Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Nonmelanoma skin cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nonmelanoma-skin-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20355397

  Nonmelanoma skin cancer develops when changes happen in the DNA of skin cells. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA tells the cells to grow and multiply at a set rate. The DNA also tells the cells to die at a set time. […] In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. In nonmelanoma skin cancer, the cells grow out of control and may form a new growth on the skin or cause changes in an existing spot on the skin. […] Ultraviolet light, also called UV light, causes most of the DNA changes in skin cells. UV light can come from sunlight, tanning lamps and tanning beds. But sun exposure doesn’t explain skin cancers that develop on skin that’s not typically exposed to sunlight. Other factors can contribute to the risk and development of nonmelanoma skin cancer. The exact cause is not always clear.

• #2 Non-melanoma skin cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4954336/

  Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) comprises basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma, together with a host of rare tumours. NMSC is the commonest malignancy among Caucasians and its incidence continues to rise annually. Exposure to UV radiation initiates approximately 90% of NMSC, causing malignant transformation of keratinocytes and suppression of the inflammatory response. Risk factors include sun exposure and immunosuppression. […] Risk factors for non-melanoma skin cancer are fair skin, genetic susceptibility, living in areas of high ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure, previous occurrence, age and male sex. […] Exposure to UV radiation initiates approximately 90% of NMSCs. Both BCC and SCC result from the malignant transformation of keratinocytes and suppression of the cutaneous inflammatory response. Iatrogenic immunosuppression following organ transplantation results in a greater incidence of NMSC, with reversal of the BCC: SCC ratio and occurrence of more aggressive SCC. Caucasian transplant recipients have an increased risk of 65250 times for SCC and 1016 times for BCC.

• #3 Non Melanoma Skin Cancer Pathogenesis Overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5874663/

  BCC is characterized by cells that resemble epidermal basal cells and it is the least aggressive NMSC. […] However, ultraviolet (UV) radiation plays the most important role in BCC pathogenesis, although the relationship between UV radiation and BCC development remains highly controversial. […] SCC is characterized by atypical proliferation of invasive squamous cells, which could metastatize. […] However, the most important risk factor is represented by UV radiation and sunlight. […] Individuals who develop BCC have an elevated risk of developing new foci of BCC, as well as other types of skin cancer, including melanoma and SCC. […] In the pathogenesis of NMSC and AKs different factors play an important role, including UV rays, X-rays, HPV, arsenic compounds, and other chemical products.

• #4 The incidence and clinical analysis of non-melanoma skin cancer | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-83502-8

  Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) are the most common malignancies diagnosed in Caucasian populations. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most frequent skin cancer, followed by squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). […] Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) are the most common human malignancies, with steadily rising incidence. The term NMSC refers to all non-melanoma malignant neoplasms affecting the skin. The main types of NMSC, basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), account for about 99% of all NMSCs. […] Although NMSC are 1820 times more frequent than cutaneous melanoma, there is little epidemiological data for those tumour types. […] The rising trend in the incidence of BCCs and SCCs may be due to numerous factors. An improved consciousness of cutaneous malignancies in the overall population due to skin cancer prevention campaigns may have led to more skin diagnoses and examinations of previously undiagnosed NMSC.

• #5 Non-melanoma skin cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4954336/

  Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) comprises basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma, together with a host of rare tumours. NMSC is the commonest malignancy among Caucasians and its incidence continues to rise annually. Exposure to UV radiation initiates approximately 90% of NMSC, causing malignant transformation of keratinocytes and suppression of the inflammatory response. Risk factors include sun exposure and immunosuppression. […] Risk factors for non-melanoma skin cancer are fair skin, genetic susceptibility, living in areas of high ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure, previous occurrence, age and male sex. […] Exposure to UV radiation initiates approximately 90% of NMSCs. Both BCC and SCC result from the malignant transformation of keratinocytes and suppression of the cutaneous inflammatory response. Iatrogenic immunosuppression following organ transplantation results in a greater incidence of NMSC, with reversal of the BCC: SCC ratio and occurrence of more aggressive SCC. Caucasian transplant recipients have an increased risk of 65250 times for SCC and 1016 times for BCC.

• #6 Basal Cell Carcinoma Risk Factors

  https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/basal-cell-carcinoma/bcc-causes-and-risk-factors/

  Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is caused by damage and subsequent DNA changes to the basal cells in the outermost layer of skin. Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun and indoor tanning is the major cause of BCCs and most skin cancers. […] 90% of nonmelanoma skin cancers (mainly BCCs and SCCs) are associated with exposure to UV radiation from the sun. […] Tanning beds emit UV radiation that is dangerous and raises your risk of developing BCC. […] If you’ve already had a BCC, you are at risk for developing others over the years, either in the same area or elsewhere on the body. You are also at increased risk of developing other forms of skin cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and melanoma. […] As you age, you accumulate sun exposure and sun damage, raising your risk of developing BCC.

