemic areas seem to have reduced the prevalence of HBV infection. In Taiwan, for example, HBV seroprevalence declined from 10% in 1984 (before vaccination programs) to less than 1% in 1994 after the implementation of vaccination programs, and the incidence of HCC declined from 0.52% to 0.13% during the same period.
  • #53
    https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/assets/Prevention-Hepatitis-B-and-C/elimination-targets-progress.html
    The data came from a range of sources, including surveillance, surveys, and occupational health registries. […] The epidemics of HBV and HCV in the EU/EEA are complex and dynamic, with evidence of ongoing transmission of infections and extremely high prevalence in some population groups. […] Currently, there is suboptimal HBV vaccine coverage across EU/EEA countries for programmes targeting children as part of the primary schedule as well as among key adult populations at risk of infection. […] Vaccination efforts targeting MSM should also be reviewed and strengthened where necessary.
  • #54
    https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/assets/Prevention-Hepatitis-B-and-C/elimination-targets-progress.html
    The hepatitis B vaccine has been instrumental in reducing the global incidence of hepatitis B among children under the age of five years. […] In the EU/EEA, 27 countries recommend universal childhood vaccination against hepatitis B. […] Data on vaccine coverage in 2020 were available from 23 countries. Of these, 11 countries (50%) have met the 2020 target of 95% coverage. […] Some countries reported that coverage of the three doses of HBV vaccine has declined since 2019 which may be due to the COVID-19 pandemic and resultant public health measures. […] Sixteen countries reported that they had an HBV vaccination policy or programme aimed at vaccinating PWID against HBV. […] Twenty-four countries reported that they have national HBV vaccination policies or programmes aimed towards healthcare workers.
  • #55
    https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/assets/Prevention-Hepatitis-B-and-C/elimination-targets-progress.html
    The hepatitis B vaccine has been instrumental in reducing the global incidence of hepatitis B among children under the age of five years. […] In the EU/EEA, 27 countries recommend universal childhood vaccination against hepatitis B. […] Data on vaccine coverage in 2020 were available from 23 countries. Of these, 11 countries (50%) have met the 2020 target of 95% coverage. […] Some countries reported that coverage of the three doses of HBV vaccine has declined since 2019 which may be due to the COVID-19 pandemic and resultant public health measures. […] Sixteen countries reported that they had an HBV vaccination policy or programme aimed at vaccinating PWID against HBV. […] Twenty-four countries reported that they have national HBV vaccination policies or programmes aimed towards healthcare workers.
  • #56
    https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/assets/Prevention-Hepatitis-B-and-C/elimination-targets-progress.html
    The hepatitis B vaccine has been instrumental in reducing the global incidence of hepatitis B among children under the age of five years. […] In the EU/EEA, 27 countries recommend universal childhood vaccination against hepatitis B. […] Data on vaccine coverage in 2020 were available from 23 countries. Of these, 11 countries (50%) have met the 2020 target of 95% coverage. […] Some countries reported that coverage of the three doses of HBV vaccine has declined since 2019 which may be due to the COVID-19 pandemic and resultant public health measures. […] Sixteen countries reported that they had an HBV vaccination policy or programme aimed at vaccinating PWID against HBV. […] Twenty-four countries reported that they have national HBV vaccination policies or programmes aimed towards healthcare workers.
  • #57
    https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/assets/Prevention-Hepatitis-B-and-C/elimination-targets-progress.html
    The hepatitis B vaccine has been instrumental in reducing the global incidence of hepatitis B among children under the age of five years. […] In the EU/EEA, 27 countries recommend universal childhood vaccination against hepatitis B. […] Data on vaccine coverage in 2020 were available from 23 countries. Of these, 11 countries (50%) have met the 2020 target of 95% coverage. […] Some countries reported that coverage of the three doses of HBV vaccine has declined since 2019 which may be due to the COVID-19 pandemic and resultant public health measures. […] Sixteen countries reported that they had an HBV vaccination policy or programme aimed at vaccinating PWID against HBV. […] Twenty-four countries reported that they have national HBV vaccination policies or programmes aimed towards healthcare workers.
  • #58 Adverse Events of Vaccination against Hepatitis B Virus in Post-Marketing Surveillance from 2005 to 2017 in Guangdong Province, China
    https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/7/1087
    The present study focused on the adverse events following the vaccination against hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the Guangdong Province of China between 2005 and 2017. In total, more than 88 million doses of HBV vaccine were administered in the Guangdong Province during the study period. A total of 3115 adverse events following immunization (AEFI) related to HBV vaccination occurred, with an overall incidence of 35.39 per million doses. […] This study suggested that the HBV vaccine posed a reasonable profile because most adverse events remained relatively mild, and the neurological events were relatively rare. This study concluded that the incidence of severe vaccine reactions related to HBV vaccination are extremely low. […] Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a critical issue of public health across the globe, which can lead to a lifelong chronic infection associated with the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. […] Hepatitis B passive and active immunoprophylaxis at birth, together with antiviral treatment of highly viremic mothers, are the key strategies for the global treatment of HBV infection. The HBV vaccine for newborns is an essential measure to stop HBV infection and transmission from mother to their children.
