Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Tests for Vulvar Cancer | Diagnosing Vulvar Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vulvar-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  The first step is for the doctor to take your complete medical history to check for risk factors and symptoms. Then your doctor will physically examine you, including a pelvic exam. The doctor will feel your uterus, ovaries, cervix, and vagina for anything irregular. Your doctor will also look at your vagina and cervix (with a speculum) and may do a Pap test and an HPV test. […] The only way to be sure cancer is present is for the doctor to do a biopsy. To do this, a small piece of tissue from the changed area is removed and examined under a microscope. A pathologist (a doctor specially trained to diagnose diseases with laboratory tests) will look at the tissue sample with a microscope to see if cancer or pre-cancer cells are present and, if so, what type it is. […] If your biopsy shows that you have vulvar cancer, your health care provider will refer you to a gynecologic oncologist, a specialist in female reproductive system cancers. This specialist will also look at your complete personal and family medical history to learn about related risk factors and symptoms of vulvar cancer.

• #1 Diagnosis of vulvar cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/vulvar/diagnosis

  Diagnosis is the process of finding out the cause of a health problem. Diagnosing vulvar cancer usually begins with a visit to your family doctor. Your doctor will ask you about any symptoms you have and do a physical exam. Based on this information, your doctor may refer you to a specialist or order tests to check for vulvar cancer or other health problems. […] The following tests are usually used to rule out or diagnose vulvar cancer. Many of the same tests used to diagnose cancer are used to find out the stage (how far the cancer has progressed). Your doctor may also order other tests to check your general health and to help plan your treatment. […] A colposcopy is done after symptoms and signs appear that suggest you may have a precancerous condition of the vulva. A colposcopy may also be done if you have symptoms and signs of vulvar cancer.

• #1 Vulvar Cancer Diagnosis: Scans, Pelvic Exams and More

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/vulvar-cancer/diagnosis-and-detection

  Vulvar cancer experts use a wide variety of diagnostic tools, including imaging and laboratory tests, to evaluate vulvar cancer. Diagnostic evaluation takes about three to five days. […] Common diagnostic tests that the care team may use during the vulvar cancer diagnostic process include those listed below. […] The first step in diagnosing vulvar cancer involves a physical exam, during which the doctor performs a thorough pelvic exam. The doctor also examines the patient’s vulva, anus, rectum, bladder, ovaries, vagina and uterus for unusual changes. A Pap smear and/or test for human papillomavirus (HPV) may also be performed. […] In diagnosing vulvar cancer, a standard X-ray of the chest may be performed to determine whether the cancer cells may have spread to the lungs. […] A CT scan for vulvar cancer is usually used to help determine the size and shape of the tumor, or to see if the cancer has spread to lymph nodes or other areas of the body.

• #1 Vulvar Cancer: Diagnosis

  https://healthlibrary.umcno.org/Conditions/Cancer/34,19541-1

  How is vulvar cancer diagnosed? Your healthcare provider may find signs of vulvar cancer during a routine pelvic exam. You may not have any symptoms. A Pap test and a human papillomavirus test will likely be done. Diagnosing vulvar cancer starts with your healthcare provider asking you questions. You’ll be asked about your health history, symptoms, risk factors, and family history of disease. […] Its very important that you see an expert. Gynecologic oncologists are specialists in diagnosing, treating, and checking for female cancers, including vulvar cancer. Your healthcare provider may have you see one of these cancer experts to find out for sure whats causing the changes in your vulva. If this provider thinks you might have vulvar cancer, youll need a biopsy to be sure. […] If your healthcare provider sees an abnormal or changed area, you may need a biopsy. It’s the only way to know for sure if you have cancer.

• #1 Vulvar cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vulvar-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20368072

  Vulvar cancer diagnosis often begins with a physical exam and a discussion of your health history. A special magnifying device may be used to closely inspect the area. A sample of tissue may be taken for lab testing. […] Your healthcare professional will likely conduct a physical exam of your vulva to look for anything concerning. […] The healthcare professional may use a special magnifying instrument to look closely at the vulva. This instrument is called a colposcope. It also may be used to look at the vagina and cervix. […] A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing in a lab. For vulvar cancer, a biopsy involves removing a sample of skin. […] A vulvar biopsy may be done in a healthcare professional’s office. Medicine is used to numb the area. The health professional may use a blade or a circular cutting tool to remove some skin.

