Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Treating Vulvar Cancer | Vulvar Cancer Treatments | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vulvar-cancer/treating.html

  If you’ve been diagnosed with vulvar cancer, your cancer care team will discuss your treatment options with you. It’s important to weigh the benefits of each treatment option against the possible risks and side effects. […] For vulvar cancers, there are 3 main types of treatment. […] Treatment for vulvar cancer depends on its type and stage. Other factors can also help determine the best treatment plan, such as your age, your general health, your individual circumstances, and your preferences. […] Depending on the type and stage of your vulvar cancer, you may need more than one type of treatment. […] Its important to discuss all of your treatment options as well as their possible side effects with your family and your treatment team to make the choice that best fits your needs. […] Clinical trials are one way to get state-of-the-art cancer treatment.

• #1 Vulvar Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/vulvar/patient/vulvar-treatment-pdq

  Vulvar cancer is a rare cancer that starts in the tissues of the vulva. […] There are different types of treatment for patients with vulvar cancer. […] The following types of treatment are used: Surgery, Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy. […] Surgery is the most common treatment for vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) and vulvar cancer. […] The goal of surgery for vulvar cancer is to remove all the cancer without any loss of the woman’s sexual function. […] After the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the surgery, some patients may be given chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left. Treatment given after the surgery, to lower the risk that the cancer will come back, is called adjuvant therapy.

• #1 Vulvar cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vulvar-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20368072

  Treatment for vulvar cancer may involve removing part of the vulva, called a partial vulvectomy. Surgery to remove the entire vulva and the underlying tissue is called a radical vulvectomy. […] Treatment for vulvar cancer usually begins with surgery to remove the cancer. Other treatments may include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. […] For most vulvar cancers, surgery is the first treatment. Procedures used to treat vulvar cancer include: […] An excision involves cutting out the cancer and a small amount of healthy tissue that surrounds it, called a margin. […] Vulvectomy is a surgery to remove the vulva. When part of the vulva is removed, it’s called a partial vulvectomy. When the entire vulva and the underlying tissue are removed, it’s called a radical vulvectomy.

• #1 Vulvar Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/vulvar/hp/vulvar-treatment-pdq

  The primary treatment for vulvar cancer is surgery. Radiation therapy is also given to patients with stage III or IV disease. […] Newer strategies have integrated surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy and tailor the treatment to the extent of clinical and pathological disease. […] Because there are few patients with advanced disease (stages III and IV), only limited data are available on treatment efficacy in this setting, and there is no standard chemotherapy regimen for these patients. Physicians may offer eligible patients with stage III or IV disease participation in clinical trials. […] Since the 1980s, the trend of surgical resection in patients with vulvar cancer has been toward more limited surgery, often combined with radiation therapy to minimize morbidity. […] Another strategy to minimize the morbidity incurred by groin lymph node dissection in patients with early clinical-stage disease is SLND, reserving groin dissection for those with metastases to the sentinel node(s).

• #1 Malignant Vulvar Lesions: Overview, Melanoma, Paget Disease

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2156990-overview

  A small primary lesion on the vulva (ie, 2 cm) with superficial invasion (ie, 1 mm from the epithelial stromal junction of the adjacent, most superficial dermal papillae) has essentially no risk of lymph node metastasis. Consequently, these lesions can be treated with wide local excision, ensuring that adequate surgical margins are present (not only on the skin but also deep margins). […] Treatment is recommended for all women with vulvar HSIL because of the risk for occult invasion. Wide local excision is the preferred initial treatment method, but there is evidence that topical imiquimod is also effective. Indole-3-carbinol also appears to be safe but may not be as effective as imiquimod or surgery. […] In larger lesions (ie, stage IB or greater or with stromal invasion 1 mm), the incidence of ipsilateral inguinal lymph node involvement increases as the depth of invasion, as well as the gross size, increases. Consequently, inguinal lymphadenectomy is part of the primary surgical procedure. Notably, the most important prognostic factor in early stage vulvar cancer is inguinofemoral lymph node metastasis.

