Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Risks and causes of vulval cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/vulval-cancer/risks-causes

  We dont know what causes all vulval cancers. But there are some risk factors that can increase your risk of developing it. These include being older and having infections with certain viruses. […] Almost 70 out of every 100 vulval cancers are caused by HPV infections. […] Your risk of developing vulval cancer is higher if you have a weakened immune system. […] Without treatment, dVIN can turn into vulval cancer. […] VIN is a skin condition of the vulva. It means that abnormal cells have developed in the surface layers of the skin covering the vulva. It is not cancer but could turn into vulval cancer. This may take many years. […] Some studies have shown that having had other types of cancer can also increase the risk of vulval cancer. This includes cervical cancer and pre cancerous changes in the cells of the cervix (CIN). […] There are often stories about potential causes of cancer in the media. It isnt always clear which ideas are supported by evidence.

• #2 What Causes Vulvar Cancer, Risk Factors & Is It Hereditary?

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/vulvar-cancer/risk-factors

  Vulvar cancer is relatively rare, representing about 6 percent of all cancers that occur in the female reproductive organs and less than 1 percent of all cancers affecting women. The lifetime risk for developing vulvar cancer is about 1 in 333, according to the American Cancer Society. […] While the exact cause of many vulvar cancers may not be known, several factors may increase the risk for developing the disease. […] Approximately 80 percent of vulvar cancer cases occur in women who are over the age of 50, and over 50 percent of cases occur in women age 70 or older. […] A previous diagnosis of cervical cancer may increase the risk of vulvar cancer. This higher risk may be related to compounding risk factors, such as HPV infection and smoking. […] HPV is a group of more than 100 viruses that are sexually transmitted and have been associated with vulvar cancers, as well as other cancers of the reproductive system.

• #3 Vulvar Cancer | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/1001/p1269.html

  Vulvar cancer was reported in 3,200 women in 1998, resulting in 800 deaths. Recent evidence suggests that vulvar cancer comprises two separate diseases. The first type may develop from vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia caused by human papillomavirus infection and is increasing in prevalence among young women. The second type, which more often afflicts older women, may develop from vulvar non-neoplastic epithelial disorders as a result of chronic inflammation (the itch-scratchlichen sclerosus hypothesis). […] It has been suggested that vulvar cancer exists as two separate diseases. The first type involves human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, which leads to VIN and predisposes the patient to vulvar cancer. The second type involves vulvar non-neoplastic epithelial disorders (VNED) and advanced age, leading to cellular atypia and cancer.

• #4 Vulvar cancer: epidemiology, clinical presentation, and management options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4374790/

  Vulvar cancer can be classified into two groups according to predisposing factors: the first type correlates with a HPV infection and occurs mostly in younger patients. The second group is not HPV associated and occurs often in elderly women without neoplastic epithelial disorders. […] Vulvar cancer can be distinguished into two separate diseases: the first type involves a human papillomavirus (HPV) infection that causes vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), a predisposing factor for vulvar cancer. […] An estimated 80% of untreated women suffering from VIN III develop invasive vulvar cancer. […] The second type of vulvar cancer includes vulvar non-neoplastic epithelial disorders (VNED) and advanced age that lead to cellular atypia and eventually to cancer. […] Lichen sclerosus, a subgroup of VNED, is mooted as a predisposing risk factor in the development of HPV-negative vulvar cancer.

• #5 Vulvar cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vulvar-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20368051

  Vulvar cancer is cancer that starts as a growth of cells on the vulva. […] It’s not always clear what causes vulvar cancer. This cancer starts on the area of skin that surrounds the urethra and vagina. This area of skin is called the vulva. […] Exactly what causes the DNA changes that lead to vulvar cancer isn’t always known. Healthcare professionals believe some vulvar cancers are caused by human papillomavirus. Human papilloma virus, also called HPV, is a common virus passed through sexual contact. It’s associated with the most common type of vulvar cancer, which is vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. […] Factors that increase the risk of vulvar cancer include: Older age. The risk of vulvar cancer increases with age, though it can happen at any age. The average age at diagnosis is 65. […] Having a history of a precancerous condition of the vulva. Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia is a precancerous condition that increases the risk of vulvar cancer. Most instances of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia will never develop into cancer. But a small number do go on to become invasive vulvar cancer. […] To lower the risk of vulvar cancer, don’t smoke tobacco. Take steps to protect yourself from human papillomavirus infection. Human papillomavirus, also called HPV, is associated with the most common type of vulvar cancer.

• #6 Vulvar Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6220-vulvar-cancer

  Vulvar cancer is a rare cancer that forms in the tissues of your vulva. […] Most cases are related to either human papillomavirus (HPV) infection or lichen sclerosus. […] The most common type of vulvar cancer, vulvar squamous cell carcinoma, arises in association with one of two conditions: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and Lichen sclerosus. […] Risk factors for vulvar cancer include: Age, Exposure to HPV, Skin conditions involving your vulva, Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, Smoking.

• #7 Vulvar cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulvar_cancer

  Vulvar cancer is a cancer of the vulva, the outer portion of the female genitals. Risk factors include vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), HPV infection, genital warts, smoking, and many sexual partners. […] Two main pathophysiological pathways are currently understood to contribute to development of vulvar cancer: human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and chronic inflammation or autoimmunity affecting the vulvar area. HPV DNA can be found in up to 87% of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) and 29% of invasive vulvar cancers; HPV 16 is the most commonly detected subtype in VIN and vulvar cancer, followed by HPV 33 and HPV 18. […] Risk factors for vulvar cancer are largely related to the causal pathways above, involving exposure or infection with the HPV virus and/or acquired or innate auto-immunity.

• #8 Vulvar Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK567798/

  Vulvar cancer represents 0.3% of all new cancer cases in the United States. Risk factors for the development of vulvar cancer include increasing age, infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), smoking, inflammatory conditions of the vulva, prior pelvic radiation, and immunodeficiency. […] Thirty to forty percent of vulvar cancer cases are associated with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV), resulting from the classic two-hit hypothesis for cancer development. HPV is known to have E6 and E7 oncoproteins, which inactivate the p53 and RB tumor suppressor proteins, respectively. The loss of these tumor suppressor genes leads to unregulated hyperproliferation. […] The etiology of vulvar verrucous carcinoma (VC) is unknown, and no precursor lesions to this disease have been described. However, an association between lichen simplex chronicus and lichen sclerosus has been reported. Studies evaluating an association with HPV status are mixed.