• #1 Vulvar Cancer: Diagnosis

  https://healthlibrary.umcno.org/Conditions/Cancer/34,19541-1

  A biopsy is done by removing a tiny piece of tissue from the changed area. Medicines will be used to make your vulva numb first. If the abnormal area is small, your healthcare provider may remove all of it. If it’s big, a small piece of it can be taken out by using a tool that looks like a tiny apple corer. (This is called a punch biopsy.) You might need stitches after a biopsy. You may feel some pressure, but should have little or no pain. […] For larger areas, your healthcare provider may cut out a small part of the skin with a scalpel. The edges of your skin may then be stitched together. In most cases, your healthcare provider will also remove an edge of normal skin around the abnormal area. […] Your healthcare provider may use a magnifying tool called a colposcope to get a close look at the changed area. The colposcope stays outside your body. It lets your provider see even small changes on your vulva. Your provider may put a vinegar-like solution on your vulva to make the changed areas white. This makes them easier to see and remove.

• #1 Vulvar Cancer: Diagnosis

  https://healthlibrary.umcno.org/Conditions/Cancer/34,19541-1

  The removed tissue sample is sent to a lab. There, a healthcare provider called a pathologist tests the samples to look for cancer cells. It often takes about a week for your healthcare provider to get the results from the lab. […] When your healthcare provider has your biopsy results, they will contact you. Your provider will talk with you about other tests you may need if vulvar cancer is found. Make sure you understand the results and know what you need to do next.

• #1 Vulvar cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vulvar-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20368072

  If you’re diagnosed with vulvar cancer, the next step is to determine the cancer’s extent, called the stage. Your healthcare team uses the cancer staging test results to help create your treatment plan. […] Staging tests may include: Examination of your pelvic area for cancer spread. Your healthcare professional may do a more thorough examination of your pelvis for signs that the cancer has spread. […] Imaging tests. Images of your chest, abdomen or pelvis may show whether the cancer has spread to those areas. Tests might include X-ray, MRI, CT and positron emission tomography, which also is called a PET scan. […] The stages of vulvar cancer range from 1 to 4. A stage 1 vulvar cancer is small and confined to the vulva. As the cancer gets larger or spreads beyond the area where it started, the stages get higher. A stage 4 vulvar cancer has grown into the pelvic bone or spread to other parts of the body.

• #1 Diagnosis of vulvar cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/vulvar/diagnosis

  A punch biopsy is the most common type of biopsy used to diagnose vulvar cancer. […] A sentinel lymph node biopsy removes the sentinel lymph node so it can be examined to see if it contains cancer cells. […] A chest x-ray is used to see if vulvar cancer has spread to the lungs. […] An endoscopy allows a doctor to look inside the body using a flexible tube with a light and lens on the end. […] A CT scan is used to check the size of the tumour, find out if cancer has spread to nearby organs and tissues in the pelvis, find out if cancer has spread to the liver and lungs, find out if cancer has spread to lymph nodes, and guide a needle for a biopsy. […] An MRI is used to find out if cancer has spread to nearby organs and tissues in the pelvis or to the lymph nodes. […] A PET scan is sometimes used to see if cancer has spread to the lymph nodes.

• #1 Vulvar Cancer Diagnosis: Scans, Pelvic Exams and More

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/vulvar-cancer/diagnosis-and-detection

  MRI is often used for patients with cancers in the pelvic region, and may help identify enlarged lymph nodes in the groin, which may indicate that the vulvar cancer has spread. […] PET scans may help find small metastases or determine if enlarged lymph nodes contain cancer cells. […] In evaluating vulvar cancer, proctosigmoidoscopy and cystoscopy may help detect whether the cancer has spread to the rectum, colon or bladder. […] Sentinel lymph node biopsy may be used to diagnose and stage vulvar cancer by helping to determine whether the cancer has spread (metastasized).

• #1 Vulval cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/vulval-cancer

  A common place for vulval cancer to spread to is the lymph nodes in the groin. Your doctor will check these nodes for swelling. Having swollen lymph nodes does not always mean that the cancer has spread. For example, an infection can also cause lymph nodes to swell. […] Your doctor may suggest you have tests to check the groin lymph nodes. These may include: […] A sentinel lymph node biopsy is a small operation to remove the lymph nodes most likely to be affected by cancer. After surgery, the nodes are sent to a laboratory and examined under a microscope to see if they hold cancer cells. If they show cancer cells, the remaining groin lymph nodes will need to be removed with another operation or treated with radiotherapy.

• #1 Vulval Cancer: Symptoms, Staging, and Outcomes — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/vulval-cancer

  Vulval cancer is often asymptomatic and found incidentally on examination or as a lump noticed on wiping. […] Vulval cancers can only be diagnosed on biopsy. […] Routine examination of the vulva during a skin check or gynaecological examination may detect a suspicious lesion the patient is unaware of. […] Further investigations may be required to stage the disease: Fine needle aspirate of lymph node, Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SNB), Radiology/imaging may include CT of abdomen and/or pelvis, MRI, or PET-CT. […] Vulval cancer requires regular careful follow-up as recurrence is common. […] Vulval HSIL tends to be slow-growing with spontaneous regression in some cases. […] Differentiated VIN rapidly progresses to invasive SCC with a high recurrence rate and worse prognosis. […] Vulval melanoma diagnosis is often delayed and is clinically aggressive with one-third having regional and/or distant metastases at presentation.