• #7 Basal and Squamous Cell Carcinoma | Non-melanoma skin cancer | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/non-melanoma-skin-cancer

  Non-melanoma skin cancers, now called keratinocyte cancers, are the most common cancers in Australia, however most are not life-threatening. […] Skin cancer occurs when skin cells are damaged, for example, by overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. Between 95% and 99% of skin cancers in Australia are caused by exposure to the sun. The risk of skin cancer is increased for people who have: increased numbers of unusual moles (dysplastic naevi), fair skin, a tendency to burn rather than tan, freckles, light eye colour, light or red hair colour, had a previous skin cancer.

• #8 Skin cancer (non-melanoma) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/skin-cancer-non-melanoma/

  Non-melanoma skin cancer is mainly caused by overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. UV light comes from the sun, as well as artificial sunbeds and sunlamps. […] In addition to UV light overexposure, there are certain things that can increase your chances of developing non-melanoma skin cancer, such as a family history of the condition, pale skin that burns easily, and a large number of moles or freckles. […] Most skin cancer is caused by ultraviolet (UV) light damaging the DNA in skin cells. The main source of UV light is sunlight. […] UVC is filtered out by the Earth’s atmosphere but UVA and UVB damage skin over time, making it more likely for skin cancers to develop. UVB is thought to be the main cause of non-melanoma skin cancer. […] Artificial sources of light, such as sunlamps and tanning beds, also increase your risk of developing skin cancer.

• #9 Skin cancer: Causes, types, prevention and treatment | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/health/skin-cancer-causes-types-prevention-and-treatment

  Skin cancer, the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the skin, is mainly caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun and tanning equipment. […] Skin cancers are primarily caused by exposure to DNA-damaging ultraviolet (UV) radiation. […] Sun exposure and tanning bed use are major risk factors in its development, according to the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD). […] Most skin cancers are caused by UV exposure that damages the DNA of skin cells. […] So people who get too much sun or sunburns have a higher risk for skin cancer, as all wavelengths of UV radiation that reach the Earth’s surface, including UVA and UVB, accelerate skin aging and promote skin cancer development, according to the World Health Organization. […] Indoor tanning equipment, such as sunbeds and tanning lamps, is another source of harmful UV radiation.

• #10 Learn All About Skin Cancer Causes

  https://www.melanomascan.com.au/FAQ/what-causes-skin-cancer.html

  The vast majority of skin cancers are caused by exposure to ultraviolet light in the form of sun exposure but also from artificial sources such as solariums and arc welding. […] Other causes of skin cancer include exposure to cancer causing chemicals such as arsenic, or ionising radiation. […] Non-melanoma skin cancer, which includes basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, is the most common form of skin cancer. […] Non-melanoma skin cancer typically develops in the top layer of the skin and is often associated with UV exposure and cumulative sun damage. […] Individuals with fair skin, a history of sunburns, or prolonged sun exposure are at an increased risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer compared to people with dark skin. […] Practicing sun protection measures such as wearing sunscreen, protective clothing, and seeking shade can help reduce the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer.

• #11 Skin cancer (non-melanoma) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/skin-cancer-non-melanoma/

  Non-melanoma skin cancer is mainly caused by overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. UV light comes from the sun, as well as artificial sunbeds and sunlamps. […] In addition to UV light overexposure, there are certain things that can increase your chances of developing non-melanoma skin cancer, such as a family history of the condition, pale skin that burns easily, and a large number of moles or freckles. […] Most skin cancer is caused by ultraviolet (UV) light damaging the DNA in skin cells. The main source of UV light is sunlight. […] UVC is filtered out by the Earth’s atmosphere but UVA and UVB damage skin over time, making it more likely for skin cancers to develop. UVB is thought to be the main cause of non-melanoma skin cancer. […] Artificial sources of light, such as sunlamps and tanning beds, also increase your risk of developing skin cancer.

• #12

  https://111.wales.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/c/article/canceroftheskinnonmelanoma/

  Skin cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. Non-melanoma skin cancer refers to a group of cancers that slowly develop in the upper layers of the skin. […] Overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) light is the main cause of non-melanoma skin cancer. UV light comes from the sun, as well as from artificial tanning sunbeds and sunlamps. […] Other risk factors that can increase your chances of developing non-melanoma skin cancer include having: a previous non-melanoma skin cancer, a family history of skin cancer, pale skin that burns easily, a large number of moles or freckles, medication that suppresses your immune system, a co-existing medical condition that suppresses your immune system. […] Most skin cancer is caused by ultraviolet (UV) light damaging the DNA in skin cells. The main source of UV light is sunlight.

