Rak sromu
Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby

Rak sromu, będący rzadkim nowotworem złośliwym zewnętrznych narządów płciowych kobiet, charakteryzuje się złożonym rokowaniem zależnym od wielu czynników klinicznych i patologicznych. Najistotniejszym prognostycznie parametrem jest status węzłów chłonnych pachwinowych – pacjentki bez zajęcia węzłów osiągają 5-letnie przeżycie całkowite (OS) na poziomie 90%, podczas gdy obecność przerzutów w węzłach obniża OS do 25-41%. Zaawansowanie choroby według klasyfikacji FIGO koreluje z przeżyciem: stadium 1 cechuje 5-letnie przeżycie 91,2%, stadium 2 – 82,5%, stadium 3 – 41,0%, a stadium 4 – 10,9%. Dodatkowo, wielkość guza (>2 cm) oraz głębokość inwazji (>1 mm) są istotnymi czynnikami prognostycznymi. Różnice w rokowaniu obserwuje się także pomiędzy podtypami histologicznymi – np. rak brodawkowaty ma lepsze rokowanie niż czerniak sromu. W badaniach immunologicznych podwyższona gęstość limfocytów T CD3+ na granicy inwazji nowotworu wiąże się z lepszym przeżyciem (OS p=0,0027, PFS p=0,024), natomiast fenotyp immunologiczny pustynny koreluje z gorszym rokowaniem (OS p=0,0071, PFS p=0,0027).

Wprowadzenie do rokowania w raku sromu

Rak sromu to rzadki nowotwór złośliwy zewnętrznych narządów płciowych kobiecych. Rokowanie w przypadku tego nowotworu zależy od wielu czynników, a zrozumienie ich znaczenia jest kluczowe dla właściwego prowadzenia pacjentek. Prognoza stanowi najlepsze oszacowanie przez lekarza, jak nowotwór wpłynie na pacjenta i jak odpowie na leczenie, jednak należy pamiętać, że jest to obliczone przypuszczenie, a nie definitywna przepowiednia dalszego przebiegu choroby.1 Mimo że statystyki przeżycia mogą dać przybliżony obraz procentowego udziału osób z określonym typem i stadium nowotworu, które przeżyły określony czas (zazwyczaj 5 lat) po diagnozie, nie mogą one przewidzieć, co wydarzy się w przypadku konkretnego pacjenta.2

Rak sromu zazwyczaj rozwija się powoli, przez kilka lat.3 Najczęstszym typem jest rak płaskonabłonkowy sromu, który rozwija się w związku z jednym z dwóch stanów: zakażeniem wirusem brodawczaka ludzkiego (HPV) lub liszajem twardzinowym.4 Choć tradycyjnie uważany za nowotwór dotykający głównie osoby starsze, badania z krajów rozwijających się pokazują, że może on występować u znacznie młodszych kobiet, nawet o 10-15 lat młodszych niż w krajach wysokorozwiniętych.5

Główne czynniki prognostyczne

Status węzłów chłonnych

Najważniejszym czynnikiem prognostycznym w raku sromu jest liczba węzłów chłonnych pachwinowych (węzłów pachwinowych), do których rozprzestrzenił się nowotwór. Rak sromu, który nie rozprzestrzenił się do żadnych węzłów chłonnych, ma najlepsze rokowanie.6 Przeżycie jest w dużej mierze uzależnione od braku przerzutów do układu limfatycznego.7 Analiza jednowymiarowa wykazała, że status węzłów chłonnych jest statystycznie istotnym czynnikiem prognostycznym dla całkowitego przeżycia pacjentek z rakiem sromu.8

Ogólne przeżycie wynosi 75,0% w grupie pacjentek z ujemnymi węzłami chłonnymi i 56,3% w grupie pacjentek z dodatnimi węzłami chłonnymi. Różnica w przeżyciu w zależności od statusu węzłów chłonnych jest statystycznie istotna (p=0,045).9 W przypadku pacjentek z operacyjnym rakiem sromu bez zajęcia węzłów chłonnych, 5-letni wskaźnik całkowitego przeżycia (OS) wynosi 90%. Jednak u pacjentek z zajęciem węzłów, 5-letni wskaźnik OS wynosi około 25-41%.10

Zaobserwować można dużą różnicę w prawdopodobieństwie przeżycia między stadium FIGO 2 (ujemne węzły chłonne pachwinowo-udowe) a stadium 3 (choroba przerzutowa w węzłach chłonnych), co pokazuje, że dodatnie węzły chłonne znacznie pogarszają rokowanie.11 Zajęcie węzłów chłonnych miednicy jest ściśle związane z wyjątkowo złym rokowaniem, co odzwierciedla się w PFS (czas przeżycia wolny od progresji) wynoszącym 9,9 miesięcy i OS (całkowite przeżycie) wynoszącym tylko 31,1 miesięcy u pacjentek z dodatnimi węzłami chłonnymi miednicy.12

Stadium zaawansowania nowotworu

Stadium jest ważnym czynnikiem prognostycznym dla większości typów raka sromu. Kobiety, u których zdiagnozowano wczesne stadium raka sromu, mają lepsze rokowanie niż kobiety, u których zdiagnozowano nowotwór w późniejszym stadium.13 Ogólne 5-letnie prawdopodobieństwo przeżycia dla wszystkich stadiów wynosi 58,8%. Prawdopodobieństwo 5-letniego przeżycia wynosi 91,2% dla stadium 1, 82,5% dla stadium 2, 41,0% dla stadium 3 i 10,9% dla stadium 4.14

Amerykańskie Towarzystwo Onkologiczne (ACS) wykorzystuje następujące względne 5-letnie wskaźniki przeżycia:15

  • Jeśli nowotwór występuje tylko w sromie i nie rozprzestrzenił się na węzły chłonne ani okoliczne tkanki, 5-letni wskaźnik przeżycia wynosi 86%.
  • Jeśli nowotwór rozprzestrzenił się na okoliczne węzły chłonne lub tkanki, ale nie rozprzestrzenił się na odległe narządy, 5-letni wskaźnik przeżycia wynosi 54%.
  • Jeśli nowotwór rozprzestrzenił się na odległe narządy lub tkanki (przerzuty), 5-letni wskaźnik przeżycia wynosi 16%.

Ogólny 5-letni względny wskaźnik przeżycia dla raka sromu wynosi 71%, według ACS.16 Należy jednak pamiętać, że wskaźnik przeżycia dla raka sromu zależy od różnych czynników, w tym od wieku pacjenta, ogólnego stanu zdrowia i zaawansowania choroby.17

Wielkość i głęboka inwazja guza

Guzy sromu o wielkości 2 cm lub mniejsze mają lepsze rokowanie niż guzy większe niż 2 cm.18 Guzy, które wrosły głębiej w tkankę sromu, mają gorsze rokowanie. Im głębiej guz wrósł w tkankę, tym gorsze rokowanie.19 Według najnowszych danych, przeżycie zależy znacząco od liczby zajętych węzłów chłonnych, wielkości pierwotnej zmiany, głębokości inwazji oraz zajęcia przestrzeni limfatyczno-brodawkowej.20

Głębokość inwazji ≥1 mm jest jedynym parametrem histopatologicznym, który może wykluczyć pacjentki z całkowitej limfadenektomii pachwinowo-udowej.21 Żaden inny parametr kliniczno-patologiczny nie pozwala wykluczyć przerzutów do węzłów chłonnych z wystarczająco wysoką negatywną wartością predykcyjną.22

Typ histologiczny nowotworu

Niektóre typy raka sromu mają lepsze rokowanie niż inne. Na przykład, rak brodawkowaty sromu ma dobre rokowanie, ponieważ zwykle się nie rozprzestrzenia.23 Czerniak sromu ma gorsze rokowanie niż inne typy guzów sromu ze względu na wysoki wskaźnik nawrotów nowotworu i rozprzestrzeniania się do innych narządów.24

Poszczególne podtypy histologiczne raka płaskonabłonkowego sromu również mogą mieć różne rokowanie:25

  • Rogowaciejący SCC może być agresywny i może nie mieć tak dobrego rokowania jak inne nowotwory sromu.
  • Bazaloidalny SCC jest często agresywny i może nie mieć tak dobrego rokowania jak inne nowotwory sromu.
  • Brodawczakowaty SCC często ma dobre rokowanie.
  • Raki brodawkowate są często nieagresywne i zwykle mają dobre rokowanie.

