Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=34&contentid=19532-1

  There is no sure way to prevent vulvar cancer. Some risk factors for this cancer, such as your age and family history, are not within your control. But there are things you can do that may help lower your risk of getting it. […] The best thing you can do to prevent vulvar cancer is to lower the risks you can control. Also get regular gynecological exams. Some providers may also advise self-exams of the vulva. […] Protect against human papillomavirus (HPV) or HIV. You can help prevent HPV infection by not having sex as a teen or preteen. Having sex using a condom and limiting sex partners can also help. Don’t have sex with people who have had a lot of partners. Condoms give some protection against HPV, but not full protection. Still, if you use them correctly every time, they help prevent the spread of HIV and many other sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

• #1 Reducing Risk for Vaginal and Vulvar Cancers | Vaginal and Vulvar Cancers | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vaginal-vulvar-cancers/prevention/index.html

  The HPV vaccine protects against the types of HPV that most often cause vaginal and vulvar cancers. […] HPV vaccination is recommended for preteens age 11 to 12, but can be given starting at age 9. […] HPV vaccination also is recommended for everyone through age 26, if they are not vaccinated already. […] Some adults age 27 to 45 who are not already vaccinated may get the HPV vaccine. HPV vaccination in this age range provides less benefit, as more people have already been exposed to HPV. […] HPV vaccination prevents new HPV infections, but does not treat existing infections or diseases. This is why the HPV vaccine works best when given before any exposure to HPV. If you’re 26 or younger, get an HPV vaccine if you haven’t been vaccinated already.

• #1 Drugs Approved for Vulvar Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/vulvar

  Drugs Approved to Prevent Vulvar Cancer […] Gardasil (Recombinant HPV Quadrivalent Vaccine) […] Gardasil 9 (Recombinant HPV Nonavalent Vaccine) […] Recombinant Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Nonavalent Vaccine […] Recombinant Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Quadrivalent Vaccine

• #1 Management of Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2016/10/management-of-vulvar-intraepithelial-neoplasia

  Immunization with the quadrivalent or 9-valent human papillomavirus vaccine, which is effective against human papillomavirus genotypes 6, 11, 16, and 18, and 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58, respectively, has been shown to decrease the risk of vulvar high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) (also known as vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia [VIN usual type]) and should be recommended for girls aged 11-12 years with catch-up through age 26 years if not vaccinated in the target age. […] There are no screening strategies for the prevention of vulvar cancer through early detection of vulvar HSIL (VIN usual type). […] Cigarette smoking is strongly associated with vulvar HSIL (VIN usual type), and cessation should be encouraged. […] Differentiated VIN may be associated with vulvar dermatoses, and treatment of vulvar dermatologic disorders (especially of lichen sclerosus) reduces the risk of cancer.

• #1 Prevention – Vulvar Cancer | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/cancer/vulvar-cancer/prevention.html

  The cause of vulvar cancer is not known at this time, however, certain risk factors are suspected as contributors to the development of the disease. Suggestions for prevention include: […] Avoid known risk factors when possible […] Delay onset of sexual activity […] Use condoms. Research shows that condoms may protect against HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases that are transmitted through body fluids. However, condoms will not protect against infection with HPV since this infection is transmitted by skin-to-skin contact […] Do not smoke […] Have regular physical checkups […] Have routine Pap tests and pelvic examinations […] Routinely check entire body for irregular growth of moles.

• #1 Vulvar cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vulvar-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20368051

  To lower the risk of vulvar cancer, don’t smoke tobacco. Take steps to protect yourself from human papillomavirus infection. Human papillomavirus, also called HPV, is associated with the most common type of vulvar cancer. […] Smoking tobacco increases the risk of vulvar cancer. If you don’t smoke, don’t start. If you smoke, talk with a healthcare professional about things that can help you quit. This might include medicines and counseling. […] HPV is a common virus that’s passed through sexual contact. It increases the risk of vulvar cancer. To help reduce the risk of HPV infection: Use a condom every time you have sex. Condoms may reduce the risk of contracting HPV but can’t fully protect against it. Get the HPV vaccine. The vaccine protects against the strains of the virus that are thought to cause vulvar cancer. Talk with a healthcare professional about whether the HPV vaccine is right for you.