• #13 Risk factors for non-melanoma skin cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/skin-non-melanoma/risks

  Being in contact with ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the most important risk factor for developing skin cancer. The sun is the main source of UVR. Indoor tanning equipment, such as tanning beds and sun lamps, is also a source of UVR. […] Most cases of non-melanoma skin cancer are caused by contact with UVR from the sun over a long time. […] BCC is most common in people with a fair complexion. It has been most strongly linked to on-and-off exposure to UVR, sunburns and overexposure during the childhood or teenage years. […] SCC is most strongly linked to total lifetime sun exposure. This includes recreational and work-related exposure and being exposed to UVR a lot during childhood. […] People with fair or light-coloured skin have a higher risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer than people with other skin types.

• #14 Non Melanoma Skin Cancer Pathogenesis Overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5874663/

  As reported by several papers, the primary risk factor for cutaneous carcinogenesis is cumulative UV exposure from sunlight and/or tanning beds, which lead to UV-induced alteration in skin protein expression. […] Chronic exposure to nonionizing solar radiation, specifically UVA and UVB, is the most important risk factor in BCC pathogenesis. […] It has been suggested that exposure to chronic UVB radiation determines heparanase activation, which causes the degradation of heparin sulfate and increments the interaction between the epidermal growth factor and the dermis. […] As reported by several papers, X-rays play a role in the pathogenesis of NMSC. […] The risk of developing SCC is also increased by exposure to carcinogenic chemicals, above all arsenic. […] Immunosuppression also plays a role in carcinogenesis, leading to an easier NMSC development.

• #15

  https://www.who.int/news/item/08-11-2023-working-under-the-sun-causes-1-in-3-deaths-from-non-melanoma-skin-cancer–say-who-and-ilo

  Niecałe 1 na 3 zgony z powodu raka skóry nie-melanomowego jest spowodowane pracą na słońcu, według wspólnych szacunków Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia (WHO) i Międzynarodowej Organizacji Pracy (ILO) opublikowanych dzisiaj. […] Niekontrolowane narażenie na promieniowanie ultrafioletowe słoneczne w pracy jest główną przyczyną zawodowego raka skóry, powiedział Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, dyrektor generalny WHO. […] Szacunki ustalają zawodowe narażenie na promieniowanie ultrafioletowe słoneczne jako czynnik ryzyka związany z pracą, który ma trzeci najwyższy przypisany ciężar zgonów z powodu raka na świecie. […] WHO wzywa do większych działań w celu ochrony pracowników przed niebezpieczną pracą na świeżym powietrzu w świetle słonecznym. […] Te szacunki opierają się na niedawno opublikowanym raporcie WHO z przeglądem systematycznym i metaanalizą, który podkreślił, że zawodowe narażenie na promieniowanie ultrafioletowe słoneczne wiąże się z szacunkowym 60% zwiększonym ryzykiem rozwoju raka skóry nie-melanomowego.

• #16

  https://www.who.int/news/item/08-11-2023-working-under-the-sun-causes-1-in-3-deaths-from-non-melanoma-skin-cancer–say-who-and-ilo

  Niecałe 1 na 3 zgony z powodu raka skóry nie-melanomowego jest spowodowane pracą na słońcu, według wspólnych szacunków Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia (WHO) i Międzynarodowej Organizacji Pracy (ILO) opublikowanych dzisiaj. […] Niekontrolowane narażenie na promieniowanie ultrafioletowe słoneczne w pracy jest główną przyczyną zawodowego raka skóry, powiedział Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, dyrektor generalny WHO. […] Szacunki ustalają zawodowe narażenie na promieniowanie ultrafioletowe słoneczne jako czynnik ryzyka związany z pracą, który ma trzeci najwyższy przypisany ciężar zgonów z powodu raka na świecie. […] WHO wzywa do większych działań w celu ochrony pracowników przed niebezpieczną pracą na świeżym powietrzu w świetle słonecznym. […] Te szacunki opierają się na niedawno opublikowanym raporcie WHO z przeglądem systematycznym i metaanalizą, który podkreślił, że zawodowe narażenie na promieniowanie ultrafioletowe słoneczne wiąże się z szacunkowym 60% zwiększonym ryzykiem rozwoju raka skóry nie-melanomowego.

• #17 Risks and causes | Skin cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/skin-cancer/risks-causes

  Most non melanoma skin cancers don’t run in families. But research has found some families seem to have a higher number than normal. […] You have an increased risk of developing a squamous cell skin cancer (SCC) if one of your parents has had a SCC. People who have a family history of melanoma have an increased risk of basal cell skin cancer (BCC). […] People with certain skin conditions can be more likely to develop skin cancer. […] Solar keratosis is also called actinic keratosis. It’s caused by many years of sun exposure. […] People at higher risk of developing solar keratosis include those who work outdoors, are fair skinned, have red or blonde hair and who burn easily. […] This is a very rare inherited genetic skin condition. It is usually there at birth, but it can appear during the teen years. Your skin cannot repair damage from the sun if you have this condition.