• #9 What Causes Vulvar Cancer?| Causes of Vulvar Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vulvar-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Several risk factors for cancer of the vulva have been identified, and we are beginning to understand how these factors can cause cells in the vulva to become cancerous. […] Cancers can be caused by DNA mutations (defects) that turn on oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. […] Studies suggest that squamous cell cancer of the vulva (the most common type) can develop in at least 2 ways. In up to half of cases, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection appears to have an important role. […] The second process by which vulvar cancers develop does not involve HPV infection. […] DNA tests from vulvar cancers in older women rarely show HPV infection, but often show mutations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene. The p53 gene is important in preventing cells from becoming cancerous. When this gene has undergone mutation, it is easier for cancer to develop. […] These discoveries have not yet affected treatment. But they may help in finding ways to prevent cancer of the vulva and at some point might lead to changes in treatment.

• #10 Vaginal, Vulvar and Rare Gynecologic Cancers | Knight Cancer Institute | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/knight-cancer-institute/vaginal-vulvar-and-rare-gynecologic-cancers

  Cancers of the vagina and vulva are rare and usually curable when found and treated early. […] Most cases start as abnormal skin cells that slowly become cancerous over many years. […] Risk factors include age. Women 60 and older are most likely to develop these cancers, and risk increases with age. Risk factors also include a history of: HPV (human papillomavirus) infection, genital warts, hysterectomy, abnormal cells, cervical or other gynecologic cancers, smoking, HIV, and for vaginal cancer, exposure to the medication diethylstilbestrol, or DES, before birth. […] About 7,000 people are diagnosed with vulvar cancer in the U.S. every year, according to the National Cancer Institute. […] The five-year relative survival rate for vulvar cancer is 70%, according to the National Cancer Institute. This rises to 86% if the cancer is caught early.

• #11 Vulvar Cancer > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/vulvar-cancer

  Vulvar cancer has been on the rise over the past few decades, especially among younger women who have been exposed to human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Doctors believe that there are two main causes of vulvar cancer: HPV and vulvar dystrophies, conditions in which the skin cells of the vulva grow abnormally. […] HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection. […] Vulvar cancer linked to HPV tends to occur in younger, sexually active women who smoke. […] Vulvar cancers that are linked to vulvar dystrophies tend to occur in older women. […] Doctors believe that vulvar dystrophies may be caused by mutations to the p53 tumor suppressor gene. When this gene doesn’t work properly, vulvar cells may grow out of control or survive longer than their intended lifespans. Both of these abnormalities may lead to cancer.

• #12 What Causes Vulvar Cancer?| Causes of Vulvar Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vulvar-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Several risk factors for cancer of the vulva have been identified, and we are beginning to understand how these factors can cause cells in the vulva to become cancerous. […] Cancers can be caused by DNA mutations (defects) that turn on oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. […] Studies suggest that squamous cell cancer of the vulva (the most common type) can develop in at least 2 ways. In up to half of cases, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection appears to have an important role. […] The second process by which vulvar cancers develop does not involve HPV infection. […] DNA tests from vulvar cancers in older women rarely show HPV infection, but often show mutations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene. The p53 gene is important in preventing cells from becoming cancerous. When this gene has undergone mutation, it is easier for cancer to develop. […] These discoveries have not yet affected treatment. But they may help in finding ways to prevent cancer of the vulva and at some point might lead to changes in treatment.

• #13 Vulvar Cancer | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/1001/p1269.html

  Vulvar cancer was reported in 3,200 women in 1998, resulting in 800 deaths. Recent evidence suggests that vulvar cancer comprises two separate diseases. The first type may develop from vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia caused by human papillomavirus infection and is increasing in prevalence among young women. The second type, which more often afflicts older women, may develop from vulvar non-neoplastic epithelial disorders as a result of chronic inflammation (the itch-scratchlichen sclerosus hypothesis). […] It has been suggested that vulvar cancer exists as two separate diseases. The first type involves human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, which leads to VIN and predisposes the patient to vulvar cancer. The second type involves vulvar non-neoplastic epithelial disorders (VNED) and advanced age, leading to cellular atypia and cancer.

• #14 What Causes Vulvar Cancer?| Causes of Vulvar Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vulvar-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Several risk factors for cancer of the vulva have been identified, and we are beginning to understand how these factors can cause cells in the vulva to become cancerous. […] Cancers can be caused by DNA mutations (defects) that turn on oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. […] Studies suggest that squamous cell cancer of the vulva (the most common type) can develop in at least 2 ways. In up to half of cases, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection appears to have an important role. […] The second process by which vulvar cancers develop does not involve HPV infection. […] DNA tests from vulvar cancers in older women rarely show HPV infection, but often show mutations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene. The p53 gene is important in preventing cells from becoming cancerous. When this gene has undergone mutation, it is easier for cancer to develop. […] These discoveries have not yet affected treatment. But they may help in finding ways to prevent cancer of the vulva and at some point might lead to changes in treatment.

• #15 Vulvar Cancer > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/vulvar-cancer

  Vulvar cancer has been on the rise over the past few decades, especially among younger women who have been exposed to human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Doctors believe that there are two main causes of vulvar cancer: HPV and vulvar dystrophies, conditions in which the skin cells of the vulva grow abnormally. […] HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection. […] Vulvar cancer linked to HPV tends to occur in younger, sexually active women who smoke. […] Vulvar cancers that are linked to vulvar dystrophies tend to occur in older women. […] Doctors believe that vulvar dystrophies may be caused by mutations to the p53 tumor suppressor gene. When this gene doesn’t work properly, vulvar cells may grow out of control or survive longer than their intended lifespans. Both of these abnormalities may lead to cancer.