  • #59 Adverse Events of Vaccination against Hepatitis B Virus in Post-Marketing Surveillance from 2005 to 2017 in Guangdong Province, China
    https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/7/1087
    The present study focused on the adverse events following the vaccination against hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the Guangdong Province of China between 2005 and 2017. In total, more than 88 million doses of HBV vaccine were administered in the Guangdong Province during the study period. A total of 3115 adverse events following immunization (AEFI) related to HBV vaccination occurred, with an overall incidence of 35.39 per million doses. […] This study suggested that the HBV vaccine posed a reasonable profile because most adverse events remained relatively mild, and the neurological events were relatively rare. This study concluded that the incidence of severe vaccine reactions related to HBV vaccination are extremely low. […] Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a critical issue of public health across the globe, which can lead to a lifelong chronic infection associated with the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. […] Hepatitis B passive and active immunoprophylaxis at birth, together with antiviral treatment of highly viremic mothers, are the key strategies for the global treatment of HBV infection. The HBV vaccine for newborns is an essential measure to stop HBV infection and transmission from mother to their children.
  • #60 Adverse Events of Vaccination against Hepatitis B Virus in Post-Marketing Surveillance from 2005 to 2017 in Guangdong Province, China
    https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/7/1087
    The present study focused on the adverse events following the vaccination against hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the Guangdong Province of China between 2005 and 2017. In total, more than 88 million doses of HBV vaccine were administered in the Guangdong Province during the study period. A total of 3115 adverse events following immunization (AEFI) related to HBV vaccination occurred, with an overall incidence of 35.39 per million doses. […] This study suggested that the HBV vaccine posed a reasonable profile because most adverse events remained relatively mild, and the neurological events were relatively rare. This study concluded that the incidence of severe vaccine reactions related to HBV vaccination are extremely low. […] Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a critical issue of public health across the globe, which can lead to a lifelong chronic infection associated with the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. […] Hepatitis B passive and active immunoprophylaxis at birth, together with antiviral treatment of highly viremic mothers, are the key strategies for the global treatment of HBV infection. The HBV vaccine for newborns is an essential measure to stop HBV infection and transmission from mother to their children.
  • #61 The forgotten people: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection as a priority for the inclusion health agenda | eLife
    https://elifesciences.org/articles/81070
    An advocate with lived experience of HBV infection described the HBV community as the forgotten people, a description that is also pertinent to inclusion health populations. […] We have collated evidence for the impact of HBV in some of these marginalised populations globally, assimilating data and identifying knowledge gaps in order to inform the HBV agenda in inclusion health. […] Addressing the complex intersection of social exclusion and HBV infection is essential to support progress towards global elimination goals. […] The majority of existing research on inclusion health and HBV is biased towards high-income settings such as Europe and North America. […] Increased difficulties collecting relevant data, heightened exclusion from healthcare services and increased HBV prevalence, mean it is of even greater importance to prioritise HBV in the inclusion health agenda globally, particularly in Africa where HBV research, advocacy, representation and investment have been neglected.
  • #62 The forgotten people: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection as a priority for the inclusion health agenda | eLife
    https://elifesciences.org/articles/81070
    There are clear SDG30 goals for HBV, but it is impossible to determine the nature and magnitude of the challenge, benchmark progress, or deploy appropriate interventions without accurate epidemiological data. […] Active targeted screening efforts are an important step towards HBV elimination. […] A safe, effective vaccine against HBV has been available since 1982, and remains a key tool for the elimination of viral hepatitis. […] The WHO has recommended a universal birth dose HBV vaccination since 2009, irrespective of the mothers serological status, but coverage was still only 42% globally and 17% in the WHO African Region by 2021. […] This strategy would be a particularly important public health intervention for future inclusion health populations, in whom catch-up three-dose adult vaccination is challenging and may not be cost-effective.
  • #63 The Impact of Vaccination and Antiviral Therapy on Hepatitis B and Hepatitis D Epidemiology | PLOS One
    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110143
    Although, higher vaccination coverage of newborns should eliminate both HBV and HDV over a long time period, any short term strategy to eradicate HDV must include additional preventive measures such as HBV adult vaccination. […] Implementation of HBV adult vaccination programs at a rate of 10% per year over 15 years will further prevent 39 thousand new HDV infections in China by 2028 as compared to HBV vaccination programs solely for newborns.
  • #64 The Impact of Vaccination and Antiviral Therapy on Hepatitis B and Hepatitis D Epidemiology | PLOS One
    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110143
    Although, higher vaccination coverage of newborns should eliminate both HBV and HDV over a long time period, any short term strategy to eradicate HDV must include additional preventive measures such as HBV adult vaccination. […] Implementation of HBV adult vaccination programs at a rate of 10% per year over 15 years will further prevent 39 thousand new HDV infections in China by 2028 as compared to HBV vaccination programs solely for newborns.