• #1 Malignant Vulvar Lesions: Overview, Melanoma, Paget Disease

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2156990-overview

  Lymphadenectomy can be performed through a small separate inguinal incision, removing the lymph nodes above the cribriform fascia and in the opening of the fascia at the fossa ovalis. If the results are negative on frozen section of these lymph nodes, then a modified partial vulvectomy is the only treatment necessary. If the results on frozen section of the ipsilateral lymph nodes are positive, then most physicians suggest removing the lymph nodes on the contralateral inguinal area as well. […] For early stage disease (I or II), sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is an alternative to full lymphadenectomy. SLNB is effective at detecting lymph node metastases and does not increase the risk of groin recurrence; it also decreases the risk of complications related to complete inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy.

• #1 Vulvar Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/vulvar/patient/vulvar-treatment-pdq

  Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. […] Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping the cells from dividing. […] Immunotherapy is a treatment that uses the patient’s immune system to fight cancer. […] Treatment of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) may include surgery and immunotherapy with topical imiquimod. […] Treatment of stage I vulvar cancer and stage II vulvar cancer may include surgery, radiation therapy, or a combination of both. […] Treatment of stage III vulvar cancer may include surgery with or without radiation therapy, or chemotherapy and radiation therapy followed by surgery.

• #1 Vulvar cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vulvar-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20368072

  Radiation therapy treats cancer with powerful energy beams. […] Radiation therapy is sometimes used to shrink large vulvar cancers before surgery. […] Chemotherapy treats cancer with strong medicines. […] For those with vulvar cancer that has spread to other areas of the body, chemotherapy may be an option. […] Targeted therapy for cancer is a treatment that uses medicines that attack specific chemicals in the cancer cells. […] Immunotherapy for cancer is a treatment with medicine that helps the body’s immune system kill cancer cells. […] After completing vulvar cancer treatment, your healthcare professional will recommend periodic follow-up exams to check if the cancer has come back.

• #1 Vulvar Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/vulvar/hp/vulvar-treatment-pdq

  Radical radiation therapy can be used for patients unable to tolerate surgery or when surgery is not an option because of the site or extent of disease. […] There is no standard chemotherapy for vulvar cancer, and reports describing the use of this modality in the setting of metastatic or recurrent disease are anecdotal. […] A systematic review of the use of neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy in patients who were considered inoperable or who would have required extensive surgery, such as pelvic exenteration, colostomy, or urinary diversion, revealed no randomized trials. […] For patients unable to tolerate radical surgery or deemed ineligible for surgery because of the site or extent of disease, radical radiation therapy may be associated with favorable survival. […] Treatment options for recurrent vulvar cancer include: Wide local excision with or without radiation therapy in patients with local recurrence. […] Treatment and outcome depend on the site and extent of recurrence. […] When local recurrence occurs more than 2 years after primary treatment, a combination of radiation therapy and surgery may result in a 5-year survival rate of greater than 50%.

• #1 Vaginal and Vulval Cancer Treatment | Targeting Cancer AU & NZ

  https://www.targetingcancer.com.au/treatment-by-cancer-type/vaginal-and-vulval-cancer/

  Doctors usually use surgery to treat these cancers. This is sometimes the only treatment people need. […] If the surgeon cant take out all the cancer, or if it has spread, the treatment team may also recommend radiation therapy after surgery. This is called adjuvant radiation therapy. Doctors sometimes also use chemotherapy. […] Radiation oncologists can also do radiation therapy before surgery to shrink the tumour and make it easier to take out. This is called neoadjuvant therapy. Doctors sometimes also use chemotherapy at this stage as well. […] If the cancer has spread, radiation oncologists use palliative radiation therapy to help with vaginal bleeding, bone pain and other symptoms. […] This is the most common type of radiation therapy used for vaginal and vulval cancer. […] Radiation therapy works by killing cancer cells in the vaginal and vulval area which stops them from growing.

• #1 About Vulvar Cancer | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/patient-education/about-vulvar-cancer

  Brachytherapy: This is done internally using radioactive implants. Internally means it is done from inside your body. […] Chemotherapy […] If you’re having chemotherapy (chemo), your nurse will give you information about the chemo medications you will get. […] Biologic therapy […] Biologic therapy uses your immune system to boost, direct, or restore your body’s natural defenses to fight against cancer. This treatment uses substances made by your body or in a laboratory. Biologic therapy is also called biotherapy or immunotherapy. […] Your healthcare provider may test your blood and tumors for certain genes that could make you eligible for immunotherapy. […] One example of biologic therapy is imiquimod (Zyclara, Aldara). Imiquimod is a cream medication that you put on your skin. Follow your nurse’s instructions for when to use Imiquimod.

