Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Vulvar cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vulvar-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20368051

  Vulvar cancer commonly forms as a lump or sore on the vulva that often causes itching. Though it can happen at any age, vulvar cancer is usually diagnosed in older adults. […] Signs and symptoms of vulvar cancer may include: A lump, wartlike bump or an open sore on the vulva. Bleeding in the genital area that isn’t from menstruation. Itching of the skin of the vulva that doesn’t go away. Pain and tenderness that affects the vulva. Skin changes, such as changes in the color of the skin of the vulva or thickening of the skin. […] The earlier vulvar cancer is diagnosed, the less likely an extensive surgery is needed for treatment.

• #1 Vulvar Cancer Symptoms | Cancer Council NSW

  https://www.cancercouncil.com.au/vulvar-cancer/symptoms/

  Early vulvar cancer often has no obvious symptoms. It is commonly diagnosed after having vulvar symptoms for months or years. […] These may include: an ulcer that won’t heal, a lump, sore, swelling or wart-like growth, itching, burning and soreness or pain in the vulva, thickened, raised skin patches (may be red, white or dark brown), a mole on the vulva that changes shape or colour, blood, pus or other discharge coming from an area of skin or a sore spot in the vulva (not related to your menstrual period), hard or swollen lymph nodes in the groin area. […] If you feel any pain in your genital area or notice any of these symptoms, visit your general practitioner (GP) so they can examine the area you are concerned about. Don’t let embarrassment stop you getting checked.

• #1 Vulvar Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6220-vulvar-cancer

  Vulvar cancer is a rare cancer of your vulva. Changes in vulvar skin color and lumps or open sores may be signs of vulvar cancer. Vulvar cancer symptoms include: Color changes, including skin that looks darker or lighter than usual, or patches of white skin. Thickened or rough skin patches. Growths, including lumps, wart-like bumps or ulcers that don’t heal. Itching or burning that doesn’t improve. Bleeding that’s unrelated to menstruation (periods). Tenderness and pain, potentially during sex or when you’re peeing. Vulvar cancer usually develops slowly over several years. Precancerous areas of tissue (lesions) typically develop first. These precancerous lesions are called vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN). Most types of vulvar cancer progress slowly over several years. Less common types, like melanomas, tend to grow and spread more quickly. […] See your healthcare provider if you have one or more of these symptoms. Vulvar cancer symptoms usually don’t appear in the early stages, so it’s important to get checked as soon as possible.

• #1 Vulvar Cancers: Signs and Symptoms | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vulvar-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-symptoms.html

  Symptoms depend on whether it is a cancer or pre-cancer and what kind of vulvar cancer it is. […] Most women with vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) have no symptoms at all. When a woman with VIN does have a symptom, it is most often itching that does not go away or get better. […] Almost all women with invasive vulvar cancers will have symptoms. These can include: An area on the vulva that looks different from normal it could be lighter or darker than the normal skin around it, or look red or pink. A bump or lump, which could be red, pink, or white and could have a wart-like or raw surface or feel rough or thick. Thickening of the skin of the vulva. Itching. Pain or burning. Bleeding or discharge not related to the normal menstrual period. An open sore (especially if it lasts for a month or more).

• #1 Vulvar Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/vulvar/patient/vulvar-treatment-pdq

  Vulvar cancer is a rare cancer that starts in the tissues of the vulva. […] Signs of vulvar cancer include bleeding or itching in the vulvar area. […] Vulvar cancer often does not cause early signs or symptoms. Signs and symptoms may be caused by vulvar cancer or by other conditions. Check with your doctor if you have any of the following: a lump or growth on the vulva that looks like a wart or ulcer, itching in the vulvar area that does not go away, bleeding not related to menstruation (periods), pain in the vulvar area. […] Vulvar cancer usually forms slowly over many years. Abnormal cells can grow on the surface of the vulvar skin for a long time. This condition is called vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN). Because it is possible for VIN to become vulvar cancer, it is important to get treatment.

• #1 Stage 1 Vulvar Cancer Symptoms and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/stage-1-vulvar-cancer-symptoms

  Early stage vulvar cancer may not have any symptoms. But if symptoms do occur, they may include persistent vulvar itching and changes to the skin of the vulva. […] When symptoms are present, they’re typically associated with changes to the skin of the vulva. […] Some people with early stage vulvar cancer may also experience itching in the area of their vulva. This itching is often persistent and doesn’t go away. […] As vulvar cancer progresses, you may begin to experience additional symptoms. These can include: a lump or bump on your vulva that may sometimes resemble a wart, vulvar pain or tenderness, a painful or burning feeling when you pee, bleeding that’s not related to your period, an open sore or ulcer on your vulva. […] Vulvar cancer can also spread to more distant organs and tissues. This is called metastasis and can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, unintentional weight loss, pain at the site of metastasis. […] Early vulvar cancer may not have any noticeable symptoms. When symptoms are present, they typically include itching of the vulva and changes to the skin of your vulva.

