Rak skóry nieczerniakowy

Rak skóry nieczerniakowy
Epidemiologia

Nowotwory skóry typu non-melanoma (NMSC), obejmujące głównie raki podstawnokomórkowe (BCC, 70-80% przypadków) oraz raki kolczystokomórkowe (SCC, 20-25%), stanowią najczęstszy nowotwór złośliwy u osób rasy białej. Zapadalność na NMSC rośnie globalnie, z 7,7 mln przypadków w 2017 roku i standaryzowanym wiekowo współczynnikiem zapadalności (ASIR) wzrastającym z 54,08/100 000 w 1990 do 79,10/100 000 w 2019 roku (EAPC 1,78). Najwyższe wskaźniki obserwuje się w Australii (>1000/100 000 osobolat), a w Europie roczny wzrost zapadalności na BCC i SCC wynosi od 1,4% do 11,6%. Czynniki ryzyka to przede wszystkim ekspozycja na promieniowanie UV (UVA/UVB), jasna karnacja, wiek powyżej 50 lat, immunosupresja oraz wcześniejsze NMSC. Lokalizacja zmian to głównie obszary eksponowane na słońce (głowa, szyja), a guzy SCC >2 cm wiążą się z dwukrotnie wyższym ryzykiem nawrotu i trzykrotnie wyższym ryzykiem przerzutów. Mimo niskiego wskaźnika przerzutów, NMSC powoduje około 56 054 zgonów rocznie na świecie, z przeżywalnością przerzutowego SCC na poziomie 10-20%.

Epidemiologia nowotworów skóry typu non-melanoma

Wskaźniki zapadalności i trendy epidemiologiczne
Czynniki ryzyka i predyspozycje
Rozpowszechnienie w różnych grupach populacyjnych
Lokalizacja i charakterystyka kliniczna
Wskaźniki śmiertelności i obciążenie chorobą
Koszty ekonomiczne

Systemy nadzoru i rejestracji NMSC
Prognozy i przyszłe trendy
Implikacje dla zdrowia publicznego i strategie profilaktyczne
Wnioski

Kolejne rozdziały

Epidemiologia nowotworów skóry typu non-melanoma

Nowotwory skóry typu non-melanoma (NMSC, ang. non-melanoma skin cancer) stanowią najczęstszy rodzaj nowotworu złośliwego u osób rasy białej i ważny problem zdrowotny w praktyce medycznej. Na NMSC składają się głównie raki podstawnokomórkowe (BCC, ang. basal cell carcinoma) stanowiące około 70-80% przypadków oraz raki kolczystokomórkowe (SCC, ang. squamous cell carcinoma) stanowiące około 20-25% przypadków. Szacuje się, że te dwa typy nowotworów odpowiadają za 90-99% wszystkich złośliwych guzów skóry non-melanoma.¹²

Zapadalność na NMSC stale rośnie, a badania sugerują, że trend ten utrzyma się co najmniej do 2040 roku. W latach 2007-2017 liczba przypadków NMSC wzrosła o 33%, osiągając 7,7 miliona przypadków na całym świecie. W ostatniej dekadzie w Europie zapadalność na BCC wzrastała rocznie o około 5%, a badania dotyczące SCC wskazują, że zapadalność również rośnie i zbliża się do zapadalności na BCC.¹

Według najnowszych danych, rocznie w Stanach Zjednoczonych diagnozuje się około 3,6 miliona przypadków BCC i 1,8 miliona przypadków SCC. Globalne dane wskazują, że rocznie występuje około 5-6 milionów nowych przypadków NMSC, co czyni je najczęściej diagnozowanym nowotworem złośliwym.¹³⁴

Wskaźniki zapadalności i trendy epidemiologiczne

Według danych z Global Burden of Disease, standaryzowany wiekowo współczynnik zapadalności (ASIR) na NMSC wzrósł z 54,08/100 000 w 1990 roku do 79,10/100 000 w 2019 roku, z szacowaną roczną zmianą procentową (EAPC) wynoszącą 1,78. Liczba nowych przypadków przypisywanych NMSC wzrosła z 1 951 299 w 1990 roku do 6 353 687 w 2019 roku, a liczba zgonów zwiększyła się z 23 222 do 56 054 w tym samym okresie.⁵

Zapadalność na NMSC różni się znacznie geograficznie. Najwyższe wskaźniki odnotowano w Australii (1000/100 000 osobolat), natomiast najniższe w niektórych częściach Afryki (1/100 000 osobolat). Australia i Nowa Zelandia mają najwyższe wskaźniki zapadalności na NMSC na świecie, przy czym Australia odnotowuje ponad 1000 przypadków na 100 000 osób rocznie.⁶⁷

W Europie dane z Szkocji, Danii i Niemiec wskazują na roczny wzrost zapadalności na BCC i SCC odpowiednio o 1,4-3,5%, 3,1-4,6% i 3,3-11,6%. Niemcy spodziewają się, że wskaźnik zapadalności na NMSC podwoi się w ciągu najbliższych 10 lat.¹

Badania pokazują, że w Unii Europejskiej zapadalność na NMSC wzrosła o 38% rocznie w ostatnich dekadach, z najwyższymi wskaźnikami w północno-zachodniej części kontynentu. Europejska Akademia Dermatologii i Wenerologii (EADV) odnotowała podobne trendy wzrostowe.⁷

W Wielkiej Brytanii odnotowano około 156 000 nowych przypadków NMSC rocznie (2016-2018), co odpowiada prawie 430 przypadkom dziennie. Od początku lat 90. wskaźniki zapadalności na NMSC wzrosły o ponad dwa i pół razy (169%). W ciągu ostatniej dekady wskaźniki te wzrosły o ponad dwie piąte (42%).⁸⁹

Czynniki ryzyka i predyspozycje

Do głównych czynników ryzyka rozwoju NMSC należą:¹¹⁰¹¹

Ekspozycja na promieniowanie ultrafioletowe (UV) – zarówno naturalne (słoneczne), jak i sztuczne (solaria)
Jasna karnacja, jasne lub rude włosy, niebieskie, zielone lub szare oczy
Podeszły wiek
Immunosupresja (zarówno fizjologiczna, jak i wywołana lekami)
Wcześniejsze epizody NMSC
Zmiany genetyczne
Przewlekłe stany zapalne skóry, blizny, owrzodzenia
Ekspozycja zawodowa na czynniki kancerogenne (np. arsen)

¹²¹³¹⁴

Ekspozycja na promieniowanie UV jest najważniejszym czynnikiem ryzyka rozwoju NMSC. Badania wykazały związek między rozwojem BCC i SCC a ekspozycją na promieniowanie UVA/UVB, które odpowiada za mutacje DNA, zaburzenia szlaków naprawczych, indukcję stresu oksydacyjnego, aktywację procesu zapalnego i supresję odporności przeciwnowotworowej.¹

W przypadku SCC ryzyko zwiększa się wraz z kumulacyjną (całożyciową) dawką UV. W przypadku BCC ryzyko rośnie raczej przy ekspozycji przerywanej, intensywnej. Chociaż SCC jest bardziej związany z przewlekłą ekspozycją na promieniowanie UV, zapadalność na obie formy NMSC wzrasta w populacjach żyjących bliżej równika.¹¹¹⁵¹⁶