Markery biologiczne i immunologiczne

Krążące komórki nowotworowe

Monitorowanie indywidualnych odpowiedzi na terapię u pacjentek z rakiem stanowi główne wyzwanie kliniczne, zapewniając podstawę do wczesnego identyfikowania przerzutów i nawrotów nowotworowych.26 Przedterapeutyczne liczby cytokeratyna+ CD45- CTC (krążących komórek nowotworowych) znacząco korelują ze stadiami FIGO guza, przerzutami do węzłów chłonnych i nawrotami.27 Zwiększone liczby CTC związane z terapią są bezpośrednio powiązane z późniejszym nawrotem nowotworu w obserwacji.28

Warto zauważyć, że poterapeutyczne liczby PD-L1+ CD49f+ CD133+ wynoszące ≥5/ml u pacjentek z rakiem sromu i ≥2/ml u pacjentek z rakiem szyjki macicy były związane ze zmniejszonym przeżyciem wolnym od nawrotu w okresie obserwacji.29 Te wyniki mogą pomóc wyjaśnić różnice w indywidualnych przebiegach choroby u pacjentek z rakiem sromu i szyjki macicy oraz sugerują PD-L1, CD49f i CD133 jako cele immunoterapii w raku sromu i szyjki macicy.30

Badanie zidentyfikowało podpopulację PD-L1+ CD49+ CD133+ krążących komórek nowotworowych u pacjentek z rakiem sromu lub szyjki macicy i powiązało ich poterapeutyczne występowanie z nawrotem.31 Pacjentki z rakiem sromu, u których prospektywnie rozwinął się nawrót nowotworu, wykazywały znacznie wyższe liczby CTC po terapii w porównaniu do pacjentek bez nawrotu.32

Naciek limfocytów T

Gęstość limfocytów T CD3+ na granicy inwazji nowotworu wykazała najsilniejszą wartość prognostyczną w raku sromu. Ponadto, analizując wzajemne oddziaływanie między obiema gęstościami limfocytów T — w różnych lokalizacjach — możliwe było zidentyfikowanie trzech głównych fenotypów immunologicznych, które wykazały silną istotność prognostyczną.33

Podwyższona gęstość limfocytów T CD3+ na granicy inwazji była znacząco związana z niskim stadium guza (p = 0,0012) i wydłużonym przeżyciem (całkowite przeżycie [OS] p = 0,0027, przeżycie wolne od progresji [PFS] p = 0,024) i była niezależna od stadium guza, stadium węzłowego, stopnia i statusu HPV w analizie wielowymiarowej (p < 0,05).34 Analiza przeżycia ujawniła szczególnie złe rokowanie dla fenotypu pustynnego immunologicznego dla OS (p = 0,0071) i PFS (p = 0,0027).35

Złe rokowanie guzów wykazujących fenotyp pustynny immunologiczny może być spowodowane niewystarczającym pobudzaniem limfocytów T i ignorancją immunologiczną, co skutkuje brakiem istniejącej wcześniej odporności przeciwnowotworowej, w szczególności brakiem specyficznych dla nowotworu efektorowych limfocytów T.36

Modele predykcyjne w prognozowaniu raka sromu

Model predykcyjny Morphonode

Status węzłów pachwinowych stanowi jeden z kluczowych elementów w określaniu rokowania i strategii leczenia u pacjentek z rakiem sromu.37 Model predykcyjny Morphonode mógłby być łatwo zintegrowany z rutyną kliniczną do przedoperacyjnej stratyfikacji pacjentek z rakiem sromu.38

Model Morphonode zapewnia cztery moduły wyjściowe:39

  • binarna prognoza złośliwości (Morphonode–RFC)
  • punktowa ocena ryzyka złośliwości (Morphonode–RBM)
  • sygnatura ryzyka (Morphonode–DT)
  • wybór pięciu najbardziej podobnych profili w serii badania (Morphonode–SP)

Morphonode–RFC przewidział przerzutowe węzły chłonne z dokładnością 93,3%, czułością 93,3%, swoistością 92,9% i NPV (negatywną wartością predykcyjną) 97,1%.40 Obecne badanie wykazało, że model predykcyjny Morphonode jest w stanie przewidzieć ujemność pachwinową, odpowiednią do biopsji węzła wartowniczego, z niskim wskaźnikiem fałszywie ujemnych przypadków, oraz prawidłowo zidentyfikować pacjentki z dodatnimi węzłami, które skorzystałyby z limfadenektomii pachwinowej, minimalizując liczbę fałszywie dodatnich przypadków.41

Techniki obrazowania i procedura węzła wartowniczego

Obecnie nie istnieją nieinwazyjne techniki obrazowania, które są w stanie przewidzieć przerzuty do węzłów chłonnych z wystarczająco wysoką negatywną wartością predykcyjną.42 Minimalnie inwazyjna procedura węzła wartowniczego jest obiecującą techniką do wyboru pacjentek do całkowitej limfadenektomii, ale jej bezpieczeństwo nie zostało jeszcze udowodnione.43

Wpływ leczenia na rokowanie

Analiza jednowymiarowa wykazała, że status węzłów chłonnych, adjuwantowa radioterapia, chemioterapia i kliniczne stadium choroby są statystycznie istotnymi czynnikami prognostycznymi dla całkowitego przeżycia i rokowania pacjentek z rakiem sromu.44 Analiza wielowymiarowa niezależnych czynników prognostycznych dla przeżycia pacjentek z rakiem sromu wykazała status węzłów chłonnych, adjuwantową radioterapię i chemioterapię jako pozytywne czynniki prognostyczne.45

Krzywa przeżycia Kaplana-Meiera z adjuwantową radioterapią i chemioterapią jako predyktorem pokazuje, że pacjentki, które nie otrzymały adjuwantowego napromieniania i chemioterapii, miały lepsze przeżycie (około 90%), podczas gdy te, które otrzymały adjuwantowe napromienianie i chemioterapię, miały gorsze przeżycie (około 30%).46 Adjuwantowe napromienianie i chemioterapia okazały się statystycznie istotnym czynnikiem w analizie jednowymiarowej (p=0,002) i niezależnym czynnikiem prognostycznym w analizie wielowymiarowej (p=0,014).47

Nawrót wskazuje na złe rokowanie, ponieważ 26 z 41 pacjentek zmarło po nawrocie. Dziewięciu pacjentek z całkowitą odpowiedzią po nawrocie miało chirurgicznie usunięty nawrotowy guz, 7 z sromu i 2 z pachwiny.48 Rak sromu, który nawraca (nawraca) ponad 2 lata po początkowym leczeniu, ma lepsze rokowanie niż rak sromu, który nawraca wcześniej.49

Uwagi końcowe i zalecenia

Przeżycie różni się w zależności od stadium raka sromu. Ogólnie rzecz biorąc, im wcześniej rak sromu zostanie zdiagnozowany i leczony, tym lepszy wynik.50 Rak sromu nie powinien być uważany za chorobę osób starszych. Pracownicy służby zdrowia powinni zwracać uwagę na objawy kobiet, badać pacjentki i mieć wysoki wskaźnik podejrzenia złośliwości zmian sromu u młodszych kobiet, szczególnie tych z nieprawidłowymi wynikami badań cytologicznych. Istotne jest, aby pacjentki były diagnozowane na wcześniejszym etapie, jeśli mamy zmniejszyć zachorowalność związaną z leczeniem i śmiertelność z powodu raka sromu.51