• #1 Vulvar Cancer: Prevention

  https://encyclopedia.nm.org/Search/34,19532-1?keyword=joint

  There is no sure way to prevent vulvar cancer. Some risk factors for this cancer, such as your age and family history, are not within your control. But there are things you can do that may help lower your risk of getting it. […] The best thing you can do to prevent vulvar cancer is to lower the risks you can control. Also get regular gynecological exams. Some providers may also advise self-exams of the vulva. […] Protect against human papillomavirus (HPV) or HIV. You can help prevent HPV infection by not having sex as a teen or preteen. Having sex using a condom and limiting sex partners can also help. Don’t have sex with people who have had a lot of partners. Condoms give some protection against HPV, but not full protection. Still, if you use them correctly every time, they help prevent the spread of HIV and many other sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

• #1 Can Vulvar Cancer Be Prevented? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vulvar-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/prevention.html

  Avoid HPV infection […] The risk of vulvar cancer can be lowered by avoiding certain risk factors and by having pre-cancerous conditions treated before an invasive cancer develops. […] Not smoking is another way to lower the risk for vulvar cancer. […] Pre-cancerous vulvar conditions that are not causing any symptoms can be found by regular gynecologic checkups. […] If vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) is found, treating it might help prevent invasive squamous cell vulvar cancer. […] For most women, the best way to find VIN and vulvar cancer is to report any signs and symptoms to their health care provider and have a yearly well-woman exam.

• #1 Vulvar Cancer: Prevention

  https://encyclopedia.nm.org/Search/34,19532-1?keyword=joint

  Get the HPV vaccine. Talk with your healthcare provider about the vaccine for HPV. Ask if it’s right for you. […] Don’t smoke. Smoking raises your risk for vulvar cancer, as well as many other kinds of cancer. Ask your healthcare provider for help quitting. […] Do self-exams. Your healthcare provider may suggest that you do regular self-exams to find any changes in your vulva. You can do this by using a mirror once a month to look for any red, irritated, dark, or white spots on your vulva. Also look for bumps, ulcers, or moles that are new or have changed. See your provider if you notice any changes. […] Get regular Pap tests and pelvic exams. Women should have regular pelvic exams. They should also have regular cervical cancer screening tests. These include Pap tests with or without HPV tests. Expert groups have different advice for what age to start. Ask your provider what screening tests and schedule is right for you.

• #1 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=34&contentid=19532-1

  The American Cancer Society (ACS) says that women should have regular checkups to help find certain gynecologic cancers. Your healthcare provider will look at your vulva during these checkups. A pelvic exam and maybe a Pap test and HPV testing might also be done. During a pelvic exam, your healthcare provider will also feel your uterus, vagina, cervix, and other reproductive organs. This is done to check for any changes. […] Here are the ACS recommendations for how often you should have Pap tests, HPV tests, and pelvic exams. These are screening guidelines for gynecological cancers if you’re at average risk. Talk with your provider about your risk. If you’re at high risk, you may need a different screening plan. […] All women should start routine screening at age 25. […] Women between ages 25 and 65 should have a HPV test every 5 years. If that’s not available, screening may be done with a Pap test plus an HPV test (called co-testing) every 5 years or a Pap test alone every 3 years.

