Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hepatitis B – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-b/symptoms-causes/syc-20366802

  Hepatitis B is a serious liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). […] A vaccine can prevent infection with the hepatitis B virus. […] Hepatitis B is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). The virus passes from person to person through blood, semen or other body fluids. […] The hepatitis B vaccine is the main way to prevent infection with HBV. The vaccine is given as two shots one month apart, or three or four shots over six months. How many shots you get depends on the type of hepatitis B vaccine that you’re given. You can’t get hepatitis B from the vaccine.

• #2 8 Hepatitis B Vaccine | Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13164/chapter/10

  Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a 42-nm spherical particle that replicates primarily in the liver of infected individuals. […] The virus is very hardy and can live on surfaces for more than 7 days. […] Among adults, the primary modes of transmission are sexual intercourse with persons with chronic lifelong infection (carriers) and percutaneous exposure to the virus due to intravenous drug usage or occupational exposures to needles and other sharp objects. […] Chronic HBV infection may lead to liver cirrhosis, liver failure, hepatocellular carcinoma, or death. […] These outcomes are thought to be the result of the constant activity of the immune system and not a direct consequence of damage caused by the virus itself. […] The likelihood of chronic hepatitis B disease is inversely related to the age of the individual at the time of HBV infection.

• #3 Hepatitis B Vaccine Safety | Vaccine Safety | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vaccine-safety/vaccines/hepatitis-b.html

  Hepatitis B is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus. […] Hepatitis B is a vaccine-preventable liver infection caused by HBV. Hepatitis B can range from a mild, short-term, acute illness lasting a few weeks to a serious, long-term, chronic infection. […] In 1998, some research caused concern that hepatitis B vaccination might be linked with multiple sclerosis (MS), a progressive nerve disease. Numerous studies have evaluated a possible relationship between hepatitis B vaccination and MS. A large body of scientific evidence now shows that hepatitis B vaccination does not cause or worsen MS. […] Hundreds of millions of people worldwide have received hepatitis B vaccine without developing MS or any other autoimmune disease. […] To further explore any possible connection between hepatitis B vaccination and MS, many scientific studies have been conducted, and have concluded that hepatitis B vaccination does not cause MS. […] Researchers at CDC and elsewhere have conducted studies to examine the possible link between vaccines and autoimmune conditions like MS, diabetes, and asthma. These studies have been reassuring, providing no evidence to suggest a link between vaccines and autoimmune conditions.

• #4 Hepatitis B: The Disease & Vaccines | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/vaccine-education-center/vaccine-details/hepatitis-b-vaccine

  The hepatitis B vaccine is given to prevent the severe liver disease that can develop when children or adults are infected with hepatitis B virus. […] Hepatitis B virus infections are known as the „silent epidemic” because many infected people don’t experience symptoms until decades later when they develop hepatitis (inflammation of the liver), cirrhosis (severe liver disease), or cancer of the liver (hepatocellular carcinoma). […] Hepatitis B is transmitted through blood and is 100 times more infectious than HIV. […] Almost half of liver cancers are caused by chronic infection with hepatitis B. […] The hepatitis B vaccine should be given to all teenagers and adults up to 60 years of age who have not yet received the hepatitis B vaccine. […] Every year in the United States about 2,000 people die following an overwhelming hepatitis B virus infection. […] Because hepatitis B virus is a common cause of severe disease and death in the United States, and because the hepatitis B vaccine does not cause permanent damage or death, the benefits of the hepatitis B vaccine clearly outweigh its risks.

• #5 8 Hepatitis B Vaccine | Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13164/chapter/10

  Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a 42-nm spherical particle that replicates primarily in the liver of infected individuals. […] The virus is very hardy and can live on surfaces for more than 7 days. […] Among adults, the primary modes of transmission are sexual intercourse with persons with chronic lifelong infection (carriers) and percutaneous exposure to the virus due to intravenous drug usage or occupational exposures to needles and other sharp objects. […] Chronic HBV infection may lead to liver cirrhosis, liver failure, hepatocellular carcinoma, or death. […] These outcomes are thought to be the result of the constant activity of the immune system and not a direct consequence of damage caused by the virus itself. […] The likelihood of chronic hepatitis B disease is inversely related to the age of the individual at the time of HBV infection.

• #6 Hepatitis B vaccine – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/hepatitis-b-vaccine/

  The hepatitis B vaccine helps protect against hepatitis B. […] Hepatitis B is an infection that affects the liver. It’s spread through blood, semen and vaginal fluids. […] Vaccination against hepatitis B helps reduce your chances of getting infected. […] The hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for people at higher risk from hepatitis B, including: […] The hepatitis B vaccine can help stop you getting hepatitis B if you’re exposed to the blood or other body fluids of an infected person. […] The only reason you cannot have the vaccine is if you’ve had a serious allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) to a previous dose of the vaccine or an ingredient in the vaccine. […] The hepatitis B vaccine is given as an injection into the upper arm or thigh. […] You need at least 3 doses of the vaccine to give you the best protection from hepatitis B.

• #7 Hepatitis B: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/hepatitis/digestive-diseases-hepatitis-b

  Hepatitis B is liver inflammation caused by infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). […] You get hepatitis B from contact with blood, spit, semen, or other body fluids from a person infected with HBV. […] The most common ways for this to happen include sharing needles, syringes, or drug injection equipment, sharing toothbrushes, razors, or medical equipment, direct contact with the blood or open sores of a person who is infected, sexual contact with a person who is infected, contact with blood from needlesticks or sharp instruments used by a person who is infected, being in a health care facility that doesn’t control infections well, and from the birthing parent to an infant during pregnancy and delivery. […] There’s no cure for chronic hepatitis B, but there’s a vaccine that can protect you from getting infected with HBV.

• #8 8 Hepatitis B Vaccine | Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13164/chapter/10

  Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a 42-nm spherical particle that replicates primarily in the liver of infected individuals. […] The virus is very hardy and can live on surfaces for more than 7 days. […] Among adults, the primary modes of transmission are sexual intercourse with persons with chronic lifelong infection (carriers) and percutaneous exposure to the virus due to intravenous drug usage or occupational exposures to needles and other sharp objects. […] Chronic HBV infection may lead to liver cirrhosis, liver failure, hepatocellular carcinoma, or death. […] These outcomes are thought to be the result of the constant activity of the immune system and not a direct consequence of damage caused by the virus itself. […] The likelihood of chronic hepatitis B disease is inversely related to the age of the individual at the time of HBV infection.

• #9 8 Hepatitis B Vaccine | Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13164/chapter/10

  HBV transmission through blood and blood products was first evidenced in 1883 after an outbreak of hepatitis among shipyard workers following smallpox vaccination in Bremen, Germany. […] In 1965, Blumberg and Alter discovered the Australia antigen (Au), which was later determined to be hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). […] Research performed in the early 1970s showed that HBV could be heat-inactivated and that inoculation with inactivated serum provided resistance to or modification of the virus. […] In the early 1980s, several groups developed preliminary HBV vaccines. […] The vaccines consisted of inactivated, alum-adsorbed, 22-nm HBsAg particles recovered and purified from individuals with chronic hepatitis B infection. […] With the development of DNA recombinant technologies and the ability to obtain HBsAg from other sources such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae (bakers yeast), DNA recombinant vaccines replaced plasma-derived vaccines in the United States.

• #10 8 Hepatitis B Vaccine | Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13164/chapter/10

  HBV transmission through blood and blood products was first evidenced in 1883 after an outbreak of hepatitis among shipyard workers following smallpox vaccination in Bremen, Germany. […] In 1965, Blumberg and Alter discovered the Australia antigen (Au), which was later determined to be hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). […] Research performed in the early 1970s showed that HBV could be heat-inactivated and that inoculation with inactivated serum provided resistance to or modification of the virus. […] In the early 1980s, several groups developed preliminary HBV vaccines. […] The vaccines consisted of inactivated, alum-adsorbed, 22-nm HBsAg particles recovered and purified from individuals with chronic hepatitis B infection. […] With the development of DNA recombinant technologies and the ability to obtain HBsAg from other sources such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae (bakers yeast), DNA recombinant vaccines replaced plasma-derived vaccines in the United States.

• #11 8 Hepatitis B Vaccine | Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13164/chapter/10

  HBV transmission through blood and blood products was first evidenced in 1883 after an outbreak of hepatitis among shipyard workers following smallpox vaccination in Bremen, Germany. […] In 1965, Blumberg and Alter discovered the Australia antigen (Au), which was later determined to be hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). […] Research performed in the early 1970s showed that HBV could be heat-inactivated and that inoculation with inactivated serum provided resistance to or modification of the virus. […] In the early 1980s, several groups developed preliminary HBV vaccines. […] The vaccines consisted of inactivated, alum-adsorbed, 22-nm HBsAg particles recovered and purified from individuals with chronic hepatitis B infection. […] With the development of DNA recombinant technologies and the ability to obtain HBsAg from other sources such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae (bakers yeast), DNA recombinant vaccines replaced plasma-derived vaccines in the United States.

• #12 8 Hepatitis B Vaccine | Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13164/chapter/10

  HBV transmission through blood and blood products was first evidenced in 1883 after an outbreak of hepatitis among shipyard workers following smallpox vaccination in Bremen, Germany. […] In 1965, Blumberg and Alter discovered the Australia antigen (Au), which was later determined to be hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). […] Research performed in the early 1970s showed that HBV could be heat-inactivated and that inoculation with inactivated serum provided resistance to or modification of the virus. […] In the early 1980s, several groups developed preliminary HBV vaccines. […] The vaccines consisted of inactivated, alum-adsorbed, 22-nm HBsAg particles recovered and purified from individuals with chronic hepatitis B infection. […] With the development of DNA recombinant technologies and the ability to obtain HBsAg from other sources such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae (bakers yeast), DNA recombinant vaccines replaced plasma-derived vaccines in the United States.

• #13 Hepatitis B Vaccines – Adverse Events Associated with Childhood Vaccines – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK236297/

  Hepatitis B virus infection may result in a wide variety of acute or chronic hepatic and extrahepatic manifestations as well as a chronic carrier state. […] The public health importance of hepatitis B infection in susceptible populations spurred the search for a vaccine against this virus. […] This basic research also led to the development of a vaccine. […] The vaccines consisted of inactivated, alum-adsorbed, 22-nm hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) particles that had been purified from the plasma of human chronic hepatitis B virus carriers. […] The plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine was licensed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in late 1981. […] Hepatitis B vaccines derived from human plasma were subsequently developed in countries other than the United States, including countries in Europe and Asia.

• #14 8 Hepatitis B Vaccine | Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13164/chapter/10

  HBV transmission through blood and blood products was first evidenced in 1883 after an outbreak of hepatitis among shipyard workers following smallpox vaccination in Bremen, Germany. […] In 1965, Blumberg and Alter discovered the Australia antigen (Au), which was later determined to be hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). […] Research performed in the early 1970s showed that HBV could be heat-inactivated and that inoculation with inactivated serum provided resistance to or modification of the virus. […] In the early 1980s, several groups developed preliminary HBV vaccines. […] The vaccines consisted of inactivated, alum-adsorbed, 22-nm HBsAg particles recovered and purified from individuals with chronic hepatitis B infection. […] With the development of DNA recombinant technologies and the ability to obtain HBsAg from other sources such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae (bakers yeast), DNA recombinant vaccines replaced plasma-derived vaccines in the United States.