Osoby z już zdiagnozowanym BCC lub SCC mają zwiększone ryzyko rozwoju nowych przypadków tych nowotworów. Według niektórych badań, ryzyko rozwoju drugiego SCC w ciągu 5 lat po leczeniu pierwszego guza wynosi około 30%.¹⁷¹⁵

Rozpowszechnienie w różnych grupach populacyjnych

Zapadalność na NMSC zwiększa się z wiekiem – około 90% wszystkich przypadków NMSC występuje u osób w wieku 50 lat i starszych. Średni wiek pacjentów z BCC wynosi około 70,1 lat (zakres 18-101 lat), natomiast pacjentów z SCC około 74,2-77,1 lat (zakres 19-102 lat).¹¹⁸¹⁹

W przypadku BCC najbardziej znaczący wzrost zapadalności obserwuje się u osób w wieku 65-79 lat oraz powyżej 80 lat, natomiast dla SCC 80% diagnozowanych osób znajduje się w kategorii wiekowej powyżej 60 lat. Dane te są zgodne z wynikami innych badań, podkreślających szczyt zapadalności na NMSC w siódmej dekadzie życia, a następnie w szóstej i ósmej dekadzie.¹

Analiza pod względem płci ujawnia, że w przypadku BCC obserwuje się niewielką przewagę u kobiet (53%), natomiast SCC jest częściej diagnozowany u mężczyzn, z proporcją wynoszącą nawet 3:1. Wyższa zapadalność u mężczyzn (na 100 000) została odnotowana w Wielkiej Brytanii (77 vs 34,1 u kobiet), Irlandii (66,1 vs 30,6) i Norwegii (20 vs 15).¹

Warto zauważyć, że według niektórych danych, proporcja SCC do BCC zbliża się obecnie do 1:1, podczas gdy wcześniej wynosiła około 20:80. Jest to związane ze starzeniem się populacji, a SCC występuje częściej u osób starszych.²⁰

NMSC jest znacznie częstszy u osób o jasnej karnacji niż u osób o ciemniejszej skórze. Nowotwory skóry typu BCC są o wiele częstsze w populacjach białych (75-80% nowotworów skóry) w porównaniu z osobami o ciemniejszym odcieniu skóry (20-30%). Zapadalność na czerniaka wśród nie-latynoskich białych osób jest prawie 30 razy wyższa niż wśród nie-latynoskich czarnych osób lub osób pochodzenia azjatyckiego/z wysp Pacyfiku.⁴²¹

Lokalizacja i charakterystyka kliniczna

Najczęstszą lokalizacją NMSC są obszary eksponowane na słońce. W badaniach epidemiologicznych najczęstszą topografią dla BCC i SCC był region głowy i szyi (80,4% dla BCC i 76,7% dla SCC), następnie tułów i kończyny dla BCC (16,1% i 3,3%, odpowiednio) oraz kończyny dla SCC (16,5%). Te wyniki są zgodne z danymi dotyczącymi obszarów aktywności, które wiążą się z powtarzaną i przedłużoną ekspozycją na działanie promieniowania UV.¹

Większość NMSC występuje na częściach ciała, które są powszechnie narażone na słońce, takich jak uszy, twarz, szyja i przedramiona, co wskazuje, że długotrwała, powtarzająca się ekspozycja na promieniowanie UV jest głównym czynnikiem przyczynowym.²²

Badania wykazały również statystycznie istotne związki między topografią SCC a kategorią wiekową, przy czym guzy zlokalizowane w regionie głowy i szyi przeważają u pacjentów powyżej 60 roku życia. Lokalizacja SCC na twarzy jest częściej identyfikowana u starszych osób.¹

Ważnym parametrem zarówno dla klasyfikacji, jak i czynnikiem prognostycznym jest rozmiar guza. Badania wykazały, że guzy SCC większe niż 2 cm średnicy mają dwukrotnie większe ryzyko nawrotu i trzykrotnie większe ryzyko przerzutów, będąc jednocześnie najczęstszym czynnikiem ryzyka związanym ze zgonem specyficznym dla choroby. Według danych, zarówno dla BCC, jak i SCC, przeważały zmiany nowotworowe mniejsze niż 2 cm (BCC-81%, SCC-60,2%).¹

Wskaźniki śmiertelności i obciążenie chorobą

Mimo że większość NMSC ma dobre rokowanie i niski wskaźnik przerzutów, globalnie powoduje około 5400 zgonów miesięcznie, z czego większość przypisuje się SCC. Stany Zjednoczone zgłaszają 15 000 zgonów rocznie z powodu SCC. Przeżywalność w przypadku przerzutowego SCC wynosi zaledwie 10-20%, a ten typ odpowiada za 75% zgonów spowodowanych przez NMSC.¹²³

W 2019 roku NMSC spowodował 56 054 zgonów na całym świecie. Standaryzowany wiekowo współczynnik umieralności (ASMR) wynosił 0,73/100 000, a standaryzowany wiekowo wskaźnik DALY (Disability-Adjusted Life Years) wynosił 14,67/100 000.⁵

W 2020 roku NMSC stanowił 78% wszystkich przypadków raka skóry, powodując ponad 63 700 zgonów. Liczba zgłoszonych przypadków NMSC na całym świecie wynosiła prawie 1,2 miliona w porównaniu z 324 635 przypadkami czerniaka.²⁴²⁵

W Wielkiej Brytanii NMSC nie należy do 20 najczęstszych przyczyn zgonów z powodu raka, stanowiąc mniej niż 1% wszystkich zgonów z powodu raka (2018-2019). U mężczyzn w Wielkiej Brytanii NMSC jest 18. najczęstszą przyczyną śmierci z powodu raka, z około 600 zgonami rocznie. Wskaźniki umieralności z powodu NMSC w Wielkiej Brytanii są najwyższe u osób w wieku 90+ lat (2018-2019). Każdego roku około trzech czwartych wszystkich zgonów z powodu NMSC (76%) w Wielkiej Brytanii dotyczy osób w wieku 75 lat i starszych.⁹²⁶

Koszty ekonomiczne

Zwiększająca się zapadalność na NMSC ma istotny wpływ na koszty opieki zdrowotnej. W Stanach Zjednoczonych szacowany roczny koszt leczenia NMSC w latach 2007-2011 wynosił 4,8 miliarda dolarów. Każdego roku w Stanach Zjednoczonych diagnozuje się prawie 5 milionów osób z nowotworami skóry, przy rocznym koszcie szacowanym na 8,1 miliarda dolarów.²⁷²⁸

Rynek leczenia raka skóry został wyceniony na 7,2 miliarda dolarów w 2021 roku i szacuje się, że do 2031 roku podwoi się do około 14,5 miliarda dolarów.⁴

Systemy nadzoru i rejestracji NMSC

Jednym z głównych wyzwań w badaniu epidemiologii NMSC jest brak kompleksowych systemów rejestracji. Większość rejestrów nowotworów na świecie nie zbiera danych dotyczących zapadalności na NMSC, ponieważ nowotwory te są trudne do śledzenia. Informacje często nie są zgłaszane, ponieważ NMSC jest zwykle diagnozowany i skutecznie leczony w gabinecie lekarskim i zazwyczaj nie wymaga hospitalizacji.²⁹³⁰³¹