• #1 Vulvar Cancer: Prevention

  https://encyclopedia.nm.org/Search/34,19532-1?keyword=joint

  The American Cancer Society (ACS) says that women should have regular checkups to help find certain gynecologic cancers. Your healthcare provider will look at your vulva during these checkups. A pelvic exam and maybe a Pap test and HPV testing might also be done. During a pelvic exam, your healthcare provider will also feel your uterus, vagina, cervix, and other reproductive organs. This is done to check for any changes. […] Here are the ACS recommendations for how often you should have Pap tests, HPV tests, and pelvic exams. These are screening guidelines for gynecological cancers if you’re at average risk. Talk with your provider about your risk. If you’re at high risk, you may need a different screening plan. […] All women should start routine screening at age 25. […] Women between ages 25 and 65 should have a HPV test every 5 years. If that’s not available, screening may be done with a Pap test plus an HPV test (called co-testing) every 5 years or a Pap test alone every 3 years. […] The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) advises women to get Pap tests starting at age 21. Talk to your provider about screening tests and what schedule is right for you.

• #1 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=34&contentid=19532-1

  Women older than 65 who have had regular screening with normal results in the past 10 years may stop screening for cervical cancer. Once screening is stopped, it should not be started again. […] Women who had a serious precancer should continue screening for at least 25 years after that diagnosis, even if it goes beyond age 65. […] A woman who has had a hysterectomy with the cervix removed for reasons not related to cervical or uterine cancer and has no history of cervical cancer, serious precancer, or a weak immune system, should not be screened. […] A woman who has had a hysterectomy but still has her cervix should follow the above guidelines based on her age. […] A woman who has been vaccinated against HPV should still follow the screening guidelines for her age group.

• #1 Vulvar Cancer Overview | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vulvar-cancer-overview.html

  You may be able to prevent vulvar cancer by treating vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN). This is a precancerous change in your vulva. VIN is not cancer. But if not treated, it can turn into cancer. Treating VIN early helps reduce the chance that the changed cells will progress to cancer. All cases of VIN should be treated. Treatment can destroy or remove all of the precancer cells. […] You may also help lower your risk of vulvar cancer if you: […] Don’t have sex with people who have many sex partners. Ask your healthcare provider if the HPV vaccine is right for you. […] Dont smoke. Ask your healthcare provider for help quitting.

• #1 Malignant Vulvar Lesions: Overview, Melanoma, Paget Disease

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2156990-overview

  The most common etiology of vulvar cancer involves infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Although there is no screening for vulvar neoplasia or vulvar cancer, immunization with the quadrivalent or 9-valent HPV vaccine and smoking cessation have been shown to decrease the rates of disease. […] Treatment is recommended for all women with vulvar HSIL because of the risk for occult invasion. Wide local excision is the preferred initial treatment method, but there is evidence that topical imiquimod is also effective. Indole-3-carbinol also appears to be safe but may not be as effective as imiquimod or surgery. […] For early stage disease (I or II), sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is an alternative to full lymphadenectomy. SLNB is effective at detecting lymph node metastases and does not increase the risk of groin recurrence; it also decreases the risk of complications related to complete inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy.

• #1 Vulvar Cancer Risk Factors and Prevention Measures

  https://www.hcgoncology.com/types-of-cancers/vulvar-cancer-prevention/

  Conducting regular self-examinations of the vulva can help one look for abnormal changes that need immediate medical attention. […] Adopting preventive measures such as avoiding HPV infection, getting vaccinated, refraining from smoking, and prioritizing regular pelvic checkups, including self-exams, constitutes a comprehensive strategy for vulvar cancer prevention. […] The commonly recommended vulvar cancer prevention measures include quitting smoking, preventing HPV infection, getting vaccinated against HPV, and opting for regular self-examinations and screening.

• #2 Vulvar Cancer: Prevention | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/vulvar-cancer-prevention

  There is no sure way to prevent vulvar cancer. Some risk factors for this cancer, such as your age and family history, are not within your control. But there are things you can do that may help lower your risk of getting it. […] The best thing you can do to prevent vulvar cancer is to lower the risks you can control. Also get regular gynecological exams. Some providers may also advise self-exams of the vulva. […] You can help prevent HPV infection by not having sex as a teen or preteen. Having sex using a condom and limiting sex partners can also help. […] Talk with your healthcare provider about the vaccine for HPV. Ask if it’s right for you. […] Smoking raises your risk for vulvar cancer, as well as many other kinds of cancer. Ask your healthcare provider for help quitting. […] Your healthcare provider may suggest that you do regular self-exams to find any changes in your vulva.