• #1 Vulval cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/vulval-cancer/

  Symptoms of vulval cancer can include: a persistent itch in the vulva […] pain, soreness or tenderness in the vulva […] raised and thickened patches of skin that can be red, white or dark […] a lump or wart-like growth on the vulva […] bleeding from the vulva or blood-stained vaginal discharge between periods […] an open sore in the vulva […] a burning pain when passing urine […] a mole on the vulva that changes shape or colour. Speak to your GP if you notice any changes in the usual appearance of your vulva. While its highly unlikely to be the result of cancer, these changes should be investigated. […] The risk of developing vulval cancer increases as you get older. Most cases develop in women and anyone with a vulva aged 65 or over. Very occasionally women and anyone with a vulva under 50 can be affected.

• #1 7 Top Vulvar Cancer Symptoms & Signs | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/vulvar-cancer/vulvar-cancer-symptoms.html

  Symptoms of vulvar cancer vary from woman to woman. They may include: A red, pink or white bump (or bumps) with a rough or scaly surface on the vulva […] Burning, pain or itching in the genital area […] Pain when you urinate […] Bleeding and discharge when you are not having a menstrual period […] A sore on the vulva that does not heal for a month […] A change in size, color or shape of a mole in the genital area […] A lump close to the opening to the vagina […] Pain or bleeding with sexual intercourse. These symptoms do not always mean you have vulvar cancer. However, it is important to discuss any symptoms with your doctor since they may signal other health problems.

• #1 Vulvar Cancer | Foundation For Women’s Cancer

  https://foundationforwomenscancer.org/gynecologic-cancers/gynecologic-cancer-types/vulvar-cancer/

  Vulvar cancer begins in the vulva, which is the external genitalia that comprises of the inner and outer labia (lips), clitoris, urethra where urine exits, opening of the vagina and its glands, as well as the area of skin between the vagina and anus. […] Vulvar cancer is highly curable if detected at an early stage; however, treatment can have significant adverse effects on body image, sexual function, as well as bladder and rectal function. […] Symptoms or signs of pre-cancer and cancer include: Chronic itching (more than 1-2 weeks) […] Skin that appears different than usual different colors (red, pink, black, white), as well as shades (either lighter or darker) […] A bump or lump, which could be red, pink or white, and could have a wart-like or raw surface […] Pain or burning […] Bleeding or discharge not related to the normal menstrual period […] Ulcer or open sore (especially if it lasts for a month or more) […] Cauliflower-like growths.

• #1 Vulvar cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/vulvar-cancer

  Vulvar cancer most commonly develops in the labia minora (inner lips), the labia majora (outer lips), and the perineum (skin between the vagina and the anus). […] Symptoms of vulvar cancer may include: itching, burning and soreness or pain in the vulva […] a lump, sore, swelling or wart-like growth on the vulva […] thickened, raised skin patches in the vulva (may be red, white or dark brown) […] a mole on the vulva that changes shape or colour […] blood, pus or other discharge coming from a lesion or sore spot in the vulva […] hard or swollen lymph nodes in the groin area. […] The vulva is difficult to self-examine so if you feel any pain in your genital area or notice any of the symptoms listed above, visit your general practitioner (GP). […] After a diagnosis of vulvar cancer you may feel disbelief, sadness, shock and anxiety.

• #1 Vulvar cancer | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/vulvar-cancer

  Vulvar cancer is a type of cancer that affects the vulvar region. […] Symptoms of vulvar cancer include an ulcer that refuses to heal and unusual bleeding or discharge from the vagina. […] In its early stages, vulvar cancer often has no symptoms. This is because the cancer is so tiny. The progression of symptoms can include: […] An unusual lump or bump can be felt somewhere on the vulva. […] The lump becomes itchy and painful. […] The lump progresses to an ulcerated sore that refuses to heal. […] The raw-looking sore can be white, red or pink. The sore gets bigger with time. […] There could be unusual bleeding or discharge from the vagina. […] The lymph glands in the groin may swell. […] Problems with bowel motions and passing urine may indicate the cancer has spread into the bowel or bladder. […] In advanced cases secondary cancers may cause a range of symptoms, such as fatigue, loss of weight, aching bones.

• #1 Vulvar cancer: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/173108

  Vulvar cancer is a relatively rare type of cancer that affects the vulva, the external genital organs that protect a females reproductive system. Early signs include a lump, itching, and bleeding. […] Vulvar cancer most commonly affects the outer lips of the vagina. Typically, the first signs of vulvar cancer will involve changes to the vaginal lips, or the side of the vaginal opening. […] Symptoms can vary between types of vulvar cancer and can develop at different rates. […] The first sign usually involves changes to the vaginal lips or the sides of the vaginal opening. […] Depending on the type, there may be: a warty growth, a lump, changes in skin color or texture, ulceration, itching, pain and burning, irritation, bleeding, pain during sexual intercourse, painful urination, rawness and sensitivity.