• #1 Vulvar Cancer Diagnosis | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/vulvar-cancer/vulvar-cancer-diagnosis.html

  Other tests may help find out if you have vulvar cancer and if it has spread. These tests also may be used to learn if treatment is working. […] Imaging exams are used to look for cancer inside the body. They can help locate tumors and track how the body is responding to treatment. […] The entire care team at MD Anderson, including gynecologic oncologists, radiation oncologists, radiologists and pathologists, is highly specialized in diagnosing and staging every type of vulvar cancer. […] If you are diagnosed with vulvar cancer, your doctor will determine the stage of the disease. […] Staging is a way of classifying cancer by how much disease is in the body and where it has spread when it is diagnosed. This helps the doctor plan the best way to treat the cancer. […] Once the staging classification is determined, it stays the same even if treatment works or the cancer spreads.

• #1 Vulvar Cancer – Women’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/women-s-health-issues/cancers-of-the-female-reproductive-system/vulvar-cancer

  Vulvar cancer usually develops in the labia, the tissue that surrounds the opening of the vagina. […] A sample of the abnormal tissue is removed and examined (biopsied). […] Doctors diagnose vulvar cancer by taking a sample of the abnormal skin and examining it (biopsy). The biopsy enables doctors to determine whether the abnormal skin is cancerous or just infected or irritated. The type of cancer, if present, can also be identified, helping doctors develop a treatment plan. […] Doctors stage vulvar cancer based on how large it is, where it is, and whether it has spread to nearby lymph nodes, which is determined during surgery to remove the cancer. […] The cancer is confined to the vulva. […] The cancer has spread to nearby tissues (the lower part of the urethra and/or vagina or to the anus) but not to nearby lymph nodes.

• #1 Vulvar Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK567798/

  The decision to perform staging lymphadenectomy should be carefully considered based on the risk of occult disease and morbidity. […] The type of node assessment also impacts morbidity, with those undergoing complete lymphadenectomy at five times higher risk of lymphedema than those undergoing sentinel lymph node (SNL) biopsy. […] The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) performs vulvar cancer staging surgically. […] The surgical stage is related to treatment and prognosis. […] In vulvar cancer, the lymphatic spread is initially to homolateral superficial inguinal lymph nodes and then to deep femoroinguinal lymph nodes. Lymph node status is the most powerful prognostic factor for overall survival in patients with vulvar cancer.

• #1 Vulvar cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vulvar-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20368072

  After completing vulvar cancer treatment, your healthcare professional will recommend periodic follow-up exams to check if the cancer has come back. Even after successful treatment, vulvar cancer can return. Your healthcare professional will determine the schedule of follow-up exams that’s right for you. Exams are generally recommended 2 to 4 times each year for the first two years after vulvar cancer treatment.

• #1 Vulvar Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6220-vulvar-cancer

  Surgery is the most common treatment for cancer of the vulva. […] The goal is to remove all the cancer while preserving your sexual function. […] Chemotherapy uses drugs to attack cancer cells throughout your body. […] Your healthcare provider may perform tests at various checkpoints after treatment to monitor your condition and ensure the cancer hasn’t returned. […] The best way to reduce your risk is to get the HPV vaccine to prevent infections. […] While there’s always a risk that cancer may return after treatment, most people who receive treatment in the early stages of the disease remain cancer-free. […] The relative five-year survival rate for people with vulvar cancer is approximately 70%. […] Most types of vulvar cancer progress slowly over several years.

• #2 Vulvar Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK567798/

  Vulvar cancer represents 0.3% of all new cancer cases in the United States. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type, usually diagnosed at ages 65 to 74. […] Diagnosis is usually made via tissue biopsy, with surgical excision being the mainstay of treatment. […] Diagnosis is usually made in the sixth through eighth decades of life and is commonly identified early in the disease. […] The gold standard for diagnosing vulvar cancer remains histologic diagnosis, although clinical correlation does have significant value. […] Any suspicious lesion should be biopsied and carefully examined for its precise anatomical position with respect to the midline and distance from the vaginal introitus; this is crucial for planned surgical management. […] Surgical excision is the standard therapy for vulvar cancer, but adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy may be recommended depending on the histopathology and extent of the disease.