• #18 Risks and causes | Skin cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/skin-cancer/risks-causes

  Most non melanoma skin cancers don’t run in families. But research has found some families seem to have a higher number than normal. […] You have an increased risk of developing a squamous cell skin cancer (SCC) if one of your parents has had a SCC. People who have a family history of melanoma have an increased risk of basal cell skin cancer (BCC). […] People with certain skin conditions can be more likely to develop skin cancer. […] Solar keratosis is also called actinic keratosis. It’s caused by many years of sun exposure. […] People at higher risk of developing solar keratosis include those who work outdoors, are fair skinned, have red or blonde hair and who burn easily. […] This is a very rare inherited genetic skin condition. It is usually there at birth, but it can appear during the teen years. Your skin cannot repair damage from the sun if you have this condition.

• #19 Basal and Squamous Cell Skin Cancer Risk Factors | Skin Cancer Risks | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/basal-and-squamous-cell-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Scars from severe burns, areas of skin over serious bone infections, and skin damaged by some severe inflammatory skin diseases are more likely to develop skin cancers (mostly squamous cell cancers), although this risk is generally small. […] Psoralens and ultraviolet light (PUVA) treatments given to some people with psoriasis (a chronic inflammatory skin disease) can increase the risk of developing squamous cell skin cancer and probably other skin cancers. […] This very rare inherited condition reduces the ability of skin cells to repair DNA damage caused by sun exposure. […] In this rare congenital (present at birth) condition, people develop many basal cell cancers over their lifetime. […] Several other genetic syndromes have also been linked with an increased risk of skin cancer. […] The immune system helps the body fight cancers of the skin and other organs. […] Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a group of more than 150 viruses, many of which can cause papillomas, or warts. […] People who smoke are more likely to develop squamous cell skin cancer, especially on the lips.

• #20 Basal and Squamous Cell Skin Cancer Risk Factors | Skin Cancer Risks | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/basal-and-squamous-cell-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Scars from severe burns, areas of skin over serious bone infections, and skin damaged by some severe inflammatory skin diseases are more likely to develop skin cancers (mostly squamous cell cancers), although this risk is generally small. […] Psoralens and ultraviolet light (PUVA) treatments given to some people with psoriasis (a chronic inflammatory skin disease) can increase the risk of developing squamous cell skin cancer and probably other skin cancers. […] This very rare inherited condition reduces the ability of skin cells to repair DNA damage caused by sun exposure. […] In this rare congenital (present at birth) condition, people develop many basal cell cancers over their lifetime. […] Several other genetic syndromes have also been linked with an increased risk of skin cancer. […] The immune system helps the body fight cancers of the skin and other organs. […] Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a group of more than 150 viruses, many of which can cause papillomas, or warts. […] People who smoke are more likely to develop squamous cell skin cancer, especially on the lips.

• #21 Basal Cell Carcinoma: What it is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4581-basal-cell-carcinoma

  Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a type of skin cancer that forms in the basal cells of your skin. […] A change to your DNA causes basal cell carcinoma. This change usually happens after your skin has too much exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from sunlight or tanning beds. […] If a mutation affects one of your genes, your DNA wont have the instructions to make new cells as it should. […] A rare inherited condition called basal cell nevus syndrome (Gorlin syndrome) causes BCC to appear in childhood.

• #22 Risks and causes | Skin cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/skin-cancer/risks-causes

  Skin cancer is more common in people with white skin. This is because they have less of the protective pigment called melanin. People with black skin are less likely to get skin cancer but can still get it. […] Albinism is an inherited genetic condition where the skin makes no melanin at all. People with albinism have very white skin and pale blonde hair. They’re at higher than average risk of skin cancer. This is because their skin has no natural protection against the sun. […] Sunbeds produce ultraviolet light which damages the skin. Research has shown that using a sunbed causes melanoma. There is now evidence to say that sunbeds might increase the risk of non melanoma skin cancer. […] People who have already had a skin cancer have a greater risk of getting another one compared to someone who hasn’t had one. Researchers think this is most likely because of sun exposure.

• #23 Advanced and Metastatic Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Clinical Features, and Treatment Options

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/7/1448

  Outside of sun exposure, a history of skin cancer (particularly cSCC or previous BCC), age over 50, fair skin, and male gender, for example, are all considerable risk factors for BCC. […] Interestingly, other factors include exposure to certain medications (e.g., Hydrochlorothiazide), arsenic, or immune suppression. Additionally, genetics plays a part in the development of BCC. Inherited syndromes particularly increase the risk of BCC. […] Beyond inherited syndromes and recent reports, a high proportion of BCCs showed modifications in the hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway. The HH signaling pathway is crucial for the proper development of bodily structures such as the axial skeleton, skin, or hair. […] Thus, inappropriate activation of HH has been linked to the development of BCC and other cancers, such as pancreatic cancer or medulloblastoma.