• #16 Vulvar cancer: epidemiology, clinical presentation, and management options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4374790/

  Vulvar cancer can be classified into two groups according to predisposing factors: the first type correlates with a HPV infection and occurs mostly in younger patients. The second group is not HPV associated and occurs often in elderly women without neoplastic epithelial disorders. […] Vulvar cancer can be distinguished into two separate diseases: the first type involves a human papillomavirus (HPV) infection that causes vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), a predisposing factor for vulvar cancer. […] An estimated 80% of untreated women suffering from VIN III develop invasive vulvar cancer. […] The second type of vulvar cancer includes vulvar non-neoplastic epithelial disorders (VNED) and advanced age that lead to cellular atypia and eventually to cancer. […] Lichen sclerosus, a subgroup of VNED, is mooted as a predisposing risk factor in the development of HPV-negative vulvar cancer.

• #17 About Vulvar Cancer | Cancer Council NSW

  https://www.cancercouncil.com.au/vulvar-cancer/about-vulvar-cancer/

  Vulvar cancer is the abnormal growth of cells in any part of the vulva. […] The exact cause of vulvar cancer is unknown, but there are several things that increase the risk of developing it. […] Many cases of vulvar cancer are caused by infection with HPV, which is a very common virus in people who are sexually active. […] Having vulvar SIL increases the risk of developing vulvar cancer. […] These include: the skin conditions vulvar lichen planus, vulvar lichen sclerosus or extramammary Paget disease; having had an abnormal cervical screening test or cancer of the cervix or vagina; smoking tobacco (which can make cancer more likely to develop in people with HPV); being aged over 70 (a little over half of all vulvar cancers are in women over 70); having a weakened immune system. […] Sometimes the squamous cells in the vulva start to change. These changes may be precancerous. This means there is an area of abnormal tissue (a lesion) in the vulva that is not cancer, but may develop into cancer over time if left untreated. […] High grade (HSIL), which may develop into vulvar cancer and is linked to HPV. […] Differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (dVIN), which may develop into vulvar cancer and is not usually linked with HPV but is linked with the skin condition lichen sclerosus.

• #18 Vulvar cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vulvar-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20368051

  Vulvar cancer is cancer that starts as a growth of cells on the vulva. […] It’s not always clear what causes vulvar cancer. This cancer starts on the area of skin that surrounds the urethra and vagina. This area of skin is called the vulva. […] Exactly what causes the DNA changes that lead to vulvar cancer isn’t always known. Healthcare professionals believe some vulvar cancers are caused by human papillomavirus. Human papilloma virus, also called HPV, is a common virus passed through sexual contact. It’s associated with the most common type of vulvar cancer, which is vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. […] Factors that increase the risk of vulvar cancer include: Older age. The risk of vulvar cancer increases with age, though it can happen at any age. The average age at diagnosis is 65. […] Having a history of a precancerous condition of the vulva. Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia is a precancerous condition that increases the risk of vulvar cancer. Most instances of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia will never develop into cancer. But a small number do go on to become invasive vulvar cancer. […] To lower the risk of vulvar cancer, don’t smoke tobacco. Take steps to protect yourself from human papillomavirus infection. Human papillomavirus, also called HPV, is associated with the most common type of vulvar cancer.

• #19 What Causes Vulvar Cancer, Risk Factors & Is It Hereditary?

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/vulvar-cancer/risk-factors

  Vulvar cancer is relatively rare, representing about 6 percent of all cancers that occur in the female reproductive organs and less than 1 percent of all cancers affecting women. The lifetime risk for developing vulvar cancer is about 1 in 333, according to the American Cancer Society. […] While the exact cause of many vulvar cancers may not be known, several factors may increase the risk for developing the disease. […] Approximately 80 percent of vulvar cancer cases occur in women who are over the age of 50, and over 50 percent of cases occur in women age 70 or older. […] A previous diagnosis of cervical cancer may increase the risk of vulvar cancer. This higher risk may be related to compounding risk factors, such as HPV infection and smoking. […] HPV is a group of more than 100 viruses that are sexually transmitted and have been associated with vulvar cancers, as well as other cancers of the reproductive system.

• #20 Vulvar Cancer – Women’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/women-s-health-issues/cancers-of-the-female-reproductive-system/vulvar-cancer

  Vulvar cancer usually occurs after menopause. The average age at diagnosis is 70 years. As more women live longer, this cancer is likely to become more common. Recent evidence suggests that vulvar cancer is becoming more common among younger women. […] Most vulvar cancers are caused by persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. […] The risk of developing vulvar cancer is increased by the following: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, Precancerous changes (vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia or dysplasia) in vulvar tissues, Cigarette smoking, Lichen sclerosus, which causes persistent itching and scarring of the vulva, Vaginal cancer or precancer, Cervical cancer or precancer, Anal cancer or precancer, A weakened immune system (due to a disorder such as cancer or AIDS or to medications such as chemotherapy drugs or corticosteroids), Chronic granulomatous disease (a hereditary disease that impairs the immune system).

• #21 Vulvar cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vulvar-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20368051

  Vulvar cancer is cancer that starts as a growth of cells on the vulva. […] It’s not always clear what causes vulvar cancer. This cancer starts on the area of skin that surrounds the urethra and vagina. This area of skin is called the vulva. […] Exactly what causes the DNA changes that lead to vulvar cancer isn’t always known. Healthcare professionals believe some vulvar cancers are caused by human papillomavirus. Human papilloma virus, also called HPV, is a common virus passed through sexual contact. It’s associated with the most common type of vulvar cancer, which is vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. […] Factors that increase the risk of vulvar cancer include: Older age. The risk of vulvar cancer increases with age, though it can happen at any age. The average age at diagnosis is 65. […] Having a history of a precancerous condition of the vulva. Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia is a precancerous condition that increases the risk of vulvar cancer. Most instances of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia will never develop into cancer. But a small number do go on to become invasive vulvar cancer. […] To lower the risk of vulvar cancer, don’t smoke tobacco. Take steps to protect yourself from human papillomavirus infection. Human papillomavirus, also called HPV, is associated with the most common type of vulvar cancer.

