Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Vulvar Cancer, Version 3.2024, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology in: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Volume 22 Issue 2 (2024)

  https://jnccn.org/view/journals/jnccn/22/2/article-p117.xml?print

  Vulvar cancer is annually diagnosed in an estimated 6,470 individuals and the vast majority are histologically squamous cell carcinomas. Vulvar cancer accounts for 5% to 8% of gynecologic malignancies. Known risk factors for vulvar cancer include increasing age, infection with human papillomavirus, cigarette smoking, inflammatory conditions affecting the vulva, and immunodeficiency. Most vulvar neoplasias are diagnosed at early stages. Rarer histologies exist and include melanoma, extramammary Pagets disease, Bartholin gland adenocarcinoma, verrucous carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and sarcoma. This manuscript discusses recommendations outlined in the NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) for treatments, surveillance, systemic therapy options, and gynecologic survivorship.

• #1 Vulvar Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/vulvar/patient/vulvar-treatment-pdq

  Vulvar cancer is a rare cancer that starts in the tissues of the vulva. […] Vulvar cancer forms in a woman’s external genitalia, called the vulva. It occurs when cells in the vulva start to grow out of control. […] Vulvar cancer most often affects the outer vaginal lips. Less often, cancer affects the inner vaginal lips, clitoris, or vaginal glands. […] Vulvar cancer usually forms slowly over many years. Abnormal cells can grow on the surface of the vulvar skin for a long time. This condition is called vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN). Because it is possible for VIN to become vulvar cancer, it is important to get treatment. […] Signs of vulvar cancer include bleeding or itching in the vulvar area. […] Tests that examine the vulva are used to diagnose vulvar cancer. […] Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.

• #1 Health Care Team for Vulvar Cancer | Cancer Council NSW

  https://www.cancercouncil.com.au/vulvar-cancer/diagnosis/health-professionals/

  Your GP will arrange the first tests to assess your symptoms. If vulvar cancer is diagnosed, the specialist will consider treatment options. Often these will be discussed with other health professionals at what is known as a multidisciplinary team (MDT) meeting. During and after treatment, you will see a range of health professionals who specialise in different aspects of your care. […] Because vulvar cancer is rare, it is recommended that you are treated in a specialist centre for gynaecological cancer. […] The nurse administers drugs and provides care, information and support throughout treatment. […] The cancer care coordinator coordinates your care, liaises with other members of the MDT and supports you and your family throughout treatment.

• #1 Treating Vulvar Cancer | Vulvar Cancer Treatments | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vulvar-cancer/treating.html

  If you’ve been diagnosed with vulvar cancer, your cancer care team will discuss your treatment options with you. It’s important to weigh the benefits of each treatment option against the possible risks and side effects. […] Treatment for vulvar cancer depends on its type and stage. Other factors can also help determine the best treatment plan, such as your age, your general health, your individual circumstances, and your preferences. […] Many other specialists may be involved in your care as well, including nurse practitioners, nurses, psychologists, social workers, rehabilitation specialists, and other health professionals. […] Its important to discuss all of your treatment options as well as their possible side effects with your family and your treatment team to make the choice that best fits your needs.

• #1 Nursing of Vulvar Cancer Radical Operation Combined with Laparoscopic Inguinal Lymph Node Dissection

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9467793/

  Due to the special surgical site of vulvar cancer and the fact that the surgical incision is adjacent to the urethra and anus, it is very easy to be infected, easy to be moist locally, difficult to heal due to high tissue tension, and easy to form a cavity. […] For the specificity of the surgical site, nursing care focuses on postoperative incision observation and care, guidance and feedback on patient activities, and appropriate psychological intervention, which are particularly important for patient recovery, and reasonable and effective treatment and care have important clinical significance. […] Psychological care: patients lack medical knowledge and are extremely concerned about the safety of surgery, incision pain, and prognosis. […] Preoperative care: improve preoperative examination, exclude contraindications to surgery and anesthesia, and actively adjust blood pressure, blood sugar, and nutrition to improve the patient’s tolerance to surgery.

• #1 Supportive care for vulvar cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/vulvar/supportive-care

  In addition to the support offered by the treatment team, a mental health professional, such as a social worker or counsellor, can help you learn how to cope and live with a diagnosis of vulvar cancer. […] To make the decisions that are right for you, ask your healthcare team questions about supportive care.

• #1 Vulvar Cancer Surgery: What You Should Know | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/health-library/vulvar-cancer-surgery-what-you-should-know

  When a woman is diagnosed with vulvar cancer, surgery is the most common first step to remove all the cancerous tissue. Some normal tissue is also removed to help keep the cancer from coming back. Lymph node tissue from the groin may also be removed during surgery. Lymph nodes are small glands that make a colorless fluid and act as filters for the body. They keep bacteria and other matter from getting into the blood stream. […] After surgery, you will be monitored closely. You will wake up in the recovery room where nurses will be checking your blood pressure and pulse frequently. […] The nurses want to make you as comfortable as possible, so let them know how you are feeling. […] After surgery, it is important that you take frequent deep breaths and cough every 15-20 minutes. Coughing, deep breathing and getting out of bed will speed your recovery.

• #1 Vulvar Cancer Surgery: What You Should Know | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/health-library/vulvar-cancer-surgery-what-you-should-know

  Your nurse will apply ice to the surgical area for the first 24 hours after surgery. […] It is important to keep the incision clean and dry. You will need to clean the surgical area two to three times a day. […] Check the area of your incision every day for redness, swelling, drainage or wound opening. If you have any concerns with how the incision looks, call your doctor’s office. […] If you had lymph node tissue removed, you may have a drain in each groin. […] The nurse will instruct you on how to care for the drains and empty the collecting device. […] Your doctor will write you a prescription for pain medication when you go home. After surgery, discomfort may be mild to moderate. Take your pain medication before the pain becomes severe. […] Call If You Experience Any of the Following: Fever of 100.4 F (38 C) or higher; Redness, swelling, tenderness or drainage from your wound; Pain that is not relieved by your pain medication; A foul odor from your vagina; Prolonged constipation or diarrhea even though you have eaten foods and taken medication to relieve it; Cough with phlegm; or Burning with urination.