W przeciwieństwie do innych nowotworów, w Stanach Zjednoczonych nie istnieje rejestr raków podstawnokomórkowych i kolczystokomórkowych skóry. W niektórych krajach, w tym w Kanadzie, dane dotyczące NMSC są zbierane tylko przez niektóre prowincje.³²²⁹

Brak dokładnych danych rejestracyjnych prowadzi do niedoszacowania rzeczywistego obciążenia rakiem skóry, ponieważ wiele rejestrów zbiera informacje tylko o pierwszym NMSC. Wiele przypadków NMSC nie jest rejestrowanych przez obecne systemy nadzoru, a istniejące systemy nadzoru behawioralnego mogą nie być wystarczające do śledzenia efektów inicjatyw stanowych i lokalnych.³³²⁸

Naukowcy uważają, że NMSC jest niedostatecznie raportowany, a rzeczywisty wpływ tej choroby może być jeszcze większy niż szacowany. Profesor Passeron dodaje: „Tak alarmujące, jak są te liczby, mogą być w rzeczywistości niedoszacowane. NMSC jest często niedostatecznie raportowany w rejestrach nowotworów, co utrudnia zrozumienie prawdziwego obciążenia”.²⁴

Prognozy i przyszłe trendy

Przewiduje się, że liczba nowych przypadków, zgonów i DALY przypisywanych NMSC wzrośnie co najmniej 1,5-krotnie w latach 2020-2044. Obciążenie chorobą wynikające z NMSC będzie nadal rosło lub pozostanie stabilne na wysokim poziomie.³⁴⁵

Model BAPC przewiduje, że ASIR przypisywany NMSC nieznacznie wzrośnie dla obu płci w ciągu najbliższych 25 lat. Liczba nowych przypadków, zgonów i DALY wzrośnie w ciągu najbliższych 25 lat z powodu wzrostu populacji i starzenia się społeczeństwa.⁵

Wyniki pokazują, że liczba nowych przypadków NMSC u mężczyzn wzrośnie z 3 682 933 w 2019 roku do 73 642 458 w 2044 roku. Wyniki wskazują również, że ASIR obu płci wykazuje tendencję wzrostową, a standaryzowany wiekowo wskaźnik DALY wykazuje tendencję spadkową w ciągu najbliższych 25 lat.³⁵

W Wielkiej Brytanii przewiduje się, że wskaźniki zapadalności na NMSC wzrosną o 14% między latami 2023-2025 a 2038-2040. Szacuje się, że do 2038-2040 roku w Wielkiej Brytanii może być ponad 262 000 nowych przypadków NMSC rocznie.⁹

Prognozuje się, że wskaźniki umieralności z powodu NMSC spadną o 9% w Wielkiej Brytanii między latami 2023-2025 a 2038-2040. Szacuje się, że do 2038-2040 roku w Wielkiej Brytanii może być około 710 zgonów z powodu NMSC rocznie.²⁶

Implikacje dla zdrowia publicznego i strategie profilaktyczne

Rosnąca zapadalność na NMSC na całym świecie podkreśla potrzebę skutecznych strategii profilaktycznych i wczesnego wykrywania. Ponieważ ekspozycja na promieniowanie UV jest głównym czynnikiem ryzyka, kampanie zdrowia publicznego koncentrują się na edukacji dotyczącej ochrony przed słońcem i unikania sztucznych źródeł promieniowania UV, takich jak solaria.¹¹²⁷

Profesor Passeron podkreśla: „Musimy przekazać wiadomość, że nie tylko czerniak może być śmiertelny, ale także NMSC. Kluczowe jest, aby zauważyć, że osoby o skórze bogatej w melaninę również są zagrożone i umierają z powodu raka skóry.” Ponadto dodaje: „Zgodnie z tym, istnieje ciągła potrzeba opracowywania kampanii uświadamiających, które edukują ogół społeczeństwa o ryzykach ekspozycji na słońce i innych istotnych czynnikach ryzyka.” Profesor Passeron podsumowuje: „Raki skóry są możliwe do zapobiegania i leczenia, więc musimy zrobić więcej, aby zapewnić, że zatrzymujemy progresję tej choroby jak najwcześniej, aby ratować życie.”²⁵

Narodowa Kompleksowa Sieć ds. Raka (NCCN) zaleca co najmniej coroczne badania przesiewowe pacjentów zdiagnozowanych z SCC lub BCC. Zalecenie to opiera się na badaniach, które wykazały zwiększone ryzyko dodatkowych NMSC, a także czerniaka u osób, które miały co najmniej 1 NMSC.³⁶

Australijskie wytyczne praktyki sugerują, że badania przesiewowe w kierunku raka skóry powinny być rutynową częścią corocznego badania kontrolnego. Wczesne wykrycie NMSC może zmniejszyć zachorowalność i śmiertelność, a także koszty związane z leczeniem.³⁷

Badania wykazały, że regularne codzienne stosowanie filtra przeciwsłonecznego o SPF 15 lub wyższym zmniejsza ryzyko rozwoju raka kolczystokomórkowego o około 40%, gdy jest stosowany zgodnie z zaleceniami.²³

Wnioski

Nowotwory skóry typu non-melanoma stanowią istotny problem zdrowia publicznego o rosnącym znaczeniu epidemiologicznym. Obserwowany globalny wzrost zapadalności na NMSC, szczególnie w populacjach o jasnej karnacji, podkreśla potrzebę lepszego zrozumienia czynników ryzyka oraz wdrożenia skutecznych strategii profilaktycznych.³⁸³⁹

Chociaż śmiertelność związana z NMSC jest stosunkowo niska w porównaniu z innymi nowotworami złośliwymi, rosnąca liczba przypadków powoduje znaczne obciążenie systemów opieki zdrowotnej oraz wpływa na jakość życia pacjentów. Szczególnie niepokojący jest wzrost zapadalności wśród młodszych osób oraz zmieniający się stosunek BCC do SCC, który zbliża się do równowagi 1:1.²⁰¹

Skuteczna kontrola tego problemu zdrowotnego wymaga dalszego doskonalenia systemów rejestracji i nadzoru nad NMSC, kompleksowych programów edukacyjnych dotyczących czynników ryzyka i ochrony przed słońcem, oraz strategii wczesnego wykrywania i leczenia. Badania epidemiologiczne NMSC pozostają kluczowe dla monitorowania trendów i oceny skuteczności interwencji zdrowia publicznego.⁴⁰⁴¹

Jak wskazują dane z wielu krajów, zrozumienie i przeciwdziałanie aktualnym trendom epidemiologicznym NMSC jest niezbędne dla osiągnięcia wczesnej i adekwatnej kontroli tych powszechnych nowotworów skóry.¹²⁵