• #1 What Is Early Stage Squamous Cell Vulvar Cancer?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer/early-stage-squamous-cell-vulvar-cancer

  Squamous cell vulvar cancer is the most common type of vulvar cancer. Its often diagnosed in the early stages when its found only in the vulva. […] Squamous cell vulvar cancer is the most common type of vulvar cancer. It is often diagnosed in early stages when it hasnt yet spread to nearby or distant tissues. […] One of the main symptoms of early stage squamous cell vulvar cancer is a lesion on your vulva. Lesions are most often found on the skin of the labia but can less commonly affect the clitoris or Bartholin glands. […] Vulvar cancer lesions can look like bumps or lumps and may sometimes look like warts. They can also look like ulcers. Lesions may be skin-colored but can also appear white, pink, red, or pigmented. […] While some people with early stage squamous cell vulvar cancer dont have additional symptoms, you might experience: itching, a painful or burning sensation, discharge or bleeding not associated with your period.

• #1 Vulvar Cancers: Signs and Symptoms | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vulvar-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-symptoms.html

  Patients with vulvar melanoma can have many of the same symptoms as other vulvar cancers, such as: A lump. Itching. Pain. Bleeding or discharge. […] A distinct mass (lump) on either side of the opening to the vagina can be the sign of a Bartholin gland carcinoma. […] Soreness and a red, scaly area are symptoms of Paget disease of the vulva.

• #1 Vulval cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/vulval-cancer/

  Vulval intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) is a pre-cancerous condition. This means there are changes to certain cells in the vulva that arent cancerous, but could potentially turn into cancer at a later date. This is a gradual process that usually takes well over 10 years. Symptoms of VIN are similar to those of vulval cancer, and include persistent itchiness of the vulva and raised discoloured patches. Speak to your GP if you have these symptoms. […] If the results of the biopsy show cancer, you may need further tests to assess how widespread it is. The results of these tests will allow your doctor to stage your cancer. This means using a number system to indicate how far the cancer has spread. Vulval cancers are staged using a number from 1 to 4. The lower the stage, the less the cancer has spread and the greater the chance of treatment being successful. Stage 1 and 2 vulval cancers are generally regarded as early-stage cancers with a relatively good chance of being treated successfully. Stage 3 and 4 cancers are usually regarded as advanced-stage cancers and a complete cure for these types of cancers may not always be possible.

• #1 What Is Early Stage Squamous Cell Vulvar Cancer?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer/early-stage-squamous-cell-vulvar-cancer

  Early stage cancer has not yet spread from its initial site to other areas of your body. In the case of vulvar cancer, this means the cancer is only in your vulva, and there are no suspicious lymph nodes. […] Most vulvar cancers about 59% are diagnosed when theyre in the early stages. […] The outlook for early stage squamous cell vulvar cancer can depend on factors such as: the extent of the cancer in your vulva, how the cancer responds to treatment, your age and overall health. […] When squamous cell vulvar cancer is found in early stages, the outlook is typically quite good. According to the National Cancer Institute, the 5-year relative survival rate for vulvar cancers that are localized (located only in the vulva) is 86.3%. […] Its possible for squamous cell vulvar cancer to come back (recur) after treatment. About 37% of people have a recurrence within 5 years, and most recurrences happen within 2 years of initial treatment.

• #1 Vulvar cancer: epidemiology, clinical presentation, and management options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4374790/

  Pruritus is the most common and long-lasting reported symptom of vulvar cancer, followed by vulvar bleeding, discharge, dysuria, and pain. […] The most obvious manifestation of vulvar cancer is a vulvar lump or mass, which may present ulcerated, leukoplakic, fleshy, or warty. […] The prognosis of patients with vulvar cancer is quite good when convenient treatment is provided in a timely manner. Inguinal and/or femoral node involvement is the most significant prognostic factor for survival in patients with vulvar cancer. […] Extracapsular growth of lymph node metastases, two or more affected lymph nodes, and more than 50% replacement of lymph nodes by tumor are predictors of poor survival. The overall 5-year survival rate ranges from 70% to 93% for patients with negative nodes and from 25% to 41% for those with positive nodes.

• #1 Vulvar Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/vulvar/patient/vulvar-treatment-pdq

  The prognosis and treatment options depend on whether the cancer has spread to nearby areas or other parts of the body, whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, and whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred (come back). […] Vulvar cancer can recur (come back) after it has been treated. The cancer may come back in the vulva or in other parts of the body.

• #1 Vulvar Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK567798/

  Most patients with vulvar melanoma present with advanced symptoms, including bleeding, mass, and ulceration. […] A physical exam may show an erythematous lesion, a scaly patch, plaques, an ulcer, or an ill-defined mass. […] The gold standard for diagnosing vulvar cancer remains histologic diagnosis, although clinical correlation does have significant value. […] Surgical excision is the standard therapy for vulvar cancer, but adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy may be recommended depending on the histopathology and extent of the disease. […] The lymphatic spread is initially to homolateral superficial inguinal lymph nodes and then to deep femoroinguinal lymph nodes. Lymph node status is the most powerful prognostic factor for overall survival in patients with vulvar cancer. Survival rates are significantly lower for patients with lymph node metastasis: 65% vs 91% at 10 years, 52.5% vs 87.5% at 5 years, and 56.2% vs 90.2% at 3 years. […] Overall, the recurrence rate of vulvar cancer is 37% at five years. Patients diagnosed with distant metastasis have a poor prognosis.