• #1 Nursing of Vulvar Cancer Radical Operation Combined with Laparoscopic Inguinal Lymph Node Dissection

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9467793/

  Postoperative care: first-level care, diet ban, stay with a companion, rehydration, and oxygenation were given as prescribed by the doctor after surgery. […] Functional exercise and rehabilitation guidance: patients are prone to vaginal opening stenosis caused by incision scar or contracture due to surgical removal of large amount of tissues. After 7-10 days postoperatively, functional exercises should be performed twice a day for 10-20 minutes each time, such as closing, separating, forward flexion, back extension, abduction, and adduction of the legs, with gentle and slow movements and a range of activities from small to large.

• #1 Supportive care for vulvar cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/vulvar/supportive-care

  Supportive care helps people meet the physical, practical, emotional and spiritual challenges of vulvar cancer. It is an important part of cancer care. There are many programs and services available to help meet the needs and improve the quality of life of people living with cancer and their loved ones, especially after treatment has ended. […] Recovering from vulvar cancer and adjusting to life after treatment is different for each woman, depending on the stage of the cancer, the type of treatment and many other factors. The end of cancer treatment may bring mixed emotions. Even though treatment has ended, there may be other issues to deal with, such as coping with long-term side effects. A woman who has been treated for vulvar cancer may have the following concerns. […] Lymphedema is a chronic form of swelling that occurs when lymph fluid builds up in tissues. It usually occurs in parts of the body where large numbers of lymph nodes have been removed.

• #1

  https://www.termedia.pl/The-therapeutic-process-and-care-problems-r-nof-a-patient-with-advanced-vulvar-cancer,134,54035,0,1.html

  The study analysed the case of a 74-year-old woman with a diagnosis of FIGO IVA vulvar carcinoma. The patient was also suffering from other diseases such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and permanent atrial fibrillation. Among the patients most significant nursing problems, self-care deficit, impaired mobility, impaired ability to perform hygiene and self-toileting, and lack of knowledge about disease were singled out. […] The aim of the work is to present knowledge and explain the subject of the therapeutic process and nursing problems of a patient with advanced vulvar cancer based on an individual case study. […] The midwifes care of a patient with advanced vulvar cancer requires special consideration of education, health promotion, and self-management activities, assisting with hygiene activities, and providing psychological support. The overarching goal in the patients care is to strive for the highest possible degree of self-care.

• #1 Caring for your vulva after treatment for vulval cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/vulval-cancer/living-with/caring-for-vulva

  Your vulval area will be more sensitive after treatment for vulval cancer. This includes surgery and radiotherapy. […] Your doctor or clinical nurse specialist will tell you how to look after your vulval area during and after treatment. It’s important you follow their advice. […] Depending on the type of treatment you have had, it can take a few weeks for your vulval area to completely heal. And even after it has healed it may feel different, for example it may feel sensitive when you touch it. […] It is important to keep this area clean. You can use either aqueous cream or emulsifying ointment instead of soap. Both of these are available cheaply in large tubs from any chemists shop. […] The vulval skin is very sensitive and can react to soaps, moisturisers, washing powder and other chemicals. After treatment, the area will be even more sensitive.

• #1 About Vulvar Cancer | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/patient-education/about-vulvar-cancer

  If you’re having chemotherapy (chemo), your nurse will give you information about the chemo medications you will get. […] After you finish your treatment, your healthcare provider will give you a follow-up care plan. The plan explains what exams and tests you should have in the future and how often you should have them. Following the plan can help your healthcare provider notice recurrent vulvar cancer or new cancer. […] After your treatment, use a mirror to look at the area around your vulva every month. Ask your nurse to show you how to use a mirror to do this. If you notice any changes or symptoms, call your healthcare provider. Don’t wait until your next follow-up appointment.

• #1 Vulvar cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vulvar-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20368072

  Our caring team of Mayo Clinic experts can help you with your vulvar cancer-related health concerns […] Treatment for vulvar cancer usually begins with surgery to remove the cancer. Other treatments may include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. […] After completing vulvar cancer treatment, your healthcare professional will recommend periodic follow-up exams to check if the cancer has come back. Even after successful treatment, vulvar cancer can return. Your healthcare professional will determine the schedule of follow-up exams that’s right for you. Exams are generally recommended 2 to 4 times each year for the first two years after vulvar cancer treatment. […] Ask your healthcare team about your cancer, including your test results, treatment options and, if you like, your prognosis. As you learn more about vulvar cancer, you may become more confident in making treatment decisions.

• #1 Vulvar Cancer, Version 3.2024, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology in: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Volume 22 Issue 2 (2024)

  https://jnccn.org/view/journals/jnccn/22/2/article-p117.xml?print

  The recommended surveillance is based on the patients risk for recurrence and personal preferences. History and physical examination are recommended every 3 to 6 months for 2 years, every 6 to 12 months for another 3 to 5 years, and then annually. Patients with high-risk disease can be assessed more frequently than patients with low-risk disease. […] If persistent or recurrent disease is suspected, patients should undergo evaluation using additional imaging studies and biopsy to confirm local and/or distant recurrence.

• #1 Supportive care for vulvar cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/vulvar/supportive-care

  If you develop lymphedema, your healthcare team can suggest ways to reduce swelling as much as possible and help prevent further fluid buildup. This may include elevating the limb, exercise, physical therapy and pain management. You can also ask for a referral to a healthcare professional who specializes in managing lymphedema. […] Many women continue to have strong, supportive relationships and a satisfying sex life after vulvar cancer. If sexual problems occur because of vulvar cancer treatment, there are ways to manage them. […] When the woman first starts having sex after treatment, she may be afraid that it will be painful or that she will not have an orgasm. The first attempts at being intimate with a partner may be disappointing. It may take time for the couple to feel comfortable with each other again. Some women and their partners may need counselling to help them cope with these feelings and the effects of cancer treatments on their ability to have sex.