• #15 Chapter 10: Hepatitis B | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-10-hepatitis-b.html

  Viral hepatitis is a term commonly used for several diseases that are clinically similar but etiologically and epidemiologically distinct. […] Hepatitis B (formerly called „serum hepatitis”) have been recognized as separate entities since the early 1940s and can be diagnosed with specific serologic tests. […] An estimated 257 million persons worldwide are living with HBV infection. HBV infection is an established cause of acute and chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. […] HepB vaccination is the mainstay of hepatitis B prevention efforts. […] The first recombinant HepB vaccine, Recombivax HB, was licensed in the United States in 1986. […] HBV infection cannot result from use of the recombinant vaccine since no potentially infectious viral DNA or complete viral particles are produced in the recombinant system.

• #16 Hepatitis b vaccine (intramuscular route) – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/hepatitis-b-vaccine-intramuscular-route/description/drg-20068700

  Hepatitis B vaccine recombinant is used to prevent infection by the hepatitis B virus. The vaccine works by causing your body to produce its own protection (antibodies) against the disease. […] Hepatitis B vaccine recombinant is made without any human blood or blood products or any other substances of human origin. It cannot give you the hepatitis B virus (HBV) or the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] HBV infection is a major cause of serious liver diseases, such as hepatitis and cirrhosis, and a type of liver cancer called primary hepatocellular carcinoma. […] Immunization against hepatitis B disease is recommended for all newborn babies, infants, children, and adolescents up to 19 years of age. […] This vaccine may not protect you against hepatitis B infection if you are already infected with the virus at the time you receive the shot.

• #17 Hepatitis B Vaccines – Adverse Events Associated with Childhood Vaccines – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK236297/

  Recombinant vaccines are produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (common baker’s yeast), into which a plasmid containing the gene for HBsAg has been inserted. […] Plasma-derived vaccine is no longer being produced in the United States, although it is being produced inexpensively in other countries and has become the predominant form of vaccine in much of Asia, where it is being used in national programs to attempt to interrupt maternal-neonatal transmission. […] The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices and the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend that hepatitis B vaccine be given at birth and then again at ages 1 to 2 months and 6 to 18 months. […] The antibodies produced after infection with hepatitis B virus or after administration of plasma-derived vaccine or recombinant vaccine are alike in terms of their ability to elicit protective determinants that are active against all subtypes of the virus.

• #18 Hepatitis B Vaccine: Uses, Warnings, Side Effects, Dosage

  https://www.medicinenet.com/hepatitis_b_vaccine/article.htm

  Hepatitis B vaccine is an inactivated viral vaccine administered intramuscularly to provide protection against infection from all subtypes of hepatitis B virus. Hepatitis B virus is transmitted in body fluids and causes severe liver infection, which may become chronic in some people. Hepatitis B vaccine stimulates the production of natural antibodies to hepatitis B virus by introducing a tiny amount of harmless, dead viral particles, without causing an infection. […] Hepatitis B vaccines contain purified surface antigens of the hepatitis B virus (HbsAg), mostly cultured in yeast cells, except for the PreHevbrio brand which is cultured in Chinese hamster ovary cells. […] Hepatitis B has a long incubation period; hepatitis B vaccination may not prevent hepatitis B infection in individuals who have an unrecognized hepatitis B infection at the time of vaccine administration.

• #19 Hepatitis B Vaccine: Uses, Warnings, Side Effects, Dosage

  https://www.medicinenet.com/hepatitis_b_vaccine/article.htm

  Hepatitis B vaccine is an inactivated viral vaccine administered intramuscularly to provide protection against infection from all subtypes of hepatitis B virus. Hepatitis B virus is transmitted in body fluids and causes severe liver infection, which may become chronic in some people. Hepatitis B vaccine stimulates the production of natural antibodies to hepatitis B virus by introducing a tiny amount of harmless, dead viral particles, without causing an infection. […] Hepatitis B vaccines contain purified surface antigens of the hepatitis B virus (HbsAg), mostly cultured in yeast cells, except for the PreHevbrio brand which is cultured in Chinese hamster ovary cells. […] Hepatitis B has a long incubation period; hepatitis B vaccination may not prevent hepatitis B infection in individuals who have an unrecognized hepatitis B infection at the time of vaccine administration.

• #20 Hepatitis b vaccine (intramuscular route) – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/hepatitis-b-vaccine-intramuscular-route/description/drg-20068700

  Hepatitis B vaccine recombinant is used to prevent infection by the hepatitis B virus. The vaccine works by causing your body to produce its own protection (antibodies) against the disease. […] Hepatitis B vaccine recombinant is made without any human blood or blood products or any other substances of human origin. It cannot give you the hepatitis B virus (HBV) or the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] HBV infection is a major cause of serious liver diseases, such as hepatitis and cirrhosis, and a type of liver cancer called primary hepatocellular carcinoma. […] Immunization against hepatitis B disease is recommended for all newborn babies, infants, children, and adolescents up to 19 years of age. […] This vaccine may not protect you against hepatitis B infection if you are already infected with the virus at the time you receive the shot.

• #21 Chapter 10: Hepatitis B | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-10-hepatitis-b.html

  Viral hepatitis is a term commonly used for several diseases that are clinically similar but etiologically and epidemiologically distinct. […] Hepatitis B (formerly called „serum hepatitis”) have been recognized as separate entities since the early 1940s and can be diagnosed with specific serologic tests. […] An estimated 257 million persons worldwide are living with HBV infection. HBV infection is an established cause of acute and chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. […] HepB vaccination is the mainstay of hepatitis B prevention efforts. […] The first recombinant HepB vaccine, Recombivax HB, was licensed in the United States in 1986. […] HBV infection cannot result from use of the recombinant vaccine since no potentially infectious viral DNA or complete viral particles are produced in the recombinant system.

• #22 Hepatitis B vaccine: Safety and side effects

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324208

  Hepatitis causes inflammation in the liver. The cause of hepatitis B is a virus that can spread through the blood or other bodily fluids. […] The hepatitis B vaccine is highly effective at preventing the infection. […] The available data indicate that the hepatitis B vaccine is safe for pregnant people. They also suggest that hepatitis B vaccines do not have a negative impact on developing fetuses or the parent. […] Each vaccine contains a protein from the hepatitis B virus. However, the vaccine is inactive, meaning that the protein from the virus is dead. […] As a result, the vaccine cannot cause the virus. […] The hepatitis B vaccine is effective at preventing the spread of the virus. All of the available data from several decades of use show that it is safe to use, including while pregnant and among children.

• #23 Hepatitis B Vaccine Patient Drug Record | NIH

  https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/drugs/hepatitis-b-vaccine/patient

  A hepatitis B vaccine prevents hepatitis B virus infection (HBV). Engerix-B, Heplisav-B, and Recombivax HB (all brand names) are examples of hepatitis B vaccines approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). […] The Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV and the Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Children with and Exposed to HIV include recommendations on the use of hepatitis B vaccines in people with HIV. […] Recommendations on the use of hepatitis B vaccines in people living with HIV, from the Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV and the Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Children with and Exposed to HIV.

• #24 Hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccine Uses, Side Effects & Warnings

  https://www.drugs.com/mtm/hepatitis-a-and-hepatitis-b-vaccine.html

  Hepatitis A and B are serious diseases caused by virus. Hepatitis causes inflammation of the liver, vomiting, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes). Hepatitis can lead to liver cancer, cirrhosis, or death. […] The hepatitis A and B vaccine is used to help prevent these diseases in adults. The vaccine works by exposing you to a small dose of the virus, which causes the body to develop immunity to the disease. […] Hepatitis A and B vaccine will not protect you against infection with hepatitis C or E, or other viruses that affect the liver. It will also not protect you from hepatitis A or B if you are already infected with the virus, even if you do not yet show symptoms. […] Hepatitis A and B vaccine may cause serious side effects. Call your doctor at once if you have: numbness, pain, tingling, weakness, burning or prickly feeling, vision or hearing problems, trouble breathing. […] Engerix-B is used to help prevent Hepatitis B. […] Heplisav-B is used for hepatitis b prevention. […] Twinrix is used for hepatitis a prophylaxis, hepatitis b prevention. […] Engerix-B Pediatric is used for hepatitis b prevention. […] PreHevbrio is used for hepatitis b prevention.

• #25 Hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccine Uses, Side Effects & Warnings

  https://www.drugs.com/mtm/hepatitis-a-and-hepatitis-b-vaccine.html

  Hepatitis A and B are serious diseases caused by virus. Hepatitis causes inflammation of the liver, vomiting, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes). Hepatitis can lead to liver cancer, cirrhosis, or death. […] The hepatitis A and B vaccine is used to help prevent these diseases in adults. The vaccine works by exposing you to a small dose of the virus, which causes the body to develop immunity to the disease. […] Hepatitis A and B vaccine will not protect you against infection with hepatitis C or E, or other viruses that affect the liver. It will also not protect you from hepatitis A or B if you are already infected with the virus, even if you do not yet show symptoms. […] Hepatitis A and B vaccine may cause serious side effects. Call your doctor at once if you have: numbness, pain, tingling, weakness, burning or prickly feeling, vision or hearing problems, trouble breathing. […] Engerix-B is used to help prevent Hepatitis B. […] Heplisav-B is used for hepatitis b prevention. […] Twinrix is used for hepatitis a prophylaxis, hepatitis b prevention. […] Engerix-B Pediatric is used for hepatitis b prevention. […] PreHevbrio is used for hepatitis b prevention.

• #26 Hepatitis B vaccine – what you need to know: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007613.htm

• #27 Hepatitis B – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-b/symptoms-causes/syc-20366802

  Hepatitis B is a serious liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). […] A vaccine can prevent infection with the hepatitis B virus. […] Hepatitis B is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). The virus passes from person to person through blood, semen or other body fluids. […] The hepatitis B vaccine is the main way to prevent infection with HBV. The vaccine is given as two shots one month apart, or three or four shots over six months. How many shots you get depends on the type of hepatitis B vaccine that you’re given. You can’t get hepatitis B from the vaccine.

• #28 Hepatitis B Vaccination | Environmental Health & Safety

  https://ehs.ucr.edu/occupational-health/hepatitis-b-vaccination

  In addition, we now offer the Heplisav-B (HepB-CpG) Vaccine, which requires only a two-dose series. […] Hepatitis B can be diagnosed through a simple blood test, which can be done at your doctors office or local health clinic. […] If a Hepatitis B Titer (anti-HBs titer) indicates that you are non-reactive, this means your antibody levels are below the protective threshold, and you are not immune to HBV. […] This could occur due to: Lack of prior exposure to the virus, Incomplete or ineffective vaccination, or Waning immunity over time. […] For individuals in healthcare or other high-risk environments, follow workplace policies for non-immune individuals. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that all adults aged 18 and older be screened for Hepatitis B at least once in their lifetime. […] Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) ensures that all employees who may encounter occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens are provided with funding for the Hepatitis B vaccine upon request.