• #2 Management of Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2016/10/management-of-vulvar-intraepithelial-neoplasia

  Immunization with the quadrivalent or 9-valent human papillomavirus vaccine, which is effective against human papillomavirus genotypes 6, 11, 16, and 18, and 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58, respectively, has been shown to decrease the risk of vulvar high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) (also known as vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia [VIN usual type]) and should be recommended for girls aged 11-12 years with catch-up through age 26 years if not vaccinated in the target age. […] There are no screening strategies for the prevention of vulvar cancer through early detection of vulvar HSIL (VIN usual type). […] Cigarette smoking is strongly associated with vulvar HSIL (VIN usual type), and cessation should be encouraged. […] Differentiated VIN may be associated with vulvar dermatoses, and treatment of vulvar dermatologic disorders (especially of lichen sclerosus) reduces the risk of cancer.

• #2 Vulvar Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6220-vulvar-cancer

  The best way to reduce your risk is to get the HPV vaccine to prevent infections. In the U.S., adults up to age 45 may receive Gardasil 9 depending on their risk of HPV exposure. Cervarix and Gardasil are HPV vaccines available in other countries. […] See your healthcare provider right away if you develop any symptoms of vulvar cancer. Schedule regular checkups, including a physical exam, at least annually for your gynecological health.

• #2 Vulvar Cancer: Prevention

  https://encyclopedia.nm.org/Search/34,19532-1?keyword=joint

  There is no sure way to prevent vulvar cancer. Some risk factors for this cancer, such as your age and family history, are not within your control. But there are things you can do that may help lower your risk of getting it. […] The best thing you can do to prevent vulvar cancer is to lower the risks you can control. Also get regular gynecological exams. Some providers may also advise self-exams of the vulva. […] Protect against human papillomavirus (HPV) or HIV. You can help prevent HPV infection by not having sex as a teen or preteen. Having sex using a condom and limiting sex partners can also help. Don’t have sex with people who have had a lot of partners. Condoms give some protection against HPV, but not full protection. Still, if you use them correctly every time, they help prevent the spread of HIV and many other sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

• #2 Prevention – Vulvar Cancer | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/cancer/vulvar-cancer/prevention.html

  The cause of vulvar cancer is not known at this time, however, certain risk factors are suspected as contributors to the development of the disease. Suggestions for prevention include: […] Avoid known risk factors when possible […] Delay onset of sexual activity […] Use condoms. Research shows that condoms may protect against HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases that are transmitted through body fluids. However, condoms will not protect against infection with HPV since this infection is transmitted by skin-to-skin contact […] Do not smoke […] Have regular physical checkups […] Have routine Pap tests and pelvic examinations […] Routinely check entire body for irregular growth of moles.

• #2 Vulvar Cancer Overview | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vulvar-cancer-overview.html

  You may be able to prevent vulvar cancer by treating vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN). This is a precancerous change in your vulva. VIN is not cancer. But if not treated, it can turn into cancer. Treating VIN early helps reduce the chance that the changed cells will progress to cancer. All cases of VIN should be treated. Treatment can destroy or remove all of the precancer cells. […] You may also help lower your risk of vulvar cancer if you: […] Don’t have sex with people who have many sex partners. Ask your healthcare provider if the HPV vaccine is right for you. […] Dont smoke. Ask your healthcare provider for help quitting.