Wymaga to zintegrowanego podejścia diagnostycznego i terapeutycznego, z wykorzystaniem zarówno tradycyjnych metod oceny kliniczno-patologicznej, jak i nowszych narzędzi, takich jak model predykcyjny Morphonode i badania krążących komórek nowotworowych. Różnorodność markerów biologicznych i immunologicznych, które można ocenić, otwiera drogę do bardziej spersonalizowanego podejścia do prognozowania i leczenia raka sromu.52

Podsumowując, rokowanie w raku sromu jest złożone i zależy od wielu czynników, z których najważniejszym jest status węzłów chłonnych. Wczesna diagnoza, dokładna ocena zaawansowania i odpowiednie leczenie są kluczowe dla poprawy wyników pacjentek z tym rzadkim, ale potencjalnie śmiertelnym nowotworem.5354

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Vulvar Cancer: Prognosis (Your chances of recovery) | Saint Luke’s Health System
    https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/vulvar-cancer-prognosis-your-chances-recovery
    Prognosis is the word your healthcare team may use to describe your chances of recovering from cancer. Or it may mean your likely outcome from cancer and cancer treatment. A prognosis is a calculated guess. Its a question many people have when they learn they have cancer. […] A healthcare provider who is most familiar with your health is in the best position to discuss your prognosis with you and explain what the statistics may mean in your case. At the same time, you should keep in mind that your prognosis can change. Cancer and cancer treatment outcomes are hard to predict. For instance, a favorable prognosis (which means youre likely going to do well) can change if the cancer spreads to key organs or doesnt respond to treatment. An unfavorable prognosis can change, too. This can happen if treatment shrinks and controls the cancer so it doesnt grow or spread.
  • #2 Survival Rates for Vulvar Cancer | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vulvar-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/survival-rates.html
    Survival rates can give you an idea of what percentage of people with the same type and stage of cancer are still alive a certain amount of time (usually 5 years) after they were diagnosed. […] Keep in mind that survival rates are estimates and are often based on previous outcomes of large numbers of people who had a specific cancer, but they cant predict what will happen in any particular persons case. […] A relative survival rate compares women with the same type and stage of vulvar cancer to people in the overall population. […] The SEER database tracks 5-year relative survival rates for vulvar cancer in the United States, based on how far the cancer has spread. […] Women now being diagnosed with vulvar cancer may have a better outlook than these numbers show. Treatments improve over time, and these numbers are based on people who were diagnosed and treated at least five years earlier.
  • #3 Vulvar Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6220-vulvar-cancer
    Vulvar cancer is a rare cancer of your vulva. […] Vulvar cancer usually develops slowly over several years. […] The most common type of vulvar cancer, vulvar squamous cell carcinoma, arises in association with one of two conditions: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and Lichen sclerosus. […] Risk factors for vulvar cancer include: Age, Exposure to HPV, Skin conditions involving your vulva, Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, Smoking. […] Vulvar cancer staging allows healthcare providers to determine if your cancers spread beyond your vulva. […] Your treatment depends on factors like your general health, cancer stage and whether your healthcare provider recently diagnosed your cancer or if its recurred (come back). […] It can be. Untreated vulvar cancer is life-threatening. […] The relative five-year survival rate for people with vulvar cancer is approximately 70%. […] Most types of vulvar cancer progress slowly over several years.
  • #4 Vulvar Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6220-vulvar-cancer
    Vulvar cancer is a rare cancer of your vulva. […] Vulvar cancer usually develops slowly over several years. […] The most common type of vulvar cancer, vulvar squamous cell carcinoma, arises in association with one of two conditions: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and Lichen sclerosus. […] Risk factors for vulvar cancer include: Age, Exposure to HPV, Skin conditions involving your vulva, Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, Smoking. […] Vulvar cancer staging allows healthcare providers to determine if your cancers spread beyond your vulva. […] Your treatment depends on factors like your general health, cancer stage and whether your healthcare provider recently diagnosed your cancer or if its recurred (come back). […] It can be. Untreated vulvar cancer is life-threatening. […] The relative five-year survival rate for people with vulvar cancer is approximately 70%. […] Most types of vulvar cancer progress slowly over several years.
  • #5 Vulvar cancer is not a disease of the elderly: Treatment and outcome at a tertiary referral centre in South Africa
    http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0256-95742017001100019
    Vulvar cancer is not a disease of the elderly: Treatment and outcome at a tertiary referral centre in South Africa […] Vulvar cancer should not be regarded as a disease of the elderly in SA, as women with vulvar cancer are 10 – 15 years younger than in HICs. A large proportion of patients present with advanced-stage disease. […] The main finding of this retrospective study was that women referred to Tygerberg Hospital with vulvar cancer are on average 10 – 15 years younger than women with vulvar cancer in high-income countries. […] The overall 5-year probability of survival for all stages was 58.8%. The survival curves for each stage are shown in Fig. 1. Five-year survival probabilities were 91.2% for stage 1, 82.5% for stage 2, 41.0% for stage 3 and 10.9% for stage 4. […] Recurrence indicated a poor prognosis, as 26 of the 41 patients died. The 9 patients with complete response after recurrence all had the recurrent tumour removed surgically, 7 from the vulva and 2 from the groin.
  • #6 Prognosis and survival for vulvar cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/vulvar/prognosis-and-survival
    If you have vulvar cancer, you may have questions about your prognosis. A prognosis is the doctors best estimate of how cancer will affect someone and how it will respond to treatment. Prognosis and survival depend on many factors. Only a doctor familiar with your medical history, the type and stage and other features of the cancer, the treatments chosen and the response to treatment can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis. […] The most important prognostic factor for vulvar cancer is the number of lymph nodes in the groin (inguinal nodes) that the cancer has spread to. Vulvar cancer that has not spread to any lymph nodes has the best prognosis. […] The stage is an important prognostic factor for most types of vulvar cancer. Women diagnosed with early stage vulvar cancer have a better prognosis than women diagnosed with cancer at a later stage.
  • #7 PROGNOSTIC FACTORS FOR VULVAR CANCER
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8305353/
    The aim of this retrospective study was to show the effect of clinical, pathologic, cytologic and therapeutic prognostic factors on treatment outcome and survival of patients suffering from vulvar cancer and to determine prognostic significance of each of the individual factors, their mutual significance and impact on survival. […] Univariate analysis showed the lymph node status, adjuvant radiotherapy, chemotherapy and clinical staging of the disease to be statistically significant prognostic factors for overall survival and prognosis of vulvar cancer patients. […] Multivariate analysis of independent prognostic factors for survival of vulvar cancer patients yielded lymph node status, adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy as positive prognostic factors. […] Survival is largely due to the absence of lymphatic metastases.
  • #8 PROGNOSTIC FACTORS FOR VULVAR CANCER
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8305353/
    Univariate analysis showed the lymph node status, adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy, along with clinical staging of the disease to be statistically significant prognostic factors for survival of vulvar cancer patients. […] On multivariate analysis, the lymph node status, adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy were positive independent prognostic factors for survival of vulvar cancer patients.
  • #9 PROGNOSTIC FACTORS FOR VULVAR CANCER
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8305353/
    According to recent data, survival significantly depends on the number of affected lymph nodes, size of primary lesion, depth of invasion, and involvement of the lymphopapular space. […] Overall survival was 75.0% in the group of patients with negative lymph nodes and 56.3% in the group of patients with positive lymph nodes. […] Difference in survival according to lymph node status was statistically significant (p=0.045). […] Kaplan-Meier survival curve with adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy as a predictor shows that patients who did not receive adjuvant irradiation and chemotherapy had better survival (about 90%), while those having received adjuvant irradiation and chemotherapy had poor survival (about 30%). […] Adjuvant irradiation and chemotherapy proved to be a statistically significant factor on univariate analysis (p=0.002) and an independent prognostic factor on multivariate analysis (p=0.014).