• #24 Non Melanoma Skin Cancer Pathogenesis Overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5874663/

  It has been reported that several class I and class II HLA allele groups were associated with SCC in immunosuppressed patients, including HLA-B*27, HLA-A*03 and HLA-DQA1*01. […] Therefore, it could be concluded that all AK lesions are potentially invasive. […] The process of skin carcinogenesis is still not fully understood. However, several studies have been conducted to better explain the mechanisms that lead to malignancy. […] One shared characteristic of skin cancer is that, according to the current views, they all are caused by solar or artificial ultraviolet radiation (UVR). […] Although skin carcinogenesis is still not fully understood, several papers have demonstrated the presence of genetic and molecular alterations involved in this process. […] Improving knowledge on skin cancer pathogenesis will improve NMSC management with a focus on prevention, screening, diagnosis, and staging.

• #25 Genetic Determinants of UV-Susceptibility in Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0020019

  In this study, we analyzed purported functional variants in 10 key mediators of UV-induced immunosuppression and risk of NMSC, including investigation of both single and multiple gene effects. […] We have investigated the effects of multiple functional variants in genes of the UV-induced immunosuppression pathway in non-melanoma skin cancer etiology. […] In men, skin type, burns, IL10, IL4R, and possibly TNFR2 were associated with both BCC and SCC. In women, skin type, burns, and IL10 were related to risk of SCC and BCC, and risk of BCC additionally included HTR2A, IL12B and IL4R. […] MDR and CART analyses identified IL10 and IL4R haplotypes as being related to both BCC and SCC.

• #26 Risk factors for non-melanoma skin cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/skin-non-melanoma/risks

  People who have already had skin cancer (non-melanoma or melanoma) have a greater risk of developing another skin cancer, including BCC and SCC. […] People who had radiation therapy (a source of ionizing radiation) have a greater risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer in the treatment area. […] Coming into contact with arsenic increases the risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer. […] Working with certain products increases the risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer. […] PUVA therapy is a treatment used for skin conditions such as psoriasis. […] Xeroderma pigmentosum is a hereditary condition that affects the skin so it can’t repair sun damage. […] People with a weakened immune system have a higher risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer.

• #27 Skin cancer: Causes, types, prevention and treatment | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/health/skin-cancer-causes-types-prevention-and-treatment

  UV rays damage genes. If UV causes mutations in genes that control the growth of skin cells or those involved in tumor suppression or DNA repair, it can lead to cancer, according to a 2010 review in the International Journal of Dermatology. […] Arsenic is another cause of skin cancer, according to a 2010 review published in the journal Cancers. […] Non-melanoma skin cancers don’t usually run in families, but people with a family history of melanoma face a higher-than-average risk of developing the disease themselves.

• #28 Skin Cancer: Melanoma, Basal Cell, and Squamous Cell Carcinoma

  https://www.webmd.com/melanoma-skin-cancer/skin-cancer

  Skin cancer causes include ultraviolet (UV) light exposure, most commonly from sunlight, which is overwhelmingly the most frequent cause of skin cancer. […] Other important causes of skin cancer include the following: use of tanning booths, immunosuppression, or impairment of the immune system, exposure to unusually high levels of radiation, such as from X-rays, and contact with certain chemicals, such as arsenic and hydrocarbons in tar, oils, and soot. […] The following people are at the greatest risk of skin cancer: people with fair skin, especially types that freckle, sunburn easily, or become painful in the sun; people with light (blond or red) hair and blue or green eyes; those with certain genetic disorders that deplete skin pigment, such as albinism and xeroderma pigmentosum; people who have already been treated for skin cancer; people with numerous moles, unusual moles, or large moles that were present at birth; people with close family members who have developed skin cancer; people who had at least one severe sunburn early in life; people with burns unrelated to sunburn; and people with indoor occupations and outdoor recreational habits.

• #29 Skin cancer | World Cancer Research Fund

  https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/skin-cancer/

  Medicines used to suppress the immune system after an organ transplant are associated with a higher risk of skin cancers, particularly squamous cell carcinoma. […] Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls chemicals – used in the plastic and chemical industries – is strongly associated with an increased risk of skin cancer. […] Some rare mutations in specific genes can lead to skin cancer. Having a family history of skin cancer also increases the risk. […] Being tall increases the risk of malignant melanoma skin cancer.