• #1 Vulvar Cancer – Symptoms And Treatment | familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/vulvar-cancer/

  Vulvar cancer is not very common. However, it is very serious because it is cancer. It can affect a woman’s sexual functioning. It can make sex painful and difficult. If found early, vulvar cancer has a high cure rate and the treatment options involve less surgery. […] Tell your doctor if you have any of these warning signs of vulvar cancer: Vulvar itching that lasts more than a few weeks, A cut or sore on the vulva that won’t heal, A lump or mass on the vulva, Vulvar pain, Bleeding from the vulva (different from your usual menstrual bleeding), Burning in the genital area that lasts even after your doctor has treated the burning, Any change in size, color, or texture of a birthmark or mole in the vulvar area. […] When vulvar cancer is found and treated early, the cure rate is more than 90%. The key to a cure is to tell your doctor about any warning signs early and to have a biopsy right away.

• #1 Symptoms of vulval cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/vulval-cancer/symptoms

  You may have some symptoms of vulval cancer. But not everyone diagnosed with vulval cancer will have symptoms. […] Symptoms of vulval cancer can be vague, particularly at an early stage. […] Symptoms of vulval cancer include: an open sore or growth visible on the skin, a persistent itch, bleeding, pain or soreness, thickened, raised, red, white or dark patches on the skin, a mole that changes shape or colour, a lump or swelling in the groin, burning pain when you pass urine. […] Your GP will ask about your general health and any symptoms you might have. They may also examine you to look for any changes or lumps in the vulval area.

• #1 Vulval cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/vulval-cancer

  Symptoms of vulval cancer can include burning when passing urine and a sore or ulcerated area on the vulva. […] If you have any symptoms it is important to get them checked by your GP. […] If your vulval examination and biopsy show cancer, your doctor will arrange further tests to check if the cancer has spread. This is called staging. The results will help you and your doctor decide on the best treatment for you. Some tests may be repeated during and after treatment to check your progress. […] A common place for vulval cancer to spread to is the lymph nodes in the groin. Your doctor will check these nodes for swelling. Having swollen lymph nodes does not always mean that the cancer has spread. For example, an infection can also cause lymph nodes to swell. […] Not everyone gets lymphoedema after treatment for cancer of the vulva. But it can start months or years later.

• #2 Vulval cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/vulval-cancer/

  Symptoms of vulval cancer can include: a persistent itch in the vulva […] pain, soreness or tenderness in the vulva […] raised and thickened patches of skin that can be red, white or dark […] a lump or wart-like growth on the vulva […] bleeding from the vulva or blood-stained vaginal discharge between periods […] an open sore in the vulva […] a burning pain when passing urine […] a mole on the vulva that changes shape or colour. Speak to your GP if you notice any changes in the usual appearance of your vulva. While its highly unlikely to be the result of cancer, these changes should be investigated. […] The risk of developing vulval cancer increases as you get older. Most cases develop in women and anyone with a vulva aged 65 or over. Very occasionally women and anyone with a vulva under 50 can be affected.

• #2 Vulvar cancer

  https://www.cancervic.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/vulvar-cancer/vulvar-cancer-overview.html

  Vulvar cancer is the abnormal growth of cells in any part of the vulva. It most commonly develops in the skin of the labia majora, labia minora and the perineum. […] As the cancer grows, it can spread to areas near the vulva, such as the vagina, bladder or anus. […] Early vulvar cancer often has no obvious symptoms. It is commonly diagnosed after having vulvar symptoms for months or years. These may include: an ulcer that wont heal, a lump, sore, swelling or wart-like growth, itching, burning and soreness or pain in the vulva, thickened, raised skin patches (may be red, white or dark brown), a mole on the vulva that changes shape or colour, blood, pus or other discharge coming from an area of skin or a sore spot in the vulva (not related to your menstrual period), hard or swollen lymph nodes in the groin area.

• #2 Vulvar cancer: epidemiology, clinical presentation, and management options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4374790/

  Pruritus is the most common and long-lasting reported symptom of vulvar cancer, followed by vulvar bleeding, discharge, dysuria, and pain. […] The most obvious manifestation of vulvar cancer is a vulvar lump or mass, which may present ulcerated, leukoplakic, fleshy, or warty. […] The prognosis of patients with vulvar cancer is quite good when convenient treatment is provided in a timely manner. Inguinal and/or femoral node involvement is the most significant prognostic factor for survival in patients with vulvar cancer. […] Extracapsular growth of lymph node metastases, two or more affected lymph nodes, and more than 50% replacement of lymph nodes by tumor are predictors of poor survival. The overall 5-year survival rate ranges from 70% to 93% for patients with negative nodes and from 25% to 41% for those with positive nodes.

• #2 Vulvar Cancers: Signs and Symptoms | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vulvar-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-symptoms.html

  Symptoms depend on whether it is a cancer or pre-cancer and what kind of vulvar cancer it is. […] Most women with vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) have no symptoms at all. When a woman with VIN does have a symptom, it is most often itching that does not go away or get better. […] Almost all women with invasive vulvar cancers will have symptoms. These can include: An area on the vulva that looks different from normal it could be lighter or darker than the normal skin around it, or look red or pink. A bump or lump, which could be red, pink, or white and could have a wart-like or raw surface or feel rough or thick. Thickening of the skin of the vulva. Itching. Pain or burning. Bleeding or discharge not related to the normal menstrual period. An open sore (especially if it lasts for a month or more).