• #1 Treatments for vulvar cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/vulvar/treatment

  If you have vulvar cancer, your healthcare team will create a treatment plan just for you. It will be based on your health and specific information about the cancer. When deciding which treatments to offer for vulvar cancer, your healthcare team will consider: […] Surgery is the primary treatment for vulvar cancer. The type of surgery depends mainly on the size of the tumour and stage of the cancer. […] Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays or particles to destroy cancer cells. Radiation may be used for vulvar cancer. […] Chemotherapy is the use of anticancer (cytotoxic) drugs to treat cancer. It is usually a systemic therapy that circulates throughout the body and destroys cancer cells, including those that may have broken away from the primary tumour. Chemotherapy is sometimes used to treat vulvar cancer. […] Targeted therapy uses drugs to target specific molecules on cancer cells. Vulvar cancer is sometimes treated with targeted therapy. […] Follow-up for vulvar cancer is often shared among different cancer specialists (oncologists), the surgeon and your family doctor.

• #1 Management of Advanced Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Vulva

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8750777/

  Definitive chemoradiation is, however, the treatment of choice in disease that is irresectable without radical surgery, either because the patient does not wish to have exenterative surgery and a stoma, or because the patient is unfit for major surgery and anaesthesia. […] Chemotherapy has an important and evolving role in the management of advanced vulvar cancer. It may be used as a neoadjuvant treatment to downstage disease prior to surgery, thus avoiding exenteration; with concomitant radiation after surgery or as a primary treatment; and to treat recurrent and metastatic disease. […] It is hoped that the development of targeted therapies will be able to decrease the morbidity associated with radical surgical procedures and radiotherapy and increase the systemic treatment options for women with advanced vulvar cancer.

• #1 Treatments for stage 2 vulvar cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/vulvar/treatment/stage-2

  The following are treatment options for stage 2 vulvar cancer. Your healthcare team will suggest treatments based on your needs and work with you to develop a treatment plan. […] Surgery is a main treatment for stage 2 vulvar cancer. The types of surgery are: […] Radiation therapy is usually offered for stage 2 vulvar cancer. External beam radiation therapy is used: […] You may be offered chemotherapy with radiation therapy for stage 2 vulvar cancer. The types of chemotherapy drugs used are cisplatin and fluorouracil (5-fluorouracil or 5-FU, Efudex). This drug combination is used to help the radiation work better.

• #1 Malignant Vulvar Lesions: Overview, Melanoma, Paget Disease

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2156990-overview

  The vulvar lesion itself can be treated conservatively, with a partial vulvectomy. Performing complete vulvectomy is an outdated treatment unless the cancer is present bilaterally. […] In women with locally advanced vulvar cancer, no significant differences in survival or adverse events were found when primary chemoradiation or neoadjuvant chemoradiation were compared with primary surgery. However, these findings were based on small numbers and few studies in this Cochrane review. […] Immunotherapy, specifically, PDL-1 antagonist pembrolizumab, has been evaluated in PDL-1 positive squamous cell carcinomas, with promising results for advanced vulvar carcinoma. […] A guideline update on the management of vulvar cancer was released in June 2023 by the European Society of Gynaecological Oncology.

• #1 Treatment of Squamous Cell Vulvar Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vulvar-cancer/treating/by-stage.html

  The stage of a vulvar cancer is the most important factor in choosing treatment. Other factors that affect this decision include the exact location of the cancer on the vulva, the type of vulvar cancer, your age, your preferences, and your overall health. […] Because vulvar cancer is rare, it’s hard to study it well. Most experts agree that treatment in a clinical trial should be considered. This way women can get the best treatment available now and may also get the treatments that are thought to be even better. […] Treatment options for carcinoma in situ and for small pre-cancerous changes (vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, or VIN) are the same. If left untreated, nearly all will progress to invasive vulvar cancer. Surgery, such as laser surgery, wide local excision, or a skinning vulvectomy may be used, depending on the size and location of the cancer. A topical therapy such as fluorouracil (5-FU) ointment or imiquimod cream may be applied to the abnormal areas. Even if treated, stage 0 cancers may recur (come back) or new stage 0 cancers may form on other areas of the vulva, so good follow-up care is important.