• #22 Vulvar Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6220-vulvar-cancer

  Vulvar cancer is a rare cancer that forms in the tissues of your vulva. […] Most cases are related to either human papillomavirus (HPV) infection or lichen sclerosus. […] The most common type of vulvar cancer, vulvar squamous cell carcinoma, arises in association with one of two conditions: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and Lichen sclerosus. […] Risk factors for vulvar cancer include: Age, Exposure to HPV, Skin conditions involving your vulva, Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, Smoking.

• #23 Vulval Cancer: Symptoms, Staging, and Outcomes — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/vulval-cancer

  Vulval SCC risk increases with: Age, Smoking, Multiple sexual partners, Immunosuppression. […] The precursor lesion for vulval SCC is vulval intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) which can be classified as: Vulval high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL, formerly called usual type VIN) associated with HPV 16, 18, and 33 in women aged 20-40 years. […] HPV vaccination introduced as a primary prevention strategy for cervical cancer is showing a promising reduction in HPV-related VIN and vulval SCC. […] Vulval melanoma accounts for 5-10% of all vulval cancers and 2% of all melanomas in women. […] Distinct from other mucosal melanomas, unrelated to sun or ultraviolet (UV) exposure. […] Vulval basal cell carcinoma is typically diagnosed in white women aged 60-80 years (mean 70 years).

• #24 About Vulvar Cancer | Cancer Council NSW

  https://www.cancercouncil.com.au/vulvar-cancer/about-vulvar-cancer/

  Vulvar cancer is the abnormal growth of cells in any part of the vulva. […] The exact cause of vulvar cancer is unknown, but there are several things that increase the risk of developing it. […] Many cases of vulvar cancer are caused by infection with HPV, which is a very common virus in people who are sexually active. […] Having vulvar SIL increases the risk of developing vulvar cancer. […] These include: the skin conditions vulvar lichen planus, vulvar lichen sclerosus or extramammary Paget disease; having had an abnormal cervical screening test or cancer of the cervix or vagina; smoking tobacco (which can make cancer more likely to develop in people with HPV); being aged over 70 (a little over half of all vulvar cancers are in women over 70); having a weakened immune system. […] Sometimes the squamous cells in the vulva start to change. These changes may be precancerous. This means there is an area of abnormal tissue (a lesion) in the vulva that is not cancer, but may develop into cancer over time if left untreated. […] High grade (HSIL), which may develop into vulvar cancer and is linked to HPV. […] Differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (dVIN), which may develop into vulvar cancer and is not usually linked with HPV but is linked with the skin condition lichen sclerosus.

• #25 Risk Factors for Vulvar Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vulvar-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  HIV infection makes women more likely to get and to stay infected with HPV. This could increase the risk of vulvar pre-cancer and cancer. […] The risk of vulvar cancer appears to be slightly increased by lichen sclerosus, with about 4% of women having LSA later developing vulvar cancer. […] Women with cervical cancer also have a higher risk of vulvar cancer. This is probably because these cancers share certain risk factors. […] Women who have had melanoma or dysplastic nevi (atypical moles) in other places have an increased risk of developing a melanoma on the vulva.

• #26 Causes and risk factors of vulval cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/vulval-cancer/causes

  Some skin conditions of the vulva can increase the risk of developing vulval cancer. […] Less than 5 in every 100 women (5%) who have vulval LS or LP develop vulval cancer. Over a long period of time, the inflammation caused by these skin conditions may increase the risk of cancer developing. […] Smoking increases the risk of developing both VIN and vulval cancer. Smoking makes the immune system less effective and less able to get rid of HPV. This may be one of the reasons it increases the risk of vulval cancer. […] High grade abnormal cell changes in the cervix (called (CIN 3) may increase the risk of developing vulval cancer. This may be related to shared risk factors, such as HPV infection and smoking.

• #27 Causes of vulval cancer – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vulval-cancer/causes/

  It’s not always known what causes vulval cancer. […] But many vulval cancers are caused by an infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Some skin conditions that affect your vulva can also lead to vulval cancer. These include: abnormal changes in the skin cells of your vulva, called vulval intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), lichen sclerosus, lichen planus. […] You might also be more likely to get vulval cancer if you: smoke, have a weakened immune system, for example if you have a health condition such as HIV or you’re having treatments that affect your immune system, have had cervical cancer.

• #28 Vulval cancer | Jean Hailes

  https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/vulva-vagina/gynaecological-cancers-vaginal-and-vulval/vulval-cancer

  We dont know the exact cause of vulval cancer, but it may be associated with: […] human papillomavirus (HPV) […] having a precancerous condition called vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) […] skin conditions such as lichen planus and lichen sclerosus […] having had cervical or vaginal cancer in the past […] smoking […] having a weakened immune system.

• #29 What does a vulvar cancer treatment plan involve? – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/cancer/types-treatments/vulvar-cancer

  A number of factors can increase a womans risk of developing vulvar cancer: […] Carrying the human papilloma virus (HPV), a common infection that is transmitted sexually or through skin-to-skin contact. There are many types of HPV. Types linked to vulvar cancer include HPV 16 and HPV 18. […] Having a precancerous condition of the vulva called vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN). […] Having a condition called lichen sclerosus, which can cause the skin on the vulva to become thin and itchy. […] A history of cervical cancer or precancerous cervical conditions. […] Having a rare skin disease called vulvar Pagets disease, which causes redness and scaliness.

• #30 Risk Factors for Vulvar Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vulvar-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  A risk factor is anything that changes a person’s chance of getting a disease such as cancer. […] Although several risk factors increase the odds of developing vulvar cancer, most women with these risks do not develop it. […] Some doctors think there are 2 kinds of vulvar cancer. One kind is associated with HPV infection (more than half of all vulvar cancers are linked to infection with the high-risk HPV types) and tends to occur in younger women. The other is not associated with HPV infection, is more often found in older women, and may develop from a precursor lesion called differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. […] Smoking increases the risk of developing vulvar cancer. Among women who have a history of HPV infection, smoking further increases the risk of developing vulvar cancer.