  • #10 PD-L1+ CD49f+ CD133+ Circulating tumor cells predict outcome of patients with vulvar or cervical cancer after radio- and chemoradiotherapy | Journal of Translational Medicine | Full Text
    https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12967-025-06277-w
    In patients with operable vulvar cancer without lymph node involvement, the 5-year overall survival (OS) rate is 90%. However, in patients with nodal involvement, the 5-year OS rate is approximately 2541%. […] Thus, therapeutic management and early identification of metastatic cervical or vulvar cancer remains a major clinical challenge. […] We found varying CTC numbers in patients with vulvar cancer after aRT as well as in patients with cervical cancer after aCRT and pCRT and link the presence of post-therapeutic numbers of an identified PD-L1+ CD49f+ CD133+ CTC subpopulation within the therapy-induced systemic milieu with reduced recurrence free survival. […] Patients with vulvar cancer who prospectively developed cancer recurrence exhibited significantly higher numbers of CTCs after therapy in comparison to patients without relapse.
  • #11 Vulvar cancer is not a disease of the elderly: Treatment and outcome at a tertiary referral centre in South Africa
    http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0256-95742017001100019
    A large difference in survival probability between FIGO stage 2 (negative inguinofemoral lymph nodes) and stage 3 (metastatic disease in lymph nodes) can be observed, showing that positive lymph nodes significantly worsen prognosis. […] In SA, vulvar cancer is not a disease of the elderly. Healthcare professionals should take cognisance of women’s symptoms, examine patients, and have a high index of suspicion of malignancy in vulvar lesions in younger women, especially those with abnormal Pap smears. It is essential that patients are diagnosed at an earlier stage if we are to reduce the morbidity of treatment and the mortality from vulvar cancer.
  • #12
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00404-021-06156-x
    The value of pelvic lymphadenectomy (LAE) has been subject of discussions since the 1980s. […] Lymph node involvement is known to be the most important factor in terms of prognosis and outcome as represented in 3-year PFS rates of 35.2% and OS rates of 56.2% in node-positive patients vs. 3-year PFS rates of 75.2% and OS rates 90.2% in node negative disease. […] Patients with pelvic metastasis at first diagnosis had a median progression-free survival of only 9.9 months and overall-survival of 31.1 months. […] A relevant risk for pelvic nodal involvement only seems to be present in highly node-positive disease, therefore pelvic staging (and radiotherapy) is probably unnecessary in the majority of patients with node-positive VSCC. […] The median PFS for all patients regardless of the pelvic node status was 25.9 months while the median OS was 32.2 months. In case of pelvic metastasis prognosis was impaired with a median PFS of only 9.9 months and a median OS of 31.1 months. […] Nodal spread to the pelvis is known to be closely linked to an extremely poor prognosis as represented in a PFS of 9.9 and an OS of only 31.1 months in pelvic node-positive patients.
  • #13 Prognosis and survival for vulvar cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/vulvar/prognosis-and-survival
    If you have vulvar cancer, you may have questions about your prognosis. A prognosis is the doctors best estimate of how cancer will affect someone and how it will respond to treatment. Prognosis and survival depend on many factors. Only a doctor familiar with your medical history, the type and stage and other features of the cancer, the treatments chosen and the response to treatment can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis. […] The most important prognostic factor for vulvar cancer is the number of lymph nodes in the groin (inguinal nodes) that the cancer has spread to. Vulvar cancer that has not spread to any lymph nodes has the best prognosis. […] The stage is an important prognostic factor for most types of vulvar cancer. Women diagnosed with early stage vulvar cancer have a better prognosis than women diagnosed with cancer at a later stage.
  • #14 Vulvar cancer is not a disease of the elderly: Treatment and outcome at a tertiary referral centre in South Africa
    http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0256-95742017001100019
    Vulvar cancer is not a disease of the elderly: Treatment and outcome at a tertiary referral centre in South Africa […] Vulvar cancer should not be regarded as a disease of the elderly in SA, as women with vulvar cancer are 10 – 15 years younger than in HICs. A large proportion of patients present with advanced-stage disease. […] The main finding of this retrospective study was that women referred to Tygerberg Hospital with vulvar cancer are on average 10 – 15 years younger than women with vulvar cancer in high-income countries. […] The overall 5-year probability of survival for all stages was 58.8%. The survival curves for each stage are shown in Fig. 1. Five-year survival probabilities were 91.2% for stage 1, 82.5% for stage 2, 41.0% for stage 3 and 10.9% for stage 4. […] Recurrence indicated a poor prognosis, as 26 of the 41 patients died. The 9 patients with complete response after recurrence all had the recurrent tumour removed surgically, 7 from the vulva and 2 from the groin.
  • #15 Vulvar Cancer: Prognosis (Your chances of recovery) | Saint Luke’s Health System
    https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/vulvar-cancer-prognosis-your-chances-recovery
    If your cancer is likely to respond well to treatment, your healthcare provider will say you have a favorable prognosis. This means youre expected to live many years and may even be cured. If your cancer is likely to be hard to control, your prognosis may be less favorable. The cancer may shorten your life. Its important to keep in mind that a prognosis states whats likely or probable. It’s not a prediction of what will definitely happen. No healthcare provider can be fully certain about an outcome. […] The American Cancer Society uses the following relative 5-year survival rates: If the cancer is only in the vulva and has not spread to lymph nodes or nearby tissues, the 5-year survival rate is 86%. If the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes or tissues, but has not spread to distant organs, the 5-year survival rate is 54%. If the cancer has spread to distant organs or tissues (metastasized), the 5-year survival rate is 16%.
  • #16 Vulvar Cancer Stages and Survival Rate
    https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/vulvar-cancer/stages
    Following a vulvar cancer diagnosis, the care team determines the stage of disease before establishing a treatment plan. […] Identifying the stage of cancer not only helps the care team determine a treatment plan, it also helps predict a potential prognosis. […] The five-year relative survival rate for localized vulvar cancer is about 86 percent. […] The five-year relative survival rate for regional vulvar cancer is about 53 percent. […] The five-year relative survival rate for distant vulvar cancer is about 19 percent. […] The overall five-year relative survival rate for vulvar cancer is 71 percent, according to the ACS. […] Keep in mind that the survival rate for vulvar cancer depends on a variety of factors, including the patients age, overall health and the extent of the disease, so always talk to the care team about the patients individual prognosis.
  • #17 Vulvar Cancer Stages and Survival Rate
    https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/vulvar-cancer/stages
    Following a vulvar cancer diagnosis, the care team determines the stage of disease before establishing a treatment plan. […] Identifying the stage of cancer not only helps the care team determine a treatment plan, it also helps predict a potential prognosis. […] The five-year relative survival rate for localized vulvar cancer is about 86 percent. […] The five-year relative survival rate for regional vulvar cancer is about 53 percent. […] The five-year relative survival rate for distant vulvar cancer is about 19 percent. […] The overall five-year relative survival rate for vulvar cancer is 71 percent, according to the ACS. […] Keep in mind that the survival rate for vulvar cancer depends on a variety of factors, including the patients age, overall health and the extent of the disease, so always talk to the care team about the patients individual prognosis.
  • #18 Prognosis and survival for vulvar cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/vulvar/prognosis-and-survival
    Vulvar tumours that are 2 cm or smaller have a better prognosis than tumours that are larger than 2 cm. […] Tumours that have grown deeper into the tissue of the vulva have a poor prognosis. The deeper the tumour has grown into the tissue, the poorer the prognosis. […] Local spread is how far the tumour has grown beyond the groin and into the surrounding tissues. The farther the tumour has spread, the poorer the prognosis. […] Some types of vulvar cancer have a better prognosis than others. For example, verrucous carcinoma of the vulva has a good prognosis as it usually doesnt spread. Melanoma of the vulva has a poorer prognosis than other types of vulvar tumours because of the high rate of cancer coming back and spreading to other organs. […] Vulvar cancer that comes back (recurs) more than 2 years after the initial treatment has a better prognosis than vulvar cancer that comes back sooner.