• #2 Tests for Vulvar Cancer | Diagnosing Vulvar Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vulvar-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  The first step is for the doctor to take your complete medical history to check for risk factors and symptoms. Then your doctor will physically examine you, including a pelvic exam. The doctor will feel your uterus, ovaries, cervix, and vagina for anything irregular. Your doctor will also look at your vagina and cervix (with a speculum) and may do a Pap test and an HPV test. […] The only way to be sure cancer is present is for the doctor to do a biopsy. To do this, a small piece of tissue from the changed area is removed and examined under a microscope. A pathologist (a doctor specially trained to diagnose diseases with laboratory tests) will look at the tissue sample with a microscope to see if cancer or pre-cancer cells are present and, if so, what type it is. […] If your biopsy shows that you have vulvar cancer, your health care provider will refer you to a gynecologic oncologist, a specialist in female reproductive system cancers. This specialist will also look at your complete personal and family medical history to learn about related risk factors and symptoms of vulvar cancer.

• #2 Vulvar cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vulvar-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20368072

  Vulvar cancer diagnosis often begins with a physical exam and a discussion of your health history. A special magnifying device may be used to closely inspect the area. A sample of tissue may be taken for lab testing. […] Your healthcare professional will likely conduct a physical exam of your vulva to look for anything concerning. […] The healthcare professional may use a special magnifying instrument to look closely at the vulva. This instrument is called a colposcope. It also may be used to look at the vagina and cervix. […] A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing in a lab. For vulvar cancer, a biopsy involves removing a sample of skin. […] A vulvar biopsy may be done in a healthcare professional’s office. Medicine is used to numb the area. The health professional may use a blade or a circular cutting tool to remove some skin.

• #2 Vulvar Cancer | Sarah Cannon

  https://sarahcannon.com/for-patients/learn-about-cancer/gynecologic-cancer/vulvar-cancer/

  There are no screening tests for vulvar cancer, though regular pelvic exams can help your doctor find vulvar cancer in earlier, more treatable stages. […] Your gynecologic oncologist may use one or more of the following tests to diagnose vulvar cancer: […] Pelvic exam: During this exam, your doctor will check your vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, ovaries, bladder and rectum for changes. […] Colposcopy: This test is used to look for abnormal or cancerous cells in or on the vulva, vagina and cervix. During this test, your doctor will use an instrument called a colposcope to get a better view of the tissues in your vagina and surrounding areas. The colposcope never goes inside your body; rather, it just gives your doctor a better view of potentially abnormal cells. […] Biopsy: If your doctor suspects that you have abnormal or cancerous cells, they may take a small tissue sample through a biopsy. Only a biopsy can tell your doctor for sure if you have vulvar cancer.

• #2 Tests and next steps for vulval cancer – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vulval-cancer/diagnosis/

  If you have symptoms of vulval cancer, you’ll usually be referred for a test to have a closer look at the area around the opening of your vagina (your vulva). This is called a vulvoscopy. […] During a vulvoscopy: […] If the nurse or doctor sees anything unusual, they’ll usually collect a small sample of cells (biopsy) to send to a laboratory. […] It can take several weeks to get the results of your vulvoscopy and biopsy. […] A specialist will explain what the results mean and what will happen next. […] If you’ve been told you have vulval cancer, you’ll usually need more tests. […] These, along with the vulvoscopy and biopsy, will help the specialists find out the type of vulval cancer, the size of the cancer, and how far it’s spread (called the stage).

• #2 Tests and next steps for vulval cancer – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vulval-cancer/tests-and-next-steps/

  If you have symptoms of vulval cancer, you’ll usually be referred for a test to have a closer look at the area around the opening of your vagina (your vulva). This is called a vulvoscopy. […] During a vulvoscopy: They’ll use a magnifier called a colposcope (similar to a microscope) to look closely at your vulva from the outside. This will help them find any small changes that may be difficult to see. […] If the nurse or doctor sees anything unusual, they’ll usually collect a small sample of cells (biopsy) to send to a laboratory. […] It can take several weeks to get the results of your vulvoscopy and biopsy. […] A specialist will explain what the results mean and what will happen next. […] If you’ve been told you have vulval cancer, you’ll usually need more tests. […] These, along with the vulvoscopy and biopsy, will help the specialists find out the type of vulval cancer, the size of the cancer, and how far it’s spread (called the stage).

• #2 Vulvar Cancer: Diagnosis

  https://encyclopedia.nm.org/Library/Wellness/Prevention/34,19541-1

  The removed tissue sample is sent to a lab. There, a healthcare provider called a pathologist tests the samples to look for cancer cells. It often takes about a week for your healthcare provider to get the results from the lab. […] When your healthcare provider has your biopsy results, they will contact you. Your provider will talk with you about other tests you may need if vulvar cancer is found. Make sure you understand the results and know what you need to do next.