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Materiały źródłowe

#1 Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer: Statistical Associations between Clinical Parameters
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9289586/
Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) represent an important health problem in medical practice. This is the most frequent type of cancer and its incidence is constantly increasing. Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma constitute the majority of NMSC, respectively 70% and 25% of total cases. Their incidence is constantly increasing, accounting for 90% of all malignant skin tumors, and studies suggest that this trend will continue until at least the year 2040. Between 2007-2017, the incidence of NMSCs increased by 33%, reaching 7.7 million cases worldwide. In the last decade, in Europe, the incidence of BCC has increased annually by 5%, and some studies on SCC show that the incidence is rising and tends to approach that of BCC. Data from Scotland, Denmark and Germany indicated annual increases in BCC and SCC incidence as following: 1.4-3.5%, 3.1-4.6% and 3.3-11.6%, respectively, and Germany expects the incidence rate of NMSC to double in the next 10 years. According to the latest data, 3.6 million cases of BCC and 1.8 million cases of SCC are diagnosed annually in the United States. The incidence increases with age, and also multiplicity of SCC has been correlated with age. The prevalence values revealed significant increase during the last 20 years, 35% for BCC and 133% for SCC. Most NMSCs have a good prognosis and a low metastatic rate. Although for NMSC the impact on mortality is low, globally it causes 5,400 deaths per month, most of which are attributed to SCC. The United States reports 15,000 deaths annually from SCC. Survival is as low as 10-20% for metastatic SCC, this type being responsible for 75% of deaths caused by NMSC. The aim of this study was to assess the epidemiological development trends of BCC and SCC, and to analyze the associations between representative clinical parameters. Known as the most common type of cancer worldwide, NMSC continues to show an increasing incidence rate as a result of the accumulation of multiple risk factors. Among those, exposure to UV radiation is the most important. Studies have shown the link between the development of BCC and SCC and both natural and artificial UVA/UVB radiation exposure, which are responsible for DNA mutations, alteration of the repair pathways, induction of oxidative stress, activation of the inflammatory process, and suppression of the antitumor immunity. The ageing population is another important factor that contributes to the increasing incidence, as the body loses its ability to repair and regenerate, to which the inflammatory status and physiological and/or drug-induced immunosuppression is added. The increasing incidence among women has recently been observed. This is consistent with the results of the present study, in which we found a slight predominance for BCC in females (53%). As for SCC, according to several epidemiological data the diagnosis is more common among male patients, with a ratio of up to 3:1. A higher incidence among men (per 100,000) was found in the United Kingdom (77 vs. 34.1 females), Ireland (66.1 vs. 30.6) and Norway (20 vs. 15). Male gender and age are independent risk factors when it comes to BCC. The incidence increases significantly over 40 years of age, and even doubles from 40 to 70 years. With the main risk factor being chronic exposure to ultraviolet radiation, SCC is more common in elderly individuals. However, the incidence is also increasing among people under the age of 40. The mean diagnostic age in the present study was 70.1 years for BCC and 74.2 years for SCC. Similar results were obtained by Ciazynska et al., highlighting a NMSC peak incidence in the seventh decade of life, followed by the sixth and eighth decades. According to them, for BCC, the mean age for males was 70.9 years, and for females 71.4 years. As for SCC, the mean age for males was 75.9 years, and for females 77.2 years. Other studies on BCC show, the most important increase in incidence in people aged between 65-79 years and over 80 years, while for SCC, 80% of the diagnosed people are found into the age category over 60 years. In agreement with the literature data, the results of this study indicate the preferential development of BCC and SCC tumors in the photo-exposed areas. The most common topography was the head and neck region (80.4% for BCC and 76.7% for SCC), followed by the thorax and limbs for BCC (16.1% and 3.3%, respectively), and limbs for SCC (16.5%). These results are in accordance with the data covering the fields of activity that involve repeated and prolonged exposure to the action of UV radiation. Studies recognize the occupational risk among men for the development of skin carcinomas, the most important after the agricultural sector being the construction field. In addition to professional activities, some recreational practices, including the use of UV devices for artificial tanning, mainly among females, represent a major risk factor. Tanning bed use increases the risk of developing BCC by up to 29%, and up to 83% for SCC, being categorized as a group 1 carcinogen. For both genders, voluntary sun exposure is further added, with incorrect use of sunscreen. The existence of chronic inflammatory lesions, burns, ulcers or scars, predisposes to the appearance of SCC, although the most common precursor lesion is actinic keratosis. We also obtained statistically significant associations between the SCC topography and the age category, tumors located in the head and neck region predominating in patients over 60 years old. Indeed, studies show that facial localization of SCC has been identified more frequently in older individuals. Another parameter of great importance, both for classification and as a prognostic factor, is the tumor size. Studies revealed that SCC tumors larger than 2cm in diameter have twice the risk of recurrence and a triple risk of metastasis, while being the most common risk factor associated with disease-specific death. According to the results of our study, both for BCC and for SCC, tumor lesions smaller than 2cm in size predominated (BCC-81%, SCC-60.2%). The location of a tumor 2cm in size in the L area (trunk and extremities, excluding hands, feet, nails, ankles and pretibial area) is considered high risk, as is the location in the M area (cheeks, forehead, scalp, cervical area, pretibial area) of a SCC tumor 1cm. Zone H is considered a high-risk area, regardless of the tumor size. The results obtained indicated associations or trends of association of age, gender, location and size of NMSC, which were specific to BCC and SCC. These data underline the importance of action in order to establish prevention programs and to offer people medical education regarding skin cancers.
#2 The incidence and clinical analysis of non-melanoma skin cancer | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-83502-8
Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) are the most common malignancies diagnosed in Caucasian populations. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most frequent skin cancer, followed by squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Unfortunately, most European cancer registries do not record individual types of NMSC. […] To evaluate the incidence of primary BCCs and SCCs regarding age, sex, tumour site and tumour subtype to determine trends in epidemiology of both cancers. […] Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) are the most common human malignancies, with steadily rising incidence. The term NMSC refers to all non-melanoma malignant neoplasms affecting the skin. The main types of NMSC, basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), account for about 99% of all NMSCs. […] Although NMSC are 1820 times more frequent than cutaneous melanoma, there is little epidemiological data for those tumour types.
#3 Skin Cancer Facts & Statistics
https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/skin-cancer-facts/
Get the facts about skin cancer, the most common cancer in the United States and worldwide. […] More than 5.4 million cases of nonmelanoma skin cancer were treated in over 3.3 million people in the U.S. in 2012, still considered the best estimate to date. […] The diagnosis and treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancers in the U.S. increased by 77 percent between 1994 and 2014. […] About 90 percent of nonmelanoma skin cancers are associated with exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. […] Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common form of skin cancer. An estimated 3.6 million cases of BCC are diagnosed in the U.S. each year. […] Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most common form of skin cancer. Approximately 1.8 million cases of SCC are diagnosed in the U.S. each year.
#4 Advanced and Metastatic Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Clinical Features, and Treatment Options
https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/7/1448
Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) form the majority of skin cancers, with basal cell carcinoma (BCC) being the most common and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) being second. Prolonged ultraviolet (UV) exposure, aging, male gender, and immunosuppression represent most of the causes of this category of diseases. […] The incidence of NMSC has steadily increased by around 3% a year for BCC. […] Overall, NMSCs occur in around 2 million people globally each year. Their prevalence varies based on the population discussed. BCC is much higher in white populations (75â80% of skin cancers) when compared to darker skin tones (20â30%). […] While rarely fatal, BCC is potentially disfiguring and harmful to local tissues, making its increase in incidence (3% yearly) problematic. […] The market size of the skin cancer treatment market was valued at USD 7.2 billion in 2021 and is estimated to double by 2031 to around USD 14.5 billion.
#5 Changing trends in the disease burden of non-melanoma skin cancer globally from 1990 to 2019 and its predicted level in 25âyears | BMC Cancer | Full Text
https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-022-09940-3
The disease burden will continue to increase or remain relatively stable at high levels in the future. […] The number of new cases attributable to NMSC was 6,353,687 in 2019, the number of deaths was 56,054, and the number of DALYs was 1,183,233. […] The ASIR was 79.10/100,000, the ASMR was 0.73/100,000, and the age-standardized DALYs rate was 14.67/100,000. […] The number of new cases attributable to NMSC increased from 1,951,299 in 1990 to 6,353,687 in 2019, and the number of deaths of NMSC increased from 23,222 to 56,054 between 1990 and 2019. […] The ASIR of NMSC increased from 54.08/100,000 in 1990 to 79.10/100,000 in 2019, with an EAPC of 1.78. […] The BAPC model predicts that the ASIR attributable to NMSC will increase slightly for both sexes over the next 25 years. […] The number of new cases, deaths, and DALYs will increase over the next 25 years due to population growth and aging.
#6 Basal cell carcinoma: Epidemiology – Journal of Skin and Sexually Transmitted Diseases
https://jsstd.org/basal-cell-carcinoma-epidemiology/
Basal cell carcinoma is the most common skin cancer in white skinned individuals with a rising incidence observed worldwide. […] The exact proportion of skin cancers constituted by squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) remains unclear since many cancer registries document the diagnosis as nonmelanoma skin cancer, instead of recording the exact type of the neoplasm. […] Recent years have seen a rise in the incidence of both SCC and BCC. This increase is more pronounced for SCC. […] Although a more marked rise is noted in the incidence of SCC, BCC still remains the major non-melanoma skin cancer worldwide with an incidence rate twice that of SCC. […] A systematic review that analyzed the data from 38 different countries worldwide over the period 19552007 found the highest annual incidence rate for BCC in Australia (1000/100,000 person-years) and the lowest rates in parts of Africa (1/100,000 person-years).
#7 Epidemiology of Skin Cancer in 2024 | IntechOpen
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1195964
NMSC rates have increased significantly over the last several decades, with studies showing that the incidence of BCC has risen by 145% and SCC by 263% between the 1970s and the 2010s. […] In Europe, NMSC is also one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers, though incidence varies by region. […] The European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV) has reported an annual increase of 38% in NMSC cases over recent decades. […] Australia and New Zealand have the highest reported rates of NMSC in the world, with Australia recording an incidence of over 1000 cases per 100,000 people per year. […] In Asia, the incidence of NMSC is generally lower than in Western countries, though it is on the rise in some regions. […] NMSC incidence in Africa is lower than in regions with predominantly lighter-skinned populations, although the data are limited.
#8 Non-melanoma skin cancer statistics | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/non-melanoma-skin-cancer
There are around 156,000 new non-melanoma skin cancer cases in the UK every year, that’s nearly 430 every day (2016-2018). […] In females in the UK, non-melanoma skin cancer accounted for around 67,500 new cancer cases every year (2016-2018). […] In males in the UK, non-melanoma skin cancer accounted for around 88,500 new cancer cases every year in 2016-2018. […] Incidence rates for non-melanoma skin cancer in the UK are highest in people aged 90+ (2016-2018). […] Each year almost half (48%) of all new non-melanoma skin cancer cases in the UK are diagnosed in people aged 75 and over (2016-2018). […] Since the early 1990s, non-melanoma skin cancer incidence rates have increased by more than two-and-a-half times (169%) in the UK. Rates in females have increased by more than two-and-a-half times (163%), and rates in males have increased by more than two-and-a-half times (163%) (2016-2018).
#9 Non-melanoma skin cancer statistics | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/non-melanoma-skin-cancer
Over the last decade, non-melanoma skin cancer incidence rates have increased by more than two-fifths (42%) in the UK. Rates in females have increased by more than two-fifths (42%), and rates in males have increased by two-fifths (40%) (2016-2018). […] Non-melanoma skin cancer incidence rates are projected to rise by 14% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040. […] There could be more than 262,000 new cases of non-melanoma skin cancer every year in the UK by 2038-2040, projections suggest. […] Non-melanoma skin cancer is not among the 20 most common causes of cancer death in the UK, accounting for less than 1% of all cancer deaths (2018-2019). […] In males in the UK, non-melanoma skin cancer is the 18th most common cause of cancer death, with around 600 deaths every year (2018-2019).
#10 Epidemiology of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer–the role of sunlight – PubMed
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18348450/
Melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) are now the most common types of cancer in white populations. Both tumor entities show an increasing incidence rate worldwide but a stable or decreasing mortality rate. The rising incidence rates of NMSC are probably caused by a combination of increased sun exposure or exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light, increased outdoor activities, changes in clothing style, increased longevity, ozone depletion, genetics and in some cases, immune suppression. […] Epidemiological studies have confirmed the hypothesis that the majority of all melanoma cases are caused, at least in part, by excessive exposure to sunlight. In contrast to squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma risk seems not to be associated with cumulative, but intermittent exposure to sunlight. Therefore campaigns for prevention and early detection are necessary.
#11 Epidemiology of Melanoma and Nonmelanoma Skin CancerâThe Role of Sunlight | SpringerLink
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-387-77574-6_8
Melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) are now the most common types of cancer in white populations. Both tumor entities show an increasing incidence rate worldwide but a stable or decreasing mortality rate. The rising incidence rates of NMSC are probably caused by a combination of increased sun exposure or exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light, increased outdoor activities, changes in clothing style, increased longevity, ozone depletion, genetics and in some cases, immune suppression. […] Epidemiological studies have confirmed the hypothesis that the majority of all melanoma cases are caused, at least in part, by excessive exposure to sunlight. […] In contrast to squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma risk seems not to be associated with cumulative, but intermittent exposure to sunlight. Therefore campaigns for prevention and early detection are necessary.
#12 Risk factors for non-melanoma skin cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/skin-non-melanoma/risks
Of the most common types of non-melanoma skin cancer, basal cell carcinoma (BCC) seems to affect men and women equally, and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is diagnosed more often in men. […] There is convincing evidence that the following factors increase your risk for non-melanoma skin cancer. […] Being in contact with ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the most important risk factor for developing skin cancer. The sun is the main source of UVR. Indoor tanning equipment, such as tanning beds and sun lamps, is also a source of UVR. […] Most cases of non-melanoma skin cancer are caused by contact with UVR from the sun over a long time. People who work outside, such as farmers, have a higher risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer because they are outdoors for long periods. People who live at high altitudes or in areas with year-round, bright sunlight also have a greater risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer.
#13 Risk factors for non-melanoma skin cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/skin-non-melanoma/risks
People with fair or light-coloured skin have a higher risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer than people with other skin types. People with blonde or red hair and blue, green or grey eyes also have a higher risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer. Their risk is greater because people with these features have less melanin. […] People who have already had skin cancer (non-melanoma or melanoma) have a greater risk of developing another skin cancer, including BCC and SCC. […] People who had radiation therapy (a source of ionizing radiation) have a greater risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer in the treatment area. This type of skin cancer can develop 15 to 20 years after they received radiation therapy. […] Coming into contact with arsenic increases the risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer.