• #2 Symptoms of Vaginal and Vulvar Cancers | Vaginal and Vulvar Cancers | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vaginal-vulvar-cancers/symptoms/index.html

  Many women who have vulvar cancer have signs and symptoms. They may include: […] Itching, burning, or bleeding on the vulva that does not go away. […] Changes in the color of the skin of the vulva, so that it looks redder or whiter than is normal for you. […] Skin changes in the vulva, including what looks like a rash or warts. […] Sores, lumps, or ulcers on the vulva that do not go away. […] Pain in your pelvis, especially when you urinate or have sex.

• #2 Stage 1 Vulvar Cancer Symptoms and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/stage-1-vulvar-cancer-symptoms

  Early stage vulvar cancer may not have any symptoms. But if symptoms do occur, they may include persistent vulvar itching and changes to the skin of the vulva. […] When symptoms are present, they’re typically associated with changes to the skin of the vulva. […] Some people with early stage vulvar cancer may also experience itching in the area of their vulva. This itching is often persistent and doesn’t go away. […] As vulvar cancer progresses, you may begin to experience additional symptoms. These can include: a lump or bump on your vulva that may sometimes resemble a wart, vulvar pain or tenderness, a painful or burning feeling when you pee, bleeding that’s not related to your period, an open sore or ulcer on your vulva. […] Vulvar cancer can also spread to more distant organs and tissues. This is called metastasis and can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, unintentional weight loss, pain at the site of metastasis. […] Early vulvar cancer may not have any noticeable symptoms. When symptoms are present, they typically include itching of the vulva and changes to the skin of your vulva.

• #2 Vulvar cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/vulvar-cancer

  Vulvar cancer most commonly develops in the labia minora (inner lips), the labia majora (outer lips), and the perineum (skin between the vagina and the anus). […] Symptoms of vulvar cancer may include: itching, burning and soreness or pain in the vulva […] a lump, sore, swelling or wart-like growth on the vulva […] thickened, raised skin patches in the vulva (may be red, white or dark brown) […] a mole on the vulva that changes shape or colour […] blood, pus or other discharge coming from a lesion or sore spot in the vulva […] hard or swollen lymph nodes in the groin area. […] The vulva is difficult to self-examine so if you feel any pain in your genital area or notice any of the symptoms listed above, visit your general practitioner (GP). […] After a diagnosis of vulvar cancer you may feel disbelief, sadness, shock and anxiety.

• #2 Vulval cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/vulval-cancer/

  Vulval intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) is a pre-cancerous condition. This means there are changes to certain cells in the vulva that arent cancerous, but could potentially turn into cancer at a later date. This is a gradual process that usually takes well over 10 years. Symptoms of VIN are similar to those of vulval cancer, and include persistent itchiness of the vulva and raised discoloured patches. Speak to your GP if you have these symptoms. […] If the results of the biopsy show cancer, you may need further tests to assess how widespread it is. The results of these tests will allow your doctor to stage your cancer. This means using a number system to indicate how far the cancer has spread. Vulval cancers are staged using a number from 1 to 4. The lower the stage, the less the cancer has spread and the greater the chance of treatment being successful. Stage 1 and 2 vulval cancers are generally regarded as early-stage cancers with a relatively good chance of being treated successfully. Stage 3 and 4 cancers are usually regarded as advanced-stage cancers and a complete cure for these types of cancers may not always be possible.

• #2 Vulva Cancer: Early Symptoms and Treatment Options – Prof. Dr. Basak Baksu

  https://basakbaksu.com.tr/en/vulva-kanseri-belirtileri-tedavi-secenekleri/

  As cancer progresses, patients may experience symptoms such as pain, burning, and tenderness in the vulva. These symptoms may increase, especially during walking, sitting or sexual intercourse. Thickening of the vulvar skin, ulceration (open wound) and crusting of the skin tissue are also among the frequently observed symptoms. These conditions are usually associated with the spread of cancerous cells on the skin surface. […] Bleeding and abnormal discharge are other obvious symptoms of vulvar cancer. These symptoms usually occur in the more advanced stages of cancer and require immediate medical attention. In advanced stages, vulvar cancer can spread to surrounding tissues and lymph nodes, making treatment of the disease more complicated. […] Vulvar cancer can be controlled with early diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, it is vital to consult a specialist immediately when symptoms are noticed. Vulvar cancer diagnosed in the early stages can be effectively treated with less invasive treatment methods. Regular gynecological check-ups ensure that cancer is detected at an early stage and increases the chance of treatment.