• #1 Vulvar Cancer: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/vulvar-cancer

  Our supportive care services are designed to help address symptoms and side effects, to help you have the strength and stamina to continue your treatment and the quality of life to help you continue everyday activities throughout your cancer journey. […] Treatments for vulvar cancer may cause side effects such as fatigue, weakness, nausea and lymphedema. They may also cause pain and pelvic floor weakness that may trigger sexual health challenges. […] Supportive care therapies that may be recommended to help vulvar cancer patients stay strong and maintain their quality of life include: Pain management is a branch of medicine focused on reducing pain and improving quality of life through an supportive approach to care. […] Our behavioral health support program is designed to support you and your caregivers before, during and after cancer treatment. […] Oncology rehabilitation includes a wide range of therapies designed to help you build strength and endurance.

• #1 Vulvar cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/vulvar-cancer

  Vulvar cancer is not common. It most commonly affects women who have gone through menopause, however vulvar cancer can also occur in younger women. […] The vulva is difficult to self-examine so if you feel any pain in your genital area or notice any of the symptoms listed above, visit your general practitioner (GP). […] After a diagnosis of vulvar cancer you may feel disbelief, sadness, shock and anxiety. It may help to talk to family and friends about how you feel. […] Treatment for vulvar cancer may involve surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. You may have one of these treatments or a combination. […] Surgery is the main treatment for vulvar cancer. The type of operation will depend on the stage of the cancer. Your surgeon will try to remove all of the cancer along with some of the surrounding healthy tissue (called a margin). This helps reduce the risk of the cancer coming back. Some lymph nodes in your pelvis may also be removed.

• #1 Treating Vulvar Cancer | Vulvar Cancer Treatments | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vulvar-cancer/treating.html

  People with cancer need support and information, no matter what stage of illness they may be in. Knowing all of your options and finding the resources you need will help you make informed decisions about your care. […] Different types of programs and support services may be helpful, and they can be an important part of your care. These might include nursing or social work services, financial aid, nutritional advice, rehab, or spiritual help. […] Remember that even if you choose not to treat the cancer, you can still get supportive care to help with pain or other symptoms. […] Nursing care and special equipment can make staying at home a workable option for many families.

• #1 Vulvar cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/vulvar-cancer

  In some cases of vulvar cancer, your medical team may talk to you about palliative care. Palliative care aims to improve your quality of life by alleviating symptoms of cancer. […] Depending on your treatment, your treatment team may consist of a number of different health professionals, such as: Cancer nurse – assists with treatment and provides information and support throughout your treatment.

• #1 Treatment of Squamous Cell Vulvar Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vulvar-cancer/treating/by-stage.html

  Radiation and chemo (without surgery) may be used as the main treatment for patients who cannot have surgery due to other medical problems. […] Radiation and possibly chemo can also be given to women who can’t have surgery because of other medical problems. […] Experts recommend that these women enroll in a clinical trial. […] It’s very important to understand that palliative treatment is not expected to cure a cancer. Women with advanced vulvar cancer are encouraged to enter a clinical trial where they may get new treatments that might be helpful but are as yet unproven.

• #1 Treatment for vulval cancer – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vulval-cancer/treatment/

  Vulval cancer is often treatable. […] The main treatment for vulval cancer is usually surgery. You may also have radiotherapy or chemotherapy. […] The specialist care team looking after you will: explain the treatments, benefits and side effects; work with you to create a treatment plan that’s best for you; help you to manage the side effects of treatment. […] Surgery is usually the main treatment for vulval cancer, especially if the cancer is found early. […] You’ll be supported through surgery and recovery by your specialist team. […] You may have radiotherapy for vulval cancer: before surgery, to shrink the cancer; after surgery, to help stop the cancer coming back; if you cannot have surgery; if the cancer has spread to other parts of your body. […] You may have chemotherapy for vulval cancer: before surgery, to shrink the cancer; after surgery, to help stop the cancer coming back; if you cannot have surgery; to treat your symptoms if the cancer has spread. […] You’ll be referred to a team of doctors and nurses called a symptom control team or palliative care team. They will help you to manage your symptoms and make you feel more comfortable.

• #1 Vulvar Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6220-vulvar-cancer

  Chemotherapy uses drugs to attack cancer cells throughout your body. […] Immunotherapy helps your body’s immune system identify cancer cells and fight them more effectively. […] Your healthcare provider may perform tests at various checkpoints after treatment to monitor your condition and ensure the cancer hasn’t returned. […] The best way to reduce your risk is to get the HPV vaccine to prevent infections. […] While there’s always a risk that cancer may return after treatment, most people who receive treatment in the early stages of the disease remain cancer-free. […] Many people feel self-conscious about visible changes to their vulva. Still, having vulvar cancer doesn’t mean you must abandon physical intimacy.

• #1 Vulvar Cancer | Sarah Cannon

  https://sarahcannon.com/for-patients/learn-about-cancer/gynecologic-cancer/vulvar-cancer/

  There are no screening tests for vulvar cancer, though regular pelvic exams can help your doctor find vulvar cancer in earlier, more treatable stages. […] The following factors may increase your risk of vulvar cancer: Being age 50 or older, Smoking, HPV infection, An immunodeficiency, such as HIV, VIN, Cervical precancer or cervical cancer, Vaginal cancer, Melanoma elsewhere on the body, Lichen sclerosus, a condition that makes the vulvar skin itchy and thin. […] Signs of vulvar cancer include: A lump or growth in or on the vulva or groin, Color changes on the vulva, An ulcer or open wound for a month or more, Itching, bleeding or burning on the vulva, Wart-like growths that look like genital warts, Pain during sexual intercourse or urination, A changing appearance of an existing mole.