• #1 Vulvar Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/vulvar/patient/vulvar-treatment-pdq

  Treatment of stage IVA vulvar cancer may include surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy and radiation therapy followed by surgery. […] There is no standard treatment for stage IVB vulvar cancer. Chemotherapy has been studied and may be used if the patient can tolerate it. […] Treatment of locally recurrent vulvar cancer may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

• #1 About Vulvar Cancer | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/patient-education/about-vulvar-cancer

  Clinical trials […] Clinical trials are a type of research study. They can help us find the best treatments for cancer. Clinical trials can also help find ways to manage cancer symptoms and side effects of treatment. […] Ask your healthcare provider about clinical trials for vulvar cancer. Read /node/122083 or go to www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/education/what-is-a-clinical-trial for more information.

• #1 Vulvar Cancer Treatment | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/vulvar-cancer

  A team of gynecologic oncology specialists who diagnose and treat dozens of patients with vulvar cancer, and who are setting treatment guidelines for other physicians around the world. […] Minimally-invasive surgical techniques, including laser surgery and sentinel lymph node evaluation, that preserve healthy tissue, reduce recovery time, and minimize surgical risk. […] Clinical trials for vulvar cancer, which may not be available elsewhere. […] Pioneering research, including a recent clinical trial that found that the drug Tarceva temporarily stalled or reversed the growth of squamous cell vulvar cancers in some women with the disease. The trial marked the first time a targeted therapy has been tested in patients with vulvar cancer. […] Our physicians are evaluating novel, targeted therapies and:

• #1 Vulvar cancer

  https://www.cancervic.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/vulvar-cancer/treatment-vulvar-cancer.html

  All treatments can have side effects. Some side effects go away quickly; others can take weeks, months or even years to improve. Your treatment team will discuss the likely side effects with you before treatment starts. […] Treatment for vulvar cancer can sometimes lead to long-term, life-changing side effects. […] Surgery to the vulva can cause physical changes. If the labia have been removed, you will be able to see the opening to the vagina more clearly. […] Radiation therapy may make your skin dry, itchy and tender in the treatment area. […] Sometimes surgery or radiation therapy can affect nerves and tissue in the pelvic area, causing scarring, narrowing of the vagina, swelling and soreness. This can make sex painful. […] Changes to the look and feel of your vulva can cause embarrassment, loss of sexual pleasure, and less interest in sex.

• #1 Treating Vulvar Cancer | Vulvar Cancer Treatments | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vulvar-cancer/treating.html

  Be sure to talk to your cancer care team about any method you are thinking about using. […] Whether you are thinking about treatment, getting treatment, or not being treated at all, you can still get supportive care to help with pain or other symptoms. […] For some people, when treatments have been tried and are no longer controlling the cancer, it could be time to weigh the benefits and risks of continuing to try new treatments. […] Remember that even if you choose not to treat the cancer, you can still get supportive care to help with pain or other symptoms.

• #1 5 Innovative Vulvar Cancer Treatment Options | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/vulvar-cancer/vulvar-cancer-treatment.html

  Because of its status as one of the worlds premier cancer centers, MD Anderson participates in clinical trials (research studies) of new therapies for vulvar cancer. […] Vulvar cancer is treated in our Gynecologic Oncology Center. […] MD Anderson patients have access to clinical trials offering promising new treatments that cannot be found anywhere else.

• #2 Vulvar cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vulvar-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20368072

  Treatment for vulvar cancer may involve removing part of the vulva, called a partial vulvectomy. Surgery to remove the entire vulva and the underlying tissue is called a radical vulvectomy. […] Treatment for vulvar cancer usually begins with surgery to remove the cancer. Other treatments may include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. […] For most vulvar cancers, surgery is the first treatment. Procedures used to treat vulvar cancer include: […] An excision involves cutting out the cancer and a small amount of healthy tissue that surrounds it, called a margin. […] Vulvectomy is a surgery to remove the vulva. When part of the vulva is removed, it’s called a partial vulvectomy. When the entire vulva and the underlying tissue are removed, it’s called a radical vulvectomy.