• #29 Hepatitis B (HepB) Vaccine – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/immunization/hepatitis-b-hepb-vaccine

  The hepatitis B vaccine is 80 to 100% effective in preventing infection or clinical hepatitis B in people who complete the vaccine series. […] This vaccine cannot cause hepatitis B virus infection because no potentially infectious viral DNA or complete viral particles are produced during this process. […] The main contraindication for hepatitis B vaccine is a severe allergic reaction (eg, anaphylaxis) after previous dose or to baker’s yeast or any vaccine component. […] The main precaution with HepB vaccine is moderate or severe illness with or without a fever (vaccination is postponed until the illness resolves).

• #30 8 Hepatitis B Vaccine | Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13164/chapter/10

  The hepatitis B vaccine has a preexposure efficacy of 80-100 percent, and if given in conjunction with hepatitis B immune globulin, the vaccine is 85-95 percent effective in preventing chronic infection post-HBV exposure. […] The committee assesses the mechanistic evidence regarding an association between hepatitis B vaccine and encephalitis or encephalopathy as lacking. […] The evidence is inadequate to accept or reject a causal relationship between hepatitis B vaccine and encephalitis. […] The evidence is inadequate to accept or reject a causal relationship between hepatitis B vaccine and encephalopathy. […] The committee has limited confidence in the epidemiologic evidence based on one study that lacked validity and precision to assess an association between hepatitis B vaccine and seizures.

• #31 Hepatitis B Vaccines – Adverse Events Associated with Childhood Vaccines – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK236297/

  Factors affecting the antibody response to recombinant vaccine include vaccine type and handling, timing of doses, and site of injection. […] Age is an important factor affecting the immune response. […] The maximal response is in children (ages 2-19 years); this is followed by equivalent responses in young adults and infants. […] The response is diminished in persons with immunosuppressive illnesses, including renal failure and HIV infection. […] The results of the trials of recombinant vaccine are much the same as those of trials of plasma-derived vaccines. […] The evidence is inadequate to accept or reject a causal relation between hepatitis B vaccine and GBS. […] The evidence is inadequate to accept or reject a causal relation between hepatitis B vaccine and optic neuritis, multiple sclerosis, or transverse myelitis.

• #32 Chapter 10: Hepatitis B | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-10-hepatitis-b.html

  HepB vaccination and 1 dose of HBIG administered within 24 hours after birth are 85% to 95% effective in preventing chronic HBV infection. […] HepB vaccine administered alone beginning within 24 hours after birth is 70% to 95% effective in preventing perinatal HBV infection. […] More than 90% of infants, children, and adolescents and more than 90% of healthy adults younger than age 40 years develop a protective antibody response following a complete HepB vaccine series. […] However, there is an age-specific decline in immunogenicity. […] Chronic HBV infection has only rarely been documented among those who responded to vaccine.

• #33 Chapter 10: Hepatitis B | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-10-hepatitis-b.html

  HepB vaccination and 1 dose of HBIG administered within 24 hours after birth are 85% to 95% effective in preventing chronic HBV infection. […] HepB vaccine administered alone beginning within 24 hours after birth is 70% to 95% effective in preventing perinatal HBV infection. […] More than 90% of infants, children, and adolescents and more than 90% of healthy adults younger than age 40 years develop a protective antibody response following a complete HepB vaccine series. […] However, there is an age-specific decline in immunogenicity. […] Chronic HBV infection has only rarely been documented among those who responded to vaccine.

• #34 Chapter 10: Hepatitis B | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-10-hepatitis-b.html

  HepB vaccination and 1 dose of HBIG administered within 24 hours after birth are 85% to 95% effective in preventing chronic HBV infection. […] HepB vaccine administered alone beginning within 24 hours after birth is 70% to 95% effective in preventing perinatal HBV infection. […] More than 90% of infants, children, and adolescents and more than 90% of healthy adults younger than age 40 years develop a protective antibody response following a complete HepB vaccine series. […] However, there is an age-specific decline in immunogenicity. […] Chronic HBV infection has only rarely been documented among those who responded to vaccine.

• #35 Chapter 10: Hepatitis B | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-10-hepatitis-b.html

  HepB vaccination and 1 dose of HBIG administered within 24 hours after birth are 85% to 95% effective in preventing chronic HBV infection. […] HepB vaccine administered alone beginning within 24 hours after birth is 70% to 95% effective in preventing perinatal HBV infection. […] More than 90% of infants, children, and adolescents and more than 90% of healthy adults younger than age 40 years develop a protective antibody response following a complete HepB vaccine series. […] However, there is an age-specific decline in immunogenicity. […] Chronic HBV infection has only rarely been documented among those who responded to vaccine.

• #36 Hepatitis B vaccines: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-7-hepatitis-b-vaccine.html

  Chronic carriers are at risk of developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. […] It is estimated that there are more than two billion people infected with hepatitis B virus worldwide, of whom approximately 240 million are chronically infected and 600,000 persons die annually as a result of their infection. […] Despite the availability of HB vaccines, the rates of HB-related hospitalizations, cancers and deaths have more than doubled during the past decade. […] HB vaccination and 1 dose of HBIg administered within 24 hours after birth are 85% to 95% effective in preventing infection in HB exposed neonates. […] HB vaccine is highly effective in preventing HB infection when provided within one week of percutaneous or mucosal exposure to HB-positive blood, or within two weeks of sexual exposure to HB-positive persons. […] A higher dose of monovalent HB vaccine is recommended for individuals with chronic renal disease and some people with immunocompromising conditions.

• #37

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b

  Hepatitis B is a viral infection that attacks the liver and can cause both acute and chronic disease. […] Hepatitis B can be prevented by vaccines that are safe, available and effective. […] Hepatitis B can be prevented with a safe and effective vaccine. The vaccine is usually given soon after birth with boosters a few weeks later. It offers nearly 100% protection against the virus. […] Hepatitis B is preventable with a vaccine. […] All babies should receive the hepatitis B vaccine as soon as possible after birth (within 24 hours). This is followed by two or three doses of hepatitis B vaccine at least four weeks apart. […] The vaccine protects against hepatitis B for at least 20 years and probably for life.

• #38 Hepatitis B vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B_vaccine

  Hepatitis B vaccine is a vaccine that prevents hepatitis B. The first dose is recommended within 24 hours of birth with either two or three more doses given after that. In healthy people, routine immunization results in more than 95% of people being protected. […] Hepatitis B vaccines are produced with recombinant DNA techniques and contain immunologic adjuvant. […] The first hepatitis B vaccine was approved in the United States in 1981. A recombinant version came to market in 1986. […] Hepatitis B vaccination, hepatitis B immunoglobulin, and the combination of hepatitis B vaccine plus hepatitis B immunoglobulin, all are considered as preventive for babies born to mothers infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). […] Studies have found that that immune memory against HepB is sustained for at least 30 years after vaccination, and protects against clinical disease and chronic HepB infection, even in cases where anti-hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-Hbs) levels decline below detectable levels.

• #39 Factors influencing immunologic response to hepatitis B vaccine in adults | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/srep27251

  Hepatitis B was still a worldwide health problem. This study aimed to conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess a more precise estimation of factors that influence the response to hepatitis B vaccine in adults. This meta-analysis including 21053 adults in 37 articles showed that a significantly decreased response to hepatitis B vaccine appeared in adults (age40) (RR:1.86, 95% CI:1.552.23), male adults (RR:1.40, 95% CI:1.221.61), BMI25 adults (RR:1.56, 95% CI:1.122.17), smoker (RR:1.53, 95% CI:1.211.93), and adults with concomitant disease (RR:1.39, 95% CI:1.041.86). Meanwhile, we further found a decreased response to hepatitis B vaccine appeared in adults (age30) (RR:1.77, 95% CI:1.482.10), and adults (age60) (RR:1.30, 95% CI:1.011.68). Our study indicated that young adults have a higher seroprotection rate to hepatitis B vaccine than other age groups (age30: RR=1.77; age40: RR=1.86; age60: RR=1.30). It means that the earlier adult vaccination was inoculated at an age, the better efficiency is. The lower responsiveness to hepatitis B vaccines in older adults might result from the waning immunity with age. The lower immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccine was linked with smoking and male gender. In smokers, smoking can affect cells and humoral mediated immune responses in humans and animals. Aside from those factors, patients with concomitant disease usually have a complicated and inconstant status due to diverse pathogenesis. The factors mentioned above suggested these factors consisting of elder adults, male, BMI25, smoking and concomitant disease would be the significant variables reducing the immune response to hepatitis B vaccination.

• #40 Hepatitis B Vaccines – Adverse Events Associated with Childhood Vaccines – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK236297/

  Factors affecting the antibody response to recombinant vaccine include vaccine type and handling, timing of doses, and site of injection. […] Age is an important factor affecting the immune response. […] The maximal response is in children (ages 2-19 years); this is followed by equivalent responses in young adults and infants. […] The response is diminished in persons with immunosuppressive illnesses, including renal failure and HIV infection. […] The results of the trials of recombinant vaccine are much the same as those of trials of plasma-derived vaccines. […] The evidence is inadequate to accept or reject a causal relation between hepatitis B vaccine and GBS. […] The evidence is inadequate to accept or reject a causal relation between hepatitis B vaccine and optic neuritis, multiple sclerosis, or transverse myelitis.

• #41 Factors influencing immunologic response to hepatitis B vaccine in adults | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/srep27251

  Hepatitis B was still a worldwide health problem. This study aimed to conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess a more precise estimation of factors that influence the response to hepatitis B vaccine in adults. This meta-analysis including 21053 adults in 37 articles showed that a significantly decreased response to hepatitis B vaccine appeared in adults (age40) (RR:1.86, 95% CI:1.552.23), male adults (RR:1.40, 95% CI:1.221.61), BMI25 adults (RR:1.56, 95% CI:1.122.17), smoker (RR:1.53, 95% CI:1.211.93), and adults with concomitant disease (RR:1.39, 95% CI:1.041.86). Meanwhile, we further found a decreased response to hepatitis B vaccine appeared in adults (age30) (RR:1.77, 95% CI:1.482.10), and adults (age60) (RR:1.30, 95% CI:1.011.68). Our study indicated that young adults have a higher seroprotection rate to hepatitis B vaccine than other age groups (age30: RR=1.77; age40: RR=1.86; age60: RR=1.30). It means that the earlier adult vaccination was inoculated at an age, the better efficiency is. The lower responsiveness to hepatitis B vaccines in older adults might result from the waning immunity with age. The lower immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccine was linked with smoking and male gender. In smokers, smoking can affect cells and humoral mediated immune responses in humans and animals. Aside from those factors, patients with concomitant disease usually have a complicated and inconstant status due to diverse pathogenesis. The factors mentioned above suggested these factors consisting of elder adults, male, BMI25, smoking and concomitant disease would be the significant variables reducing the immune response to hepatitis B vaccination.