• #2 Vulvar Cancer | Foundation For Women’s Cancer

  https://foundationforwomenscancer.org/gynecologic-cancers/gynecologic-cancer-types/vulvar-cancer/

  Vulvar cancer begins in the vulva, which is the external genitalia that comprises of the inner and outer labia (lips), clitoris, urethra where urine exits, opening of the vagina and its glands, as well as the area of skin between the vagina and anus. […] Vulvar cancer is highly curable if detected at an early stage; however, treatment can have significant adverse effects on body image, sexual function, as well as bladder and rectal function. […] Symptoms or signs of pre-cancer and cancer include: Chronic itching (more than 1-2 weeks) […] Skin that appears different than usual different colors (red, pink, black, white), as well as shades (either lighter or darker) […] A bump or lump, which could be red, pink or white, and could have a wart-like or raw surface […] Pain or burning […] Bleeding or discharge not related to the normal menstrual period […] Ulcer or open sore (especially if it lasts for a month or more) […] Cauliflower-like growths.

• #2 Vulvar Cancer: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/cancer/gynecologic-cancer/vulvar-cancer

  Vulvar cancer usually presents as an itchy lump or sore in the vulva area. […] People may experience all or none of these vulvar cancer symptoms: Chronic itching or burning in the vulvar area, Lumps or growths similar to ulcers or warts in the vulvar area, A rash around the vulva, Skin discoloration or skin thickening in the vulvar area, Tenderness around the vulva, Bleeding around the vulva (not related to menstrual periods), Pain during urination, Pelvic pain during sex.

• #2 Vulvar Cancer Symptoms | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/cancer-care/gynecologic-cancer-care/vulvar-cancer/symptoms

  In its early stages, vulvar cancer may not cause any signs or symptoms. As the disease progresses, you may notice symptoms, including: Persistent itching […] Vaginal bleeding after intercourse […] Any vaginal bleeding after menopause […] Burning sensation […] Pelvic pain […] Vaginal discharge […] Painful urination […] Changes in skin color or thickness […] One or more wart-like lumps or open sores. These symptoms may be caused by vulvar cancer or another health problem. If you are concerned about any of these issues, talk with your physician. As vulvar cancer may not cause early symptoms, talk with your physician about having routine pelvic exams.

• #2 Vulvar Cancer Signs, Symptoms & Types | Banner MD Anderson

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/cancer/cancer-type/vulvar-cancer/symptoms-and-types

  Vulvar cancer is uncommon, and signs and symptoms are different for everyone. […] One or more of these symptoms could be a sign of vulvar cancer. They may also be caused by other conditions, so talk to your doctor if you notice: Rough or scaly red, pink or white bumps on the skin of the vulva […] Pain with urination […] Bleeding and discharge unrelated to a menstrual period […] Itching, burning or pain in your genitals […] A mole on your genitals that changes […] A lump on your vulva […] A sore on your vulva that doesn’t heal within a month.

• #2 What are the Symptoms and Signs of Vulvar Cancer?

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/vulvar-cancer/symptoms

  Women with invasive vulvar cancer may experience symptoms such as: A red, pink or white bump(s) that has a raw or wart-like surface […] A white area that feels rough […] Persistent itching […] Pain, or a burning feeling while urinating […] Bleeding and discharge not associated with menstruation […] An open sore or ulcer that lasts more than a month […] Women with the verrucous carcinoma subtype of squamous cell vulvar cancer may notice a cauliflower-like growth similar to a genital wart. Bartholin gland cancer is usually associated with a lump on either side of the opening to the vagina, although this may also be a simple cyst. Women with Pagets disease of the vulva often complain of soreness, and a red, scaly area. Pagets disease is a form of skin cancer in which adenocarcinoma cells have been detected in the skin.

• #2 Symptoms of vulvar cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/vulvar/signs-and-symptoms

  Vulvar cancer may not cause any signs or symptoms in its early stages. Signs and symptoms often appear as the tumour grows and affects nearby structures. Other benign health conditions can cause the same symptoms as vulvar cancer. […] The signs or symptoms of vulvar cancer include: itching, soreness, burning, tingling sensation or pain in the vulva that doesnt go away […] wart-like growths on the vulva […] thickened skin, a lump or growth on the vulva […] a lump or growth in or on either side of the opening to the vagina […] raw patches or an open sore (ulcer) […] changes in the appearance of a mole on the vulva […] unusual bleeding or discharge that is not menstruation […] pain during urination or sexual intercourse […] fluid leaking from the growth […] one or more swollen or hard lymph nodes in the groin.

• #2 Vulvar cancer | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/vulvar-cancer

  Vulvar cancer is a type of cancer that affects the vulvar region. […] Symptoms of vulvar cancer include an ulcer that refuses to heal and unusual bleeding or discharge from the vagina. […] In its early stages, vulvar cancer often has no symptoms. This is because the cancer is so tiny. The progression of symptoms can include: […] An unusual lump or bump can be felt somewhere on the vulva. […] The lump becomes itchy and painful. […] The lump progresses to an ulcerated sore that refuses to heal. […] The raw-looking sore can be white, red or pink. The sore gets bigger with time. […] There could be unusual bleeding or discharge from the vagina. […] The lymph glands in the groin may swell. […] Problems with bowel motions and passing urine may indicate the cancer has spread into the bowel or bladder. […] In advanced cases secondary cancers may cause a range of symptoms, such as fatigue, loss of weight, aching bones.