  • #65 Significant reduction in Hepatitis B virus infections following 32 years of universal Hepatitis B vaccination as part of EPI, Thailand | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-84854-7
    The World Health Organization (WHO) aims to eliminate HBV as a public health threat by 203020. One key strategy is to reduce new HBV infections by at least 90%, and the administration of a birth dose of the HBV vaccine is a highly effective measure. […] This study presents a national survey on HBV infection across different age groups, following a pattern of studies conducted every 10 years. […] This study demonstrated a significant decline in overall hepatitis B infections, as reflected by anti-HBc markers and the reduced hepatitis B carrier rate compared to previous decades. […] Thailand has implemented effective measures to prevent hepatitis B infections through the administration of vaccines from birth and completion of the vaccine series in the first year of life. […] This data, collected over the past 30 years, forms the basis for ongoing hepatitis prevention and control measures, helping Thailand meet WHOs 2030 target of minimizing hepatitis infections.
  • #66 Significant reduction in Hepatitis B virus infections following 32 years of universal Hepatitis B vaccination as part of EPI, Thailand | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-84854-7
    The World Health Organization (WHO) aims to eliminate HBV as a public health threat by 203020. One key strategy is to reduce new HBV infections by at least 90%, and the administration of a birth dose of the HBV vaccine is a highly effective measure. […] This study presents a national survey on HBV infection across different age groups, following a pattern of studies conducted every 10 years. […] This study demonstrated a significant decline in overall hepatitis B infections, as reflected by anti-HBc markers and the reduced hepatitis B carrier rate compared to previous decades. […] Thailand has implemented effective measures to prevent hepatitis B infections through the administration of vaccines from birth and completion of the vaccine series in the first year of life. […] This data, collected over the past 30 years, forms the basis for ongoing hepatitis prevention and control measures, helping Thailand meet WHOs 2030 target of minimizing hepatitis infections.
  • #67 Surveillance Reports – Health Protection Surveillance Centre
    https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/hepatitis/hepatitisb/surveillancereports/
    Epidemiology of Hepatitis B in Ireland, Trends up to Q1 2024 […] The Health Protection Surveillance Centre (HPSC) has published the Epidemiology of Hepatitis B in Ireland, Trends up to Q1 2024 in advance of World Hepatitis Day 2024. […] Notification data indicate that antenatal screening for hepatitis B, with appropriate care for mothers to prevent infection in infants, and universal hepatitis B vaccination as part of the primary immunisation schedule are working. There have been no notifications of hepatitis B in children under 16 born in Ireland in the past five years. […] The notification rate for acute cases (recent infections) of hepatitis B was low in Ireland in 2023, similar to EU/EEA countries in 2022. […] Hepatitis B infection is a vaccine preventable disease. Universal infant vaccination was introduced in Ireland in 2008. Vaccination is also recommended by the National immunisation Advisory committee (NIAC) for groups at higher risk of infection.
  • #68 Surveillance Reports – Health Protection Surveillance Centre
    https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/hepatitis/hepatitisb/surveillancereports/
    Epidemiology of Hepatitis B in Ireland, Trends up to Q1 2024 […] The Health Protection Surveillance Centre (HPSC) has published the Epidemiology of Hepatitis B in Ireland, Trends up to Q1 2024 in advance of World Hepatitis Day 2024. […] Notification data indicate that antenatal screening for hepatitis B, with appropriate care for mothers to prevent infection in infants, and universal hepatitis B vaccination as part of the primary immunisation schedule are working. There have been no notifications of hepatitis B in children under 16 born in Ireland in the past five years. […] The notification rate for acute cases (recent infections) of hepatitis B was low in Ireland in 2023, similar to EU/EEA countries in 2022. […] Hepatitis B infection is a vaccine preventable disease. Universal infant vaccination was introduced in Ireland in 2008. Vaccination is also recommended by the National immunisation Advisory committee (NIAC) for groups at higher risk of infection.
  • #69 Surveillance Reports – Health Protection Surveillance Centre
    https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/hepatitis/hepatitisb/surveillancereports/
    Notification data show that infant and childhood vaccination programmes are very successful. They are preventing infection in children, an important achievement, as those who become infected in early childhood are likely to develop chronic infection. There have been no notifications of hepatitis B in children under 16 years, who were born in Ireland, in the past five years. […] Vaccination is also recommended by NIAC for those at higher risk of infection. […] Ireland is likely to have achieved some of the WHO 2030 targets to eliminate viral hepatitis as a public health threat. More work is needed to improve monitoring of hepatitis B prevention and mitigation measures so that Ireland can demonstrate its progress to reach the goal of making hepatitis B a rare disease and no longer a public health threat.