• #2 Vulvar cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vulvar-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20368051

  To lower the risk of vulvar cancer, don’t smoke tobacco. Take steps to protect yourself from human papillomavirus infection. Human papillomavirus, also called HPV, is associated with the most common type of vulvar cancer. […] Smoking tobacco increases the risk of vulvar cancer. If you don’t smoke, don’t start. If you smoke, talk with a healthcare professional about things that can help you quit. This might include medicines and counseling. […] HPV is a common virus that’s passed through sexual contact. It increases the risk of vulvar cancer. To help reduce the risk of HPV infection: Use a condom every time you have sex. Condoms may reduce the risk of contracting HPV but can’t fully protect against it. Get the HPV vaccine. The vaccine protects against the strains of the virus that are thought to cause vulvar cancer. Talk with a healthcare professional about whether the HPV vaccine is right for you.

• #2 Vulvar Cancer: Prevention

  https://encyclopedia.nm.org/Search/34,19532-1?keyword=joint

  The American Cancer Society (ACS) says that women should have regular checkups to help find certain gynecologic cancers. Your healthcare provider will look at your vulva during these checkups. A pelvic exam and maybe a Pap test and HPV testing might also be done. During a pelvic exam, your healthcare provider will also feel your uterus, vagina, cervix, and other reproductive organs. This is done to check for any changes. […] Here are the ACS recommendations for how often you should have Pap tests, HPV tests, and pelvic exams. These are screening guidelines for gynecological cancers if you’re at average risk. Talk with your provider about your risk. If you’re at high risk, you may need a different screening plan. […] All women should start routine screening at age 25. […] Women between ages 25 and 65 should have a HPV test every 5 years. If that’s not available, screening may be done with a Pap test plus an HPV test (called co-testing) every 5 years or a Pap test alone every 3 years. […] The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) advises women to get Pap tests starting at age 21. Talk to your provider about screening tests and what schedule is right for you.

• #2 Vulvar Cancer: Prevention | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/vulvar-cancer-prevention

  Women should have regular pelvic exams. They should also have regular cervical cancer screening tests. These include Pap tests with or without HPV tests. […] Screening tests check for signs of disease in people who don’t have any symptoms. They are used to find and treat any precancers. They can also help find cancer early. […] The American Cancer Society (ACS) says that women should have regular checkups to help find certain gynecologic cancers. […] Here are the ACS recommendations for how often you should have Pap tests, HPV tests, and pelvic exams. […] All women should start routine screening at age 25. […] Women between ages 25 and 65 should have a HPV test every 5 years. […] Women older than 65 who have had regular screening with normal results in the past 10 years may stop screening for cervical cancer. […] Women who had a serious precancer should continue screening for at least 25 years after that diagnosis, even if it goes beyond age 65. […] A woman who has been vaccinated against HPV should still follow the screening guidelines for her age group.

• #2 Vulvar Cancer Risk Factors and Prevention Measures

  https://www.hcgoncology.com/types-of-cancers/vulvar-cancer-prevention/

  Conducting regular self-examinations of the vulva can help one look for abnormal changes that need immediate medical attention. […] Adopting preventive measures such as avoiding HPV infection, getting vaccinated, refraining from smoking, and prioritizing regular pelvic checkups, including self-exams, constitutes a comprehensive strategy for vulvar cancer prevention. […] The commonly recommended vulvar cancer prevention measures include quitting smoking, preventing HPV infection, getting vaccinated against HPV, and opting for regular self-examinations and screening.

• #2 Vulvar Cancer Prevention & Early Detection | Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center – Buffalo, NY

  https://www.roswellpark.org/cancer/vulvar/prevention-detection

  Vulvar cancer is highly treatable when it is detected early. Knowing the risk factors as well as the symptoms of the disease is a critical step in early detection. […] Screening tests detect cancers hidden warning signs long before symptoms appear and when the disease is most treatable. Understand your screening needs and complete the cancer screening and prevention questionnaire to manage your cancer risk. […] If you experience any of the symptoms of vulvar cancer or feel you are at an increased risk based on the list above, talk to your doctor.

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