• #42 Factors influencing immunologic response to hepatitis B vaccine in adults | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/srep27251

  Hepatitis B was still a worldwide health problem. This study aimed to conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess a more precise estimation of factors that influence the response to hepatitis B vaccine in adults. This meta-analysis including 21053 adults in 37 articles showed that a significantly decreased response to hepatitis B vaccine appeared in adults (age40) (RR:1.86, 95% CI:1.552.23), male adults (RR:1.40, 95% CI:1.221.61), BMI25 adults (RR:1.56, 95% CI:1.122.17), smoker (RR:1.53, 95% CI:1.211.93), and adults with concomitant disease (RR:1.39, 95% CI:1.041.86). Meanwhile, we further found a decreased response to hepatitis B vaccine appeared in adults (age30) (RR:1.77, 95% CI:1.482.10), and adults (age60) (RR:1.30, 95% CI:1.011.68). Our study indicated that young adults have a higher seroprotection rate to hepatitis B vaccine than other age groups (age30: RR=1.77; age40: RR=1.86; age60: RR=1.30). It means that the earlier adult vaccination was inoculated at an age, the better efficiency is. The lower responsiveness to hepatitis B vaccines in older adults might result from the waning immunity with age. The lower immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccine was linked with smoking and male gender. In smokers, smoking can affect cells and humoral mediated immune responses in humans and animals. Aside from those factors, patients with concomitant disease usually have a complicated and inconstant status due to diverse pathogenesis. The factors mentioned above suggested these factors consisting of elder adults, male, BMI25, smoking and concomitant disease would be the significant variables reducing the immune response to hepatitis B vaccination.

• #43 Factors influencing immunologic response to hepatitis B vaccine in adults | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/srep27251

  Hepatitis B was still a worldwide health problem. This study aimed to conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess a more precise estimation of factors that influence the response to hepatitis B vaccine in adults. This meta-analysis including 21053 adults in 37 articles showed that a significantly decreased response to hepatitis B vaccine appeared in adults (age40) (RR:1.86, 95% CI:1.552.23), male adults (RR:1.40, 95% CI:1.221.61), BMI25 adults (RR:1.56, 95% CI:1.122.17), smoker (RR:1.53, 95% CI:1.211.93), and adults with concomitant disease (RR:1.39, 95% CI:1.041.86). Meanwhile, we further found a decreased response to hepatitis B vaccine appeared in adults (age30) (RR:1.77, 95% CI:1.482.10), and adults (age60) (RR:1.30, 95% CI:1.011.68). Our study indicated that young adults have a higher seroprotection rate to hepatitis B vaccine than other age groups (age30: RR=1.77; age40: RR=1.86; age60: RR=1.30). It means that the earlier adult vaccination was inoculated at an age, the better efficiency is. The lower responsiveness to hepatitis B vaccines in older adults might result from the waning immunity with age. The lower immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccine was linked with smoking and male gender. In smokers, smoking can affect cells and humoral mediated immune responses in humans and animals. Aside from those factors, patients with concomitant disease usually have a complicated and inconstant status due to diverse pathogenesis. The factors mentioned above suggested these factors consisting of elder adults, male, BMI25, smoking and concomitant disease would be the significant variables reducing the immune response to hepatitis B vaccination.

• #44 Overview of Hepatitis B Vaccine Non-Response and Associated B Cell Amnesia: A Scoping Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/7/554

  Hepatitis B is one of the major infections contributing to the global burden of disease, with an estimated prevalence of over 350 million people with the chronic form of the disease, characterised by the presence of the surface antigen of hepatitis B (HBsAg) in the blood beyond six months, and resulting in approximately one million deaths annually. […] The development of a recombinant vaccine for hepatitis B has yielded significant success in reducing the burden of chronic infection with hepatitis B, especially in countries with wider coverage from childhood to adulthood. […] Despite the success achieved in the use of the vaccine, an adequate immune response is not achieved in about 5–10% of the population, especially healthcare personnel, and is higher in some vulnerable groups, such as immunocompromised individuals and chronic kidney disease patients on haemodialysis, where up to 50% non-response may occur.

• #45 Hepatitis B Vaccines – Adverse Events Associated with Childhood Vaccines – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK236297/

  Factors affecting the antibody response to recombinant vaccine include vaccine type and handling, timing of doses, and site of injection. […] Age is an important factor affecting the immune response. […] The maximal response is in children (ages 2-19 years); this is followed by equivalent responses in young adults and infants. […] The response is diminished in persons with immunosuppressive illnesses, including renal failure and HIV infection. […] The results of the trials of recombinant vaccine are much the same as those of trials of plasma-derived vaccines. […] The evidence is inadequate to accept or reject a causal relation between hepatitis B vaccine and GBS. […] The evidence is inadequate to accept or reject a causal relation between hepatitis B vaccine and optic neuritis, multiple sclerosis, or transverse myelitis.

• #46 A Comprehensive Review of Hepatitis B Vaccine Nonresponse and Associated Risk Factors

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/7/710

  The response to the hepatitis B vaccine is greatly affected by genetic factors. This response is dominantly inherited and associated with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Certain HLA haplotypes display aberrant or deficient immune responses to HBsAg, leading to nonresponsiveness in individuals with specific genetic profiles.

• #47 Hepatitis B: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177632-overview

  It is also known that certain patients have different responses to the hepatitis B vaccine. […] A greater-than-expected number of these patients were homozygotes for the HLA-B8, -SC01, and -DR3 haplotypes. […] Another study, which looked at 914 immune candidates in over 1600 patients who were given the HBV vaccine, found numerous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were associated with inadequate levels of antibody response after vaccination.

• #48 Overview of Hepatitis B Vaccine Non-Response and Associated B Cell Amnesia: A Scoping Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/7/554

  Hepatitis B is one of the major infections contributing to the global burden of disease, with an estimated prevalence of over 350 million people with the chronic form of the disease, characterised by the presence of the surface antigen of hepatitis B (HBsAg) in the blood beyond six months, and resulting in approximately one million deaths annually. […] The development of a recombinant vaccine for hepatitis B has yielded significant success in reducing the burden of chronic infection with hepatitis B, especially in countries with wider coverage from childhood to adulthood. […] Despite the success achieved in the use of the vaccine, an adequate immune response is not achieved in about 5–10% of the population, especially healthcare personnel, and is higher in some vulnerable groups, such as immunocompromised individuals and chronic kidney disease patients on haemodialysis, where up to 50% non-response may occur.

• #49 A Comprehensive Review of Hepatitis B Vaccine Nonresponse and Associated Risk Factors

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/7/710

  Hepatitis B vaccination remains an important tool for mitigating the disease burden associated with HBV infection by providing long-term protection by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies against the hepatitis B virus surface antigen. […] While most immunocompetent individuals acquire at least two decades of protection from primary immunization, about 5–10% of vaccine recipients, termed ‘nonresponders’, do not develop a protective anti-HBs titer following the full vaccine series. […] This lack of response can be due to various factors, such as age, gender, BMI, immune status, genetics, or underlying medical conditions. […] Following the completion of the full hepatitis B vaccine series, approximately 90–95% of individuals develop seroprotective antibody levels post-vaccination, characterized by anti-HBs levels ≥ 10 mIU/mL. However, a small percentage (around 5–10%) may not achieve the desired protective antibody levels. This nonresponse to the hepatitis B vaccine is a significant concern, and several risk factors have been identified to be associated with it, including age; sex; obesity; smoking; alcohol abuse; chronic illnesses such as diabetes mellitus, kidney disease, liver disease, and HIV; and genetic factors.

• #50 Hepatitis B Nonresponder: Definition, Cause, Next Steps

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hep-b-non-responder

  Its important to note that having a weakened immune system or chronic health condition does not automatically guarantee that your body will not respond appropriately to the hepatitis B vaccine. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has developed additional guidelines for people with certain chronic health conditions to increase the likelihood of effective vaccination. […] Non-responders to hepatitis B vaccine are recommended to receive further doses and serological testing.

• #51 Hepatitis B Foundation: Hepatitis B Vaccination

  https://www.hepb.org/prevention-and-diagnosis/vaccination/

  The hepatitis B vaccine is a safe and effective vaccine that is recommended for all infants at birth and for children up to 18 years. […] The hepatitis B vaccine is also known as the first anti-cancer vaccine because it prevents hepatitis B, the leading cause of liver cancer worldwide. […] You cannot get hepatitis B from the vaccine. […] If you have a current HBV infection (HBsAg positive) or have recovered from a past HBV infection, the hepatitis B vaccine series will not benefit you or clear the virus. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the hepatitis B vaccine for all newborns, children up to 18 years of age, and all adults at higher risk for infection. […] The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the hepatitis B vaccine for all newborns, children up to age 18, adults 19-59 years of age, and adults 60 and older who are at high-risk for infection.

• #52

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b

  Hepatitis B is a viral infection that attacks the liver and can cause both acute and chronic disease. […] Hepatitis B can be prevented by vaccines that are safe, available and effective. […] Hepatitis B can be prevented with a safe and effective vaccine. The vaccine is usually given soon after birth with boosters a few weeks later. It offers nearly 100% protection against the virus. […] Hepatitis B is preventable with a vaccine. […] All babies should receive the hepatitis B vaccine as soon as possible after birth (within 24 hours). This is followed by two or three doses of hepatitis B vaccine at least four weeks apart. […] The vaccine protects against hepatitis B for at least 20 years and probably for life.

• #53 Hepatitis B | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/you-and-your-family/immunization/diseases-and-vaccines/hepatitis-b

  Hepatitis B is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Hepatitis B is spread when blood, semen, or other body fluids from a person infected with the virus enters the body of someone who is not infected. This can happen through sexual contact, sharing needles, syringes, or other drug-injection equipment, or during pregnancy or delivery. […] The best way to prevent hepatitis B is with the hepatitis B vaccine. […] Completing the hepatitis B vaccine series is effective at preventing the disease. […] Nearly all newborns who become infected with the hepatitis B virus develop lifelong hepatitis B. This can eventually lead to serious health problems, including liver damage, liver cancer, and even death. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends the hepatitis B vaccine for all babies to protect them from this serious but preventable disease.

• #54 Hepatitis B: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/hepatitis/digestive-diseases-hepatitis-b

  The main difference between hepatitis B and C is that there’s a vaccine for hepatitis B, but there is no vaccine for hepatitis C. […] The CDC recommends the hepatitis B vaccine for all infants, all unvaccinated children or teens younger than 9 years old, all adults ages 19-59 years, and adults age 60 years or older with known risk factors for hepatitis B infection. […] Get the hepatitis B vaccine (if you haven’t already been infected). It’s key to prevention. […] The vaccine generally protects you against HBV infection for at least 20 years and probably for life.