• #1 Vulval Cancer: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/cancer/gynaecological-cancer/vulval-cancer

  Cancer of the vulva (vulval cancer) is an uncommon cancer. There are just around 1,300 new cases each year in the UK. […] The symptoms of cancer of the vulva (vulval cancer) can vary between women. Some women may not have any symptoms but most do. They may include: A persistent itch. Pain or soreness in the vulval area. Changes on the skin of the vulva. An open sore or ulcer that does not improve. Burning pain when you pass urine. Vaginal discharge or bleeding after the menopause. A lump or swelling in the vulva. A mole on the vulva that changes shape or colour. […] Vulval cancer can take many years to develop, as it usually grows slowly. As with other cancers, it is easier to treat and cure if it is diagnosed at an early stage. […] Treatment options which may be considered include surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The way vulval cancer is treated depends on various factors such as the stage of the cancer (how large the cancer is and whether it has spread), the exact subtype or 'grade’ of the cancer, and your general health.

• #1 Nursing of Vulvar Cancer Radical Operation Combined with Laparoscopic Inguinal Lymph Node Dissection

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9467793/

  The application, development, and care of radical surgery combined with laparoscopic inguinal lymph node dissection for vulvar cancer. […] Laparoscopic inguinal lymph node dissection has become a new surgical method for the treatment of vulvar cancer, and it effectively avoids all the problems associated with traditional surgery. In addition, radical vulvar cancer surgery and laparoscopic inguinal lymph node dissection combined with high-quality nursing interventions can promote patients’ recovery and reduce the occurrence of complications, which has important clinical significance. […] This article reviews the application, development, and nursing care of radical vulvar cancer surgery combined with laparoscopic inguinal lymph node dissection. […] It is clinically important to carry out a quality nursing approach from the actual situation of patients to give them comprehensive rehabilitation care and promote their recovery. Preoperative psychological care, adequate preoperative preparation, postoperative incision observation and care, functional exercise, and prevention of complications are especially important for patients’ recovery. Therefore, quality nursing interventions for radical vulvar cancer combined with laparoscopic inguinal lymph node dissection can promote patients’ recovery, shorten the operation time, reduce the occurrence of complications, and improve the cure rate of patients, which is of great clinical significance.

• #2 Vulvar cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/vulvar-cancer

  Vulvar cancer is not common. It most commonly affects women who have gone through menopause, however vulvar cancer can also occur in younger women. […] The vulva is difficult to self-examine so if you feel any pain in your genital area or notice any of the symptoms listed above, visit your general practitioner (GP). […] After a diagnosis of vulvar cancer you may feel disbelief, sadness, shock and anxiety. It may help to talk to family and friends about how you feel. […] Treatment for vulvar cancer may involve surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. You may have one of these treatments or a combination. […] Surgery is the main treatment for vulvar cancer. The type of operation will depend on the stage of the cancer. Your surgeon will try to remove all of the cancer along with some of the surrounding healthy tissue (called a margin). This helps reduce the risk of the cancer coming back. Some lymph nodes in your pelvis may also be removed.

• #2 Vulvar Cancer | HPV | Dysplasia | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/vulvarcancer.html

  Vulvar cancer is a rare type of cancer. It forms in a woman’s external genitals, called the vulva. The cancer usually grows slowly over several years. First, precancerous cells grow on vulvar skin. This is called vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), or dysplasia. Not all VIN cases turn into cancer, but it is best to treat it early. […] Your health care provider diagnoses vulvar cancer with a physical exam and a biopsy. Treatment varies, depending on your overall health and how advanced the cancer is. It might include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or biologic therapy. Biologic therapy boosts your body’s own ability to fight cancer. […] Living as a Vulvar Cancer Survivor (American Cancer Society).

• #2 Vulvar Cancer | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center

  https://www.fredhutch.org/en/diseases/vulvar-cancer.html

  If you have vulvar cancer, your outcomes will be better if you are treated by a gynecologic oncologist right from the beginning. […] When your treatment is complete, we’ll keep a close watch on your health through our Womens Wellness Clinic, where we provide follow-up care focused on cancer treatment recovery. […] At Fred Hutch, you receive care from a team of providers with extensive experience in your disease. Your team includes physicians, a patient care coordinator, a registered nurse, an advanced practice provider and others, based on your needs. […] Typically, you will come for checkups every three months for the first two years after your treatment for vulvar cancer. […] Our patients say that they find it reassuring to see the same physicians who treated them experts in gynecologic cancers for their follow-up visits. […] For vulvar cancer patients, this means more treatment options at Fred Hutch than you might find elsewhere, including the chance to participate in one of many ongoing clinical trials conducted at Fred Hutch and UW Medicine.

• #2 Vulvar Cancer

  https://medschool.cuanschutz.edu/colorado-cancer-center/for-patients-families/cancers-we-treat/vulvar-cancer

  Vulvar cancer care teams may include multiple health care specialists, including primary care providers, gynecologists, gynecologic oncologists, medical oncologists, hematologists, and radiation oncologists, as well as nurse practitioners, physician assistants, nurses, psychologists, social workers, and rehabilitation specialists. CU Cancer Center doctors offer specialized care for patients with vulvar cancer. […] The treatment for vulvar cancer is customized to each patient and depends on the stage at which the patient is diagnosed, and the patients general health. […] Surgery is the primary treatment for vulvar cancer. The two main types of surgery for this cancer are excision, which removes the cancer along with a margin of healthy skin around it, or vulvectomy surgery to remove all or part of the vulva.

• #2 Vulvar Cancer Surgery: What You Should Know | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/health-library/vulvar-cancer-surgery-what-you-should-know

  When a woman is diagnosed with vulvar cancer, surgery is the most common first step to remove all the cancerous tissue. Some normal tissue is also removed to help keep the cancer from coming back. Lymph node tissue from the groin may also be removed during surgery. Lymph nodes are small glands that make a colorless fluid and act as filters for the body. They keep bacteria and other matter from getting into the blood stream. […] After surgery, you will be monitored closely. You will wake up in the recovery room where nurses will be checking your blood pressure and pulse frequently. […] The nurses want to make you as comfortable as possible, so let them know how you are feeling. […] After surgery, it is important that you take frequent deep breaths and cough every 15-20 minutes. Coughing, deep breathing and getting out of bed will speed your recovery.