#14 A Primer on the Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma
https://www.targetedonc.com/view/a-primer-on-the-epidemiology-and-pathophysiology-of-cutaneous-squamous-cell-carcinoma
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common form of skin cancer, with an estimated 1 million cases treated in the United States each year. […] cSCC is a type of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), the most frequently diagnosed cancer in North America. […] In 2006, the estimated number of incident cases of NMSC in the United States was 4,013,890, and approximately 62% of affected individuals were treated for skin cancer. […] In 2012, the estimated number of NMSCs in the United States was 5,434,193, and 3,315,554 individuals were treated. […] Individuals with lighter skin have been diagnosed with cSCCs at a significantly higher rate than those with darker skin types. […] Several causes of cSCC have been described, such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation; ionizing radiation; genodermatoses; human papillomavirus (HPV); arsenic; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; immunosuppression; chronic ulcer and chronic sinus tract; scar; and preexisting chronic dermatoses.
#15 Krebs – Non-melanoma skin cancer
https://www.krebsdaten.de/Krebs/EN/Content/Cancer_sites/Non-melanoma_skin_cancer/non-melanoma_skin_cancer_node.html
Even though international data are not as reliable as for malignant melanoma, an increase in the incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer in recent decades can be seen in western industrialized nations. […] Non-melanoma skin cancer occurs more frequently in people with light skin than in people with darker skin. The most important risk factor for non-melanoma skin cancer is a strong exposure of the skin to ultraviolet (UV) rays. It does not matter whether this comes from the sun, the solarium or from other artificial UV sources. The risk of squamous cell carcinoma increases with the cumulative (life-long) UV dose. In the case of basal cell carcinoma, the risk tends to increase with intermittent, intense UV exposure. […] Persons who have already had a basal cell carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma have an increased risk of developing that type of skin cancer again. Non-melanoma skin cancer can also develop after many years of exposure to arsenic, on radiation-damaged skin (for example after radiation therapy) or under immunosuppressive therapy, for example after an organ transplant. In accordance with the statutory guidelines for the early detection of cancer, men and women 35 years of age and older are entitled to a skin examination by a specially trained doctor (dermatologist, general practitioner) every two years.
#16 LearnOncology
https://www.learnoncology.ca/modules/skin-cancer
Non-melanoma skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in the world. The two most common types of non-melanoma skin cancers are basal cell carcinoma (~80%) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (~20%). […] It is difficult to know the true incidence of non-melanoma skin cancers as very few cancer registries worldwide maintain statistics on these cancers. According to the Canadian Cancer agency, it was estimated that there would be 76,100 new cases of non-melanoma skin cancer in Canada in 2014, with 440 deaths. […] Epidemiologic studies have revealed patterns common to both basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). Both BCC and cSCC have higher rates of incidence in populations located closer to the equator. Incidence also increases exponentially with age, although cases of BCC before age 40 are becoming more frequent. Additionally, both BCC and cSCC are significantly more frequent in light skinned populations than darker skinned individuals.
#17 A Primer on the Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma
https://www.targetedonc.com/view/a-primer-on-the-epidemiology-and-pathophysiology-of-cutaneous-squamous-cell-carcinoma
Patients with a history of skin cancer require screening to monitor for recurrence, persistence, or new lesions, because the risk for developing a second cSCC within 5 years following treatment of a first tumor is approximately 30%. […] The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) has also described an approach for stratifying cSCC using risk factors. […] This risk stratification is intended to give healthcare providers practical clinical guidance for treating cSCC, rather than accurate prognostication. […] Risk factors can be used for staging and predicting recurrence and metastasis.
#18 The incidence and clinical analysis of non-melanoma skin cancer | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-83502-8
We retrospectively collected, processed, and analysed data on the incidence of separate diagnoses within NMSC group across seven sites in Poland. The aim of the study was to analyse the incidence of primary BCCs and SCCs depending on the site of the lesion, sex and age of the patients to determine epidemiological trends and characteristics of both tumour types. […] The data gathered from the Polish National Health Fund database showed an increasing trend of NMSC diagnoses between 1999 and 2019. […] The trend continued after 2014, although the growth rate slowed down with the annual increase rate not exceeding 2%. […] The mean age of patients with BCC was 70.112.3 years (range 18101 years), whereas of patients with SCC was 77.111.3 years (range 19102 years) […] The mean age of the patients differed depending on various BCC subtypes.
#19 Epidemiology of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer | SpringerLink
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-79341-0_3
Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common cancer among fair-skinned people. NMSC incidence increases with age; approximately 90% of all NMSCs occur in individuals aged 50 years and older. […] NMSC patients have a higher risk of new NMSC and other cancers compared with the background population. NMSC is a disease with a substantial economical and social impact.
#20 An Overview of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Epidemiology
https://www.targetedonc.com/view/an-overview-of-non-melanoma-skin-cancer-epidemiology
Due to the lack of these cancers in the SEER [Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results] and other registries, the exact numbers of these are estimates. It’s estimated around 5 million cases per year of basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma. […] The estimates show that the ratios used to be about 20% squamous cell and 80% basal cell carcinoma. Recent in-depth analysis shows that it’s approaching 1:1 because the population is aging, and squamous cell occurs more in an older population. […] We do know estimates of death from squamous cell carcinoma, and one source says they range between 4,000 and almost 9,000 deaths per year, and then the Skin Cancer Foundation quotes 15,000 deaths per year from squamous cell carcinoma. […] The typical ones are the ultraviolet-induced. We talked about the role of immunosuppression, say solid organ transplant or other reasons for immunosuppression, that would increase the risk. There are genetic syndromes that can increase the risk of non-melanoma skin cancers. One particular condition for basal cell carcinoma is Gorlin syndrome or basal cell nevus syndrome, where these patients, due to a genetic aberration, can form hundreds and sometimes thousands of basal cell carcinomas, so it’s very challenging to treat.
#21 Skin cancer
https://www.aad.org/media/stats-skin-cancer
Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the United States. (1,2) […] Current estimates are that one in five Americans will develop skin cancer in their lifetime. (3) […] It is estimated that approximately 9,500 people in the U.S. are diagnosed with skin cancer every day. (4-6) […] It is estimated that the overall incidence of BCC increased by 145% between 1976-1984 and 2000-2010, and the overall incidence of SCC increased 263% over that same period. (7) […] Women had a greater increase in incidence than men for both types of NMSC. (7) […] The incidence of melanoma among non-Hispanic White individuals is almost 30 times higher than that among non-Hispanic Black or Asian/Pacific Islander individuals. (12,13) […] Skin cancer in patients with darker skin tones is often diagnosed in its later stages, when its more difficult to treat. (16-20)
#22
https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/radiation-ultraviolet-(uv)-radiation-and-skin-cancer
Non-melanoma skin cancers comprise basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas. These are rarely lethal but surgical treatment is painful and often disfiguring. The temporal trends of the incidence of non-melanoma skin cancers are difficult to determine, because reliable registration of these cancers has not been achieved. However, specific studies carried out in Australia, Canada and the United States, indicate that between the 1960s and the 1980s the prevalence of non-melanoma skin cancers increased by a factor of more than two. […] Non-melanoma skin cancers are most frequent on parts of the body that are commonly exposed to the sun such as ears, face, neck and forearms. This implies that long-term, repeated UV radiation exposure is a major causal factor. […] Within some countries there is a clear relationship between increasing incidence of non-melanoma skin cancers with decreasing latitude, i.e. higher UV radiation levels.