  • #70
    https://journals.lww.com/epidem/fulltext/2000/05000/hepatitis_b_vaccine_is_not_associated_with_liver.31.aspx
    We reported our findings from the NHIS data because of the scarcity of information on long-term evaluations of hepatitis B virus vaccine (HBV) in U.S. children. […] Thus, we are in full agreement with the suggestion of Van Damme, Van Herck, and Meheus that a prospective cohort study representing the general population of U.S. children could provide stronger evidence of the risks and benefits of universal infant hepatitis B vaccination.
  • #71 Using a hepatitis B surveillance system evaluation in Fujian, Hainan, and Gansu provinces to improve data quality and assess program effectiveness, China, 2015 | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text
    https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-020-05265-3
    Monitoring hepatitis B surveillance data is important for evaluating progress towards global hepatitis B elimination goals. Accurate classification of acute and chronic hepatitis infections is essential for assessing program effectiveness. […] We identified discrepancies in the accuracy of HBV case-reporting in the project hospitals. Onsite training on the use of anti-HBc IgM testing as well as on HBV case definitions and reporting procedures are needed to accurately assess program effectiveness and ensure case-patients are referred to appropriate treatment and care. Routine surveillance evaluations such as this can be useful for improving data quality and monitoring program effectiveness. […] Our evaluation identified discrepancies in the classification of HBV cases reported to NNDRSonly 60% of chronic HBV cases and 7% of acute HBV cases were reported correctly to NNDRS. Most misclassifications involved patients with chronic HBV or HBV carriers or patients without the required diagnostic information who were reported as having an acute infection. Misclassification varied by province, hospital grade, and ward type. Additionally, only a few patients received anti-HBc IgM laboratory tests for differentiating acute and chronic infections as recommended. These discrepancies can be addressed through training, possible revisions to reporting procedures, and development of feedback mechanisms to hospital staff. Our project highlights the importance of routine surveillance evaluations for assessing data quality and monitoring program effectiveness. […] Our findings support the use of similar evaluations in other locations as a possible complement to resource-intensive HBV sero-surveys.
  • #72 Using a hepatitis B surveillance system evaluation in Fujian, Hainan, and Gansu provinces to improve data quality and assess program effectiveness, China, 2015 | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text
    https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-020-05265-3
    Monitoring hepatitis B surveillance data is important for evaluating progress towards global hepatitis B elimination goals. Accurate classification of acute and chronic hepatitis infections is essential for assessing program effectiveness. […] We identified discrepancies in the accuracy of HBV case-reporting in the project hospitals. Onsite training on the use of anti-HBc IgM testing as well as on HBV case definitions and reporting procedures are needed to accurately assess program effectiveness and ensure case-patients are referred to appropriate treatment and care. Routine surveillance evaluations such as this can be useful for improving data quality and monitoring program effectiveness. […] Our evaluation identified discrepancies in the classification of HBV cases reported to NNDRSonly 60% of chronic HBV cases and 7% of acute HBV cases were reported correctly to NNDRS. Most misclassifications involved patients with chronic HBV or HBV carriers or patients without the required diagnostic information who were reported as having an acute infection. Misclassification varied by province, hospital grade, and ward type. Additionally, only a few patients received anti-HBc IgM laboratory tests for differentiating acute and chronic infections as recommended. These discrepancies can be addressed through training, possible revisions to reporting procedures, and development of feedback mechanisms to hospital staff. Our project highlights the importance of routine surveillance evaluations for assessing data quality and monitoring program effectiveness. […] Our findings support the use of similar evaluations in other locations as a possible complement to resource-intensive HBV sero-surveys.
  • #73 The Impact of Vaccination and Antiviral Therapy on Hepatitis B and Hepatitis D Epidemiology | PLOS One
    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110143
    The major cause of liver cancer around the globe is hepatitis B virus (HBV), which also contributes to a large number of deaths due to liver failure alone. […] The only preventive action suggested by the World Health Organization is to introduce HBV vaccination for children immediately after birth (newborns) and thus reduce the available pool for HDV infection. […] Model simulations suggest that HBV vertical transmission and HBV vaccination rates for newborns are instrumental in determining HBV and HDV prevalence. […] A decrease in HBV prevalence is observed as vaccination coverage increases and it is possible to eradicate both HBV and HDV using high vaccination coverage of 80% in the long term. […] An application of our model to China revealed that vaccinating every newborn in China will further prevent 1.69 million new infections by 2028 as compared to the current 90% vaccination coverage.
  • #74 Hepatitis B vaccine – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B_vaccine
    The Hepatitis B vaccine is now believed to provide indefinite protection. Older literature assumed that immunity would wane with antibody titers and only effectively last five to seven years, but immune-challenge studies show that even after 30 years, the immune system maintains the ability to produce an anamnestic response, i.e. to rapidly bump up antibody levels when the previously seen antigen is detected. […] The following is a list of countries by the percentage of infants receiving three doses of hepatitis B vaccine as published by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2017 compared to 2022. […] According to the CDC, 34.2% of all adults over the age of 18 in the United States have received at least one HepB vaccine. Vaccine uptake varies across demographics such race, age, and travel status.