• #2 Nursing of Vulvar Cancer Radical Operation Combined with Laparoscopic Inguinal Lymph Node Dissection

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9467793/

  Due to the special surgical site of vulvar cancer and the fact that the surgical incision is adjacent to the urethra and anus, it is very easy to be infected, easy to be moist locally, difficult to heal due to high tissue tension, and easy to form a cavity. […] For the specificity of the surgical site, nursing care focuses on postoperative incision observation and care, guidance and feedback on patient activities, and appropriate psychological intervention, which are particularly important for patient recovery, and reasonable and effective treatment and care have important clinical significance. […] Psychological care: patients lack medical knowledge and are extremely concerned about the safety of surgery, incision pain, and prognosis. […] Preoperative care: improve preoperative examination, exclude contraindications to surgery and anesthesia, and actively adjust blood pressure, blood sugar, and nutrition to improve the patient’s tolerance to surgery.

• #2 What does a vulvar cancer treatment plan involve? – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/cancer/types-treatments/vulvar-cancer

  Our dedicated supportive oncology program provides a range of services, including mental health counseling and social work services. Patients with vulvar cancer and their patients can access these services at any time. […] Many women with vulvar cancer are naturally concerned about how their sex lives will be affected by the cancer and cancer treatments. UChicago Medicines PRISM program is designed to address sexual health problems in female cancer patients and survivors. The PRISM team can help women regain their ability to have sexual intercourse after vulvar surgery and radiation. Various therapies, including the use of vaginal dilators, can be used to rehabilitate the vulvar and vaginal areas. The PRISM team can also help patients who might be struggling with sexual function-related issues after treatment, such as body image issues, physical pain with intercourse, and anxiety about sexual activity.

• #2 Nursing of Vulvar Cancer Radical Operation Combined with Laparoscopic Inguinal Lymph Node Dissection

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9467793/

  Postoperative care: first-level care, diet ban, stay with a companion, rehydration, and oxygenation were given as prescribed by the doctor after surgery. […] Functional exercise and rehabilitation guidance: patients are prone to vaginal opening stenosis caused by incision scar or contracture due to surgical removal of large amount of tissues. After 7-10 days postoperatively, functional exercises should be performed twice a day for 10-20 minutes each time, such as closing, separating, forward flexion, back extension, abduction, and adduction of the legs, with gentle and slow movements and a range of activities from small to large.

• #2 Vulvar Cancer Surgery: What You Should Know | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/health-library/vulvar-cancer-surgery-what-you-should-know

  Your nurse will apply ice to the surgical area for the first 24 hours after surgery. […] It is important to keep the incision clean and dry. You will need to clean the surgical area two to three times a day. […] Check the area of your incision every day for redness, swelling, drainage or wound opening. If you have any concerns with how the incision looks, call your doctor’s office. […] If you had lymph node tissue removed, you may have a drain in each groin. […] The nurse will instruct you on how to care for the drains and empty the collecting device. […] Your doctor will write you a prescription for pain medication when you go home. After surgery, discomfort may be mild to moderate. Take your pain medication before the pain becomes severe. […] Call If You Experience Any of the Following: Fever of 100.4 F (38 C) or higher; Redness, swelling, tenderness or drainage from your wound; Pain that is not relieved by your pain medication; A foul odor from your vagina; Prolonged constipation or diarrhea even though you have eaten foods and taken medication to relieve it; Cough with phlegm; or Burning with urination.

• #2 Caring for your vulva after treatment for vulval cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/vulval-cancer/living-with/caring-for-vulva

  Your vulval area will be more sensitive after treatment for vulval cancer. This includes surgery and radiotherapy. […] Your doctor or clinical nurse specialist will tell you how to look after your vulval area during and after treatment. It’s important you follow their advice. […] Depending on the type of treatment you have had, it can take a few weeks for your vulval area to completely heal. And even after it has healed it may feel different, for example it may feel sensitive when you touch it. […] It is important to keep this area clean. You can use either aqueous cream or emulsifying ointment instead of soap. Both of these are available cheaply in large tubs from any chemists shop. […] The vulval skin is very sensitive and can react to soaps, moisturisers, washing powder and other chemicals. After treatment, the area will be even more sensitive.

• #2 Vulvar Cancer: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/vulvar-cancer

  Our supportive care services are designed to help address symptoms and side effects, to help you have the strength and stamina to continue your treatment and the quality of life to help you continue everyday activities throughout your cancer journey. […] Treatments for vulvar cancer may cause side effects such as fatigue, weakness, nausea and lymphedema. They may also cause pain and pelvic floor weakness that may trigger sexual health challenges. […] Supportive care therapies that may be recommended to help vulvar cancer patients stay strong and maintain their quality of life include: Pain management is a branch of medicine focused on reducing pain and improving quality of life through an supportive approach to care. […] Our behavioral health support program is designed to support you and your caregivers before, during and after cancer treatment. […] Oncology rehabilitation includes a wide range of therapies designed to help you build strength and endurance.

• #2 Supportive care for vulvar cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/vulvar/supportive-care

  If you develop lymphedema, your healthcare team can suggest ways to reduce swelling as much as possible and help prevent further fluid buildup. This may include elevating the limb, exercise, physical therapy and pain management. You can also ask for a referral to a healthcare professional who specializes in managing lymphedema. […] Many women continue to have strong, supportive relationships and a satisfying sex life after vulvar cancer. If sexual problems occur because of vulvar cancer treatment, there are ways to manage them. […] When the woman first starts having sex after treatment, she may be afraid that it will be painful or that she will not have an orgasm. The first attempts at being intimate with a partner may be disappointing. It may take time for the couple to feel comfortable with each other again. Some women and their partners may need counselling to help them cope with these feelings and the effects of cancer treatments on their ability to have sex.