• #2 Tests for Vulvar Cancer | Diagnosing Vulvar Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vulvar-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  Depending on the biopsy results, more tests may be done to find out to find out the size of the tumor, how deeply it has grown into tissues at the place it first started, if it has grown into nearby organs, and if it has metastasized (spread to other parts of your body). This is called staging. The stage of your cancer is the most important factor in selecting the right treatment plan. […] Imaging tests use sound waves, x-rays, magnetic fields, or radioactive substances to create pictures of the inside of your body. […] Your doctor might also order certain blood tests to help get an idea of your overall health and how well certain organs, like your liver and kidneys, are working.

• #2 Vulvar Cancer Diagnosis: Scans, Pelvic Exams and More

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/vulvar-cancer/diagnosis-and-detection

  Vulvar cancer experts use a wide variety of diagnostic tools, including imaging and laboratory tests, to evaluate vulvar cancer. Diagnostic evaluation takes about three to five days. […] Common diagnostic tests that the care team may use during the vulvar cancer diagnostic process include those listed below. […] The first step in diagnosing vulvar cancer involves a physical exam, during which the doctor performs a thorough pelvic exam. The doctor also examines the patient’s vulva, anus, rectum, bladder, ovaries, vagina and uterus for unusual changes. A Pap smear and/or test for human papillomavirus (HPV) may also be performed. […] In diagnosing vulvar cancer, a standard X-ray of the chest may be performed to determine whether the cancer cells may have spread to the lungs. […] A CT scan for vulvar cancer is usually used to help determine the size and shape of the tumor, or to see if the cancer has spread to lymph nodes or other areas of the body.

• #2 Vulvar Cancer Diagnosis: Scans, Pelvic Exams and More

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/vulvar-cancer/diagnosis-and-detection

  MRI is often used for patients with cancers in the pelvic region, and may help identify enlarged lymph nodes in the groin, which may indicate that the vulvar cancer has spread. […] PET scans may help find small metastases or determine if enlarged lymph nodes contain cancer cells. […] In evaluating vulvar cancer, proctosigmoidoscopy and cystoscopy may help detect whether the cancer has spread to the rectum, colon or bladder. […] Sentinel lymph node biopsy may be used to diagnose and stage vulvar cancer by helping to determine whether the cancer has spread (metastasized).

• #2 Vulvar Cancer: Tests After Diagnosis

  https://library.oumedicine.com/Conditions/Cancer/Specific/Vulvar/Managing/34,19554-1

  In this test, your healthcare provider uses an instrument (colposcope) to look at your cervix, vagina, and vulva. […] Your healthcare provider puts a special tool through your urethra into the bladder. This is called a cystoscope. […] This is a procedure to visually examine the inside of the anus and rectum. […] This test uses a special contrast dye and X-rays to look at your kidneys, ureters, and bladder. […] You may have a CT scan of your chest, belly (abdomen), and pelvis. […] An MRI uses large magnets and radio waves to take detailed pictures of the inside of your body. […] For this test, a small amount of radioactive sugar is injected into your bloodstream. […] A chest X-ray is done to see if there are any changes in your lungs. […] If your healthcare provider thinks the cancer has spread to your lymph nodes, you may need an inguinofemoral sentinel lymph node biopsy. […] To look at the sentinel lymph node or nodes, your healthcare provider removes specific lymph nodes to check for cancer cells. […] These results can help your healthcare provider decide what treatment you need. […] Your healthcare provider will talk with you about which tests you’ll have.

• #2 Vulvar Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK567798/

  The decision to perform staging lymphadenectomy should be carefully considered based on the risk of occult disease and morbidity. […] The type of node assessment also impacts morbidity, with those undergoing complete lymphadenectomy at five times higher risk of lymphedema than those undergoing sentinel lymph node (SNL) biopsy. […] The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) performs vulvar cancer staging surgically. […] The surgical stage is related to treatment and prognosis. […] In vulvar cancer, the lymphatic spread is initially to homolateral superficial inguinal lymph nodes and then to deep femoroinguinal lymph nodes. Lymph node status is the most powerful prognostic factor for overall survival in patients with vulvar cancer.

• #2 Vulvar Cancer | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/1001/p1269.html

  Vulvar cancer is staged using the TNM classification system. […] Surgical resection is the gold standard of treatment in patients with vulvar cancer. […] The prognosis of patients with vulvar cancer is generally good when appropriate treatment is initiated in a timely fashion. The overall five-year survival is 70 percent and correlates with the stage of disease and lymph node status.

• #2 Vulvar Cancer – Women’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/women-s-health-issues/cancers-of-the-female-reproductive-system/vulvar-cancer

  The cancer has spread to the upper part of nearby structures or the lymph nodes. […] The cancer has spread to distant sites (for example, outside the pelvis) or lymph nodes in the groin, forming sores or becoming stuck together or attached to bone. […] Doctors work closely with the woman to develop a treatment plan that is best suited to her and takes into account her age, sexual lifestyle, and any other medical problems.