• #31 Causes and risk factors of vulval cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/vulval-cancer/causes

  Some skin conditions of the vulva can increase the risk of developing vulval cancer. […] Less than 5 in every 100 women (5%) who have vulval LS or LP develop vulval cancer. Over a long period of time, the inflammation caused by these skin conditions may increase the risk of cancer developing. […] Smoking increases the risk of developing both VIN and vulval cancer. Smoking makes the immune system less effective and less able to get rid of HPV. This may be one of the reasons it increases the risk of vulval cancer. […] High grade abnormal cell changes in the cervix (called (CIN 3) may increase the risk of developing vulval cancer. This may be related to shared risk factors, such as HPV infection and smoking.

• #32 Vulvar cancer: New insights in 2024

  https://oncodaily.com/oncolibrary/cancer-types/74917

  Vulvar cancer occurs when cells in the vulva undergo abnormal changes and begin to grow uncontrollably. These changes are often due to mutations in the DNA of the cells, which can be triggered by various factors. […] HPV is a sexually transmitted virus that can cause changes in the cells of the vulva, leading to cancer. High-risk strains of HPV, such as types 16 and 18, are particularly associated with vulvar cancer. […] The risk of vulvar cancer increases with age, with most cases occurring in women over 50. […] Smoking can damage the DNA of cells and weaken the immune system, making it harder for the body to fight off infections like HPV. […] Conditions that weaken the immune system, such as HIV infection or immunosuppressive medications, can increase the risk of vulvar cancer. […] Conditions like vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) and lichen sclerosus can increase the risk of vulvar cancer. VIN involves abnormal cell growth on the surface of the vulva, while lichen sclerosus causes thinning and itching of the vulvar skin. […] A history of cervical or vaginal cancer can increase the risk of vulvar cancer due to shared risk factors like HPV infection.

• #33 Risk Factors for Vulvar Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vulvar-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  HIV infection makes women more likely to get and to stay infected with HPV. This could increase the risk of vulvar pre-cancer and cancer. […] The risk of vulvar cancer appears to be slightly increased by lichen sclerosus, with about 4% of women having LSA later developing vulvar cancer. […] Women with cervical cancer also have a higher risk of vulvar cancer. This is probably because these cancers share certain risk factors. […] Women who have had melanoma or dysplastic nevi (atypical moles) in other places have an increased risk of developing a melanoma on the vulva.

• #34 Vulvar Cancer – Women’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/women-s-health-issues/cancers-of-the-female-reproductive-system/vulvar-cancer

  Vulvar cancer usually occurs after menopause. The average age at diagnosis is 70 years. As more women live longer, this cancer is likely to become more common. Recent evidence suggests that vulvar cancer is becoming more common among younger women. […] Most vulvar cancers are caused by persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. […] The risk of developing vulvar cancer is increased by the following: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, Precancerous changes (vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia or dysplasia) in vulvar tissues, Cigarette smoking, Lichen sclerosus, which causes persistent itching and scarring of the vulva, Vaginal cancer or precancer, Cervical cancer or precancer, Anal cancer or precancer, A weakened immune system (due to a disorder such as cancer or AIDS or to medications such as chemotherapy drugs or corticosteroids), Chronic granulomatous disease (a hereditary disease that impairs the immune system).

• #35 Vulvar cancer: New insights in 2024

  https://oncodaily.com/oncolibrary/cancer-types/74917

  Vulvar cancer occurs when cells in the vulva undergo abnormal changes and begin to grow uncontrollably. These changes are often due to mutations in the DNA of the cells, which can be triggered by various factors. […] HPV is a sexually transmitted virus that can cause changes in the cells of the vulva, leading to cancer. High-risk strains of HPV, such as types 16 and 18, are particularly associated with vulvar cancer. […] The risk of vulvar cancer increases with age, with most cases occurring in women over 50. […] Smoking can damage the DNA of cells and weaken the immune system, making it harder for the body to fight off infections like HPV. […] Conditions that weaken the immune system, such as HIV infection or immunosuppressive medications, can increase the risk of vulvar cancer. […] Conditions like vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) and lichen sclerosus can increase the risk of vulvar cancer. VIN involves abnormal cell growth on the surface of the vulva, while lichen sclerosus causes thinning and itching of the vulvar skin. […] A history of cervical or vaginal cancer can increase the risk of vulvar cancer due to shared risk factors like HPV infection.

• #36 Vulvar Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Stag, and Prevention Tips

  https://www.bajajfinservhealth.in/articles/vulvar-cancer

  Vulvar cancer is a rare type of cancer of the female genitalia. This cancer forms on the outer lips of the vagina. […] HPV is the most common sexually transmitted disease. This infection causes warts near the genitals of the infected person. HPV significantly increases the risk of vulvar cancer. […] Women are susceptible to vulvar cancer when they have a prior history of STDs like Herpes. […] Studies show that smoking increases the risk of vulvar cancer. Furthermore, the chances of vulvar cancer increase further when smoking and STDs are involved. […] An organ transplant, like a kidney transplant, requires the patient to be on a life-long course of immune suppressants. These medications weaken the immune system such that the body doesn’t reject the newly transplanted organ. Therefore, women with a weaker immune system are susceptible to vulvar cancer.

• #37 Vulvar Cancer – Women’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/women-s-health-issues/cancers-of-the-female-reproductive-system/vulvar-cancer

  Vulvar cancer usually occurs after menopause. The average age at diagnosis is 70 years. As more women live longer, this cancer is likely to become more common. Recent evidence suggests that vulvar cancer is becoming more common among younger women. […] Most vulvar cancers are caused by persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. […] The risk of developing vulvar cancer is increased by the following: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, Precancerous changes (vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia or dysplasia) in vulvar tissues, Cigarette smoking, Lichen sclerosus, which causes persistent itching and scarring of the vulva, Vaginal cancer or precancer, Cervical cancer or precancer, Anal cancer or precancer, A weakened immune system (due to a disorder such as cancer or AIDS or to medications such as chemotherapy drugs or corticosteroids), Chronic granulomatous disease (a hereditary disease that impairs the immune system).