  • #19 Prognosis and survival for vulvar cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/vulvar/prognosis-and-survival
    Vulvar tumours that are 2 cm or smaller have a better prognosis than tumours that are larger than 2 cm. […] Tumours that have grown deeper into the tissue of the vulva have a poor prognosis. The deeper the tumour has grown into the tissue, the poorer the prognosis. […] Local spread is how far the tumour has grown beyond the groin and into the surrounding tissues. The farther the tumour has spread, the poorer the prognosis. […] Some types of vulvar cancer have a better prognosis than others. For example, verrucous carcinoma of the vulva has a good prognosis as it usually doesnt spread. Melanoma of the vulva has a poorer prognosis than other types of vulvar tumours because of the high rate of cancer coming back and spreading to other organs. […] Vulvar cancer that comes back (recurs) more than 2 years after the initial treatment has a better prognosis than vulvar cancer that comes back sooner.
  • #20 PROGNOSTIC FACTORS FOR VULVAR CANCER
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8305353/
    According to recent data, survival significantly depends on the number of affected lymph nodes, size of primary lesion, depth of invasion, and involvement of the lymphopapular space. […] Overall survival was 75.0% in the group of patients with negative lymph nodes and 56.3% in the group of patients with positive lymph nodes. […] Difference in survival according to lymph node status was statistically significant (p=0.045). […] Kaplan-Meier survival curve with adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy as a predictor shows that patients who did not receive adjuvant irradiation and chemotherapy had better survival (about 90%), while those having received adjuvant irradiation and chemotherapy had poor survival (about 30%). […] Adjuvant irradiation and chemotherapy proved to be a statistically significant factor on univariate analysis (p=0.002) and an independent prognostic factor on multivariate analysis (p=0.014).
  • #21 Prediction of lymph node metastases in vulvar cancer: a review – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16803470/
    The aim of this study was to review the literature on currently available non- and minimally-invasive diagnostic methods and analysis of primary tumor characteristics for prediction of inguinofemoral lymph node metastases in patients with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. […] Currently no noninvasive imaging techniques exist that are able to predict lymph node metastases with a high enough negative predictive value. […] A depth of invasion or =1 mm is the only histopathologic parameter that can exclude patients for complete inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy. […] No other clinicopathologic parameter allows exclusion of lymph node metastases with a high enough negative predictive value. […] The minimally invasive sentinel node procedure is a promising technique for selecting patients for complete lymphadenectomy, but its safety has not been proven yet.
  • #22 Prediction of lymph node metastases in vulvar cancer: a review – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16803470/
    The aim of this study was to review the literature on currently available non- and minimally-invasive diagnostic methods and analysis of primary tumor characteristics for prediction of inguinofemoral lymph node metastases in patients with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. […] Currently no noninvasive imaging techniques exist that are able to predict lymph node metastases with a high enough negative predictive value. […] A depth of invasion or =1 mm is the only histopathologic parameter that can exclude patients for complete inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy. […] No other clinicopathologic parameter allows exclusion of lymph node metastases with a high enough negative predictive value. […] The minimally invasive sentinel node procedure is a promising technique for selecting patients for complete lymphadenectomy, but its safety has not been proven yet.
  • #23 Prognosis and survival for vulvar cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/vulvar/prognosis-and-survival
    Vulvar tumours that are 2 cm or smaller have a better prognosis than tumours that are larger than 2 cm. […] Tumours that have grown deeper into the tissue of the vulva have a poor prognosis. The deeper the tumour has grown into the tissue, the poorer the prognosis. […] Local spread is how far the tumour has grown beyond the groin and into the surrounding tissues. The farther the tumour has spread, the poorer the prognosis. […] Some types of vulvar cancer have a better prognosis than others. For example, verrucous carcinoma of the vulva has a good prognosis as it usually doesnt spread. Melanoma of the vulva has a poorer prognosis than other types of vulvar tumours because of the high rate of cancer coming back and spreading to other organs. […] Vulvar cancer that comes back (recurs) more than 2 years after the initial treatment has a better prognosis than vulvar cancer that comes back sooner.
  • #24 Prognosis and survival for vulvar cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/vulvar/prognosis-and-survival
    Vulvar tumours that are 2 cm or smaller have a better prognosis than tumours that are larger than 2 cm. […] Tumours that have grown deeper into the tissue of the vulva have a poor prognosis. The deeper the tumour has grown into the tissue, the poorer the prognosis. […] Local spread is how far the tumour has grown beyond the groin and into the surrounding tissues. The farther the tumour has spread, the poorer the prognosis. […] Some types of vulvar cancer have a better prognosis than others. For example, verrucous carcinoma of the vulva has a good prognosis as it usually doesnt spread. Melanoma of the vulva has a poorer prognosis than other types of vulvar tumours because of the high rate of cancer coming back and spreading to other organs. […] Vulvar cancer that comes back (recurs) more than 2 years after the initial treatment has a better prognosis than vulvar cancer that comes back sooner.
  • #25 Vulvar Cancer – Rare Cancers Australia
    http://knowledge.rarecancers.org.au/knowledgebase/cancer-types/221/vulvar-cancer
    Vulvar cancers are rare malignancies of the vulva, which is a collective term for the external genitalia in females. […] Keratinising SCCs can be aggressive, and may not have as good of a prognosis as other vulvar cancers. […] Basaloid SCCs are often aggressive, and may not have as good of a prognosis as other vulvar cancers. […] Warty SCCs often have a good prognosis. […] Verrucous carcinomas are often nonaggressive, and usually have a good prognosis. […] Treatment options for vulvar cancers may include: […] Once your tumour has been staged and graded, your doctor may recommend genetic testing, which analyses your tumour DNA and can help determine which treatment has the greatest chance of success.
  • #26 PD-L1+ CD49f+ CD133+ Circulating tumor cells predict outcome of patients with vulvar or cervical cancer after radio- and chemoradiotherapy | Journal of Translational Medicine | Full Text
    https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12967-025-06277-w
    Monitoring individual therapy responses of patients with cancer represents a major clinical challenge providing the basis to early identify metastases and cancer relapse. […] Pre-therapeutic cytokeratin+ CD45 CTC numbers significantly correlated with tumor FIGO stages, lymph node metastases and relapse. […] Therapy-mediated increased CTC numbers were directly linked with subsequent cancer recurrence on follow-up. […] Notably, post-therapeutic PD-L1+ CD49f+ CD133+ numbers 5/ml in patients with vulvar cancer and 2/ml in patients with cervical cancer were associated with reduced recurrence-free survival on follow-up. […] Our results may help to explain differences in the individual courses of disease of patients with vulvar and cervical cancer and suggest PD-L1, CD49f and CD133 as targets for immunotherapy in vulvar and cervical cancer.
  • #27 PD-L1+ CD49f+ CD133+ Circulating tumor cells predict outcome of patients with vulvar or cervical cancer after radio- and chemoradiotherapy | Journal of Translational Medicine | Full Text
    https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12967-025-06277-w
    Monitoring individual therapy responses of patients with cancer represents a major clinical challenge providing the basis to early identify metastases and cancer relapse. […] Pre-therapeutic cytokeratin+ CD45 CTC numbers significantly correlated with tumor FIGO stages, lymph node metastases and relapse. […] Therapy-mediated increased CTC numbers were directly linked with subsequent cancer recurrence on follow-up. […] Notably, post-therapeutic PD-L1+ CD49f+ CD133+ numbers 5/ml in patients with vulvar cancer and 2/ml in patients with cervical cancer were associated with reduced recurrence-free survival on follow-up. […] Our results may help to explain differences in the individual courses of disease of patients with vulvar and cervical cancer and suggest PD-L1, CD49f and CD133 as targets for immunotherapy in vulvar and cervical cancer.