• #2 Malignant Vulvar Lesions: Overview, Melanoma, Paget Disease

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/264898-overview

  The clinical evaluation of possible inguinal lymph node metastasis is very imprecise. […] In any patient with suspected vulvar cancer, diagnosis should be established by a punch/incision biopsy. […] Because there is limited alignment between the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 8th edition tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging and the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) 2021 classification, and lack of evidence to base treatment on the FIGO 2021 staging, TNM classification is advised. […] For local treatment, radical local excision is recommended, with the aim to obtain histologic tumor-free margins. […] In women with locally advanced vulvar cancer, no significant differences in survival or adverse events were found when primary chemoradiation or neoadjuvant chemoradiation were compared with primary surgery. […] A guideline update on the management of vulvar cancer was released in June 2023 by the European Society of Gynaecological Oncology.

• #2 Vulvar cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vulvar-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20368051

  Vulvar cancer is cancer that starts as a growth of cells on the vulva. Vulvar cancer commonly forms as a lump or sore on the vulva that often causes itching. Though it can happen at any age, vulvar cancer is usually diagnosed in older adults. […] The earlier vulvar cancer is diagnosed, the less likely an extensive surgery is needed for treatment. […] Make an appointment with a doctor, gynecologist or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you. […] Exactly what causes the DNA changes that lead to vulvar cancer isn’t always known. Healthcare professionals believe some vulvar cancers are caused by human papillomavirus. […] The type of cell in which the cancer begins tells your healthcare team what type of vulvar cancer you have. Knowing your vulvar cancer type helps your healthcare team plan the most effective treatment.

• #2 Vulvar Cancer | Foundation For Women’s Cancer

  https://foundationforwomenscancer.org/gynecologic-cancers/gynecologic-cancer-types/vulvar-cancer/

  Vulvar cancer is highly curable if detected at an early stage; however, treatment can have significant adverse effects on body image, sexual function, as well as bladder and rectal function. […] Examination of the vulva for changes by a person at home or by their gynecologist during their annual pelvic examination can lead to the detection of preinvasive disease or early vulvar cancer. Suspicious or unexplained changes on the vulva should be biopsied. […] If vulvar cancer is suspected or diagnosed, it is important to seek care first from a gynecologic oncologistmedical doctors with specialized training in treating gynecologic cancers who can manage your care from diagnosis to completion of treatment to surveillance. […] For vulvar cancer, the final stage depends on the pathologic review of the surgical specimens from the vulva and regional lymph nodes. Assignment of a stage helps guide therapy or surveillance.

• #3 Vulvar cancer: Epidemiology, diagnosis, histopathology, and treatment – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vulvar-cancer-epidemiology-diagnosis-histopathology-and-treatment

  Vulvar cancer: Epidemiology, diagnosis, histopathology, and treatment […] The epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and histology of patients with vulvar cancer will be reviewed here. […] Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common histologic type of vulvar cancer, comprising at least 75 percent of cases. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is associated with the majority of vulvar squamous cell carcinomas. […] Vulvar lichen sclerosus is associated with an increased risk of vulvar cancers. […] In the United States, there are approximately 7480 new cases of and 1770 deaths from vulvar cancer each year. […] Incidence rates by race or ethnicity in the United States from 2017 to 2021 were: Non-Hispanic White (3.1 per 100,000 persons), non-Hispanic Black (1.9), Asian American/Pacific Islander (1), Hispanic American (1.9), and non-Hispanic American Indian (3).

• #3 Vulvar Cancer Diagnosis | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/vulvar-cancer/vulvar-cancer-diagnosis.html

  Early and accurate diagnosis of vulvar cancer is important. It also is crucial to find out if and where the cancer has spread. This helps your doctors choose the best therapies for you. […] At MD Anderson, specialized experts use the most modern and accurate equipment to diagnose vulvar cancer. With pinpoint attention to detail, our pathologists, diagnostic radiologists and specially trained technicians find the exact extent of disease. This helps increase the likelihood your treatment will be successful. […] If you have symptoms that may signal vulvar cancer, your doctor will examine you and ask you questions about your health, your lifestyle and your family medical history. Then, your doctor will do a pelvic exam and pap smear. […] A biopsy is the only way to definitively diagnose vulval cancer. During a biopsy, a small tissue sample is removed and examined under a microscope for cancer cells. Your doctor may use a special instrument called a colposcope to magnify the area and make it easier to remove the tissue.