  • #75 Hepatitis B vaccine – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B_vaccine
    The Hepatitis B vaccine is now believed to provide indefinite protection. Older literature assumed that immunity would wane with antibody titers and only effectively last five to seven years, but immune-challenge studies show that even after 30 years, the immune system maintains the ability to produce an anamnestic response, i.e. to rapidly bump up antibody levels when the previously seen antigen is detected. […] The following is a list of countries by the percentage of infants receiving three doses of hepatitis B vaccine as published by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2017 compared to 2022. […] According to the CDC, 34.2% of all adults over the age of 18 in the United States have received at least one HepB vaccine. Vaccine uptake varies across demographics such race, age, and travel status.
  • #76 Epidemiological study of hepatitis B and hepatitis C infections in Northeastern China and the beneficial effect of the vaccination strategy for hepatitis B: a cross-sectional study | BMC Public Health | Full Text
    https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-018-5984-6
    Viral hepatitis, mainly hepatitis B and C, is a serious public health problem worldwide. This study investigated the epidemiology of HBV and HCV infections and assessed the beneficial effect of the vaccination strategy for hepatitis B in Northeastern China. Among all study participants, 3.8% and 0.36% tested positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HCV, respectively. Notably, among all age groups, the lowest rate of HBsAg positivity (0.2%) was found in children born after the implementation of the vaccination strategy for hepatitis B. The rate of HBsAg-positivity declined significantly following successful implementation of the policy on hepatitis B vaccination, indicating a beneficial impact on the control of HBV infection. In China, a policy of free vaccination against hepatitis B for newborn infants and children was implemented in 2002. Our results also showed that only 16.5% of the HBsAg-positive population previously knew that they were positive for HBsAg. The main findings of the present study are summarized as follows: (1) HBsAg was detected in 3.8% of the study participants, which corresponds to low intermediate endemicity and was markedly lower than the rate of 7.2% previously reported. (4) Finally, children born after the vaccination strategy for hepatitis B was implemented had the lowest HBsAg-positivity rate of 0.2% among all age groups, indicating the beneficial effect of the public policy for the prevention and control of HBV infection in China. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrate that the HBsAg-positive rate decreased significantly after implementation of the public policy on hepatitis B vaccination in China, suggesting a beneficial impact of the policy on the control of HBV infection. […] However, the anti-HCV-positivity rate showed a subtle decrease, indicating that continuous effort is still needed to strengthen the programs for the prevention and control of viral hepatitis in China.
  • #77 Epidemiological study of hepatitis B and hepatitis C infections in Northeastern China and the beneficial effect of the vaccination strategy for hepatitis B: a cross-sectional study | BMC Public Health | Full Text
    https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-018-5984-6
    Viral hepatitis, mainly hepatitis B and C, is a serious public health problem worldwide. This study investigated the epidemiology of HBV and HCV infections and assessed the beneficial effect of the vaccination strategy for hepatitis B in Northeastern China. Among all study participants, 3.8% and 0.36% tested positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HCV, respectively. Notably, among all age groups, the lowest rate of HBsAg positivity (0.2%) was found in children born after the implementation of the vaccination strategy for hepatitis B. The rate of HBsAg-positivity declined significantly following successful implementation of the policy on hepatitis B vaccination, indicating a beneficial impact on the control of HBV infection. In China, a policy of free vaccination against hepatitis B for newborn infants and children was implemented in 2002. Our results also showed that only 16.5% of the HBsAg-positive population previously knew that they were positive for HBsAg. The main findings of the present study are summarized as follows: (1) HBsAg was detected in 3.8% of the study participants, which corresponds to low intermediate endemicity and was markedly lower than the rate of 7.2% previously reported. (4) Finally, children born after the vaccination strategy for hepatitis B was implemented had the lowest HBsAg-positivity rate of 0.2% among all age groups, indicating the beneficial effect of the public policy for the prevention and control of HBV infection in China. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrate that the HBsAg-positive rate decreased significantly after implementation of the public policy on hepatitis B vaccination in China, suggesting a beneficial impact of the policy on the control of HBV infection. […] However, the anti-HCV-positivity rate showed a subtle decrease, indicating that continuous effort is still needed to strengthen the programs for the prevention and control of viral hepatitis in China.
  • #78 Significant reduction in Hepatitis B virus infections following 32 years of universal Hepatitis B vaccination as part of EPI, Thailand | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-84854-7
    The World Health Organization (WHO) aims to eliminate HBV as a public health threat by 203020. One key strategy is to reduce new HBV infections by at least 90%, and the administration of a birth dose of the HBV vaccine is a highly effective measure. […] This study presents a national survey on HBV infection across different age groups, following a pattern of studies conducted every 10 years. […] This study demonstrated a significant decline in overall hepatitis B infections, as reflected by anti-HBc markers and the reduced hepatitis B carrier rate compared to previous decades. […] Thailand has implemented effective measures to prevent hepatitis B infections through the administration of vaccines from birth and completion of the vaccine series in the first year of life. […] This data, collected over the past 30 years, forms the basis for ongoing hepatitis prevention and control measures, helping Thailand meet WHOs 2030 target of minimizing hepatitis infections.