#23 Skin Cancer Facts & Statistics
https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/skin-cancer-facts/
More than 5,400 people worldwide die of nonmelanoma skin cancer every month. […] Organ transplant patients are approximately 100 times more likely than the general public to develop squamous cell carcinoma. […] One study found that regular daily use of an SPF 15 or higher sunscreen reduces the risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma by about 40 percent when used as directed. […] About 3,000 new cases of Merkel cell carcinoma occur in the U.S. each year. About 40 percent of cases recur.
#24 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
https://www.news-medical.net/news/20231010/Non-melanoma-skin-cancer-causing-greater-number-of-global-deaths-than-melanoma-study-finds.aspx
Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is causing a greater number of global deaths than melanoma, the more serious form of skin cancer, a new study presented today at the European Academy of Dermatology and Venerology (EADV) Congress 2023 has found. […] Researchers also believe that NMSC is underreported and that the true impact of this disease may be even higher than estimated. […] In 2020, NMSC accounted for 78% of all skin cancer cases, resulting in over 63,700 deaths. […] Professor Passeron adds, „As alarming as these figures are, they may, in fact, be underestimated. NMSC is often underreported in cancer registries, making it challenging to understand the true burden.” […] The study, which utilized data from the World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer, found a high incidence of skin cancer in fair-skinned and elderly populations from the USA, Germany, UK, France, Australia and Italy.
#25 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
https://www.news-medical.net/news/20231010/Non-melanoma-skin-cancer-causing-greater-number-of-global-deaths-than-melanoma-study-finds.aspx
In 2020, there were nearly 1.2 million reported cases of NMSC worldwide compared with 324,635 cases of melanoma. […] Professor Passeron comments, „We have to get the message out that not only melanoma can be fatal, but NMSC also. It’s crucial to note that individuals with melanin rich skin are also at risk and are dying from skin cancer.” […] „In alignment with this, there is an ongoing need to develop awareness campaigns that educate the general public about the risks of sun exposure and other relevant risk factors.” […] Professor Passeron concludes, „Skin cancers are preventable and treatable, so we need to do more to ensure we are stopping the progression of this disease as early as possible to save lives.”
#26 Non-melanoma skin cancer statistics | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/non-melanoma-skin-cancer
Mortality rates for non-melanoma skin cancer in the UK are highest in people aged 90+ (2018-2019). […] Each year around three-quarters of all non-melanoma skin cancer deaths (76%) in the UK are in people aged 75 and over (2018-2019). […] Since the early 1970s, non-melanoma skin cancer mortality rates have decreased by around a tenth (11%) in the UK. Rates in females have decreased by a third (33%), and rates in males have remained stable (2018-2019). […] Over the last decade, non-melanoma skin cancer mortality rates have increased by almost two-fifths (37%) in the UK. Rates in females have increased by around a fifth (21%), and rates in males have increased by almost two-fifths (40%) (2018-2019). […] Non-melanoma skin cancer mortality rates are projected to fall by 9% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040. […] There could be around around 710 deaths of non-melanoma skin cancer every year in the UK by 2038-2040, projections suggest.
#27 Disease Management: Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer
https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/dermatology/nonmelanoma-skin-cancer/
Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), is the most common malignancy in humans. The incidence of NMSC is not consistently reported to cancer registries; however, an estimated 5.4 million cases of NMSC were diagnosed in the United States in 2012. The average treatment cost of NMSC in the United States from 2007 to 2011 was estimated to be $4.8 billion annually. […] Over 1 million BCCs were diagnosed in the United States Medicare population alone in 2012. Although the incidence of BCC increases with age, it is becoming more common in younger adults, especially women. Factors such as excessive, chronic sun exposure, indoor tanning, fair complexion, prior exposure to ionizing radiation, exposure to chemical carcinogens such as arsenic, and genetic determinants are significant risks factors. Because of the increasing incidence in younger populations, health campaigns aimed at education and sun avoidance have been initiated with promising results.
#28 Surgeon General Call to Action to Prevent Skin Cancer: Exec Summ | HHS.govLock
https://www.hhs.gov/surgeongeneral/reports-and-publications/skin-cancer/executive-summary/index.html
Skin cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in the United States, and most cases are preventable. […] Skin cancer incidence rates have continued to increase in recent years. […] Each year in the United States, nearly 5 million people are treated for all skin cancers combined, with an annual cost estimated at $8.1 billion. […] Despite efforts to address skin cancer risk factors, such as inadequate sun protection and intentional tanning behaviors, skin cancer rates, including rates of melanoma, have continued to increase in the United States and worldwide. […] Many skin cancer cases are not being captured by current surveillance systems, and current behavioral surveillance systems may not be adequate to track the effect of state and local initiatives, such as indoor tanning legislation for minors. […] The goals and strategies outlined in the Call to Action are the next steps. We must act with urgency to stop the ever-increasing incidence of skin cancers in the United States.
#29 Non Melanoma Skin Cancer – Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/chronic-diseases/cancer/non-melanoma-skin-cancer.html
Non melanoma skin cancer is the most common type of cancer. It is very difficult to gather statistics on non melanoma skin cancer because it usually does not enter the cancer data collection system since It is usually treated successfully by dermatologists in their office and therefore does not require hospitalization. Therefore, non melanoma skin cancer statistics are mostly estimates. […] Most provincial/territorial cancer registries do not collect non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) incidence data. Though these cancers are common, they are difficult to register completely because they are often treated successfully in a doctor’s office and generally do not require hospitalization. As a result, Canada-wide NMSC estimates are based on data from four provinces that include these cancers. […] In 2014, about 76,100 Canadians will be diagnosed with NMSC and 440 Canadians will die from it. NMSC accounts for about 28% of all new cancer cases in Canada. […] The estimated number of new cases of non melanoma skin cancer in 2008 are 40,000 men and 33,000 women. The estimated number of deaths from non melanoma skin cancer in 2008 are 160 men and 100 women.
#30 Risk factors for non-melanoma skin cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/skin-non-melanoma/risks
A risk factor is something that increases the risk of developing cancer. It could be a behaviour, substance or condition. Most cancers are the result of many risk factors. The most important risk factor for non-melanoma skin cancer is ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from the sun and indoor tanning. […] Non-melanoma skin cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in Canadians. It makes up at least 40% of all new cancer cases in Canada. […] Statistics for non-melanoma skin cancers show that the chance of developing non-melanoma skin cancer increases with age. Most new cases are diagnosed in people between 80 and 90 years of age. But most cancer registries in Canada do not collect information about non-melanoma skin cancers. This is because these cancers are hard to keep track of. The information often doesnt get reported because non-melanoma skin cancer is usually diagnosed and treated easily in a doctors office.
#31 Survival statistics for non-melanoma skin cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/skin-non-melanoma/prognosis-and-survival/survival-statistics
Most cancer registries don’t collect information about non-melanoma skin cancers. These cancers are difficult to keep track of. The information often doesnt get reported because non-melanoma skin cancer is usually diagnosed and treated easily in a doctors office. […] In Canada, a few provinces collect information on new cases of non-melanoma skin cancer. Canadian statistics for non-melanoma skin cancer, including survival statistics, are based on the information gathered by these provinces. […] In Canada, a 5-year relative survival statistic is estimated for basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), which are the most common types of non-melanoma skin cancer. […] Survival for most non-melanoma skin cancers is excellent. The 5-year relative survival for BCC is 100%. This means that, on average, all of the people diagnosed with BCC are just as likely to live at least 5 years after their diagnosis as people in the general population.