• #30 Skin cancer (non-melanoma) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/skin-cancer-non-melanoma/

  Repeated sunburn, either by the sun or artificial sources of light, will make your skin more vulnerable to non-melanoma skin cancer. […] Research suggests that if you have 2 or more close relatives who have had non-melanoma skin cancer, your chances of developing the condition may be increased. […] Certain factors are believed to increase your chances of developing all types of skin cancer, including pale skin that does not tan easily, red or blonde hair, blue eyes, older age, a large number of moles, a large number of freckles, an area of skin previously damaged by burning or radiotherapy treatment, a condition that suppresses your immune system, such as HIV, medicines that suppress your immune system, commonly used after organ transplants, exposure to certain chemicals, such as creosote and arsenic, and a previous diagnosis of skin cancer.

• #31 Risk factors for non-melanoma skin cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/skin-non-melanoma/risks

  People who have already had skin cancer (non-melanoma or melanoma) have a greater risk of developing another skin cancer, including BCC and SCC. […] People who had radiation therapy (a source of ionizing radiation) have a greater risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer in the treatment area. […] Coming into contact with arsenic increases the risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer. […] Working with certain products increases the risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer. […] PUVA therapy is a treatment used for skin conditions such as psoriasis. […] Xeroderma pigmentosum is a hereditary condition that affects the skin so it can’t repair sun damage. […] People with a weakened immune system have a higher risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer.

• #32 Risks and causes | Skin cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/skin-cancer/risks-causes

  Some treatments for psoriasis, such as psoralen ultraviolet light treatment (PUVA), increase your risk as they use ultraviolet light. […] One of the most common types of eczema is atopic dermatitis. It might be treated with ultraviolet light treatment and a drug called methoxsalen (a type of psoralen), which increases the risk of non melanoma skin cancer. […] You are more at risk of developing a non melanoma skin cancer in an area where you have had radiotherapy treatment. […] You also have a slightly increased risk of non melanoma skin cancer if you have been exposed to radiation through your job. […] Having a weakened immune system may increase your risk of skin cancer in the future if you have had an organ or a bone marrow transplant and are taking drugs to stop rejection. […] Human papilloma virus (HPV) is a common virus that has several different strains. It plays an important part in the development of skin cancer. […] Some occupations and working with particular chemicals can increase your risk of skin cancer.

• #33 Non Melanoma Skin Cancer Pathogenesis Overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5874663/

  As reported by several papers, the primary risk factor for cutaneous carcinogenesis is cumulative UV exposure from sunlight and/or tanning beds, which lead to UV-induced alteration in skin protein expression. […] Chronic exposure to nonionizing solar radiation, specifically UVA and UVB, is the most important risk factor in BCC pathogenesis. […] It has been suggested that exposure to chronic UVB radiation determines heparanase activation, which causes the degradation of heparin sulfate and increments the interaction between the epidermal growth factor and the dermis. […] As reported by several papers, X-rays play a role in the pathogenesis of NMSC. […] The risk of developing SCC is also increased by exposure to carcinogenic chemicals, above all arsenic. […] Immunosuppression also plays a role in carcinogenesis, leading to an easier NMSC development.

• #34 Risks and causes | Skin cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/skin-cancer/risks-causes

  Most non melanoma skin cancers are caused by exposure to the sun. This may be long term exposure, or short periods of intense sun exposure and burning. […] The older you are, the more likely you are to develop non melanoma skin cancer. But skin cancers can develop in younger people too. […] Most skin cancers are caused by exposure to the sun. This may be long term exposure, or short periods of intense sun exposure and burning. The ultraviolet light in sunlight damages the DNA in the skin cells. This damage can happen years before a cancer develops. […] A history of sunburn increases your risk of skin cancer. The risk is especially high if you were sunburnt several times during your childhood. People who work outside such as farm workers, gardeners and building site workers are also at an increased risk of non melanoma skin cancer.

• #35 Risk factors for non-melanoma skin cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/skin-non-melanoma/risks

  People who have already had skin cancer (non-melanoma or melanoma) have a greater risk of developing another skin cancer, including BCC and SCC. […] People who had radiation therapy (a source of ionizing radiation) have a greater risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer in the treatment area. […] Coming into contact with arsenic increases the risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer. […] Working with certain products increases the risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer. […] PUVA therapy is a treatment used for skin conditions such as psoriasis. […] Xeroderma pigmentosum is a hereditary condition that affects the skin so it can’t repair sun damage. […] People with a weakened immune system have a higher risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer.

• #36 Non-melanoma skin cancer | informedhealth.org

  https://www.informedhealth.org/non-melanoma-skin-cancer.html

  Squamous cell carcinoma and the abnormal changes in the skin that can lead to it known as actinic keratosis have been acknowledged as occupational diseases since early 2015. People who spend a lot of time being exposed to UV light because they work outdoors are more likely to develop this type of non-melanoma cancer.