• #55 Hepatitis B Foundation: Hepatitis B Vaccination

  https://www.hepb.org/prevention-and-diagnosis/vaccination/

  The hepatitis B vaccine is a safe and effective vaccine that is recommended for all infants at birth and for children up to 18 years. […] The hepatitis B vaccine is also known as the first anti-cancer vaccine because it prevents hepatitis B, the leading cause of liver cancer worldwide. […] You cannot get hepatitis B from the vaccine. […] If you have a current HBV infection (HBsAg positive) or have recovered from a past HBV infection, the hepatitis B vaccine series will not benefit you or clear the virus. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the hepatitis B vaccine for all newborns, children up to 18 years of age, and all adults at higher risk for infection. […] The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the hepatitis B vaccine for all newborns, children up to age 18, adults 19-59 years of age, and adults 60 and older who are at high-risk for infection.

• #56 Hepatitis B: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/hepatitis/digestive-diseases-hepatitis-b

  The main difference between hepatitis B and C is that there’s a vaccine for hepatitis B, but there is no vaccine for hepatitis C. […] The CDC recommends the hepatitis B vaccine for all infants, all unvaccinated children or teens younger than 9 years old, all adults ages 19-59 years, and adults age 60 years or older with known risk factors for hepatitis B infection. […] Get the hepatitis B vaccine (if you haven’t already been infected). It’s key to prevention. […] The vaccine generally protects you against HBV infection for at least 20 years and probably for life.

• #57 Hepatitis B Foundation: Hepatitis B Vaccination

  https://www.hepb.org/prevention-and-diagnosis/vaccination/

  The hepatitis B vaccine is a safe and effective vaccine that is recommended for all infants at birth and for children up to 18 years. […] The hepatitis B vaccine is also known as the first anti-cancer vaccine because it prevents hepatitis B, the leading cause of liver cancer worldwide. […] You cannot get hepatitis B from the vaccine. […] If you have a current HBV infection (HBsAg positive) or have recovered from a past HBV infection, the hepatitis B vaccine series will not benefit you or clear the virus. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the hepatitis B vaccine for all newborns, children up to 18 years of age, and all adults at higher risk for infection. […] The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the hepatitis B vaccine for all newborns, children up to age 18, adults 19-59 years of age, and adults 60 and older who are at high-risk for infection.

• #58 Hepatitis B: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/hepatitis/digestive-diseases-hepatitis-b

  The main difference between hepatitis B and C is that there’s a vaccine for hepatitis B, but there is no vaccine for hepatitis C. […] The CDC recommends the hepatitis B vaccine for all infants, all unvaccinated children or teens younger than 9 years old, all adults ages 19-59 years, and adults age 60 years or older with known risk factors for hepatitis B infection. […] Get the hepatitis B vaccine (if you haven’t already been infected). It’s key to prevention. […] The vaccine generally protects you against HBV infection for at least 20 years and probably for life.

• #59 Hepatitis B Vaccine: Uses, Side Effects, Dosage, Precautions

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/hepatitis-b-vaccine-and-why-you-need-it-1760037

  Hepatitis B vaccines are used to prevent hepatitis B, a viral infection of the liver that can lead to cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer in some people. […] The vaccines are all recombinant vaccines, meaning that they deliver DNA coding to cells to „teach” them how to build hepatitis-B-specific antibodies. […] Hepatitis B vaccines prevent all subtypes of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). […] Immunizing babies against HBV is crucial given that 90% of infected infants will go on to develop a chronic infection. […] By contrast, only 2% to 6% of infected adults will develop chronic HBV infection; the rest will spontaneously clear the virus with no long-term consequence. […] The vaccine recommendations in the United States are made by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), an independent panel of experts within the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

• #60 Hepatitis B | The Immunization Well-Child Toolkit | ontario.ca

  http://www.ontario.ca/document/immunization-well-child-toolkit/hepatitis-b

  About 90% of infants infected with the hepatitis B virus will be infected for life. […] In Canada, most cases occur in people who are 25 years of age or older and have not had the hepatitis B vaccination. […] You can protect against hepatitis B with a safe and effective vaccine. […] The vaccine is between 95% and 100% effective when you receive a complete series. […] Vaccination is the best way to protect against hepatitis B.

• #61 Hepatitis B vaccine – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/hepatitis-b-vaccine/

  The hepatitis B vaccine helps protect against hepatitis B. […] Hepatitis B is an infection that affects the liver. It’s spread through blood, semen and vaginal fluids. […] Vaccination against hepatitis B helps reduce your chances of getting infected. […] The hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for people at higher risk from hepatitis B, including: […] The hepatitis B vaccine can help stop you getting hepatitis B if you’re exposed to the blood or other body fluids of an infected person. […] The only reason you cannot have the vaccine is if you’ve had a serious allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) to a previous dose of the vaccine or an ingredient in the vaccine. […] The hepatitis B vaccine is given as an injection into the upper arm or thigh. […] You need at least 3 doses of the vaccine to give you the best protection from hepatitis B.

• #62 Hepatitis B: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/hepatitis/digestive-diseases-hepatitis-b

  Hepatitis B is liver inflammation caused by infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). […] You get hepatitis B from contact with blood, spit, semen, or other body fluids from a person infected with HBV. […] The most common ways for this to happen include sharing needles, syringes, or drug injection equipment, sharing toothbrushes, razors, or medical equipment, direct contact with the blood or open sores of a person who is infected, sexual contact with a person who is infected, contact with blood from needlesticks or sharp instruments used by a person who is infected, being in a health care facility that doesn’t control infections well, and from the birthing parent to an infant during pregnancy and delivery. […] There’s no cure for chronic hepatitis B, but there’s a vaccine that can protect you from getting infected with HBV.

• #63 Hepatitis B Vaccination | Environmental Health & Safety

  https://ehs.ucr.edu/occupational-health/hepatitis-b-vaccination

  Hepatitis B is a serious disease caused by a virus that attacks the liver. The virus, which is called hepatitis B virus (HBV), can cause lifelong infection, cirrhosis (scarring) of the liver, liver cancer, liver failure, and death. […] Hepatitis B vaccine is available for all age groups. The hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for all infants, all children or adolescents younger than 19 years of age who have not been vaccinated, all adults aged 19 through 59 years, and adults aged 60 years or older with risk factors for hepatitis B infection. […] It’s strongly advised for workers whose job duties may expose them to infectious agents, such as blood, body fluids, or tissues from humans or non-human primates, to receive the Hepatitis B (HBV) vaccine. […] To ensure effective pre-exposure protection against Hepatitis B virus (HBV), a series of three injections is recommended.

• #64 Hepatitis B vaccine – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/hepatitis-b-vaccine/

  The hepatitis B vaccine helps protect against hepatitis B. […] Hepatitis B is an infection that affects the liver. It’s spread through blood, semen and vaginal fluids. […] Vaccination against hepatitis B helps reduce your chances of getting infected. […] The hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for people at higher risk from hepatitis B, including: […] The hepatitis B vaccine can help stop you getting hepatitis B if you’re exposed to the blood or other body fluids of an infected person. […] The only reason you cannot have the vaccine is if you’ve had a serious allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) to a previous dose of the vaccine or an ingredient in the vaccine. […] The hepatitis B vaccine is given as an injection into the upper arm or thigh. […] You need at least 3 doses of the vaccine to give you the best protection from hepatitis B.

• #65 Hepatitis B Vaccine Schedule for Adults

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/hepatitis-b-vaccine-schedule-for-adults-5268181

  Its especially important for adults in high-risk groups to get the hepatitis B vaccine. Adults in any age group who havent previously gotten the hepatitis B vaccine, or who did not complete all of their doses, should also get vaccinated. […] The HepB vaccine is not a live vaccine, which means that it does not contain any live version of the virus that causes hepatitis B. […] The hepatitis B vaccine is a safe, effective way to prevent hepatitis B and related complications. […] Adults at risk for contracting hepatitis B (such as people having sex or living with someone who has hepatitis B, intravenous drug users, healthcare workers, people who are undergoing kidney dialysis, and people with certain medical conditions) should get the HepB vaccine. […] Adults who havent already been vaccinated against hepatitis B should also receive the vaccine.

• #66 Hepatitis B – immunisation | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/hepatitis-b-immunisation

  Immunisation is also recommended, but not free, for people who are at increased risk including: adults on haemodialysis and people with severely impaired renal function who may need dialysis in the future, solid organ and haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, immunocompromised adults, people with chronic liver disease or a liver transplant. […] If you think you have been exposed to hepatitis B, see a doctor immediately. Your doctor can give you treatment that, in some instances, can greatly reduce your risk of infection with hepatitis B.

• #67 Hepatitis B | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/hepatitis-b

  Hepatitis B is an infection caused by hepatitis B virus that affects the liver. Hepatitis B virus may be transmitted by inoculation through broken or penetrated skin, or by mucosal contact with blood or other body fluids (mainly vaginal fluids and semen) from an infectious person. […] After acute infection with hepatitis B virus, some people become chronically infected. For those whose infection resolves, the virus remains in latent form in liver cells and can reactivate. People with chronic hepatitis B can transmit the disease, including from mother to child. Chronic hepatitis B is associated with death from cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma in up to 25% of cases. […] Hepatitis B vaccination is recommended for people with chronic liver disease and/or hepatitis C who are seronegative for hepatitis B. This is because they may have an increased risk of hepatitis B and/or severe liver disease after hepatitis B. […] Hepatitis B vaccination is recommended for infants and children in a 4-dose schedule at birth, and 2, 4 and 6 months of age.

• #68 Hepatitis B – immunisation | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/hepatitis-b-immunisation

  Immunisation is also recommended, but not free, for people who are at increased risk including: adults on haemodialysis and people with severely impaired renal function who may need dialysis in the future, solid organ and haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, immunocompromised adults, people with chronic liver disease or a liver transplant. […] If you think you have been exposed to hepatitis B, see a doctor immediately. Your doctor can give you treatment that, in some instances, can greatly reduce your risk of infection with hepatitis B.

• #69 What are hepatitis A and B? |TWINRIX Vaccine

  http://www.twinrix.ca/en-ca/about-hepatitis-a-b.html

  Hepatitis A and B are two serious liver diseases caused by the hepatitis A and B viruses. […] You can contract hepatitis B by coming into contact with the bodily fluids (such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, or saliva) of an infected person. […] While most recover from hepatitis B infection, 10% of adults become lifelong carriers. […] Chronic hepatitis B may lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. […] Hepatitis A and B are two of the most common vaccine-preventable diseases in travellers. […] Vaccination is the best way to prevent hepatitis A and B infection.

• #70 Hepatitis B vaccines: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-7-hepatitis-b-vaccine.html

  Chronic carriers are at risk of developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. […] It is estimated that there are more than two billion people infected with hepatitis B virus worldwide, of whom approximately 240 million are chronically infected and 600,000 persons die annually as a result of their infection. […] Despite the availability of HB vaccines, the rates of HB-related hospitalizations, cancers and deaths have more than doubled during the past decade. […] HB vaccination and 1 dose of HBIg administered within 24 hours after birth are 85% to 95% effective in preventing infection in HB exposed neonates. […] HB vaccine is highly effective in preventing HB infection when provided within one week of percutaneous or mucosal exposure to HB-positive blood, or within two weeks of sexual exposure to HB-positive persons. […] A higher dose of monovalent HB vaccine is recommended for individuals with chronic renal disease and some people with immunocompromising conditions.