• #2 Vulvar Cancers: Signs and Symptoms | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vulvar-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-symptoms.html

  Patients with vulvar melanoma can have many of the same symptoms as other vulvar cancers, such as: A lump. Itching. Pain. Bleeding or discharge. […] A distinct mass (lump) on either side of the opening to the vagina can be the sign of a Bartholin gland carcinoma. […] Soreness and a red, scaly area are symptoms of Paget disease of the vulva.

• #2 Vulvar Cancer | Southwest Women’s Oncology and Health

  https://swwomensoncology.com/diagnosis/vulvar-cancer/

  Vulvar cancer symptoms include vulvar itching, bleeding, vulvar irritation, increasing pain with intercourse, and new pigmentation. […] Squamous cell cancer of the vulva usually causes pain, soreness and itching. There is usually an obvious growth on the skin or an ulcerated area. Diagnosis is by simple biopsy. […] These cancers are usually slow growing and do not spread early. When they do spread it is usually by way of the lymph nodes. The regional lymph nodes are located at the top of the thigh in the groin area.

• #2 Vulvar Cancer – Ovarian Cancer Research Alliance

  https://ocrahope.org/for-patients/gynecologic-cancers/vulvar-cancer/

  Melanomas can also develop on the vulva. Symptoms of vulvar melanoma can include: A lump; Pain or itching; Bleeding or discharge; Discolored areas, which are most often black or dark brown, but can also be pink, red, white, or other colors; Changes in the appearance of a mole or changes in pigmentation. […] Rare vulvar cancers include Bartholin gland cancer, which may be associated with a distinct mass or lump on the side of the vaginal opening. Most often, a lump of this type is caused by a Bartholin gland cyst, which is not cancerous. […] Paget disease is a rare cancer that can develop on the vulva. Paget disease may be associated with soreness and a red, scaly area on the skin.

• #2 Vulvar Cancer – Information – Oncology Hematology Care – OHC

  https://ohcare.com/condition/vulvar-cancer/

  Vulvar Cancer is a rare disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the vulva (in the external genitalia of women). Vulvar cancer most often affects the outer vaginal lips. Less often, cancer affects the inner vaginal lips, clitoris, or vaginal glands. […] Signs & Symptoms […] A lump or growth on the vulva. […] Changes in the vulvar skin, such as color changes or growths that look like a wart or ulcer. […] Tenderness or itching in the vulvar area that does not go away. […] Bleeding not related to menstruation (periods). […] Vulvar cancer usually forms slowly over a number of years. Abnormal cells can grow on the surface of the vulvar skin for a long time. This condition is called vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN). Because it is possible for VIN to become vulvar cancer, it is very important to get treatment.

• #2 Vulvar Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/vulvar/patient/vulvar-treatment-pdq

  The prognosis and treatment options depend on whether the cancer has spread to nearby areas or other parts of the body, whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, and whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred (come back). […] Vulvar cancer can recur (come back) after it has been treated. The cancer may come back in the vulva or in other parts of the body.

• #2 Vulvar Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK567798/

  Most patients with vulvar melanoma present with advanced symptoms, including bleeding, mass, and ulceration. […] A physical exam may show an erythematous lesion, a scaly patch, plaques, an ulcer, or an ill-defined mass. […] The gold standard for diagnosing vulvar cancer remains histologic diagnosis, although clinical correlation does have significant value. […] Surgical excision is the standard therapy for vulvar cancer, but adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy may be recommended depending on the histopathology and extent of the disease. […] The lymphatic spread is initially to homolateral superficial inguinal lymph nodes and then to deep femoroinguinal lymph nodes. Lymph node status is the most powerful prognostic factor for overall survival in patients with vulvar cancer. Survival rates are significantly lower for patients with lymph node metastasis: 65% vs 91% at 10 years, 52.5% vs 87.5% at 5 years, and 56.2% vs 90.2% at 3 years. […] Overall, the recurrence rate of vulvar cancer is 37% at five years. Patients diagnosed with distant metastasis have a poor prognosis.

• #2 What Is Early Stage Squamous Cell Vulvar Cancer?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer/early-stage-squamous-cell-vulvar-cancer

  Early stage cancer has not yet spread from its initial site to other areas of your body. In the case of vulvar cancer, this means the cancer is only in your vulva, and there are no suspicious lymph nodes. […] Most vulvar cancers about 59% are diagnosed when theyre in the early stages. […] The outlook for early stage squamous cell vulvar cancer can depend on factors such as: the extent of the cancer in your vulva, how the cancer responds to treatment, your age and overall health. […] When squamous cell vulvar cancer is found in early stages, the outlook is typically quite good. According to the National Cancer Institute, the 5-year relative survival rate for vulvar cancers that are localized (located only in the vulva) is 86.3%. […] Its possible for squamous cell vulvar cancer to come back (recur) after treatment. About 37% of people have a recurrence within 5 years, and most recurrences happen within 2 years of initial treatment.