• #3 Vulvar Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6220-vulvar-cancer

  Vulvar cancer is a rare cancer that forms in the tissues of your vulva. […] Changes in vulvar skin color and lumps or open sores may be signs of vulvar cancer. […] Healthcare providers usually discover the abnormal growth in the outermost layer of your skin. These precancerous lesions are called vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN). […] Your healthcare provider will ask about your medical history, potential risk factors and symptoms. Diagnosis often involves multiple tests. […] Tests may include: Pelvic exam, Pap smear, Colposcopy, Biopsy. […] If you have cancer, your provider will perform additional tests to see if it’s spread beyond your vulva. […] Vulvar cancer staging allows healthcare providers to determine if your cancer has spread beyond your vulva. […] Your treatment depends on factors like your general health, cancer stage and whether your healthcare provider recently diagnosed your cancer or if it’s recurred.

• #3 Vulvar Cancer | Foundation For Women’s Cancer

  https://foundationforwomenscancer.org/gynecologic-cancers/gynecologic-cancer-types/vulvar-cancer/

  Vulvar cancer is highly curable if detected at an early stage; however, treatment can have significant adverse effects on body image, sexual function, as well as bladder and rectal function. […] Examination of the vulva for changes by a person at home or by their gynecologist during their annual pelvic examination can lead to the detection of preinvasive disease or early vulvar cancer. Suspicious or unexplained changes on the vulva should be biopsied. […] If vulvar cancer is suspected or diagnosed, it is important to seek care first from a gynecologic oncologistmedical doctors with specialized training in treating gynecologic cancers who can manage your care from diagnosis to completion of treatment to surveillance. […] For vulvar cancer, the final stage depends on the pathologic review of the surgical specimens from the vulva and regional lymph nodes. Assignment of a stage helps guide therapy or surveillance.

• #3 Diagnosis of vulvar cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/vulvar/diagnosis

  Diagnosis is the process of finding out the cause of a health problem. Diagnosing vulvar cancer usually begins with a visit to your family doctor. Your doctor will ask you about any symptoms you have and do a physical exam. Based on this information, your doctor may refer you to a specialist or order tests to check for vulvar cancer or other health problems. […] The following tests are usually used to rule out or diagnose vulvar cancer. Many of the same tests used to diagnose cancer are used to find out the stage (how far the cancer has progressed). Your doctor may also order other tests to check your general health and to help plan your treatment. […] A colposcopy is done after symptoms and signs appear that suggest you may have a precancerous condition of the vulva. A colposcopy may also be done if you have symptoms and signs of vulvar cancer.

• #3 Tests for vulval cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/vulval-cancer/getting-diagnosed/tests-vulval-cancer

  You usually have a number of tests to find out if the symptoms you have could be due to vulval cancer. If you have vulval cancer you then need more tests to find out how far it has grown. […] Most people start by seeing their GP. They can do some tests to help them decide whether you need to see a specialist. This usually includes a vulval and internal examination. […] Depending on the results of your examinations, your GP may refer you to a specialist at the hospital. This is usually a gynaecologist or dermatologist who specialises in the treatment of vulval skin problems. […] A vulval biopsy is the only way to find out whether or not you have vulval cancer or another vulval condition. During a biopsy, your doctor takes samples of tissue from your vulva. They send the samples to a laboratory and a doctor looks at them under a microscope to check for cancer.

• #3 Diagnosis of Vulvar Cancer – Cancerclinix

  https://cancerclinix.com/vulva/diagnosis-of-vulvar-cancer/

  In its initial stages, symptoms of Vulvar cancer may be dormant. However, in early stages, they include: Abnormal bleeding Itching in the vulvar area […] There are a number of tests to find the stage of the cancer, some of it includes: Examining your vulva: The doctor will likely conduct a physical exam of the vulva to look for abnormalities. Biopsy: To determine whether an area of suspicious skin on your vulva is cancer, your doctor may recommend removing a sample of skin for testing. During a biopsy procedure, the area is numbed with a local anaesthetic and a scalpel or other special cutting tool is used to remove all or part of the suspicious area. Depending on how much skin is removed, you may need stitches. Pelvic examination: The doctor may do a more thorough examination of the pelvis for signs that the cancer has spread. CT scan- to identify enlarged lymph nodes in the groin area. MRI scan to find pelvic tumours and tumours that may have spread to the brain or spinal cord. Cystoscopy and proctoscopy- to determine whether the cancer has spread to the bladder or the rectum.

• #3 Diagnosis – Vulvar cancer – Cancer Institute | Northwell Health

  https://cancer.northwell.edu/cancer-care/vulvar-cancer/diagnosis

  CT or CAT scan (computerized axial tomography): This procedure uses a combination of X-rays and computer technology to produce overlapping images for a precise and accurate picture of the affected area. […] MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): A powerful magnet, radio waves and specialized computer imaging combine to create highly detailed pictures of areas inside the body.