• #2 About Your Vulvar Surgery | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/patient-education/about-your-vulvar-surgery

  Your vulvar incision(s) will be closed with sutures that may loosen over time. A small amount of reddish drainage is normal. […] Wound healing after vulvar surgery can be challenging, depending on the location of the incisions. Moisture and rubbing happens with daily activities, which affects vulvar wound healing. Urinating can be painful. […] To keep your incisions clean: Use your peri-bottle to wash your vulvar and anal areas with warm water. Do this after every time you urinate or have a bowel movement. […] Talk with your healthcare provider about when it’s safe for you to start sexual activities. This is usually after your incisions fully heal. […] Most people who have a partial or a simple vulvectomy can do sexual activities after their incisions have healed. […] You may have vaginal tightness if you had: A complete radical vulvectomy, Radiation therapy before your surgery, A lot of reconstruction around your vaginal opening. […] For help with sexual health and intimacy issues, ask to see someone from our Female Sexual Medicine Women’s Health Program.

• #2 Vulvar cancer | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/vulvar-cancer

  Vulvar cancer is a type of cancer that affects the vulvar region. […] Symptoms of vulvar cancer include an ulcer that refuses to heal and unusual bleeding or discharge from the vagina. […] Treatment for vulvar cancer can include vulvectomy the first line of treatment is to surgically remove the tumour. […] If vulvar cancer has been diagnosed in its later stages, the cancer may have spread to the point where a cure is no longer possible. Treatment then focuses on improving quality of life by relieving the symptoms. This is called palliative treatment. […] It is possible to reduce your risk of vulvar cancer by avoiding known risk factors. […] Have regular gynaecological check-ups. […] If you think you may be at increased risk of vulvar cancer, ask your GP to show you how to perform a self-examination.

• #2

  http://www.bccancer.bc.ca/health-info/types-of-cancer/pelvic-area/vulva

  Follow-up testing is based on the type and stage of your cancer. […] Life after Cancer has information on issues that cancer survivors may face. […] Here are some things you can do to lower your risk of vulvar cancer: […] People with a vulva should have a gynecologic exam once each year. A doctor or nurse practitioner will examine your vulva and check for lesions or changes in your skin.

• #2 Vulvar Cancer, Version 3.2024, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology in: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Volume 22 Issue 2 (2024)

  https://jnccn.org/view/journals/jnccn/22/2/article-p117.xml?print

  For patients with early-stage disease (stage I) and a depth of invasion 1 mm, observation is appropriate after primary surgery if negative margins are present, and the patient does not have any primary risk factors. Risk factors that may require adjuvant EBRT to the primary site are close tumor margins, lymphovascular space invasion, tumor size, depth of invasion, and pattern of invasion (spray or diffuse). Those with positive margins should undergo re-excision, or if the disease is unresectable without removing proximal urethra/bladder/anus, adjuvant EBRT. After re-excision, the panel recommends that patients with negative margins undergo observation or risk factor-dependent EBRT; those with continued positive margins after re-excision should all undergo EBRT. […] Most recurrences of vulvar cancer occur within the first 1 to 2 years, although recurrences beyond 5 years have been observed in a significant subset of patients. Accordingly, long-term follow-up is indicated. Definitive data on an optimal surveillance strategy are lacking. However, the panel concurs with the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) recommendations for posttreatment surveillance.

• #2 Vulvar Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6220-vulvar-cancer

  Chemotherapy uses drugs to attack cancer cells throughout your body. […] Immunotherapy helps your body’s immune system identify cancer cells and fight them more effectively. […] Your healthcare provider may perform tests at various checkpoints after treatment to monitor your condition and ensure the cancer hasn’t returned. […] The best way to reduce your risk is to get the HPV vaccine to prevent infections. […] While there’s always a risk that cancer may return after treatment, most people who receive treatment in the early stages of the disease remain cancer-free. […] Many people feel self-conscious about visible changes to their vulva. Still, having vulvar cancer doesn’t mean you must abandon physical intimacy.

• #2 Treating Vulvar Cancer | Vulvar Cancer Treatments | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vulvar-cancer/treating.html

  People with cancer need support and information, no matter what stage of illness they may be in. Knowing all of your options and finding the resources you need will help you make informed decisions about your care. […] Different types of programs and support services may be helpful, and they can be an important part of your care. These might include nursing or social work services, financial aid, nutritional advice, rehab, or spiritual help. […] Remember that even if you choose not to treat the cancer, you can still get supportive care to help with pain or other symptoms. […] Nursing care and special equipment can make staying at home a workable option for many families.

• #2 Vulvar cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vulvar-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20368072

  Keeping your close relationships strong can help you deal with vulvar cancer. Friends and family can provide the practical support you may need, such as helping take care of your home if you’re in the hospital. And they can serve as emotional support when you feel overwhelmed by having cancer. […] Immunotherapy helps the immune system cells find and kill the cancer cells. For vulvar cancer, immunotherapy may be used for treating advanced vulvar cancer.

• #2 Treatment of Squamous Cell Vulvar Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vulvar-cancer/treating/by-stage.html

  Radiation and chemo (without surgery) may be used as the main treatment for patients who cannot have surgery due to other medical problems. […] Radiation and possibly chemo can also be given to women who can’t have surgery because of other medical problems. […] Experts recommend that these women enroll in a clinical trial. […] It’s very important to understand that palliative treatment is not expected to cure a cancer. Women with advanced vulvar cancer are encouraged to enter a clinical trial where they may get new treatments that might be helpful but are as yet unproven.