• #71 Hepatitis B (HepB) Vaccine – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/immunization/hepatitis-b-hepb-vaccine

  The hepatitis B vaccine is 80 to 100% effective in preventing infection or clinical hepatitis B in people who complete the vaccine series. […] This vaccine cannot cause hepatitis B virus infection because no potentially infectious viral DNA or complete viral particles are produced during this process. […] The main contraindication for hepatitis B vaccine is a severe allergic reaction (eg, anaphylaxis) after previous dose or to baker’s yeast or any vaccine component. […] The main precaution with HepB vaccine is moderate or severe illness with or without a fever (vaccination is postponed until the illness resolves).

• #72 Hepatitis B vaccine – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/hepatitis-b-vaccine/

  The hepatitis B vaccine helps protect against hepatitis B. […] Hepatitis B is an infection that affects the liver. It’s spread through blood, semen and vaginal fluids. […] Vaccination against hepatitis B helps reduce your chances of getting infected. […] The hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for people at higher risk from hepatitis B, including: […] The hepatitis B vaccine can help stop you getting hepatitis B if you’re exposed to the blood or other body fluids of an infected person. […] The only reason you cannot have the vaccine is if you’ve had a serious allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) to a previous dose of the vaccine or an ingredient in the vaccine. […] The hepatitis B vaccine is given as an injection into the upper arm or thigh. […] You need at least 3 doses of the vaccine to give you the best protection from hepatitis B.

• #73 Hepatitis B (HepB) Vaccine – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/immunization/hepatitis-b-hepb-vaccine

  The hepatitis B vaccine is 80 to 100% effective in preventing infection or clinical hepatitis B in people who complete the vaccine series. […] This vaccine cannot cause hepatitis B virus infection because no potentially infectious viral DNA or complete viral particles are produced during this process. […] The main contraindication for hepatitis B vaccine is a severe allergic reaction (eg, anaphylaxis) after previous dose or to baker’s yeast or any vaccine component. […] The main precaution with HepB vaccine is moderate or severe illness with or without a fever (vaccination is postponed until the illness resolves).

• #74 Hepatitis B Foundation: Hepatitis B Vaccination

  https://www.hepb.org/prevention-and-diagnosis/vaccination/

  The hepatitis B vaccine is a safe and effective vaccine that is recommended for all infants at birth and for children up to 18 years. […] The hepatitis B vaccine is also known as the first anti-cancer vaccine because it prevents hepatitis B, the leading cause of liver cancer worldwide. […] You cannot get hepatitis B from the vaccine. […] If you have a current HBV infection (HBsAg positive) or have recovered from a past HBV infection, the hepatitis B vaccine series will not benefit you or clear the virus. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the hepatitis B vaccine for all newborns, children up to 18 years of age, and all adults at higher risk for infection. […] The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the hepatitis B vaccine for all newborns, children up to age 18, adults 19-59 years of age, and adults 60 and older who are at high-risk for infection.

• #75 Hepatitis B Vaccine – HEPLISAV-B® (Recombinant), Adjuvanted

  https://www.heplisavb.com/

  HEPLISAVB is a shot given to adults 18 years of age and older to help prevent infection caused by the hepatitis B virus. […] Vaccination with HEPLISAVB may not protect all individuals. […] Some people have hepatitis B infection without being aware of it or showing any symptoms. If you already have hepatitis B present in your body, HEPLISAVB may not prevent hepatitis B infection. […] Not all liver cancer is caused by the hepatitis B virus.

• #76 Common Hepatitis B Myths – LiverWELL

  https://liverwell.org.au/liver-conditions/hepatitis-b/common-myths/

  The myth Hepatitis B is a genetically transmitted disease The truth Hepatitis B is not a genetically transmitted disease, it can only be transmitted from blood to blood contact, unprotected sexual contact, and mother to child during childbirth. […] The myth Hepatitis B vaccine prevents liver cancer and enhances healing in infected patients. The truth The vaccine prevents infection which can lead to cancer. Viral hepatitis is one of many factors that can contribute to the development of liver cancer. However, the vaccine is ineffective for people already infected with hepatitis B and will not lead to healing. […] The myth If I am infected by the hepatitis B virus can I still be vaccinated to prevent me from contracting or spreading it? The truth The vaccine is ineffective for people already infected with hepatitis B. Vaccination is not necessary for you, but your household contacts or partners should be vaccinated to prevent them from contacting hepatitis B.

• #77 Hepatitis B vaccine: Safety and side effects

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324208

  Hepatitis causes inflammation in the liver. The cause of hepatitis B is a virus that can spread through the blood or other bodily fluids. […] The hepatitis B vaccine is highly effective at preventing the infection. […] The available data indicate that the hepatitis B vaccine is safe for pregnant people. They also suggest that hepatitis B vaccines do not have a negative impact on developing fetuses or the parent. […] Each vaccine contains a protein from the hepatitis B virus. However, the vaccine is inactive, meaning that the protein from the virus is dead. […] As a result, the vaccine cannot cause the virus. […] The hepatitis B vaccine is effective at preventing the spread of the virus. All of the available data from several decades of use show that it is safe to use, including while pregnant and among children.

• #78 A real-world pharmacovigilance analysis of hepatitis B vaccine using the U.S. Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) database | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-90135-8

  Hepatitis B vaccines (HBVs) are widely used duo to their high clinical use and mild effects. […] However, as post-marketing data accumulate, several serious adverse events (SAEs) following HBV have been reported. […] This study suggests that HBV has a potential risk in terms of causing Aplastic anaemia, Dermatitis exfoliative, and Haemolytic anaemia. […] Some subtypes of Aplastic anaemia, Dermatitis exfoliative, Haemolytic anaemia are autoimmune diseases, and immunization may stimulate potential autoimmune genetic predisposition, people with autoimmune diseases or a family history of hereditary immune diseases should be monitored after receiving HBV. […] The results of disproportionality analysis showed that the most common AEs associated with HBVs were Urticaria, Agitation, and Injection site hypersensitivity.

• #79 Hepatitis B Vaccines – Adverse Events Associated with Childhood Vaccines – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK236297/

  Factors affecting the antibody response to recombinant vaccine include vaccine type and handling, timing of doses, and site of injection. […] Age is an important factor affecting the immune response. […] The maximal response is in children (ages 2-19 years); this is followed by equivalent responses in young adults and infants. […] The response is diminished in persons with immunosuppressive illnesses, including renal failure and HIV infection. […] The results of the trials of recombinant vaccine are much the same as those of trials of plasma-derived vaccines. […] The evidence is inadequate to accept or reject a causal relation between hepatitis B vaccine and GBS. […] The evidence is inadequate to accept or reject a causal relation between hepatitis B vaccine and optic neuritis, multiple sclerosis, or transverse myelitis.

• #80 Hepatitis B vaccines: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-7-hepatitis-b-vaccine.html

  Chronic carriers are at risk of developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. […] It is estimated that there are more than two billion people infected with hepatitis B virus worldwide, of whom approximately 240 million are chronically infected and 600,000 persons die annually as a result of their infection. […] Despite the availability of HB vaccines, the rates of HB-related hospitalizations, cancers and deaths have more than doubled during the past decade. […] HB vaccination and 1 dose of HBIg administered within 24 hours after birth are 85% to 95% effective in preventing infection in HB exposed neonates. […] HB vaccine is highly effective in preventing HB infection when provided within one week of percutaneous or mucosal exposure to HB-positive blood, or within two weeks of sexual exposure to HB-positive persons. […] A higher dose of monovalent HB vaccine is recommended for individuals with chronic renal disease and some people with immunocompromising conditions.

• #81 Hepatitis B Foundation: Hepatitis B Vaccination

  https://www.hepb.org/prevention-and-diagnosis/vaccination/

  Every person may be at some risk for a hepatitis B infection during their lifetime, so all people should consider getting the hepatitis B vaccine. […] The hepatitis B vaccine is available at your doctor’s office and local health department or clinic. […] More than 1 billion doses of the hepatitis B vaccine have been given worldwide and it is considered one of the safest and most effective vaccines ever made. […] No evidence has been found that the hepatitis B vaccine causes sudden infant deaths (SIDs), autism, multiple sclerosis, or other neurological disorders.

• #82 Hepatitis B Foundation: Hepatitis B Vaccination

  https://www.hepb.org/prevention-and-diagnosis/vaccination/

  Every person may be at some risk for a hepatitis B infection during their lifetime, so all people should consider getting the hepatitis B vaccine. […] The hepatitis B vaccine is available at your doctor’s office and local health department or clinic. […] More than 1 billion doses of the hepatitis B vaccine have been given worldwide and it is considered one of the safest and most effective vaccines ever made. […] No evidence has been found that the hepatitis B vaccine causes sudden infant deaths (SIDs), autism, multiple sclerosis, or other neurological disorders.

• #83 Hepatitis b vaccine (intramuscular route) – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/hepatitis-b-vaccine-intramuscular-route/description/drg-20068700

  Hepatitis B vaccine recombinant is used to prevent infection by the hepatitis B virus. The vaccine works by causing your body to produce its own protection (antibodies) against the disease. […] Hepatitis B vaccine recombinant is made without any human blood or blood products or any other substances of human origin. It cannot give you the hepatitis B virus (HBV) or the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] HBV infection is a major cause of serious liver diseases, such as hepatitis and cirrhosis, and a type of liver cancer called primary hepatocellular carcinoma. […] Immunization against hepatitis B disease is recommended for all newborn babies, infants, children, and adolescents up to 19 years of age. […] This vaccine may not protect you against hepatitis B infection if you are already infected with the virus at the time you receive the shot.

• #84 Hepatitis b vaccine (intramuscular route) – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/hepatitis-b-vaccine-intramuscular-route/description/drg-20068700

  Hepatitis B vaccine recombinant is used to prevent infection by the hepatitis B virus. The vaccine works by causing your body to produce its own protection (antibodies) against the disease. […] Hepatitis B vaccine recombinant is made without any human blood or blood products or any other substances of human origin. It cannot give you the hepatitis B virus (HBV) or the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] HBV infection is a major cause of serious liver diseases, such as hepatitis and cirrhosis, and a type of liver cancer called primary hepatocellular carcinoma. […] Immunization against hepatitis B disease is recommended for all newborn babies, infants, children, and adolescents up to 19 years of age. […] This vaccine may not protect you against hepatitis B infection if you are already infected with the virus at the time you receive the shot.

• #85 Hepatitis B Vaccine: Uses, Side Effects, Dosage, Precautions

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/hepatitis-b-vaccine-and-why-you-need-it-1760037

  Hepatitis B vaccines are considered safe but should not be used in people who have had an allergic reaction to a previous dose of the vaccine or any of the components of the vaccine. […] There is a drug called HepaGam B that can be used to avert infection in those exposed to HBV during sex or after contact with infected blood. […] Severe side effects of hepatitis vaccines are rare. […] According to the World Health Organization, there is no evidence of serious adverse events linked to hepatitis B vaccination.