  • #28 PD-L1+ CD49f+ CD133+ Circulating tumor cells predict outcome of patients with vulvar or cervical cancer after radio- and chemoradiotherapy | Journal of Translational Medicine | Full Text
    https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12967-025-06277-w
    Monitoring individual therapy responses of patients with cancer represents a major clinical challenge providing the basis to early identify metastases and cancer relapse. […] Pre-therapeutic cytokeratin+ CD45 CTC numbers significantly correlated with tumor FIGO stages, lymph node metastases and relapse. […] Therapy-mediated increased CTC numbers were directly linked with subsequent cancer recurrence on follow-up. […] Notably, post-therapeutic PD-L1+ CD49f+ CD133+ numbers 5/ml in patients with vulvar cancer and 2/ml in patients with cervical cancer were associated with reduced recurrence-free survival on follow-up. […] Our results may help to explain differences in the individual courses of disease of patients with vulvar and cervical cancer and suggest PD-L1, CD49f and CD133 as targets for immunotherapy in vulvar and cervical cancer.
  • #29 PD-L1+ CD49f+ CD133+ Circulating tumor cells predict outcome of patients with vulvar or cervical cancer after radio- and chemoradiotherapy | Journal of Translational Medicine | Full Text
    https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12967-025-06277-w
    Monitoring individual therapy responses of patients with cancer represents a major clinical challenge providing the basis to early identify metastases and cancer relapse. […] Pre-therapeutic cytokeratin+ CD45 CTC numbers significantly correlated with tumor FIGO stages, lymph node metastases and relapse. […] Therapy-mediated increased CTC numbers were directly linked with subsequent cancer recurrence on follow-up. […] Notably, post-therapeutic PD-L1+ CD49f+ CD133+ numbers 5/ml in patients with vulvar cancer and 2/ml in patients with cervical cancer were associated with reduced recurrence-free survival on follow-up. […] Our results may help to explain differences in the individual courses of disease of patients with vulvar and cervical cancer and suggest PD-L1, CD49f and CD133 as targets for immunotherapy in vulvar and cervical cancer.
  • #30 PD-L1+ CD49f+ CD133+ Circulating tumor cells predict outcome of patients with vulvar or cervical cancer after radio- and chemoradiotherapy | Journal of Translational Medicine | Full Text
    https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12967-025-06277-w
    Monitoring individual therapy responses of patients with cancer represents a major clinical challenge providing the basis to early identify metastases and cancer relapse. […] Pre-therapeutic cytokeratin+ CD45 CTC numbers significantly correlated with tumor FIGO stages, lymph node metastases and relapse. […] Therapy-mediated increased CTC numbers were directly linked with subsequent cancer recurrence on follow-up. […] Notably, post-therapeutic PD-L1+ CD49f+ CD133+ numbers 5/ml in patients with vulvar cancer and 2/ml in patients with cervical cancer were associated with reduced recurrence-free survival on follow-up. […] Our results may help to explain differences in the individual courses of disease of patients with vulvar and cervical cancer and suggest PD-L1, CD49f and CD133 as targets for immunotherapy in vulvar and cervical cancer.
  • #31 PD-L1+ CD49f+ CD133+ Circulating tumor cells predict outcome of patients with vulvar or cervical cancer after radio- and chemoradiotherapy | Journal of Translational Medicine | Full Text
    https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12967-025-06277-w
    Monitoring of CTCs in patients with vulvar cancer during therapy revealed that 7/22 patients without relapse exhibited an increase in CTC numbers after therapy while 15/22 patients showed stable or decreasing CTC numbers compared to baseline. […] Our study identified a PD-L1+ CD49+ CD133+ subpopulation of circulating tumor cells in patients with vulvar or cervical cancer and linked their post-therapeutic occurrence with relapse.
  • #32 PD-L1+ CD49f+ CD133+ Circulating tumor cells predict outcome of patients with vulvar or cervical cancer after radio- and chemoradiotherapy | Journal of Translational Medicine | Full Text
    https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12967-025-06277-w
    In patients with operable vulvar cancer without lymph node involvement, the 5-year overall survival (OS) rate is 90%. However, in patients with nodal involvement, the 5-year OS rate is approximately 2541%. […] Thus, therapeutic management and early identification of metastatic cervical or vulvar cancer remains a major clinical challenge. […] We found varying CTC numbers in patients with vulvar cancer after aRT as well as in patients with cervical cancer after aCRT and pCRT and link the presence of post-therapeutic numbers of an identified PD-L1+ CD49f+ CD133+ CTC subpopulation within the therapy-induced systemic milieu with reduced recurrence free survival. […] Patients with vulvar cancer who prospectively developed cancer recurrence exhibited significantly higher numbers of CTCs after therapy in comparison to patients without relapse.
  • #33 T-Cell Density at the Invasive Margin and Immune Phenotypes Predict Outcome in Vulvar Squamous Cell Cancer
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/17/4246
    T-Cell Density at the Invasive Margin and Immune Phenotypes Predict Outcome in Vulvar Squamous Cell Cancer […] Quantification of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in the cancer microenvironment has become of increasing interest in immuno-oncology and has been therefore studied extensively in all “high prevalence” cancer entities. However, only little is known about TILs infiltration in rare cancer entities, such as vulvar cancer. […] The CD3+ T-cell density at the invasive margin showed the strongest prognostic value. Moreover, analysing the interplay between both T-cell densities—at different locations—enabled us to identify three major immune phenotypes that showed strong prognostic relevance. Accordingly, the sole analysis of CD3+ T-cells at the invasive margin—rather than a cumbersome immune score—predicts patient’s outcome in vulvar cancer.
  • #34 T-Cell Density at the Invasive Margin and Immune Phenotypes Predict Outcome in Vulvar Squamous Cell Cancer
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/17/4246
    An elevated density of CD3+ T-cell at the invasive margin was significantly associated with low tumor stage (p = 0.0012) and prolonged survival (overall survival [OS] p = 0.0027, progression free survival [PFS] p = 0.024) and was independent from tumor stage, nodal stage, grade, and HPV-status in multivariate analysis (p < 0.05). [...] Survival analysis revealed a particular poor prognosis for the immune desert phenotype for OS (p = 0.0071) and PFS (p = 0.0027). Conclusion: Our data demonstrate a high prognostic value of CD3+ T-cells at the invasive margin and immune phenotypes in vulvar squamous cell cancer. [...] The CD3+ T-lymphocyte density at the invasive margin was identified as the major parameter for patient’s outcome in this study. [...] The poor prognosis of tumors showing an immune desert phenotype might be due to insufficient T-cell priming and immunological ignorance, which results in the absence of a pre-existing anti-tumor immunity, particularly the lack of tumor specific effector T-cells. [...] The combination of multiple markers using novel multiplex fluorescence immunohistochemistry methods might facilitate these future studies.
  • #35 T-Cell Density at the Invasive Margin and Immune Phenotypes Predict Outcome in Vulvar Squamous Cell Cancer
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/17/4246
    An elevated density of CD3+ T-cell at the invasive margin was significantly associated with low tumor stage (p = 0.0012) and prolonged survival (overall survival [OS] p = 0.0027, progression free survival [PFS] p = 0.024) and was independent from tumor stage, nodal stage, grade, and HPV-status in multivariate analysis (p < 0.05). [...] Survival analysis revealed a particular poor prognosis for the immune desert phenotype for OS (p = 0.0071) and PFS (p = 0.0027). Conclusion: Our data demonstrate a high prognostic value of CD3+ T-cells at the invasive margin and immune phenotypes in vulvar squamous cell cancer. [...] The CD3+ T-lymphocyte density at the invasive margin was identified as the major parameter for patient’s outcome in this study. [...] The poor prognosis of tumors showing an immune desert phenotype might be due to insufficient T-cell priming and immunological ignorance, which results in the absence of a pre-existing anti-tumor immunity, particularly the lack of tumor specific effector T-cells. [...] The combination of multiple markers using novel multiplex fluorescence immunohistochemistry methods might facilitate these future studies.
  • #36 T-Cell Density at the Invasive Margin and Immune Phenotypes Predict Outcome in Vulvar Squamous Cell Cancer
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/17/4246