• #2 Treatment for vulval cancer – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vulval-cancer/treatment/

  Vulval cancer is often treatable. […] The main treatment for vulval cancer is usually surgery. You may also have radiotherapy or chemotherapy. […] The specialist care team looking after you will: explain the treatments, benefits and side effects; work with you to create a treatment plan that’s best for you; help you to manage the side effects of treatment. […] Surgery is usually the main treatment for vulval cancer, especially if the cancer is found early. […] You’ll be supported through surgery and recovery by your specialist team. […] You may have radiotherapy for vulval cancer: before surgery, to shrink the cancer; after surgery, to help stop the cancer coming back; if you cannot have surgery; if the cancer has spread to other parts of your body. […] You may have chemotherapy for vulval cancer: before surgery, to shrink the cancer; after surgery, to help stop the cancer coming back; if you cannot have surgery; to treat your symptoms if the cancer has spread. […] You’ll be referred to a team of doctors and nurses called a symptom control team or palliative care team. They will help you to manage your symptoms and make you feel more comfortable.

• #2 Stage 4 Vulvar Cancer: Definition, Treatment, and Survival Rates

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer/stage-4-vulvar-cancer

  According to the National Cancer Institute (NIH), theres no standard treatment for stage 4B vulvar cancer. Doctors may treat cancer that has spread to other areas of the body with chemotherapy or immunotherapy. Palliative treatments may also be used to help ease symptoms. […] Treatment guidelines from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) for stage 4B vulvar cancer recommend External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT) to relieve symptoms and control the cancers further spread. […] Doctors may also use systemic therapies or Best Supportive Care (BSC) to manage cancer-related symptoms. […] Vulvar cancer is a slow-growing cancer that begins in the vulvar tissues. Like other cancers, its broken down into stages, which provide an idea of how far the cancer has spread and help to guide treatment.

• #2 Vulvar Cancer, Version 3.2024, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology in: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Volume 22 Issue 2 (2024)

  https://jnccn.org/view/journals/jnccn/22/2/article-p117.xml?print

  Vulvar cancer is annually diagnosed in an estimated 6,470 individuals and the vast majority are histologically squamous cell carcinomas. Vulvar cancer accounts for 5% to 8% of gynecologic malignancies. Known risk factors for vulvar cancer include increasing age, infection with human papillomavirus, cigarette smoking, inflammatory conditions affecting the vulva, and immunodeficiency. Most vulvar neoplasias are diagnosed at early stages. Rarer histologies exist and include melanoma, extramammary Pagets disease, Bartholin gland adenocarcinoma, verrucous carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and sarcoma. This manuscript discusses recommendations outlined in the NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) for treatments, surveillance, systemic therapy options, and gynecologic survivorship.

• #2 Vulvar Cancer | Sarah Cannon

  https://sarahcannon.com/for-patients/learn-about-cancer/gynecologic-cancer/vulvar-cancer/

  There are no screening tests for vulvar cancer, though regular pelvic exams can help your doctor find vulvar cancer in earlier, more treatable stages. […] The following factors may increase your risk of vulvar cancer: Being age 50 or older, Smoking, HPV infection, An immunodeficiency, such as HIV, VIN, Cervical precancer or cervical cancer, Vaginal cancer, Melanoma elsewhere on the body, Lichen sclerosus, a condition that makes the vulvar skin itchy and thin. […] Signs of vulvar cancer include: A lump or growth in or on the vulva or groin, Color changes on the vulva, An ulcer or open wound for a month or more, Itching, bleeding or burning on the vulva, Wart-like growths that look like genital warts, Pain during sexual intercourse or urination, A changing appearance of an existing mole.

• #2

  https://www.termedia.pl/The-therapeutic-process-and-care-problems-r-nof-a-patient-with-advanced-vulvar-cancer,134,54035,0,1.html

  The study analysed the case of a 74-year-old woman with a diagnosis of FIGO IVA vulvar carcinoma. The patient was also suffering from other diseases such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and permanent atrial fibrillation. Among the patients most significant nursing problems, self-care deficit, impaired mobility, impaired ability to perform hygiene and self-toileting, and lack of knowledge about disease were singled out. […] The aim of the work is to present knowledge and explain the subject of the therapeutic process and nursing problems of a patient with advanced vulvar cancer based on an individual case study. […] The midwifes care of a patient with advanced vulvar cancer requires special consideration of education, health promotion, and self-management activities, assisting with hygiene activities, and providing psychological support. The overarching goal in the patients care is to strive for the highest possible degree of self-care.

• #3 Vulvar Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6220-vulvar-cancer

  Vulvar cancer is a rare cancer that forms in the tissues of your vulva. Treatments include surgery, radiation or chemotherapy. […] Vulvar cancer usually develops slowly over several years. Precancerous areas of tissue (lesions) typically develop first. […] Healthcare providers classify vulvar cancer based on the type of cells where the cancer starts. The most common types of vulvar cancer include vulvar squamous cell carcinoma and vulvar melanoma. […] Your treatment depends on factors like your general health, cancer stage and whether your healthcare provider recently diagnosed your cancer or if it’s recurred. […] Surgery is the most common treatment for cancer of the vulva. The goal is to remove all the cancer while preserving your sexual function. […] Radiation therapy uses X-rays or other high-energy sources to kill cancer cells.

• #3 Vulvar Cancer | Sarah Cannon

  https://sarahcannon.com/for-patients/learn-about-cancer/gynecologic-cancer/vulvar-cancer/

  Tell your doctor immediately if you have abnormal vaginal bleeding. Otherwise, seek medical care if you experience any of the other symptoms for two weeks or more. They may be caused by less serious conditions, but it is best to see your doctor if you notice any changes in your body. […] Your gynecologic oncologist may use one or more of the following tests to diagnose vulvar cancer: Pelvic exam, Colposcopy, Chest X-ray, Biopsy, Endoscopy, Computed tomography (CT) scan, Positron emission tomography (PET) scan, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). […] Staging is based on where your cancer started, if or where it has spread, and if or how it’s affecting other areas of the body. […] During uterine cancer treatment, you’ll be cared for by a multidisciplinary team. This team may include: A gynecologic oncologist, A radiation oncologist, A nurse navigator, Nurse practitioners, Physician assistants, Oncology nurses, Social workers, Dietitians, Counselors, Pharmacists.