• #38 Risks and causes of vulval cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/vulval-cancer/risks-causes

  We dont know what causes all vulval cancers. But there are some risk factors that can increase your risk of developing it. These include being older and having infections with certain viruses. […] Almost 70 out of every 100 vulval cancers are caused by HPV infections. […] Your risk of developing vulval cancer is higher if you have a weakened immune system. […] Without treatment, dVIN can turn into vulval cancer. […] VIN is a skin condition of the vulva. It means that abnormal cells have developed in the surface layers of the skin covering the vulva. It is not cancer but could turn into vulval cancer. This may take many years. […] Some studies have shown that having had other types of cancer can also increase the risk of vulval cancer. This includes cervical cancer and pre cancerous changes in the cells of the cervix (CIN). […] There are often stories about potential causes of cancer in the media. It isnt always clear which ideas are supported by evidence.

• #39 Causes and risk factors of vulval cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/vulval-cancer/causes

  Some skin conditions of the vulva can increase the risk of developing vulval cancer. […] Less than 5 in every 100 women (5%) who have vulval LS or LP develop vulval cancer. Over a long period of time, the inflammation caused by these skin conditions may increase the risk of cancer developing. […] Smoking increases the risk of developing both VIN and vulval cancer. Smoking makes the immune system less effective and less able to get rid of HPV. This may be one of the reasons it increases the risk of vulval cancer. […] High grade abnormal cell changes in the cervix (called (CIN 3) may increase the risk of developing vulval cancer. This may be related to shared risk factors, such as HPV infection and smoking.

• #40 Causes of vulval cancer – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vulval-cancer/causes/

  It’s not always known what causes vulval cancer. […] But many vulval cancers are caused by an infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Some skin conditions that affect your vulva can also lead to vulval cancer. These include: abnormal changes in the skin cells of your vulva, called vulval intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), lichen sclerosus, lichen planus. […] You might also be more likely to get vulval cancer if you: smoke, have a weakened immune system, for example if you have a health condition such as HIV or you’re having treatments that affect your immune system, have had cervical cancer.

• #41 Vulval cancer | Jean Hailes

  https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/vulva-vagina/gynaecological-cancers-vaginal-and-vulval/vulval-cancer

  We dont know the exact cause of vulval cancer, but it may be associated with: […] human papillomavirus (HPV) […] having a precancerous condition called vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) […] skin conditions such as lichen planus and lichen sclerosus […] having had cervical or vaginal cancer in the past […] smoking […] having a weakened immune system.

• #42 Vulvar Cancer – Women’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/women-s-health-issues/cancers-of-the-female-reproductive-system/vulvar-cancer

  Vulvar cancer usually occurs after menopause. The average age at diagnosis is 70 years. As more women live longer, this cancer is likely to become more common. Recent evidence suggests that vulvar cancer is becoming more common among younger women. […] Most vulvar cancers are caused by persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. […] The risk of developing vulvar cancer is increased by the following: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, Precancerous changes (vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia or dysplasia) in vulvar tissues, Cigarette smoking, Lichen sclerosus, which causes persistent itching and scarring of the vulva, Vaginal cancer or precancer, Cervical cancer or precancer, Anal cancer or precancer, A weakened immune system (due to a disorder such as cancer or AIDS or to medications such as chemotherapy drugs or corticosteroids), Chronic granulomatous disease (a hereditary disease that impairs the immune system).

• #43 What Causes Vulvar Cancer, Risk Factors & Is It Hereditary?

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/vulvar-cancer/risk-factors

  Vulvar cancer is relatively rare, representing about 6 percent of all cancers that occur in the female reproductive organs and less than 1 percent of all cancers affecting women. The lifetime risk for developing vulvar cancer is about 1 in 333, according to the American Cancer Society. […] While the exact cause of many vulvar cancers may not be known, several factors may increase the risk for developing the disease. […] Approximately 80 percent of vulvar cancer cases occur in women who are over the age of 50, and over 50 percent of cases occur in women age 70 or older. […] A previous diagnosis of cervical cancer may increase the risk of vulvar cancer. This higher risk may be related to compounding risk factors, such as HPV infection and smoking. […] HPV is a group of more than 100 viruses that are sexually transmitted and have been associated with vulvar cancers, as well as other cancers of the reproductive system.

• #44 Risk Factors for Vulvar Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vulvar-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  HIV infection makes women more likely to get and to stay infected with HPV. This could increase the risk of vulvar pre-cancer and cancer. […] The risk of vulvar cancer appears to be slightly increased by lichen sclerosus, with about 4% of women having LSA later developing vulvar cancer. […] Women with cervical cancer also have a higher risk of vulvar cancer. This is probably because these cancers share certain risk factors. […] Women who have had melanoma or dysplastic nevi (atypical moles) in other places have an increased risk of developing a melanoma on the vulva.

• #45 Vulval Cancer: Symptoms, Staging, and Outcomes — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/vulval-cancer

  Vulval SCC risk increases with: Age, Smoking, Multiple sexual partners, Immunosuppression. […] The precursor lesion for vulval SCC is vulval intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) which can be classified as: Vulval high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL, formerly called usual type VIN) associated with HPV 16, 18, and 33 in women aged 20-40 years. […] HPV vaccination introduced as a primary prevention strategy for cervical cancer is showing a promising reduction in HPV-related VIN and vulval SCC. […] Vulval melanoma accounts for 5-10% of all vulval cancers and 2% of all melanomas in women. […] Distinct from other mucosal melanomas, unrelated to sun or ultraviolet (UV) exposure. […] Vulval basal cell carcinoma is typically diagnosed in white women aged 60-80 years (mean 70 years).

• #46 Vulvar cancer: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/173108

  Vulvar cancer is a relatively rare type of cancer that affects the vulva, the external genital organs that protect a females reproductive system. […] Experts do not know precisely why vulvar cancer happens, but various factors appear to increase the risk: […] Over half of all vulvar cancers are linked to HPV. […] Smoking increases the risk of various types of cancer. […] Some inflammatory conditions that affect the vulva such as lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LSA) appear to increase the risk. […] People who have previously had radiation therapy sometimes develop a new and different type of cancer in the affected area, as radiation affects the DNA of cells. […] Some types of immunodeficiency increase the risk of vulvar cancer. […] People with moles or melanoma anywhere on the body may have a higher chance of developing vulvar cancer. […] People who have previously had precancerous changes in the cervix or cervical cancer may have a higher chance of vulvar cancer.