• #37 Causes of non-melanoma skin cancer – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/non-melanoma-skin-cancer/causes/

  Ultraviolet (UV) light is the most common cause of non-melanoma skin cancer. […] Non-melanoma skin cancer is more common in older people, but younger people can also get it. […] You’re also more likely to get non-melanoma skin cancer if you have: pale skin that burns easily in the sun, red or fair hair, blue or green eyes, a large number of freckles or moles, had a lot of sun exposure and you’ve had sunburn a lot in the past, used sunbeds a lot, a history of skin cancer in your family or you’ve had skin cancer before. […] If you have brown or black skin, you have a lower chance of getting non-melanoma skin cancer, but you can still get it.

• #38 Causes of non-melanoma skin cancer – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/non-melanoma-skin-cancer/causes/

  Ultraviolet (UV) light is the most common cause of non-melanoma skin cancer. […] Non-melanoma skin cancer is more common in older people, but younger people can also get it. […] You’re also more likely to get non-melanoma skin cancer if you have: pale skin that burns easily in the sun, red or fair hair, blue or green eyes, a large number of freckles or moles, had a lot of sun exposure and you’ve had sunburn a lot in the past, used sunbeds a lot, a history of skin cancer in your family or you’ve had skin cancer before. […] If you have brown or black skin, you have a lower chance of getting non-melanoma skin cancer, but you can still get it.

• #39 Causes of non-melanoma skin cancer – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/non-melanoma-skin-cancer/causes/

  Ultraviolet (UV) light is the most common cause of non-melanoma skin cancer. […] Non-melanoma skin cancer is more common in older people, but younger people can also get it. […] You’re also more likely to get non-melanoma skin cancer if you have: pale skin that burns easily in the sun, red or fair hair, blue or green eyes, a large number of freckles or moles, had a lot of sun exposure and you’ve had sunburn a lot in the past, used sunbeds a lot, a history of skin cancer in your family or you’ve had skin cancer before. […] If you have brown or black skin, you have a lower chance of getting non-melanoma skin cancer, but you can still get it.

• #40 Causes of non-melanoma skin cancer – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/non-melanoma-skin-cancer/causes/

  Ultraviolet (UV) light is the most common cause of non-melanoma skin cancer. […] Non-melanoma skin cancer is more common in older people, but younger people can also get it. […] You’re also more likely to get non-melanoma skin cancer if you have: pale skin that burns easily in the sun, red or fair hair, blue or green eyes, a large number of freckles or moles, had a lot of sun exposure and you’ve had sunburn a lot in the past, used sunbeds a lot, a history of skin cancer in your family or you’ve had skin cancer before. […] If you have brown or black skin, you have a lower chance of getting non-melanoma skin cancer, but you can still get it.

• #41 Risk factors for non-melanoma skin cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/skin-non-melanoma/risks

  A risk factor is something that increases the risk of developing cancer. It could be a behaviour, substance or condition. Most cancers are the result of many risk factors. The most important risk factor for non-melanoma skin cancer is ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from the sun and indoor tanning. […] Statistics for non-melanoma skin cancers show that the chance of developing non-melanoma skin cancer increases with age. Most new cases are diagnosed in people between 80 and 90 years of age. […] Of the most common types of non-melanoma skin cancer, basal cell carcinoma (BCC) seems to affect men and women equally, and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is diagnosed more often in men. […] Some of the risk factors for non-melanoma skin cancer may also cause actinic keratosis. […] There is convincing evidence that the following factors increase your risk for non-melanoma skin cancer.

• #42 Basal and Squamous Cell Skin Cancer Risk Factors | Skin Cancer Risks | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/basal-and-squamous-cell-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Several risk factors make a person more likely to get basal cell or squamous cell skin cancer. […] Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays is a major risk factor for most skin cancers. […] Anyone can get skin cancer, but people with light-colored skin have a much higher risk than people with naturally darker skin color. […] The risk of getting basal and squamous cell skin cancers rises as people get older. […] Men are more likely than women to get basal and squamous cell cancers of the skin. […] Being exposed to large amounts of arsenic increases the risk of developing skin cancer. […] People who have had radiation treatment have a higher risk of developing skin cancer in the area where the radiation was focused. […] People who have had a basal or squamous cell cancer have a much higher chance of developing another one.

• #43 Basal and Squamous Cell Skin Cancer Risk Factors | Skin Cancer Risks | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/basal-and-squamous-cell-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Several risk factors make a person more likely to get basal cell or squamous cell skin cancer. […] Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays is a major risk factor for most skin cancers. […] Anyone can get skin cancer, but people with light-colored skin have a much higher risk than people with naturally darker skin color. […] The risk of getting basal and squamous cell skin cancers rises as people get older. […] Men are more likely than women to get basal and squamous cell cancers of the skin. […] Being exposed to large amounts of arsenic increases the risk of developing skin cancer. […] People who have had radiation treatment have a higher risk of developing skin cancer in the area where the radiation was focused. […] People who have had a basal or squamous cell cancer have a much higher chance of developing another one.