• #3 Vulvar cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/vulvar-cancer

  Vulvar cancer is not common. It most commonly affects women who have gone through menopause, however vulvar cancer can also occur in younger women. […] The vulva is difficult to self-examine so if you feel any pain in your genital area or notice any of the symptoms listed above, visit your general practitioner (GP). […] After a diagnosis of vulvar cancer you may feel disbelief, sadness, shock and anxiety. It may help to talk to family and friends about how you feel. […] Treatment for vulvar cancer may involve surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. You may have one of these treatments or a combination. […] Surgery is the main treatment for vulvar cancer. The type of operation will depend on the stage of the cancer. Your surgeon will try to remove all of the cancer along with some of the surrounding healthy tissue (called a margin). This helps reduce the risk of the cancer coming back. Some lymph nodes in your pelvis may also be removed.

• #3 Nursing of Vulvar Cancer Radical Operation Combined with Laparoscopic Inguinal Lymph Node Dissection

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9467793/

  Postoperative care: first-level care, diet ban, stay with a companion, rehydration, and oxygenation were given as prescribed by the doctor after surgery. […] Functional exercise and rehabilitation guidance: patients are prone to vaginal opening stenosis caused by incision scar or contracture due to surgical removal of large amount of tissues. After 7-10 days postoperatively, functional exercises should be performed twice a day for 10-20 minutes each time, such as closing, separating, forward flexion, back extension, abduction, and adduction of the legs, with gentle and slow movements and a range of activities from small to large.

• #3 Caring for your vulva after treatment for vulval cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/vulval-cancer/living-with/caring-for-vulva

  You should try to avoid anything that can cause irritation if you’ve had VIN, are prone to vulval skin conditions, or if you’ve had vulval cancer treatment. […] It is best to wear only loose fitting cotton underwear. Synthetic fibres can cause irritation and don’t let the skin breathe. […] Some women prefer not to wear any pants at all, particularly when recovering from surgery, or if the area is sore during and after radiotherapy. […] You should avoid hold-up type stockings if you’ve had surgery or radiotherapy to the lymph nodes in your groin. […] Wash your underclothes and tights separately from your main wash in soap flakes or non-bio washing powder. Rinse very thoroughly, this might lower the chance of causing irritation to the vulval area. […] You’ll probably find that you are more comfortable in skirts, rather than trousers. If you do wear trousers, make sure they aren’t too tight. Avoiding tight clothing such as cycling shorts or leggings may also help.

• #3 Vulvar Cancer, Version 3.2024, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology in: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Volume 22 Issue 2 (2024)

  https://jnccn.org/view/journals/jnccn/22/2/article-p117.xml?print

  The recommended surveillance is based on the patients risk for recurrence and personal preferences. History and physical examination are recommended every 3 to 6 months for 2 years, every 6 to 12 months for another 3 to 5 years, and then annually. Patients with high-risk disease can be assessed more frequently than patients with low-risk disease. […] If persistent or recurrent disease is suspected, patients should undergo evaluation using additional imaging studies and biopsy to confirm local and/or distant recurrence.

• #3

  https://www.nuhs.edu.sg/patient-care/find-a-condition/vulvar-cancer

  Women should be aware of their risk of vulvar cancer. It is important for women to be alert to changes in their bodies and to discuss them with a doctor. […] After treatment, women with vulvar cancer will need to have regular check-ups. During these visits, the doctor may perform a pelvic examination. Other tests, including ultrasound, chest X-ray, or computed tomography, will be done only when needed.

• #3 Vulval cancer | Cancer Australia

  https://www.canceraustralia.gov.au/cancer-types/vulval-cancer

  Vulvar cancer diagnosis and treatment can affect your physical and emotional well-being, including sexual functioning. Contraception is important during treatment to prevent pregnancy, and managing physical changes like lymphoedema and early menopause is crucial. Talk to your healthcare team for support and information. […] Despite vulvar cancer treatment generally not affecting fertility, it can impact sexuality due to surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, potentially causing temporary or permanent changes to sexual interest, pleasure, self-perception, and partner relationships. […] Living with cancer can be challenging, but you can find support from family, friends, health professionals, and cancer support organizations to help you cope with the emotional, physical, and practical issues related to your diagnosis.

• #3 Vulvar cancer | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/vulvar-cancer

  Vulvar cancer is a type of cancer that affects the vulvar region. […] Symptoms of vulvar cancer include an ulcer that refuses to heal and unusual bleeding or discharge from the vagina. […] Treatment for vulvar cancer can include vulvectomy the first line of treatment is to surgically remove the tumour. […] If vulvar cancer has been diagnosed in its later stages, the cancer may have spread to the point where a cure is no longer possible. Treatment then focuses on improving quality of life by relieving the symptoms. This is called palliative treatment. […] It is possible to reduce your risk of vulvar cancer by avoiding known risk factors. […] Have regular gynaecological check-ups. […] If you think you may be at increased risk of vulvar cancer, ask your GP to show you how to perform a self-examination.

• #3 Vulval Cancer: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/cancer/gynaecological-cancer/vulval-cancer

  Cancer of the vulva (vulval cancer) is an uncommon cancer. There are just around 1,300 new cases each year in the UK. […] The symptoms of cancer of the vulva (vulval cancer) can vary between women. Some women may not have any symptoms but most do. They may include: A persistent itch. Pain or soreness in the vulval area. Changes on the skin of the vulva. An open sore or ulcer that does not improve. Burning pain when you pass urine. Vaginal discharge or bleeding after the menopause. A lump or swelling in the vulva. A mole on the vulva that changes shape or colour. […] Vulval cancer can take many years to develop, as it usually grows slowly. As with other cancers, it is easier to treat and cure if it is diagnosed at an early stage. […] Treatment options which may be considered include surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The way vulval cancer is treated depends on various factors such as the stage of the cancer (how large the cancer is and whether it has spread), the exact subtype or 'grade’ of the cancer, and your general health.

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