  • #79 Significant reduction in Hepatitis B virus infections following 32 years of universal Hepatitis B vaccination as part of EPI, Thailand | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-84854-7
    The World Health Organization (WHO) aims to eliminate HBV as a public health threat by 203020. One key strategy is to reduce new HBV infections by at least 90%, and the administration of a birth dose of the HBV vaccine is a highly effective measure. […] This study presents a national survey on HBV infection across different age groups, following a pattern of studies conducted every 10 years. […] This study demonstrated a significant decline in overall hepatitis B infections, as reflected by anti-HBc markers and the reduced hepatitis B carrier rate compared to previous decades. […] Thailand has implemented effective measures to prevent hepatitis B infections through the administration of vaccines from birth and completion of the vaccine series in the first year of life. […] This data, collected over the past 30 years, forms the basis for ongoing hepatitis prevention and control measures, helping Thailand meet WHOs 2030 target of minimizing hepatitis infections.
  • #80 SciELO Brazil – Prevalence, risk factors and hepatitis B immunization: helping fill the gap on hepatitis B epidemiology among homeless people, Goiânia, Central Brazil Prevalence, risk factors and hepatitis B immunization: helping fill the gap on hepatiti
    https://www.scielo.br/j/csp/a/hRVY5qbZT85rtsNBR56HKyM/
    The only study on hepatitis B in this population was carried out in the beginning of 2000 among 330 shelter users in the city of So Paulo, Southeastern Region of the country. […] The gold standard for assessment of vaccine coverage is the immunization record (a card issued by the public health system). […] In our study, only 19.5% of participants presented a serological profile of prior immunization, confirming the low frequency of hepatitis B vaccination among vulnerable populations in our region and elsewhere. […] These findings and that of higher HBV prevalence among older homeless reinforce the need of health managers to invest in more persuasive strategies to vaccinate these specific populations, particularly older subjects.
  • #81 Determinants of incomplete childhood hepatitis B vaccination in Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Guinea: Analysis of national surveys (2018–2020) | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/determinants-of-incomplete-childhood-hepatitis-b-vaccination-in-sierra-leone-liberia-and-guinea-analysis-of-national-surveys-20182020/92195454A6B36D19482D0D3D1C20C25C
    Vaccination against hepatitis B virus (HBV) is effective at preventing vertical transmission. Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Guinea are hyperendemic West African countries; yet, childhood vaccination coverage is suboptimal, and the determinants of incomplete vaccination are poorly understood. […] Sierra Leone had the highest HBV childhood vaccination coverage (70.3%), followed by Liberia (64.6%) and Guinea (39.3%). […] Understanding and addressing modifiable determinants of incomplete vaccination will be essential to help achieve the 2030 viral hepatitis elimination goals. […] The most effective method of preventing HBV is through vaccination. […] However, in many countries in SSA, the HBV vaccine is not given at birth but is administered as part of the pentavalent vaccine (HBV, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and Haemophilus influenzae type B) at 6, 10, and 14 weeks post-partum.
  • #82 Determinants of incomplete childhood hepatitis B vaccination in Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Guinea: Analysis of national surveys (2018–2020) | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/determinants-of-incomplete-childhood-hepatitis-b-vaccination-in-sierra-leone-liberia-and-guinea-analysis-of-national-surveys-20182020/92195454A6B36D19482D0D3D1C20C25C
    Vaccination against hepatitis B virus (HBV) is effective at preventing vertical transmission. Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Guinea are hyperendemic West African countries; yet, childhood vaccination coverage is suboptimal, and the determinants of incomplete vaccination are poorly understood. […] Sierra Leone had the highest HBV childhood vaccination coverage (70.3%), followed by Liberia (64.6%) and Guinea (39.3%). […] Understanding and addressing modifiable determinants of incomplete vaccination will be essential to help achieve the 2030 viral hepatitis elimination goals. […] The most effective method of preventing HBV is through vaccination. […] However, in many countries in SSA, the HBV vaccine is not given at birth but is administered as part of the pentavalent vaccine (HBV, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and Haemophilus influenzae type B) at 6, 10, and 14 weeks post-partum.