• #2 Vulva cancer Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/vulva-cancer

  Vulvar cancer is cancer that starts in the vulva. Vulvar cancer most often affects the labia, the folds of skin outside the vagina. In some cases, vulvar cancer starts on the clitoris or in glands on the sides of the vaginal opening. […] Women with this condition will often have itching around the vagina for years. They may have used different skin creams. They may also have bleeding or discharge outside their periods. […] Other skin changes that may occur around the vulva: Mole or freckle, which may be pink, red, white, or gray; Skin thickening or lump; Skin sore (ulcer), especially if non healing. […] Other symptoms: Pain or burning with urination; Pain with intercourse; Unusual odor. […] Some women with vulvar cancer have no symptoms. […] Most women with vulvar cancer who are diagnosed and treated at an early stage do well. But a woman’s outcome depends on: The size of the tumor; The type of vulvar cancer; Whether the cancer has spread. […] The cancer commonly comes back at or near the site of the original tumor.

• #2 Vulvar Cancer | University of Colorado Gynecology Oncology

  https://cancer.coloradowomenshealth.com/cancer-resources/gynecologic-cancers/vulvar-cancer/index.html

  Symptoms of vulvar cancer include itching and burning. […] Most women with vulvar cancer show no apparent signs and symptoms. Generic symptoms of vulvar cancer can include: prolonged or chronic itching, bleeding or burning on the vulva; discolored skin on the vulva that appears redder or whiter than normal; rash or warts surrounding vulva skin; sores, lumps or ulcers on the vulva; pain in the pelvis, especially when urinating or during sexual intercourse. […] Symptoms may be caused by something other than cancer, but the only way to know is to see a doctor if any of these symptoms occur. […] Vulvar cancer usually forms slowly over many years. Abnormal cells can grow on the surface of the vulvar skin for a long time. This condition is called vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN). If left untreated, VIN can develop into cancer. […] When found early, vulvar cancers are highly treatable.

• #2 What does a vulvar cancer treatment plan involve? – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/cancer/types-treatments/vulvar-cancer

  Vulvar cancer does not always cause symptoms in the early stages. […] Women should also see a doctor if they experience any signs of the following symptoms, which may be signs of vulvar cancer: Itching around the vulva that doesn’t go away, a burning feeling or other pain in the vulva, any bumps, lumps or other growths, a sore in the vulva that doesn’t heal for a month or longer, a change in color or texture (for example, a part of the vulva appears lighter, darker, or thicker than the area around it), unexpected bleeding or discharge. […] When vulvar cancer is suspected, we typically conduct a biopsy, or remove a small piece of suspicious tissue. […] We may also conduct imaging tests, including MRIs and CT scans, to determine how far the cancer has spread and gain other critical information needed to guide treatment.

• #2 Vulval cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/vulval-cancer

  Life after cancer treatment is often challenging. It can be especially difficult to cope with changes to something as personal as your sex life. Your treatment may have caused changes that affect how your body responds sexually or how sex feels. It may also affect how you feel about your body, sex and your relationships.

• #2 About Vulvar Cancer

  https://igcs.org/vulvar/

  Vulvar cancer usually forms slowly over a number of years. Abnormal cells can grow on the surface of the vulvar skin for a long time. This condition is called vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN). […] Signs and symptoms of vulvar cancer may include: Itching that doesn’t go away, Pain, tenderness, or burning, Bleeding or discharge that isn’t from menstruation, Skin changes, such as color changes or thickening, A lump, wart-like bumps or an open sore (ulcer).

• #2 Vaginal & Vulvar Cancer Symptoms | A Guide » Professor Andreas Obermair

  https://www.obermair.info/latest-news/blog/what-are-the-symptoms-of-vaginal-and-vulval-cancer/

  Vulval cancer is uncommon with approximately 400 women in Australia diagnosed each year. […] Symptoms of vulval cancer may include: A lump on the vulva, Persistent itching, tenderness or burning of the vulva that does not go away, Changes in the skin of the vulva, including colour changes or growths that look like a wart or ulcer, Abnormal bleeding. […] If you have any signs or symptoms of vulval or vaginal cancer, you should speak to your GP in the first instance and request a physical examination. […] Overall, speak to your GP if you are concerned about vulval or vaginal cancer. Putting up with abnormal symptoms is never a good idea because it can mask serious conditions that cannot be detected otherwise.

• #3 Vulval cancer | Cancer Australia

  https://www.canceraustralia.gov.au/cancer-types/vulval-cancer

  Vulvar cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the tissues of the vulva, the external part of a woman’s sex organs, often affecting the labia or clitoris. […] Symptoms of vulvar cancer include lumps, itching, skin changes, bleeding, and pain, and women should consult their GP if they experience these. […] The most common areas for vulvar cancer to develop are the inner edges of the labia majora and the labia minora. Less often, vulvar cancer may also involve the clitoris or the Bartholin’s glands (small glands, one on each side of the vagina). It can also affect the perineum.

• #3 Symptoms of Vaginal and Vulvar Cancers | Vaginal and Vulvar Cancers | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vaginal-vulvar-cancers/symptoms/index.html

  Many women who have vulvar cancer have signs and symptoms. They may include: […] Itching, burning, or bleeding on the vulva that does not go away. […] Changes in the color of the skin of the vulva, so that it looks redder or whiter than is normal for you. […] Skin changes in the vulva, including what looks like a rash or warts. […] Sores, lumps, or ulcers on the vulva that do not go away. […] Pain in your pelvis, especially when you urinate or have sex.

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