#32 Skin cancer – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_cancer
Skin cancers result in 80,000 deaths a year as of 2010, 49,000 of which are due to melanoma and 31,000 of which are due to non-melanoma skin cancers. This is up from 51,000 in 1990. […] More than 3.5 million cases of skin cancer are diagnosed annually in the United States, which makes it the most common form of cancer in that country. One in five Americans will develop skin cancer at some point of their lives. The most common form of skin cancer is basal-cell carcinoma, followed by squamous cell carcinoma. Unlike for other cancers, there exists no basal and squamous cell skin cancers registry in the United States. […] Approximately 2,000 people die from basal or squamous cell skin cancers (non-melanoma skin cancers) in the United States each year. The rate has dropped in recent years. Most of the deaths happen to people who are elderly and might not have seen a doctor until the cancer had spread; and people with immune system disorders.
#33 Epidemiology of Keratinocyte Skin Cancer with a Focus on Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/3/606
In this review, epidemiological data on cutaneous SCC were reported separately, as SCC compared to BCC has a higher risk of recurrence, morbidity, and mortality. […] Reporting on the incidence and mortality rates, age-standardized incidence rates, and age-standardized mortality rates are indicated per 100,000 person-years. […] Nonmelanoma skin cancer is usually not recorded by cancer registries worldwide. […] Another problem is that there is a major underestimation of the real skin cancer burden, as many registries only collect the first nonmelanoma skin cancer. […] A further challenge is the recording of tumor-associated deaths. […] Therefore, an increase in the current and future burden of disease is expected, a challenge that health systems must address. […] The incidence of cutaneous SCC is expected to increase by 10 to 75% over the next 20 years.
#34 Changing trends in the disease burden of non-melanoma skin cancer globally from 1990 to 2019 and its predicted level in 25âyears | BMC Cancer | Full Text
https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-022-09940-3
The disease burden of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) has become a significant public health threat. […] The disease burden was significantly higher in males than in females in 2019. […] The better the socio-economic development, the heavier the disease burden of NMSC. […] The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of NMSC increased from 54.08/100,000 in 1990 to 79.10/100,000 in 2019, with an estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) of 1.78. […] Our predictions suggested that the number of new cases, deaths, and DALYs attributable to NMSC would increase by at least 1.5 times from 2020 to 2044. […] The disease burden attributable to NMSC will continue to increase or remain stable at high levels. […] This is the first systematic assessment and prediction of the disease burden of non-melanoma skin cancer worldwide.
#35 Changing trends in the disease burden of non-melanoma skin cancer globally from 1990 to 2019 and its predicted level in 25âyears | BMC Cancer | Full Text
https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-022-09940-3
The results show that the number of new cases of NMSC for males will increase from 3,682,933 in 2019 to 73,642,458 in 2044. […] The results show that the ASIR of both genders shows an uptrend and the age-standardized DALYs rate shows a downtrend in the next 25 years. […] This study shows that NMSC poses a substantial global disease burden and predicts that the future disease burden of NMSC will remain severe.
#36 Disease Management: Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer
https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/dermatology/nonmelanoma-skin-cancer/
An estimated 200,000 to 400,000 new cases of invasive cutaneous SCC occur in the United States annually. In 2012, as many as 12,000 nodal metastases and 8,500 deaths were associated with invasive cutaneous SCC. Compared with BCC, the incidence of SCC seems to be increasing more rapidly, with an estimated lifetime risk of 9% to 14% among men and 4% to 9% among women. The most significant risk factors for the development of SCC include sun exposure, fair skin, age, and immunosuppression. […] With the increased incidence, associated morbidity, and cost of treating SCC in the United States, there has been increased interest in prevention and screening. The AAD recommends at least annual screening of patients diagnosed with SCC or BCC. This recommendation is based on studies that have identified an increased risk of additional NMSC as well as melanoma in individuals that have had at least 1 NMSCs.
#37 LearnOncology
https://www.learnoncology.ca/modules/skin-cancer
To date, Canada has not set out screening guidelines for non-melanoma skin cancer in the general population. Australian practice guidelines suggest that skin cancer screening should be a routine part of the annual check-up. Early detection of non-melanoma skin cancers can reduce morbidity and mortality as well as the costs associated with treatment. […] The current standard for staging non-melanoma skin cancers is the TNM classification system. This classification is only applicable to malignant disease and cannot be applied to precursor lesions. The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system lacks prognostic accuracy for NMSCs and as a result the use of high risk features is often preferred. […] Follow-up of non-melanoma skin cancers is essential in order to monitor for disease recurrence, metastasis and the presence of new skin cancers. The protocol for follow-up, as laid out by the BC Cancer Agency, differs according to the type of cancer.
#38 Global, regional, and national trends in the burden of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer: insights from the global burden of disease study 1990â2021 | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-90485-3
This study examines global, regional, and national trends in melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) burden from 1990 to 2021, their socioeconomic associations, and projects future trends. […] The global burden of skin cancers has shown significant growth over the study period, with the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) rising globally (Estimated Annual Percentage Change, EAPC=1.94%) from 1990 to 2021. […] Skin cancer incidence is rising globally, driven by demographic changes, increased UV exposure, and improved detection. […] The burden of melanoma has decreased, which may be related to advances in treatment. […] There are notable disparities in the incidence and burden of skin cancers across regions and countries, largely influenced by environmental and population factors.
#39 Global, regional, and national trends in the burden of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer: insights from the global burden of disease study 1990â2021 | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-90485-3
Economic and social factors further contribute to the disparities in the burden of skin cancers. […] The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is a comprehensive, multi-dimensional framework that assesses the impact of diseases and injuries on global health, covering a wide range of health conditions beyond skin cancers. […] This study systematically examines the incidence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of malignant melanoma and NMSC across different age groups, and socioeconomic levels from 1990 to 2021, spanning 204 countries and territories. […] The Joinpoint regression analysis revealed varying temporal trends across different types of skin cancers. […] From 1990 to 2021, the global ASIR significantly increased for all three cancers, with EAPC of 0.65 for malignant melanoma, 2.01 for BCC, and 2.06 for SCC.
#40 The incidence and clinical analysis of non-melanoma skin cancer | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-83502-8
The incidence of high-risk BCC, including the infiltrative, micronodular, and morpheaform subtypes, was higher in our study than in previously reported European and Australian data. […] A significant increase in infiltrative subtype was observed in all sites (threefold increase between 2010 and 2019). […] The rising trend in the incidence of BCCs and SCCs may be due to numerous factors. […] The distribution of histopathological subtypes confirmed the predominance of nodular BCCs, followed by superficial and infiltrative BCCs. […] Studying and understanding current epidemiological trends of NMSC is crucial to achieve an early and adequate control of those common skin cancers.
#41 Epidemiology of Skin Cancer in 2024 | IntechOpen
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1195964
With increasing incidence rates in all age categories and geographical areas, skin cancer is still a major worldwide health issue in 2024. The epidemiological trends for melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers have been described in this chapter, with special emphasis on the intricate interactions between socioeconomic, environmental, and genetic factors that affect risk.