  • #83 CDC Publishes 2 Reports on Hepatitis Incidence Rates and Progress Towards 2025 Goals
    https://www.contagionlive.com/view/cdc-publishes-latest-report-on-hepatitis-incidence-rates
    The CDC has published its Viral Hepatitis Surveillance Report United States, 2021, which details the incidence rates during that time period. Although the rates of acute infections decreased for both hepatitis A and B, the reports authors note the effects of the pandemic may have not been able to provide a true accounting of statistics due to various factors. […] For hepatitis B, new virus infections declined in 2020 and 2021. According to the report, 47 states reported 2045 hepatitis B cases corresponding in an estimated 13,300 infections. The authors report that for years there were stable rates of hepatitis B infection, however, the rate of infections decreased significantly in 2020 and again the rate decreased by 14% in 2021. […] The authors noted that although the 2 hepatitis B indicators for new infections met the annual target for 2021, they write, it is difficult to determine to what degree the lower rates are attributable to true reductions in disease burden versus impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on access to healthcare, hepatitis testing, and health department capacity to perform viral hepatitis case investigations.
  • #84 CDC Publishes 2 Reports on Hepatitis Incidence Rates and Progress Towards 2025 Goals
    https://www.contagionlive.com/view/cdc-publishes-latest-report-on-hepatitis-incidence-rates
    The CDC has published its Viral Hepatitis Surveillance Report United States, 2021, which details the incidence rates during that time period. Although the rates of acute infections decreased for both hepatitis A and B, the reports authors note the effects of the pandemic may have not been able to provide a true accounting of statistics due to various factors. […] For hepatitis B, new virus infections declined in 2020 and 2021. According to the report, 47 states reported 2045 hepatitis B cases corresponding in an estimated 13,300 infections. The authors report that for years there were stable rates of hepatitis B infection, however, the rate of infections decreased significantly in 2020 and again the rate decreased by 14% in 2021. […] The authors noted that although the 2 hepatitis B indicators for new infections met the annual target for 2021, they write, it is difficult to determine to what degree the lower rates are attributable to true reductions in disease burden versus impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on access to healthcare, hepatitis testing, and health department capacity to perform viral hepatitis case investigations.
  • #85 CDC Publishes 2 Reports on Hepatitis Incidence Rates and Progress Towards 2025 Goals
    https://www.contagionlive.com/view/cdc-publishes-latest-report-on-hepatitis-incidence-rates
    The CDC has published its Viral Hepatitis Surveillance Report United States, 2021, which details the incidence rates during that time period. Although the rates of acute infections decreased for both hepatitis A and B, the reports authors note the effects of the pandemic may have not been able to provide a true accounting of statistics due to various factors. […] For hepatitis B, new virus infections declined in 2020 and 2021. According to the report, 47 states reported 2045 hepatitis B cases corresponding in an estimated 13,300 infections. The authors report that for years there were stable rates of hepatitis B infection, however, the rate of infections decreased significantly in 2020 and again the rate decreased by 14% in 2021. […] The authors noted that although the 2 hepatitis B indicators for new infections met the annual target for 2021, they write, it is difficult to determine to what degree the lower rates are attributable to true reductions in disease burden versus impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on access to healthcare, hepatitis testing, and health department capacity to perform viral hepatitis case investigations.
  • #86 CDC Publishes 2 Reports on Hepatitis Incidence Rates and Progress Towards 2025 Goals
    https://www.contagionlive.com/view/cdc-publishes-latest-report-on-hepatitis-incidence-rates
    For mortality, the indicators for hepatitis B-related deaths did not meet the annual targets in 2021; however, rates of hepatitis B-related deaths may have been impacted by the increase in overall deaths during the pandemic. […] The authors said there is a strong public health need to continue the CDCs expanded hepatitis B vaccination recommendations as well as improve testing and getting people into the continuum of care.
  • #87 Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Impact of Vaccination on Disease
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5582972/
    The hepatitis B vaccine which has been proven to be safe and effective with protection after the vaccine series estimated to persist for at least 30 years among greater than 90% of persons vaccinated, is a key component of chronic hepatitis B prevention and eventual elimination. Routine infant vaccination in over 180 countries has resulted in a reduction in global HBV transmission and declines in chronic HBV prevalence. Particular success in reduction of HBV burden from high to low endemicity was achieved in Taiwan and Alaska, US and serve as examples for other areas.
  • #88 Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Impact of Vaccination on Disease
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5582972/
    The WHO recommends the use of monovalent HBV vaccination within 24 hours of birth, followed by completion of the HBV vaccine series within 6 to 12 months as the most cost-effective strategy for the prevention and control of hepatitis B. This strategy provides the earliest possible protection to future birth cohorts and reduces the pool of chronic carriers in the population. Timely vaccination of newborn infants can prevent perinatal HBV transmission. […] […] The 1991 EPI recommendations for universal hepatitis B vaccine at birth and other hepatitis B vaccination strategies have resulted in substantial reductions of HBV transmission in previously high endemic countries. In 2014, global coverage with 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine is estimated at 82% (compared to 1% in 1990) and is as high as 92% in the Western Pacific. For example, the national Taiwan vaccine program, which started in 1984, has been 78% to 87% effective in reducing HBsAg seroprevalence in children. China has also made remarkable progress in increasing immunization coverage of hepatitis B vaccine. […]
  • #89 The Impact of Vaccination and Antiviral Therapy on Hepatitis B and Hepatitis D Epidemiology | PLOS One
    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110143
    Although, higher vaccination coverage of newborns should eliminate both HBV and HDV over a long time period, any short term strategy to eradicate HDV must include additional preventive measures such as HBV adult vaccination. […] Implementation of HBV adult vaccination programs at a rate of 10% per year over 15 years will further prevent 39 thousand new HDV infections in China by 2028 as compared to HBV vaccination programs solely for newborns.