• #3 Vulvar Cancer Diagnosis: Scans, Pelvic Exams and More

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/vulvar-cancer/diagnosis-and-detection

  MRI is often used for patients with cancers in the pelvic region, and may help identify enlarged lymph nodes in the groin, which may indicate that the vulvar cancer has spread. […] PET scans may help find small metastases or determine if enlarged lymph nodes contain cancer cells. […] In evaluating vulvar cancer, proctosigmoidoscopy and cystoscopy may help detect whether the cancer has spread to the rectum, colon or bladder. […] Sentinel lymph node biopsy may be used to diagnose and stage vulvar cancer by helping to determine whether the cancer has spread (metastasized).

• #3 Malignant Vulvar Lesions: Overview, Melanoma, Paget Disease

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/264898-overview

  The clinical evaluation of possible inguinal lymph node metastasis is very imprecise. […] In any patient with suspected vulvar cancer, diagnosis should be established by a punch/incision biopsy. […] Because there is limited alignment between the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 8th edition tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging and the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) 2021 classification, and lack of evidence to base treatment on the FIGO 2021 staging, TNM classification is advised. […] For local treatment, radical local excision is recommended, with the aim to obtain histologic tumor-free margins. […] In women with locally advanced vulvar cancer, no significant differences in survival or adverse events were found when primary chemoradiation or neoadjuvant chemoradiation were compared with primary surgery. […] A guideline update on the management of vulvar cancer was released in June 2023 by the European Society of Gynaecological Oncology.

• #3 Diagnosis of Vulvar Cancer – Cancerclinix

  https://cancerclinix.com/vulva/diagnosis-of-vulvar-cancer/

  Basis the diagnosis, the doctor will be able to determine the stage of vulvar cancer. It can be broadly classified into: Stage I: In this stage, there is a small tumour that is confined to the vulva or the area of skin between your vaginal opening and anus (perineum). This cancer hasnt spread to your lymph nodes or other areas of your body. Stage II: Here the tumours are those that have grown to include nearby structures, such as the lower portions of the urethra, vagina and anus. Stage III: In this stage the cancer has spread to lymph nodes. Stage IV: This stage signifies a cancer that has spread more extensively to the lymph nodes, or that has spread to the upper portions of the urethra or vagina, or that has spread to the bladder, rectum or pelvic bone. Cancer may have spread (metastasized) to distant parts of your body.

• #3 Vulvar Cancer Testing & Diagnosis | Banner MD Anderson

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/cancer/cancer-type/vulvar-cancer/tests-and-diagnosis

  If youre diagnosed with vulvar cancer, imaging tests, including CT, MRI or PET scans and chest X-rays, can determine how advanced it is and whether it has spread. […] If youre diagnosed with vulvar cancer, youll have additional tests to see whether the cancer has spread. The results of these tests will tell you the stage of the cancer. Vulvar cancer is labeled stage 0, 1A, 1B, 2, 3 or 4. […] The prognosis depends on when the cancer is caught, how big the tumor is, whether the cancer has spread, your age and other factors. When vulvar cancer is caught early, doctors can often treat it successfully. According to the American Cancer Society, the five-year survival rate for vulvar cancer is 86%.

• #4 Vulvar cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vulvar-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20368051

  Vulvar cancer is cancer that starts as a growth of cells on the vulva. Vulvar cancer commonly forms as a lump or sore on the vulva that often causes itching. Though it can happen at any age, vulvar cancer is usually diagnosed in older adults. […] The earlier vulvar cancer is diagnosed, the less likely an extensive surgery is needed for treatment. […] Make an appointment with a doctor, gynecologist or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you. […] Exactly what causes the DNA changes that lead to vulvar cancer isn’t always known. Healthcare professionals believe some vulvar cancers are caused by human papillomavirus. […] The type of cell in which the cancer begins tells your healthcare team what type of vulvar cancer you have. Knowing your vulvar cancer type helps your healthcare team plan the most effective treatment.

• #4 Vulvar Cancer | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/1001/p1269.html

  Vulvar cancer was reported in 3,200 women in 1998, resulting in 800 deaths. […] Although vulvar cancer is relatively uncommon, early detection remains crucial given its significant impact on sexuality. Diagnosis is based on histology; therefore, any suspicious lesions of the vulva must be biopsied. […] Early detection and biopsy of any abnormal vulvar lesions by primary care physicians are imperative to achieve diagnosis of vulvar cancer in the early stages and improve subsequent morbidity and mortality. […] No gross features are diagnostic of vulvar cancer; diagnosis is based on biopsy alone. Therefore, biopsy must be performed on any suspicious lesions of the vulva, asymptomatic or symptomatic. […] Delaying biopsy is the most common mistake made by clinicians. […] The most common histologic type of vulvar cancer is squamous cell carcinoma.

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