• #2 What does a vulvar cancer treatment plan involve? – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/cancer/types-treatments/vulvar-cancer

  When vulvar cancer strikes, women are often in shock and scared. […] The effective diagnosis and treatment of vulvar cancer requires the expertise of different types of physician specialists. […] Working together, our team of specialists will recommend a treatment plan aimed at curing a womans cancer as well as helping her to preserve or regain her sexual function. […] Depending on the specific cancer diagnosis, as well as a womans treatment preferences, the care plan for vulvar cancer may include some or all of the following: Surgery is the most common treatment for vulvar cancer. […] Our primary goal is to remove the tumor, along with a small amount of tissue around it to prevent the cancer from coming back. […] If the cancer has spread extensively, part or all of the vulva may need to be removed. This procedure is known as a vulvectomy.

• #2 Treatment options for vulval cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/vulval-cancer/treatment/treatment-decisions

  The main treatment for vulval cancer is surgery. You may also have radiotherapy and chemotherapy. A team of health professionals recommends the best treatment and care for you. […] Treatment for VIN is usually surgery, or a cream called imiquimod. […] Most people with vulval cancer need surgery. Your surgeon removes the cancer and a margin of healthy tissue around it. This is a wide local excision. […] For larger cancers, your surgeon may need to remove a larger part of your vulva. This is a partial vulvectomy. More rarely, you might need to have your whole vulva removed. This is a radical vulvectomy. […] You may have surgery to remove the lymph nodes in the groin if doctors find cancer cells in the sentinel lymph nodes. […] Vulval reconstruction means creating a new vulva after you have had surgery to remove a large part of your vulva.

• #2 Vulvar Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65760/

  Modified radical or radical vulvectomy with inguinal and femoral lymphadenectomy is the standard therapy. […] Neoadjuvant radiation therapy or chemoradiation therapy may be used to improve operability and even decrease the extent of surgery required. […] For patients unable to tolerate radical surgery or deemed ineligible for surgery because of the site or extent of disease, radical radiation therapy may be associated with long-term survival. […] There is no standard treatment approach in the management of stage IVB vulvar cancer. Local therapy must be individualized depending on the extent of local and metastatic disease. […] Treatment options for recurrent vulvar cancer include wide local excision with or without radiation therapy in patients with local recurrence, radical vulvectomy and pelvic exenteration in patients with local recurrence, and synchronous radiation therapy and cytotoxic chemotherapy with or without surgery.

• #2 Malignant Vulvar Lesions: Overview, Melanoma, Paget Disease

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2156990-overview

  Lymphadenectomy can be performed through a small separate inguinal incision, removing the lymph nodes above the cribriform fascia and in the opening of the fascia at the fossa ovalis. If the results are negative on frozen section of these lymph nodes, then a modified partial vulvectomy is the only treatment necessary. If the results on frozen section of the ipsilateral lymph nodes are positive, then most physicians suggest removing the lymph nodes on the contralateral inguinal area as well. […] For early stage disease (I or II), sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is an alternative to full lymphadenectomy. SLNB is effective at detecting lymph node metastases and does not increase the risk of groin recurrence; it also decreases the risk of complications related to complete inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy.

• #2 Vulvar cancer

  https://www.cancervic.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/vulvar-cancer/treatment-vulvar-cancer.html

  How much of the vulva is removed depends on the location of the tumour and how far the cancer has spread. Your gynaecological oncologist will talk to you about the risks and possible complications of surgery, as well as side effects. […] You may need to have lymph nodes in the groin removed to check for the spread of cancer. This may be through a sentinel lymph node biopsy used for some cancers less than 4 cm to find the lymph node that the cancer is most likely to spread to first (the sentinel node). If cancer is found in the sentinel lymph node, you will need a separate procedure called a lymphadenectomy. […] You may be able to have the skin around the wound drawn together with stitches. These will dissolve and disappear as the wound heals. If a large area of skin is removed, you may need a skin graft or skin flap. In this case, flaps of skin in the vulvar area are moved to cover the wound. Rarely, the surgeon may take a thin piece of skin from another part of your body (usually your abdomen or thigh) and stitch it over the wound.