    An elevated density of CD3+ T-cell at the invasive margin was significantly associated with low tumor stage (p = 0.0012) and prolonged survival (overall survival [OS] p = 0.0027, progression free survival [PFS] p = 0.024) and was independent from tumor stage, nodal stage, grade, and HPV-status in multivariate analysis (p < 0.05). [...] Survival analysis revealed a particular poor prognosis for the immune desert phenotype for OS (p = 0.0071) and PFS (p = 0.0027). Conclusion: Our data demonstrate a high prognostic value of CD3+ T-cells at the invasive margin and immune phenotypes in vulvar squamous cell cancer. [...] The CD3+ T-lymphocyte density at the invasive margin was identified as the major parameter for patient’s outcome in this study. [...] The poor prognosis of tumors showing an immune desert phenotype might be due to insufficient T-cell priming and immunological ignorance, which results in the absence of a pre-existing anti-tumor immunity, particularly the lack of tumor specific effector T-cells. [...] The combination of multiple markers using novel multiplex fluorescence immunohistochemistry methods might facilitate these future studies.
  • #37 Evaluating the Risk of Inguinal Lymph Node Metastases before Surgery Using the Morphonode Predictive Model: A Prospective Diagnostic Study in Vulvar Cancer Patients
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/4/1121
    Inguinal node status represents one of the key elements in defining prognosis and treatment strategies in vulvar cancer patients. […] The Morphonode Predictive Model could be easily integrated into the clinical routine for preoperative stratification of vulvar cancer patients. […] The Morphonode model provided four output modules: (i) binary malignancy prediction (Morphonode–RFC), (ii) point malignancy risk estimation (Morphonode–RBM), (iii) risk signature (Morphonode–DT), and (iv) selection of the top five similar profiles in the study series (Morphonode–SP). […] Morphonode–RFC predicted metastatic lymph nodes with an accuracy of 93.3%, a sensitivity of 93.3%, a specificity of 92.9%, and an NPV of 97.1%. […] The point risk of each signature was 100%, 81%, 16%, and 4%, respectively.
  • #38 Evaluating the Risk of Inguinal Lymph Node Metastases before Surgery Using the Morphonode Predictive Model: A Prospective Diagnostic Study in Vulvar Cancer Patients
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/4/1121
    Inguinal node status represents one of the key elements in defining prognosis and treatment strategies in vulvar cancer patients. […] The Morphonode Predictive Model could be easily integrated into the clinical routine for preoperative stratification of vulvar cancer patients. […] The Morphonode model provided four output modules: (i) binary malignancy prediction (Morphonode–RFC), (ii) point malignancy risk estimation (Morphonode–RBM), (iii) risk signature (Morphonode–DT), and (iv) selection of the top five similar profiles in the study series (Morphonode–SP). […] Morphonode–RFC predicted metastatic lymph nodes with an accuracy of 93.3%, a sensitivity of 93.3%, a specificity of 92.9%, and an NPV of 97.1%. […] The point risk of each signature was 100%, 81%, 16%, and 4%, respectively.
  • #39 Evaluating the Risk of Inguinal Lymph Node Metastases before Surgery Using the Morphonode Predictive Model: A Prospective Diagnostic Study in Vulvar Cancer Patients
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/4/1121
    Inguinal node status represents one of the key elements in defining prognosis and treatment strategies in vulvar cancer patients. […] The Morphonode Predictive Model could be easily integrated into the clinical routine for preoperative stratification of vulvar cancer patients. […] The Morphonode model provided four output modules: (i) binary malignancy prediction (Morphonode–RFC), (ii) point malignancy risk estimation (Morphonode–RBM), (iii) risk signature (Morphonode–DT), and (iv) selection of the top five similar profiles in the study series (Morphonode–SP). […] Morphonode–RFC predicted metastatic lymph nodes with an accuracy of 93.3%, a sensitivity of 93.3%, a specificity of 92.9%, and an NPV of 97.1%. […] The point risk of each signature was 100%, 81%, 16%, and 4%, respectively.
  • #40 Evaluating the Risk of Inguinal Lymph Node Metastases before Surgery Using the Morphonode Predictive Model: A Prospective Diagnostic Study in Vulvar Cancer Patients
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/4/1121
    Inguinal node status represents one of the key elements in defining prognosis and treatment strategies in vulvar cancer patients. […] The Morphonode Predictive Model could be easily integrated into the clinical routine for preoperative stratification of vulvar cancer patients. […] The Morphonode model provided four output modules: (i) binary malignancy prediction (Morphonode–RFC), (ii) point malignancy risk estimation (Morphonode–RBM), (iii) risk signature (Morphonode–DT), and (iv) selection of the top five similar profiles in the study series (Morphonode–SP). […] Morphonode–RFC predicted metastatic lymph nodes with an accuracy of 93.3%, a sensitivity of 93.3%, a specificity of 92.9%, and an NPV of 97.1%. […] The point risk of each signature was 100%, 81%, 16%, and 4%, respectively.
  • #41 Evaluating the Risk of Inguinal Lymph Node Metastases before Surgery Using the Morphonode Predictive Model: A Prospective Diagnostic Study in Vulvar Cancer Patients
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/4/1121
    The present study demonstrated that the Morphonode Predictive Model is able to predict inguinal negativity, suitable for sentinel node biopsy, with a low rate of false negative cases, and to correctly identify node-positive patients who would benefit from inguinal lymphadenectomy, minimizing the number of false positive cases. […] In conclusion, the Morphonode Predictive Model was demonstrated to be an accurate diagnostic method for predicting inguinal lymph node metastases.
  • #42 Prediction of lymph node metastases in vulvar cancer: a review – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16803470/
    The aim of this study was to review the literature on currently available non- and minimally-invasive diagnostic methods and analysis of primary tumor characteristics for prediction of inguinofemoral lymph node metastases in patients with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. […] Currently no noninvasive imaging techniques exist that are able to predict lymph node metastases with a high enough negative predictive value. […] A depth of invasion or =1 mm is the only histopathologic parameter that can exclude patients for complete inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy. […] No other clinicopathologic parameter allows exclusion of lymph node metastases with a high enough negative predictive value. […] The minimally invasive sentinel node procedure is a promising technique for selecting patients for complete lymphadenectomy, but its safety has not been proven yet.
  • #43 Prediction of lymph node metastases in vulvar cancer: a review – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16803470/
    The aim of this study was to review the literature on currently available non- and minimally-invasive diagnostic methods and analysis of primary tumor characteristics for prediction of inguinofemoral lymph node metastases in patients with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. […] Currently no noninvasive imaging techniques exist that are able to predict lymph node metastases with a high enough negative predictive value. […] A depth of invasion or =1 mm is the only histopathologic parameter that can exclude patients for complete inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy. […] No other clinicopathologic parameter allows exclusion of lymph node metastases with a high enough negative predictive value. […] The minimally invasive sentinel node procedure is a promising technique for selecting patients for complete lymphadenectomy, but its safety has not been proven yet.
  • #44 PROGNOSTIC FACTORS FOR VULVAR CANCER
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8305353/
    The aim of this retrospective study was to show the effect of clinical, pathologic, cytologic and therapeutic prognostic factors on treatment outcome and survival of patients suffering from vulvar cancer and to determine prognostic significance of each of the individual factors, their mutual significance and impact on survival. […] Univariate analysis showed the lymph node status, adjuvant radiotherapy, chemotherapy and clinical staging of the disease to be statistically significant prognostic factors for overall survival and prognosis of vulvar cancer patients. […] Multivariate analysis of independent prognostic factors for survival of vulvar cancer patients yielded lymph node status, adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy as positive prognostic factors. […] Survival is largely due to the absence of lymphatic metastases.
  • #45 PROGNOSTIC FACTORS FOR VULVAR CANCER
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8305353/
    The aim of this retrospective study was to show the effect of clinical, pathologic, cytologic and therapeutic prognostic factors on treatment outcome and survival of patients suffering from vulvar cancer and to determine prognostic significance of each of the individual factors, their mutual significance and impact on survival. […] Univariate analysis showed the lymph node status, adjuvant radiotherapy, chemotherapy and clinical staging of the disease to be statistically significant prognostic factors for overall survival and prognosis of vulvar cancer patients. […] Multivariate analysis of independent prognostic factors for survival of vulvar cancer patients yielded lymph node status, adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy as positive prognostic factors. […] Survival is largely due to the absence of lymphatic metastases.