• #47 Vulvar Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK567798/

  Vulvar cancer represents 0.3% of all new cancer cases in the United States. Risk factors for the development of vulvar cancer include increasing age, infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), smoking, inflammatory conditions of the vulva, prior pelvic radiation, and immunodeficiency. […] Thirty to forty percent of vulvar cancer cases are associated with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV), resulting from the classic two-hit hypothesis for cancer development. HPV is known to have E6 and E7 oncoproteins, which inactivate the p53 and RB tumor suppressor proteins, respectively. The loss of these tumor suppressor genes leads to unregulated hyperproliferation. […] The etiology of vulvar verrucous carcinoma (VC) is unknown, and no precursor lesions to this disease have been described. However, an association between lichen simplex chronicus and lichen sclerosus has been reported. Studies evaluating an association with HPV status are mixed.

• #48 Vulval Cancer: Symptoms, Staging, and Outcomes — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/vulval-cancer

  Vulval SCC risk increases with: Age, Smoking, Multiple sexual partners, Immunosuppression. […] The precursor lesion for vulval SCC is vulval intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) which can be classified as: Vulval high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL, formerly called usual type VIN) associated with HPV 16, 18, and 33 in women aged 20-40 years. […] HPV vaccination introduced as a primary prevention strategy for cervical cancer is showing a promising reduction in HPV-related VIN and vulval SCC. […] Vulval melanoma accounts for 5-10% of all vulval cancers and 2% of all melanomas in women. […] Distinct from other mucosal melanomas, unrelated to sun or ultraviolet (UV) exposure. […] Vulval basal cell carcinoma is typically diagnosed in white women aged 60-80 years (mean 70 years).

• #49 Vulvar Cancer | Sarah Cannon

  https://sarahcannon.com/for-patients/learn-about-cancer/gynecologic-cancer/vulvar-cancer/

  Vulvar cancer occurs in the vulva, which is the exterior of the female genitals. […] Half of all vulvar cancers are caused by infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). […] The most common form of vulvar cancer is squamous cell carcinoma, a type of skin cancer. It is responsible for 90% of vulvar cancer cases. […] The following factors may increase your risk of vulvar cancer: Being age 50 or older, Smoking, HPV infection, An immunodeficiency, such as HIV, VIN, Cervical precancer or cervical cancer, Vaginal cancer, Melanoma elsewhere on the body, Lichen sclerosus, a condition that makes the vulvar skin itchy and thin. […] Getting the HPV vaccine early may reduce your risk of vulvar cancer. […] Research has also shown the following factors may reduce your risk of vulvar cancer: Getting regular Pap tests, Not smoking (or quitting if you currently smoke), Not having sexual intercourse until your late teens or older, Limiting your number of sexual partners, Avoiding sexual intercourse with someone who has had many partners, Using condoms during sexual intercourse.

• #50 Vulvar cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vulvar-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20368051

  Vulvar cancer is cancer that starts as a growth of cells on the vulva. […] It’s not always clear what causes vulvar cancer. This cancer starts on the area of skin that surrounds the urethra and vagina. This area of skin is called the vulva. […] Exactly what causes the DNA changes that lead to vulvar cancer isn’t always known. Healthcare professionals believe some vulvar cancers are caused by human papillomavirus. Human papilloma virus, also called HPV, is a common virus passed through sexual contact. It’s associated with the most common type of vulvar cancer, which is vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. […] Factors that increase the risk of vulvar cancer include: Older age. The risk of vulvar cancer increases with age, though it can happen at any age. The average age at diagnosis is 65. […] Having a history of a precancerous condition of the vulva. Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia is a precancerous condition that increases the risk of vulvar cancer. Most instances of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia will never develop into cancer. But a small number do go on to become invasive vulvar cancer. […] To lower the risk of vulvar cancer, don’t smoke tobacco. Take steps to protect yourself from human papillomavirus infection. Human papillomavirus, also called HPV, is associated with the most common type of vulvar cancer.

• #51 Vulvar cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/vulvar-cancer

  Vulvar cancer is not common. It most commonly affects women who have gone through menopause, however vulvar cancer can also occur in younger women. […] Some factors that may increase your risk of vulvar cancer can include: a precancerous condition called vulvar squamous intraepethial lesions (SIL) that often has no symptoms, human papillomavirus (HPV), detection of abnormal cell changes on your cervical screening test, skin conditions such as vulvar lichen sclerosus and vulvar lichen planus, having had cervical cancer or vaginal cancer, smoking tobacco, having had an organ transplant or are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] There are no known lifestyle measures to prevent vulvar cancer, however not smoking may reduce your risk. Immunisation against HPV will also reduce your risk.

• #52 Vulvar Cancer | Sarah Cannon

  https://sarahcannon.com/for-patients/learn-about-cancer/gynecologic-cancer/vulvar-cancer/

  Vulvar cancer occurs in the vulva, which is the exterior of the female genitals. […] Half of all vulvar cancers are caused by infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). […] The most common form of vulvar cancer is squamous cell carcinoma, a type of skin cancer. It is responsible for 90% of vulvar cancer cases. […] The following factors may increase your risk of vulvar cancer: Being age 50 or older, Smoking, HPV infection, An immunodeficiency, such as HIV, VIN, Cervical precancer or cervical cancer, Vaginal cancer, Melanoma elsewhere on the body, Lichen sclerosus, a condition that makes the vulvar skin itchy and thin. […] Getting the HPV vaccine early may reduce your risk of vulvar cancer. […] Research has also shown the following factors may reduce your risk of vulvar cancer: Getting regular Pap tests, Not smoking (or quitting if you currently smoke), Not having sexual intercourse until your late teens or older, Limiting your number of sexual partners, Avoiding sexual intercourse with someone who has had many partners, Using condoms during sexual intercourse.