• #2 Treatment options for vulval cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/vulval-cancer/treatment/treatment-decisions

  Radiotherapy uses high energy waves similar to x-rays to kill vulval cancer cells. You may have radiotherapy after surgery to try to stop the cancer from coming back. This is adjuvant radiotherapy. […] You usually have chemotherapy in combination with radiotherapy. This is chemoradiotherapy. […] You may also have chemotherapy before surgery or radiotherapy. This is to shrink the cancer. It is also called neoadjuvant treatment. […] The treatment you have depends on a number of factors. These include where the cancer is and what treatment you have had before. […] Unfortunately, advanced vulval cancer is no longer curable. But treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy can help to shrink or control the cancer for some time. […] Your doctor might offer you a choice of treatments. Discuss each treatment with them and ask how they can control any side effects.

• #2 5 Innovative Vulvar Cancer Treatment Options | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/vulvar-cancer/vulvar-cancer-treatment.html

  Your treatment for vulvar cancer at MD Anderson will be customized to your needs. One or more of the following therapies may be recommended to treat the cancer or help relieve symptoms. […] Vulvar cancer treatment usually includes surgery. Like all surgeries, vulvar cancer surgery is most successful when done by a specialist with a great deal of experience in the procedure. […] The main types of surgery for vulvar cancer include the following: Laser surgery, Wide local excision or simple vulvectomy, Radical partial vulvectomy, Pelvic exenteration. […] This type of treatment may be used in precancerous vulvar cell changes. Medicine is applied to the growth. […] Chemotherapy drugs kill cancer cells, control their growth or relieve disease-related symptoms. Chemotherapy may involve a single drug or a combination of two or more drugs, depending on the type of cancer and how fast it is growing.

• #2 Radiation therapy for vulvar cancer: Uses and effects

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/radiation-therapy-for-vulvar-cancer

  According to the United Kingdom charity, Cancer Research UK, the use of radiation alone for vulvar cancer is uncommon. […] There are two types of radiation therapy for vulvar cancer: external and internal. […] The external variety involves the use of machines outside the body. […] The internal variety of radiation therapy involves placing an implant in the cancer site or surrounding tissue. This delivers a high dose of radiation to the cancer, with very little radiation reaching the surrounding tissues. It may help reduce tumor size and alleviate symptoms. […] In general, it takes days or weeks of radiation therapy to damage the DNA sufficiently to cause the death of cancer cells. After the end of therapy, cancer cells will continue to die for weeks or months. […] Common short-term side effects of radiation to the vulva include: tiredness, which can become severe after a few weeks; skin changes, such as blistering; vulvar sensitivity and soreness; nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea; swelling in the legs; decreased red blood cell count, which can result in tiredness and shortness of breath; decreased white blood cell count, which increases the risk of serious infection; difficulty healing any surgical wounds if the radiation occurs after surgery.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Treatment-of-Vulvar-Cancer.aspx

  Sentinel lymph node biopsy is a new surgical procedure where only lymph nodes that drain the area of the cancer are removed and examined for spread of cancer. […] Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays like gamma rays or x-rays or particles such as electrons, protons, or neutrons to kill cancer cells. […] Common side effects of radiation therapy include nausea, fatigue and skin rashes and burns etc. […] This uses anti-cancer drugs usually given intravenously or by mouth to kill the cancer cells. […] Drugs most often used in treating vulvar cancer include cisplatin with or without fluorouracil (5-FU). […] Vulvar cancer may also use application of drugs directly onto the cancer. This is useful in Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN). […] One choice is to apply the chemotherapy drug, fluorouracil (5-FU) and another is imiquimod. These are applied as creams or ointments.

• #2 Management of Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2016/10/management-of-vulvar-intraepithelial-neoplasia

  Randomized controlled trials have shown that the application of topical imiquimod 5% is effective for the treatment of vulvar HSIL (VIN usual type), although it is not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for this purpose. […] Recurrence rates after treatment range from 9% to 50% with all treatment regimens and are higher with positive excision margins, and lower in surgically treated patients.