  • #46 PROGNOSTIC FACTORS FOR VULVAR CANCER
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8305353/
    According to recent data, survival significantly depends on the number of affected lymph nodes, size of primary lesion, depth of invasion, and involvement of the lymphopapular space. […] Overall survival was 75.0% in the group of patients with negative lymph nodes and 56.3% in the group of patients with positive lymph nodes. […] Difference in survival according to lymph node status was statistically significant (p=0.045). […] Kaplan-Meier survival curve with adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy as a predictor shows that patients who did not receive adjuvant irradiation and chemotherapy had better survival (about 90%), while those having received adjuvant irradiation and chemotherapy had poor survival (about 30%). […] Adjuvant irradiation and chemotherapy proved to be a statistically significant factor on univariate analysis (p=0.002) and an independent prognostic factor on multivariate analysis (p=0.014).
  • #47 PROGNOSTIC FACTORS FOR VULVAR CANCER
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8305353/
    According to recent data, survival significantly depends on the number of affected lymph nodes, size of primary lesion, depth of invasion, and involvement of the lymphopapular space. […] Overall survival was 75.0% in the group of patients with negative lymph nodes and 56.3% in the group of patients with positive lymph nodes. […] Difference in survival according to lymph node status was statistically significant (p=0.045). […] Kaplan-Meier survival curve with adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy as a predictor shows that patients who did not receive adjuvant irradiation and chemotherapy had better survival (about 90%), while those having received adjuvant irradiation and chemotherapy had poor survival (about 30%). […] Adjuvant irradiation and chemotherapy proved to be a statistically significant factor on univariate analysis (p=0.002) and an independent prognostic factor on multivariate analysis (p=0.014).
  • #48 Vulvar cancer is not a disease of the elderly: Treatment and outcome at a tertiary referral centre in South Africa
    http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0256-95742017001100019
    Vulvar cancer is not a disease of the elderly: Treatment and outcome at a tertiary referral centre in South Africa […] Vulvar cancer should not be regarded as a disease of the elderly in SA, as women with vulvar cancer are 10 – 15 years younger than in HICs. A large proportion of patients present with advanced-stage disease. […] The main finding of this retrospective study was that women referred to Tygerberg Hospital with vulvar cancer are on average 10 – 15 years younger than women with vulvar cancer in high-income countries. […] The overall 5-year probability of survival for all stages was 58.8%. The survival curves for each stage are shown in Fig. 1. Five-year survival probabilities were 91.2% for stage 1, 82.5% for stage 2, 41.0% for stage 3 and 10.9% for stage 4. […] Recurrence indicated a poor prognosis, as 26 of the 41 patients died. The 9 patients with complete response after recurrence all had the recurrent tumour removed surgically, 7 from the vulva and 2 from the groin.
  • #49 Prognosis and survival for vulvar cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/vulvar/prognosis-and-survival
    Vulvar tumours that are 2 cm or smaller have a better prognosis than tumours that are larger than 2 cm. […] Tumours that have grown deeper into the tissue of the vulva have a poor prognosis. The deeper the tumour has grown into the tissue, the poorer the prognosis. […] Local spread is how far the tumour has grown beyond the groin and into the surrounding tissues. The farther the tumour has spread, the poorer the prognosis. […] Some types of vulvar cancer have a better prognosis than others. For example, verrucous carcinoma of the vulva has a good prognosis as it usually doesnt spread. Melanoma of the vulva has a poorer prognosis than other types of vulvar tumours because of the high rate of cancer coming back and spreading to other organs. […] Vulvar cancer that comes back (recurs) more than 2 years after the initial treatment has a better prognosis than vulvar cancer that comes back sooner.
  • #50 Survival statistics for vulvar cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/vulvar/prognosis-and-survival/survival-statistics
    Survival statistics for vulvar cancer are very general estimates and must be interpreted very carefully. Because these statistics are based on the experience of groups of people, they cannot be used to predict a particular persons chances of survival. […] Survival varies with each stage of vulvar cancer. Generally, the earlier vulvar cancer is diagnosed and treated, the better the outcome. […] Talk to your doctor about your prognosis. A prognosis depends on many factors, including: your health history, the type of cancer, the stage, certain characteristics of the cancer, the treatments chosen, how the cancer responds to treatment. Only a doctor familiar with these factors can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis.
  • #51 Vulvar cancer is not a disease of the elderly: Treatment and outcome at a tertiary referral centre in South Africa
    http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0256-95742017001100019
    A large difference in survival probability between FIGO stage 2 (negative inguinofemoral lymph nodes) and stage 3 (metastatic disease in lymph nodes) can be observed, showing that positive lymph nodes significantly worsen prognosis. […] In SA, vulvar cancer is not a disease of the elderly. Healthcare professionals should take cognisance of women’s symptoms, examine patients, and have a high index of suspicion of malignancy in vulvar lesions in younger women, especially those with abnormal Pap smears. It is essential that patients are diagnosed at an earlier stage if we are to reduce the morbidity of treatment and the mortality from vulvar cancer.
  • #52 T-Cell Density at the Invasive Margin and Immune Phenotypes Predict Outcome in Vulvar Squamous Cell Cancer
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/17/4246
    An elevated density of CD3+ T-cell at the invasive margin was significantly associated with low tumor stage (p = 0.0012) and prolonged survival (overall survival [OS] p = 0.0027, progression free survival [PFS] p = 0.024) and was independent from tumor stage, nodal stage, grade, and HPV-status in multivariate analysis (p < 0.05). [...] Survival analysis revealed a particular poor prognosis for the immune desert phenotype for OS (p = 0.0071) and PFS (p = 0.0027). Conclusion: Our data demonstrate a high prognostic value of CD3+ T-cells at the invasive margin and immune phenotypes in vulvar squamous cell cancer. [...] The CD3+ T-lymphocyte density at the invasive margin was identified as the major parameter for patient’s outcome in this study. [...] The poor prognosis of tumors showing an immune desert phenotype might be due to insufficient T-cell priming and immunological ignorance, which results in the absence of a pre-existing anti-tumor immunity, particularly the lack of tumor specific effector T-cells. [...] The combination of multiple markers using novel multiplex fluorescence immunohistochemistry methods might facilitate these future studies.
  • #53 Prognosis and survival for vulvar cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/vulvar/prognosis-and-survival
    If you have vulvar cancer, you may have questions about your prognosis. A prognosis is the doctors best estimate of how cancer will affect someone and how it will respond to treatment. Prognosis and survival depend on many factors. Only a doctor familiar with your medical history, the type and stage and other features of the cancer, the treatments chosen and the response to treatment can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis. […] The most important prognostic factor for vulvar cancer is the number of lymph nodes in the groin (inguinal nodes) that the cancer has spread to. Vulvar cancer that has not spread to any lymph nodes has the best prognosis. […] The stage is an important prognostic factor for most types of vulvar cancer. Women diagnosed with early stage vulvar cancer have a better prognosis than women diagnosed with cancer at a later stage.
  • #54 Vulvar Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6220-vulvar-cancer
    Vulvar cancer is a rare cancer of your vulva. […] Vulvar cancer usually develops slowly over several years. […] The most common type of vulvar cancer, vulvar squamous cell carcinoma, arises in association with one of two conditions: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and Lichen sclerosus. […] Risk factors for vulvar cancer include: Age, Exposure to HPV, Skin conditions involving your vulva, Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, Smoking. […] Vulvar cancer staging allows healthcare providers to determine if your cancers spread beyond your vulva. […] Your treatment depends on factors like your general health, cancer stage and whether your healthcare provider recently diagnosed your cancer or if its recurred (come back). […] It can be. Untreated vulvar cancer is life-threatening. […] The relative five-year survival rate for people with vulvar cancer is approximately 70%. […] Most types of vulvar cancer progress slowly over several years.