• #53 Vulvar Cancer Overview | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vulvar-cancer-overview.html

  Most vulvar cancers start in the labia majora in the squamous cells. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type of vulvar cancer. […] The risk factors for vulvar cancer include: Older age, HPV (human papillomavirus) infection, Tobacco use, Weakened immune system, A precancer condition called vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) or dysplasia, A disorder called lichen sclerosus, You had melanoma in the past, You had other genital cancers in the past. […] Unlike some other cancers, such as breast or ovarian cancer, there is no hereditary risk for vulvar cancer. This means that it isn’t passed down in families. […] You may be able to prevent vulvar cancer by treating vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN). This is a precancerous change in your vulva. VIN is not cancer. But if not treated, it can turn into cancer. Treating VIN early helps reduce the chance that the changed cells will progress to cancer.

• #54 Vulvar Cancer | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/1001/p1269.html

  Lichen sclerosus, a type of VNED, is thought to be a predisposing factor in the development of HPV-negative vulvar cancer. According to the itch-scratchlichen sclerosus hypothesis, lichen sclerosus, by causing a severe pruritus, sets up an itch-scratch cycle that over time causes the development of squamous cell hyperplasia. Further progression results in atypia formation, followed by VIN and eventual invasive squamous cell cancer. This hypothesis suggests that treatment of lichen sclerosus with topical steroids would prevent vulvar cancer in these patients, and some early research supports this suggestion.

• #55 Vulvar Cancer | Sarah Cannon

  https://sarahcannon.com/for-patients/learn-about-cancer/gynecologic-cancer/vulvar-cancer/

  Vulvar cancer occurs in the vulva, which is the exterior of the female genitals. […] Half of all vulvar cancers are caused by infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). […] The most common form of vulvar cancer is squamous cell carcinoma, a type of skin cancer. It is responsible for 90% of vulvar cancer cases. […] The following factors may increase your risk of vulvar cancer: Being age 50 or older, Smoking, HPV infection, An immunodeficiency, such as HIV, VIN, Cervical precancer or cervical cancer, Vaginal cancer, Melanoma elsewhere on the body, Lichen sclerosus, a condition that makes the vulvar skin itchy and thin. […] Getting the HPV vaccine early may reduce your risk of vulvar cancer. […] Research has also shown the following factors may reduce your risk of vulvar cancer: Getting regular Pap tests, Not smoking (or quitting if you currently smoke), Not having sexual intercourse until your late teens or older, Limiting your number of sexual partners, Avoiding sexual intercourse with someone who has had many partners, Using condoms during sexual intercourse.

• #56 Vulvar cancer: epidemiology, clinical presentation, and management options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4374790/

  Vulvar cancer can be classified into two groups according to predisposing factors: the first type correlates with a HPV infection and occurs mostly in younger patients. The second group is not HPV associated and occurs often in elderly women without neoplastic epithelial disorders. […] Vulvar cancer can be distinguished into two separate diseases: the first type involves a human papillomavirus (HPV) infection that causes vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), a predisposing factor for vulvar cancer. […] An estimated 80% of untreated women suffering from VIN III develop invasive vulvar cancer. […] The second type of vulvar cancer includes vulvar non-neoplastic epithelial disorders (VNED) and advanced age that lead to cellular atypia and eventually to cancer. […] Lichen sclerosus, a subgroup of VNED, is mooted as a predisposing risk factor in the development of HPV-negative vulvar cancer.

• #57 Vulvar cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulvar_cancer

  Vulvar cancer is a cancer of the vulva, the outer portion of the female genitals. Risk factors include vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), HPV infection, genital warts, smoking, and many sexual partners. […] Two main pathophysiological pathways are currently understood to contribute to development of vulvar cancer: human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and chronic inflammation or autoimmunity affecting the vulvar area. HPV DNA can be found in up to 87% of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) and 29% of invasive vulvar cancers; HPV 16 is the most commonly detected subtype in VIN and vulvar cancer, followed by HPV 33 and HPV 18. […] Risk factors for vulvar cancer are largely related to the causal pathways above, involving exposure or infection with the HPV virus and/or acquired or innate auto-immunity.

• #58 Vulvar cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/vulvar-cancer

  Vulvar cancer is not common. It most commonly affects women who have gone through menopause, however vulvar cancer can also occur in younger women. […] Some factors that may increase your risk of vulvar cancer can include: a precancerous condition called vulvar squamous intraepethial lesions (SIL) that often has no symptoms, human papillomavirus (HPV), detection of abnormal cell changes on your cervical screening test, skin conditions such as vulvar lichen sclerosus and vulvar lichen planus, having had cervical cancer or vaginal cancer, smoking tobacco, having had an organ transplant or are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] There are no known lifestyle measures to prevent vulvar cancer, however not smoking may reduce your risk. Immunisation against HPV will also reduce your risk.

• #59 Vulvar Cancer | Sarah Cannon

  https://sarahcannon.com/for-patients/learn-about-cancer/gynecologic-cancer/vulvar-cancer/

  Vulvar cancer occurs in the vulva, which is the exterior of the female genitals. […] Half of all vulvar cancers are caused by infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). […] The most common form of vulvar cancer is squamous cell carcinoma, a type of skin cancer. It is responsible for 90% of vulvar cancer cases. […] The following factors may increase your risk of vulvar cancer: Being age 50 or older, Smoking, HPV infection, An immunodeficiency, such as HIV, VIN, Cervical precancer or cervical cancer, Vaginal cancer, Melanoma elsewhere on the body, Lichen sclerosus, a condition that makes the vulvar skin itchy and thin. […] Getting the HPV vaccine early may reduce your risk of vulvar cancer. […] Research has also shown the following factors may reduce your risk of vulvar cancer: Getting regular Pap tests, Not smoking (or quitting if you currently smoke), Not having sexual intercourse until your late teens or older, Limiting your number of sexual partners, Avoiding sexual intercourse with someone who has had many partners, Using condoms during sexual intercourse.

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