• #2 Treatment of Squamous Cell Vulvar Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vulvar-cancer/treating/by-stage.html

  Treatment options depend on the size and depth of the cancer and whether the patient also has VIN. If the depth of invasion is 1 mm or less (stage IA) and there are no other areas of cancer or VIN, the cancer is surgically removed along with a 1 cm (less than half an inch) rim (margin) of normal tissue around it. […] For stage IB cancers, treatment may include a partial radical vulvectomy and inguinal lymph node dissection (removal of nearby groin lymph nodes). Sentinel lymph node biopsy may be done instead of the lymph node dissection. If cancer is found in the lymph nodes, radiation with chemotherapy may be given. […] Another option rarely used for cancers that are larger and quite extensive is a complete radical vulvectomy and removal of the groin lymph nodes. […] If the lymph nodes are not removed because the patient is not healthy enough to have the surgery, radiation therapy may be given to the groin areas. If the lymph nodes are enlarged, a needle biopsy may be done before treatment to see if the nodes contain cancer cells.

• #2 Treatment of Squamous Cell Vulvar Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vulvar-cancer/treating/by-stage.html

  Patients who are not healthy enough to have any surgery may be treated with just radiation therapy alone. […] Stage II cancers have spread to structures near the vulva, such as the anus, the lower vagina, and/or the lower urethra. One option for treatment is partial radical vulvectomy (removal of the tumor, nearby parts of the vulva, and other tissues containing cancer). Surgery may also include removal of the lymph nodes in the groin on both sides of the body (or sentinel node biopsies). Radiation therapy may be given after surgery if cancer cells are at or near the margins (edges of the tissue removed by surgery). […] For women who are too sick or weak from other medical problems to have surgery, radiation (with or without chemotherapy) may be used as the main treatment. […] Stage III cancers have spread to nearby lymph nodes. Treatment may include surgery to remove the cancer (either a radical wide local incision or partial or complete radical vulvectomy) and lymph nodes in the groin. This may be followed by radiation therapy. Sometimes chemotherapy (chemo) is given along with the radiation to help it work better.

• #2 Treatment of Squamous Cell Vulvar Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vulvar-cancer/treating/by-stage.html

  These cancers may also be treated with radiation (with or without chemo) first, followed by surgery to remove any remaining cancer. This is often done to try to preserve normal structures such as the vagina, urethra and anus. […] Radiation and chemo (without surgery) may be used as the main treatment for patients who cannot have surgery due to other medical problems. […] The standard approach is to combine surgery, radiation, and chemo. Radiation therapy may be done before or after surgery. Chemo may also be given before surgery. […] Radiation and possibly chemo can also be given to women who can’t have surgery because of other medical problems. […] When cancer comes back after treatment, it’s called recurrent cancer. Treatment options depend on how soon the cancer comes back and whether the recurrence is local (in the vulva), regional (in nearby lymph nodes), or distant (has spread to organs such as the lungs or bones).

• #2 Vulvar Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/vulvar/hp/vulvar-treatment-pdq

  Radical radiation therapy can be used for patients unable to tolerate surgery or when surgery is not an option because of the site or extent of disease. […] There is no standard chemotherapy for vulvar cancer, and reports describing the use of this modality in the setting of metastatic or recurrent disease are anecdotal. […] A systematic review of the use of neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy in patients who were considered inoperable or who would have required extensive surgery, such as pelvic exenteration, colostomy, or urinary diversion, revealed no randomized trials. […] For patients unable to tolerate radical surgery or deemed ineligible for surgery because of the site or extent of disease, radical radiation therapy may be associated with favorable survival. […] Treatment options for recurrent vulvar cancer include: Wide local excision with or without radiation therapy in patients with local recurrence. […] Treatment and outcome depend on the site and extent of recurrence. […] When local recurrence occurs more than 2 years after primary treatment, a combination of radiation therapy and surgery may result in a 5-year survival rate of greater than 50%.

• #2 Treatment of Squamous Cell Vulvar Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vulvar-cancer/treating/by-stage.html

  If the recurrence is local, it may still be possible to remove the cancer by surgery or by using combinations of chemo, radiation therapy, and surgery. […] When the cancer has grown too large or spread too far to be surgically removed (it’s unresectable), chemo and/or radiation therapy may be used to help relieve symptoms such as pain, or to shrink the tumor so that surgery may become an option. If treatment is given only to relieve pain or bleeding, it’s called palliative (symptom relief) therapy. […] It’s very important to understand that palliative treatment is not expected to cure a cancer. Women with advanced vulvar cancer are encouraged to enter a clinical trial where they may get new treatments that might be helpful but are as yet unproven.