• #86 Hepatitis B Foundation: Hepatitis B Vaccination

  https://www.hepb.org/prevention-and-diagnosis/vaccination/

  Every person may be at some risk for a hepatitis B infection during their lifetime, so all people should consider getting the hepatitis B vaccine. […] The hepatitis B vaccine is available at your doctor’s office and local health department or clinic. […] More than 1 billion doses of the hepatitis B vaccine have been given worldwide and it is considered one of the safest and most effective vaccines ever made. […] No evidence has been found that the hepatitis B vaccine causes sudden infant deaths (SIDs), autism, multiple sclerosis, or other neurological disorders.

• #87 Hepatitis B Vaccine: Uses, Side Effects, Dosage, Precautions

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/hepatitis-b-vaccine-and-why-you-need-it-1760037

  Hepatitis B vaccines are considered safe but should not be used in people who have had an allergic reaction to a previous dose of the vaccine or any of the components of the vaccine. […] There is a drug called HepaGam B that can be used to avert infection in those exposed to HBV during sex or after contact with infected blood. […] Severe side effects of hepatitis vaccines are rare. […] According to the World Health Organization, there is no evidence of serious adverse events linked to hepatitis B vaccination.

• #88 Hepatitis B | HHS.govLock

  https://www.hhs.gov/immunization/diseases/hepatitis-b/index.html

  Hepatitis B is a liver disease caused by a virus. There are 2 types of hepatitis B: Acute (short-term) hepatitis B and Chronic (long-term) hepatitis B. […] Getting vaccinated is the best way to prevent hepatitis B. […] Hepatitis B spreads through blood, semen, or other body fluids. Hepatitis B can spread from mother to child during birth. […] All children and most adults need to get the hepatitis B vaccine. […] If you’re age 18 and older and at risk for both hepatitis B and hepatitis A, you may be able to get a combination vaccine that protects against both diseases. […] Some people should not get the hepatitis B vaccine — or may need to wait to get it. […] Serious side effects from the hepatitis B vaccine are very rare.

• #89 A real-world pharmacovigilance analysis of hepatitis B vaccine using the U.S. Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) database | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-90135-8

  Hepatitis B vaccines (HBVs) are widely used duo to their high clinical use and mild effects. […] However, as post-marketing data accumulate, several serious adverse events (SAEs) following HBV have been reported. […] This study suggests that HBV has a potential risk in terms of causing Aplastic anaemia, Dermatitis exfoliative, and Haemolytic anaemia. […] Some subtypes of Aplastic anaemia, Dermatitis exfoliative, Haemolytic anaemia are autoimmune diseases, and immunization may stimulate potential autoimmune genetic predisposition, people with autoimmune diseases or a family history of hereditary immune diseases should be monitored after receiving HBV. […] The results of disproportionality analysis showed that the most common AEs associated with HBVs were Urticaria, Agitation, and Injection site hypersensitivity.

• #90 Hepatitis B Vaccines – Adverse Events Associated with Childhood Vaccines – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK236297/

  The evidence is inadequate to accept or reject a causal relation between hepatitis B vaccine and either acute or chronic arthropathy. […] The evidence establishes a causal relation between hepatitis B vaccine and anaphylaxis. […] The evidence establishes a causal relation between hepatitis B vaccine and fatal anaphylaxis.

• #91 A real-world pharmacovigilance analysis of hepatitis B vaccine using the U.S. Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) database | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-90135-8

  Hepatitis B vaccines (HBVs) are widely used duo to their high clinical use and mild effects. […] However, as post-marketing data accumulate, several serious adverse events (SAEs) following HBV have been reported. […] This study suggests that HBV has a potential risk in terms of causing Aplastic anaemia, Dermatitis exfoliative, and Haemolytic anaemia. […] Some subtypes of Aplastic anaemia, Dermatitis exfoliative, Haemolytic anaemia are autoimmune diseases, and immunization may stimulate potential autoimmune genetic predisposition, people with autoimmune diseases or a family history of hereditary immune diseases should be monitored after receiving HBV. […] The results of disproportionality analysis showed that the most common AEs associated with HBVs were Urticaria, Agitation, and Injection site hypersensitivity.

• #92 A real-world pharmacovigilance analysis of hepatitis B vaccine using the U.S. Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) database | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-90135-8

  Hepatitis B vaccines (HBVs) are widely used duo to their high clinical use and mild effects. […] However, as post-marketing data accumulate, several serious adverse events (SAEs) following HBV have been reported. […] This study suggests that HBV has a potential risk in terms of causing Aplastic anaemia, Dermatitis exfoliative, and Haemolytic anaemia. […] Some subtypes of Aplastic anaemia, Dermatitis exfoliative, Haemolytic anaemia are autoimmune diseases, and immunization may stimulate potential autoimmune genetic predisposition, people with autoimmune diseases or a family history of hereditary immune diseases should be monitored after receiving HBV. […] The results of disproportionality analysis showed that the most common AEs associated with HBVs were Urticaria, Agitation, and Injection site hypersensitivity.

• #93 Hepatitis B Vaccine Side Effects – National Vaccine Support Group

  https://immunizationinfo.com/hepatitis-b-vaccine-side-effects/

  There are two Hepatitis B vaccines, Engerix-B® and Recombivax HB®. […] Can the vaccine cause Hepatitis B? […] No. Engerix-B® and Recombivax HB® are recombinant vaccines. That means they only contain parts of the hepatitis B virus and they can’t cause an infection. […] There is a possible risk of a side effect called a Shoulder Injury Related to Vaccine Administration (SIRVA) with any vaccine that is accidentally injected improperly into the shoulder. SIRVA can cause shoulder inflammation, pain, weakness, and limited range of motion.

• #94 Hepatitis B Vaccine Safety | Vaccine Safety | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vaccine-safety/vaccines/hepatitis-b.html

  Hepatitis B is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus. […] Hepatitis B is a vaccine-preventable liver infection caused by HBV. Hepatitis B can range from a mild, short-term, acute illness lasting a few weeks to a serious, long-term, chronic infection. […] In 1998, some research caused concern that hepatitis B vaccination might be linked with multiple sclerosis (MS), a progressive nerve disease. Numerous studies have evaluated a possible relationship between hepatitis B vaccination and MS. A large body of scientific evidence now shows that hepatitis B vaccination does not cause or worsen MS. […] Hundreds of millions of people worldwide have received hepatitis B vaccine without developing MS or any other autoimmune disease. […] To further explore any possible connection between hepatitis B vaccination and MS, many scientific studies have been conducted, and have concluded that hepatitis B vaccination does not cause MS. […] Researchers at CDC and elsewhere have conducted studies to examine the possible link between vaccines and autoimmune conditions like MS, diabetes, and asthma. These studies have been reassuring, providing no evidence to suggest a link between vaccines and autoimmune conditions.

• #95 Hepatitis B Vaccine Safety | Vaccine Safety | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vaccine-safety/vaccines/hepatitis-b.html

  Hepatitis B is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus. […] Hepatitis B is a vaccine-preventable liver infection caused by HBV. Hepatitis B can range from a mild, short-term, acute illness lasting a few weeks to a serious, long-term, chronic infection. […] In 1998, some research caused concern that hepatitis B vaccination might be linked with multiple sclerosis (MS), a progressive nerve disease. Numerous studies have evaluated a possible relationship between hepatitis B vaccination and MS. A large body of scientific evidence now shows that hepatitis B vaccination does not cause or worsen MS. […] Hundreds of millions of people worldwide have received hepatitis B vaccine without developing MS or any other autoimmune disease. […] To further explore any possible connection between hepatitis B vaccination and MS, many scientific studies have been conducted, and have concluded that hepatitis B vaccination does not cause MS. […] Researchers at CDC and elsewhere have conducted studies to examine the possible link between vaccines and autoimmune conditions like MS, diabetes, and asthma. These studies have been reassuring, providing no evidence to suggest a link between vaccines and autoimmune conditions.

• #96 Hepatitis B Vaccine Safety | Vaccine Safety | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vaccine-safety/vaccines/hepatitis-b.html

  Hepatitis B is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus. […] Hepatitis B is a vaccine-preventable liver infection caused by HBV. Hepatitis B can range from a mild, short-term, acute illness lasting a few weeks to a serious, long-term, chronic infection. […] In 1998, some research caused concern that hepatitis B vaccination might be linked with multiple sclerosis (MS), a progressive nerve disease. Numerous studies have evaluated a possible relationship between hepatitis B vaccination and MS. A large body of scientific evidence now shows that hepatitis B vaccination does not cause or worsen MS. […] Hundreds of millions of people worldwide have received hepatitis B vaccine without developing MS or any other autoimmune disease. […] To further explore any possible connection between hepatitis B vaccination and MS, many scientific studies have been conducted, and have concluded that hepatitis B vaccination does not cause MS. […] Researchers at CDC and elsewhere have conducted studies to examine the possible link between vaccines and autoimmune conditions like MS, diabetes, and asthma. These studies have been reassuring, providing no evidence to suggest a link between vaccines and autoimmune conditions.

• #97 Hepatitis B Vaccine Safety | Vaccine Safety | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vaccine-safety/vaccines/hepatitis-b.html

  Hepatitis B is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus. […] Hepatitis B is a vaccine-preventable liver infection caused by HBV. Hepatitis B can range from a mild, short-term, acute illness lasting a few weeks to a serious, long-term, chronic infection. […] In 1998, some research caused concern that hepatitis B vaccination might be linked with multiple sclerosis (MS), a progressive nerve disease. Numerous studies have evaluated a possible relationship between hepatitis B vaccination and MS. A large body of scientific evidence now shows that hepatitis B vaccination does not cause or worsen MS. […] Hundreds of millions of people worldwide have received hepatitis B vaccine without developing MS or any other autoimmune disease. […] To further explore any possible connection between hepatitis B vaccination and MS, many scientific studies have been conducted, and have concluded that hepatitis B vaccination does not cause MS. […] Researchers at CDC and elsewhere have conducted studies to examine the possible link between vaccines and autoimmune conditions like MS, diabetes, and asthma. These studies have been reassuring, providing no evidence to suggest a link between vaccines and autoimmune conditions.

• #98 Hepatitis B vaccination and multiple sclerosis (MS)

  https://www.who.int/groups/global-advisory-committee-on-vaccine-safety/topics/hepatitis-b-vaccines/multiple-sclerosis

  Overall, 9 epidemiological studies have been carried out to estimate the risk (if any) of an association between vaccination with hepatitis B vaccine and a first attack or relapse of MS. […] Analysis of data from spontaneous reports and epidemiological studies does not support a causal relationship between MS and hepatitis B vaccine. […] The most likely explanation is a coincidental association. […] The conclusions of a recent report of the United States Institute of Medicine on an association between hepatitis B vaccine and demyelinating neurological disorders also did not support a causal relationship between hepatitis B vaccine administered to adults and MS or relapse of MS. […] The GACVS has concluded that there is no association between administration of the hepatitis B vaccine and multiple sclerosis (MS).