  • #90 Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Impact of Vaccination on Disease
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5582972/
    The hepatitis B vaccine which has been proven to be safe and effective with protection after the vaccine series estimated to persist for at least 30 years among greater than 90% of persons vaccinated, is a key component of chronic hepatitis B prevention and eventual elimination. Routine infant vaccination in over 180 countries has resulted in a reduction in global HBV transmission and declines in chronic HBV prevalence. Particular success in reduction of HBV burden from high to low endemicity was achieved in Taiwan and Alaska, US and serve as examples for other areas.
  • #91 SciELO Brazil – Prevalence, risk factors and hepatitis B immunization: helping fill the gap on hepatitis B epidemiology among homeless people, Goiânia, Central Brazil Prevalence, risk factors and hepatitis B immunization: helping fill the gap on hepatiti
    https://www.scielo.br/j/csp/a/hRVY5qbZT85rtsNBR56HKyM/
    The only study on hepatitis B in this population was carried out in the beginning of 2000 among 330 shelter users in the city of So Paulo, Southeastern Region of the country. […] The gold standard for assessment of vaccine coverage is the immunization record (a card issued by the public health system). […] In our study, only 19.5% of participants presented a serological profile of prior immunization, confirming the low frequency of hepatitis B vaccination among vulnerable populations in our region and elsewhere. […] These findings and that of higher HBV prevalence among older homeless reinforce the need of health managers to invest in more persuasive strategies to vaccinate these specific populations, particularly older subjects.
  • #92 Using a hepatitis B surveillance system evaluation in Fujian, Hainan, and Gansu provinces to improve data quality and assess program effectiveness, China, 2015 | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text
    https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-020-05265-3
    Monitoring hepatitis B surveillance data is important for evaluating progress towards global hepatitis B elimination goals. Accurate classification of acute and chronic hepatitis infections is essential for assessing program effectiveness. […] We identified discrepancies in the accuracy of HBV case-reporting in the project hospitals. Onsite training on the use of anti-HBc IgM testing as well as on HBV case definitions and reporting procedures are needed to accurately assess program effectiveness and ensure case-patients are referred to appropriate treatment and care. Routine surveillance evaluations such as this can be useful for improving data quality and monitoring program effectiveness. […] Our evaluation identified discrepancies in the classification of HBV cases reported to NNDRSonly 60% of chronic HBV cases and 7% of acute HBV cases were reported correctly to NNDRS. Most misclassifications involved patients with chronic HBV or HBV carriers or patients without the required diagnostic information who were reported as having an acute infection. Misclassification varied by province, hospital grade, and ward type. Additionally, only a few patients received anti-HBc IgM laboratory tests for differentiating acute and chronic infections as recommended. These discrepancies can be addressed through training, possible revisions to reporting procedures, and development of feedback mechanisms to hospital staff. Our project highlights the importance of routine surveillance evaluations for assessing data quality and monitoring program effectiveness. […] Our findings support the use of similar evaluations in other locations as a possible complement to resource-intensive HBV sero-surveys.
  • #93 Significant reduction in Hepatitis B virus infections following 32 years of universal Hepatitis B vaccination as part of EPI, Thailand | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-84854-7
    The World Health Organization (WHO) aims to eliminate HBV as a public health threat by 203020. One key strategy is to reduce new HBV infections by at least 90%, and the administration of a birth dose of the HBV vaccine is a highly effective measure. […] This study presents a national survey on HBV infection across different age groups, following a pattern of studies conducted every 10 years. […] This study demonstrated a significant decline in overall hepatitis B infections, as reflected by anti-HBc markers and the reduced hepatitis B carrier rate compared to previous decades. […] Thailand has implemented effective measures to prevent hepatitis B infections through the administration of vaccines from birth and completion of the vaccine series in the first year of life. […] This data, collected over the past 30 years, forms the basis for ongoing hepatitis prevention and control measures, helping Thailand meet WHOs 2030 target of minimizing hepatitis infections.
  • #94 Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/1207206
    With the introduction of HBV vaccination on a large scale, the incidence of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma is expected to decrease over the next few decades. […] Given that anti-HB antibodies can disappear to a substantial extent in those vaccinated, after the initial successful vaccination, a booster dose is required of vaccine, following the administration of the primary course, which is recommended by most national bodies. […] Therefore, to ensure continued access to hepatitis B vaccines worldwide, major efforts are needed to support countries securing sustained funding for immunization programs.