• #2 Vulvar Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/vulvar/hp/vulvar-treatment-pdq

  The primary treatment for vulvar cancer is surgery. Radiation therapy is also given to patients with stage III or IV disease. […] Newer strategies have integrated surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy and tailor the treatment to the extent of clinical and pathological disease. […] Because there are few patients with advanced disease (stages III and IV), only limited data are available on treatment efficacy in this setting, and there is no standard chemotherapy regimen for these patients. Physicians may offer eligible patients with stage III or IV disease participation in clinical trials. […] Since the 1980s, the trend of surgical resection in patients with vulvar cancer has been toward more limited surgery, often combined with radiation therapy to minimize morbidity. […] Another strategy to minimize the morbidity incurred by groin lymph node dissection in patients with early clinical-stage disease is SLND, reserving groin dissection for those with metastases to the sentinel node(s).

• #2 Vulvar Cancer Treatment | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/vulvar-cancer

  Are among few in the nation to offer 3D image-guided brachytherapy. […] Were the first to publish excellent clinical outcomes of the use of Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) with dose constraints to protect surrounding tissue. […] We offer specialized care for women with sexual health or fertility concerns, and access to a wide array of support services and survivorship care. […] Multidisciplinary care delivered by specialists from Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Womens Hospital.

• #2 Treatments for vulvar cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/vulvar/treatment

  If you have vulvar cancer, your healthcare team will create a treatment plan just for you. It will be based on your health and specific information about the cancer. When deciding which treatments to offer for vulvar cancer, your healthcare team will consider: […] Surgery is the primary treatment for vulvar cancer. The type of surgery depends mainly on the size of the tumour and stage of the cancer. […] Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays or particles to destroy cancer cells. Radiation may be used for vulvar cancer. […] Chemotherapy is the use of anticancer (cytotoxic) drugs to treat cancer. It is usually a systemic therapy that circulates throughout the body and destroys cancer cells, including those that may have broken away from the primary tumour. Chemotherapy is sometimes used to treat vulvar cancer. […] Targeted therapy uses drugs to target specific molecules on cancer cells. Vulvar cancer is sometimes treated with targeted therapy. […] Follow-up for vulvar cancer is often shared among different cancer specialists (oncologists), the surgeon and your family doctor.

• #2 Vulvar cancer

  https://www.cancervic.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/vulvar-cancer/treatment-vulvar-cancer.html

  Incontinence is when urine leaks from your bladder without your control. Bladder control may change after surgery or radiation therapy to the vulva. […] If the lymph nodes have been removed during surgery or scarred during radiation therapy, lymph fluid can build up in the tissues under the skin. This is called lymphoedema, and it can cause swelling in the legs, vulva or mons pubis. […] For some people, vulvar cancer does come back after treatment, which is known as a recurrence. Depending on where the cancer recurs, treatment may include surgery, chemoradiation, radiation therapy or chemotherapy.

• #2 Vulvar Cancer: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/vulvar-cancer

  Your personalized care plan is based on your unique vulvar cancer diagnosis and needs. Your care team will take into account your medical history, personal goals and preferences, then work with you to create a comprehensive treatment plan. […] Treatments for vulvar cancer may cause side effects such as fatigue, weakness, nausea and lymphedema. They may also cause pain and pelvic floor weakness that may trigger sexual health challenges. […] Supportive care therapies that may be recommended to help vulvar cancer patients stay strong and maintain their quality of life include: Pain management, Behavioral health, Oncology rehabilitation.

• #2 Management of Advanced Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Vulva

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8750777/

  Vulvar cancer is a rare gynaecological malignancy that has an increasing incidence, particularly in younger women. Early vulvar cancer can be treated and cured with surgical excision. Approximately 30% of women present with advanced disease, which requires treatment either with mutilating surgery or a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, which is an effective treatment but has many side effects. […] Surgical resection is the gold standard for the treatment of vulvar cancer. However, as approximately 30% of patients present with locally advanced disease, which is either irresectable or will require radical surgical resection, possibly with a stoma, there has been a need to investigate alternative forms of treatment such as chemoradiation and targeted therapies, which may minimise the psychosexual morbidity of radical surgery.

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