• #99 Hepatitis B vaccination and multiple sclerosis (MS)

  https://www.who.int/groups/global-advisory-committee-on-vaccine-safety/topics/hepatitis-b-vaccines/multiple-sclerosis

  There are three possible explanations of the observation linking MS with hepatitis B vaccination: 1) coincidence, due to the large number of hepatitis B vaccine doses administered, many of them in age groups in which MS first occurs; 2) „triggering”, i.e. an increased risk of demyelination following hepatitis B vaccine which would act as a „trigger” in individuals predisposed to develop MS or other central nervous system demyelinating disease; and 3) a true causal association between hepatitis B vaccination and MS or other demyelinating disease. […] The analysis of data from spontaneous reports and results of epidemiological studies do not support a causal relationship between MS and hepatitis B vaccination. […] The GACVS has advised the WHO that the evidence and argument submitted by Hernn et al. are insufficient to support the hypothesis of a link between hepatitis B vaccination and MS, and do not justify discontinuation or modification of immunisation programmes with HBV.

• #100 Executive Summary | Immunization Safety Review: Hepatitis B Vaccine and Demyelinating Neurological Disorders | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/10393/chapter/2

  The evidence was inadequate to accept or reject a causal relationship between the hepatitis B vaccine and all other demyelinating conditions. […] The committee concludes that the evidence favors rejection of a causal relationship between hepatitis B vaccine administered to adults and incident multiple sclerosis. The committee also concludes that the evidence favors rejection of a causal relationship between hepatitis B vaccine administered to adults and multiple sclerosis relapse. […] The committee concludes that the evidence is inadequate to accept or reject a causal relationship between hepatitis B vaccine and the first episode of a central nervous system demyelinating disorder. […] The committee concludes that the evidence is inadequate to accept or reject a causal relationship between hepatitis B vaccine and ADEM.

• #101 Executive Summary | Immunization Safety Review: Hepatitis B Vaccine and Demyelinating Neurological Disorders | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/10393/chapter/2

  The evidence was inadequate to accept or reject a causal relationship between the hepatitis B vaccine and all other demyelinating conditions. […] The committee concludes that the evidence favors rejection of a causal relationship between hepatitis B vaccine administered to adults and incident multiple sclerosis. The committee also concludes that the evidence favors rejection of a causal relationship between hepatitis B vaccine administered to adults and multiple sclerosis relapse. […] The committee concludes that the evidence is inadequate to accept or reject a causal relationship between hepatitis B vaccine and the first episode of a central nervous system demyelinating disorder. […] The committee concludes that the evidence is inadequate to accept or reject a causal relationship between hepatitis B vaccine and ADEM.

• #102 Chicago-Kent Law Review

  https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cklawreview/vol91/iss2/7/

  Vaccination against hepatitis B has been available since 1982 and is strongly recommended by most health professionals. […] Several epidemiological studies have been carried out to discover if there is indeed a connection between the hepatitis B vaccination and demyelinating diseases, but no such connection has been established so far. […] French courts have been surprisingly favorable to such claims. They have accepted that causation between the hepatitis B vaccination and the plaintiffs disease could be established on a case-by-case basis, despite the state of scientific uncertainty regarding the possible side effects of this vaccination. […] It finally offers a critical assessment of the state of French law, focusing on its conceptual shortcomings on the issue of causation as well as on the argumentative flaws in the justifications given by French courts for their position.

• #103 Hepatitis B: The Disease & Vaccines | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/vaccine-education-center/vaccine-details/hepatitis-b-vaccine

  The hepatitis B vaccine is given to prevent the severe liver disease that can develop when children or adults are infected with hepatitis B virus. […] Hepatitis B virus infections are known as the „silent epidemic” because many infected people don’t experience symptoms until decades later when they develop hepatitis (inflammation of the liver), cirrhosis (severe liver disease), or cancer of the liver (hepatocellular carcinoma). […] Hepatitis B is transmitted through blood and is 100 times more infectious than HIV. […] Almost half of liver cancers are caused by chronic infection with hepatitis B. […] The hepatitis B vaccine should be given to all teenagers and adults up to 60 years of age who have not yet received the hepatitis B vaccine. […] Every year in the United States about 2,000 people die following an overwhelming hepatitis B virus infection. […] Because hepatitis B virus is a common cause of severe disease and death in the United States, and because the hepatitis B vaccine does not cause permanent damage or death, the benefits of the hepatitis B vaccine clearly outweigh its risks.

• #104 Fact: Hepatitis B vaccination can prevent liver cancer – VaccinesToday

  https://www.vaccinestoday.eu/stories/fact-hepatitis-b-vaccination-can-prevent-liver-cancer/

  Hepatitis B vaccination can prevent liver cancer. […] Hepatitis B leads to at least 56% of all liver cancer cases. […] Increased vaccination, screening and treatment for hepatitis B can prevent the disease from progressing to liver cancer. […] Chronic viral hepatitis, caused by Hepatitis B and C can lead to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which accounts for 80% of all liver cancer cases. […] The WHO has set out a strategy to eliminate new cases of viral hepatitis in Europe. This would have a profound impact on rates of liver cancer. Hepatitis B vaccination is a central part of this plan. […] The hepatitis B vaccine was the first vaccination to prevent cancer. […] 42% of people globally are not aware that one of the leading causes of liver cancer is viral hepatitis.

• #105 Hepatitis B Foundation: History of Hepatitis B Vaccine

  https://www.hepb.org/prevention-and-diagnosis/vaccination/history-of-hepatitis-b-vaccine/

  The hepatitis B vaccine is the first anti-cancer vaccine because it can help prevent liver cancer. […] Therefore, a vaccine that protects against a hepatitis B infection can also help prevent liver cancer. […] it is impossible to get hepatitis B from the new recombinant vaccines that are currently approved in the United States.

• #106 What is Hepatitis B? – HEPLISAV-B® (Recombinant), Adjuvanted

  https://www.heplisavb.com/about-hepatitis-b/

  Hepatitis B is a serious liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus that can be prevented by a vaccine. […] The hepatitis B vaccine is considered among the world’s first anti-cancer vaccines because it helps prevent chronic hepatitis B infections, thereby helping to prevent liver cancer caused by the hepatitis B virus. […] Vaccination with HEPLISAVB may not protect all individuals. […] Not all liver cancer is caused by the hepatitis B virus.

• #107 Fact: Hepatitis B vaccination can prevent liver cancer – VaccinesToday

  https://www.vaccinestoday.eu/stories/fact-hepatitis-b-vaccination-can-prevent-liver-cancer/

  Hepatitis B vaccination can prevent liver cancer. […] Hepatitis B leads to at least 56% of all liver cancer cases. […] Increased vaccination, screening and treatment for hepatitis B can prevent the disease from progressing to liver cancer. […] Chronic viral hepatitis, caused by Hepatitis B and C can lead to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which accounts for 80% of all liver cancer cases. […] The WHO has set out a strategy to eliminate new cases of viral hepatitis in Europe. This would have a profound impact on rates of liver cancer. Hepatitis B vaccination is a central part of this plan. […] The hepatitis B vaccine was the first vaccination to prevent cancer. […] 42% of people globally are not aware that one of the leading causes of liver cancer is viral hepatitis.

• #108 Chapter 10: Hepatitis B | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-10-hepatitis-b.html

  Viral hepatitis is a term commonly used for several diseases that are clinically similar but etiologically and epidemiologically distinct. […] Hepatitis B (formerly called „serum hepatitis”) have been recognized as separate entities since the early 1940s and can be diagnosed with specific serologic tests. […] An estimated 257 million persons worldwide are living with HBV infection. HBV infection is an established cause of acute and chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. […] HepB vaccination is the mainstay of hepatitis B prevention efforts. […] The first recombinant HepB vaccine, Recombivax HB, was licensed in the United States in 1986. […] HBV infection cannot result from use of the recombinant vaccine since no potentially infectious viral DNA or complete viral particles are produced in the recombinant system.

• #109 Hepatitis B Vaccine Side Effects – National Vaccine Support Group

  https://immunizationinfo.com/hepatitis-b-vaccine-side-effects/

  There are two Hepatitis B vaccines, Engerix-B® and Recombivax HB®. […] Can the vaccine cause Hepatitis B? […] No. Engerix-B® and Recombivax HB® are recombinant vaccines. That means they only contain parts of the hepatitis B virus and they can’t cause an infection. […] There is a possible risk of a side effect called a Shoulder Injury Related to Vaccine Administration (SIRVA) with any vaccine that is accidentally injected improperly into the shoulder. SIRVA can cause shoulder inflammation, pain, weakness, and limited range of motion.

• #110 Hepatitis B Vaccine: Uses, Side Effects, Dosage, Precautions

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/hepatitis-b-vaccine-and-why-you-need-it-1760037

  Hepatitis B vaccines are used to prevent hepatitis B, a viral infection of the liver that can lead to cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer in some people. […] The vaccines are all recombinant vaccines, meaning that they deliver DNA coding to cells to „teach” them how to build hepatitis-B-specific antibodies. […] Hepatitis B vaccines prevent all subtypes of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). […] Immunizing babies against HBV is crucial given that 90% of infected infants will go on to develop a chronic infection. […] By contrast, only 2% to 6% of infected adults will develop chronic HBV infection; the rest will spontaneously clear the virus with no long-term consequence. […] The vaccine recommendations in the United States are made by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), an independent panel of experts within the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

• #111 Hepatitis B – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B

  Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that affects the liver; it is a type of viral hepatitis. […] The virus is transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. […] Hepatitis B infection has been preventable by vaccination since 1982. […] As of 2022, the hepatitis B vaccine is between 98% and 100% effective in preventing infection. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends infants receive the vaccine within 24 hours after birth when possible. […] The hepatitis B vaccine was the first vaccine capable of preventing cancer, specifically liver cancer.

• #112

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b

  Hepatitis B is a viral infection that attacks the liver and can cause both acute and chronic disease. […] Hepatitis B can be prevented by vaccines that are safe, available and effective. […] Hepatitis B can be prevented with a safe and effective vaccine. The vaccine is usually given soon after birth with boosters a few weeks later. It offers nearly 100% protection against the virus. […] Hepatitis B is preventable with a vaccine. […] All babies should receive the hepatitis B vaccine as soon as possible after birth (within 24 hours). This is followed by two or three doses of hepatitis B vaccine at least four weeks apart. […] The vaccine protects against hepatitis B for at least 20 years and probably for life.

• #113 Fact: Hepatitis B vaccination can prevent liver cancer – VaccinesToday

  https://www.vaccinestoday.eu/stories/fact-hepatitis-b-vaccination-can-prevent-liver-cancer/

  Hepatitis B vaccination can prevent liver cancer. […] Hepatitis B leads to at least 56% of all liver cancer cases. […] Increased vaccination, screening and treatment for hepatitis B can prevent the disease from progressing to liver cancer. […] Chronic viral hepatitis, caused by Hepatitis B and C can lead to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which accounts for 80% of all liver cancer cases. […] The WHO has set out a strategy to eliminate new cases of viral hepatitis in Europe. This would have a profound impact on rates of liver cancer. Hepatitis B vaccination is a central part of this plan. […] The hepatitis B vaccine was the first vaccination to prevent cancer. […] 42% of people globally are not aware that one of the leading causes of liver cancer is viral hepatitis.

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