• #44 Skin Cancer: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/skin-cancer

  Caucasians are at greater risk of developing cancer than people with darker skin. The risk of skin cancer is also higher for individuals with blond or red hair, blue or green eyes, or fair skin that burns or freckles easily. […] Skin cancer risks increase as you age, likely due to accumulated UV radiation from sun exposure. […] People who live in areas with bright, year-round sun exposure, or those who spend a lot of time outdoors without sun protection or sunscreen, are at greater risk. Early exposure, particularly for people who had frequent sunburns during childhood, also increases skin cancer risks. […] Men are twice as likely to develop basal cell carcinomas and three times more likely to develop squamous cell carcinomas than women.

• #45 Risk factors for non-melanoma skin cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/skin-non-melanoma/risks

  People who have already had skin cancer (non-melanoma or melanoma) have a greater risk of developing another skin cancer, including BCC and SCC. […] People who had radiation therapy (a source of ionizing radiation) have a greater risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer in the treatment area. […] Coming into contact with arsenic increases the risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer. […] Working with certain products increases the risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer. […] PUVA therapy is a treatment used for skin conditions such as psoriasis. […] Xeroderma pigmentosum is a hereditary condition that affects the skin so it can’t repair sun damage. […] People with a weakened immune system have a higher risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer.

• #46 Risks and causes | Skin cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/skin-cancer/risks-causes

  Skin cancer is more common in people with white skin. This is because they have less of the protective pigment called melanin. People with black skin are less likely to get skin cancer but can still get it. […] Albinism is an inherited genetic condition where the skin makes no melanin at all. People with albinism have very white skin and pale blonde hair. They’re at higher than average risk of skin cancer. This is because their skin has no natural protection against the sun. […] Sunbeds produce ultraviolet light which damages the skin. Research has shown that using a sunbed causes melanoma. There is now evidence to say that sunbeds might increase the risk of non melanoma skin cancer. […] People who have already had a skin cancer have a greater risk of getting another one compared to someone who hasn’t had one. Researchers think this is most likely because of sun exposure.

• #47 Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers | Huntsman Cancer Institute | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/huntsmancancerinstitute/skin-cancer/non-melanoma-skin-cancers

  Skin cancer is a disease in which cancerous cells form in the tissues of the dermis, or skin. Different types of cancer start in the skin. The most common types of non-melanoma skin cancers are basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. […] The chance of getting skin cancer increases with sun exposure. These are other risk factors: A personal history of skin cancer, A family history of skin cancer or unusual moles (atypical nevus syndrome), Having had sunburns that blistered, especially as a child or teenager, Having several large or small moles, Having fair skin that freckles and burns easily, does not tan or tans poorly, light-colored eyes, and/or red or blond hair, Having radiation treatments in the past, Having actinic keratosis, Having a weakened immune system.

• #48 Risks and causes | Skin cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/skin-cancer/risks-causes

  Most non melanoma skin cancers don’t run in families. But research has found some families seem to have a higher number than normal. […] You have an increased risk of developing a squamous cell skin cancer (SCC) if one of your parents has had a SCC. People who have a family history of melanoma have an increased risk of basal cell skin cancer (BCC). […] People with certain skin conditions can be more likely to develop skin cancer. […] Solar keratosis is also called actinic keratosis. It’s caused by many years of sun exposure. […] People at higher risk of developing solar keratosis include those who work outdoors, are fair skinned, have red or blonde hair and who burn easily. […] This is a very rare inherited genetic skin condition. It is usually there at birth, but it can appear during the teen years. Your skin cannot repair damage from the sun if you have this condition.

• #49 What is Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer?

  https://www.thesunbus.org/what-is-non-melanoma-skin-cancer

  Both SCC and BCC are highly treatable if caught early. […] SCC develop when keratinocyte stem cells accumulate mutations and other genetic changes that make them susceptible to becoming cancerous. […] Organ transplant recipients are 200 times more likely to have multiple aggressive SCC than the general population. […] Actinic keratoses are considered pre-cursors of SCC and are often treated. […] SCC in situ appears as reddish, scaly patches and is often treated because it can progress to SCC.

• #50 What is Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer?

  https://www.thesunbus.org/what-is-non-melanoma-skin-cancer

  Both SCC and BCC are highly treatable if caught early. […] SCC develop when keratinocyte stem cells accumulate mutations and other genetic changes that make them susceptible to becoming cancerous. […] Organ transplant recipients are 200 times more likely to have multiple aggressive SCC than the general population. […] Actinic keratoses are considered pre-cursors of SCC and are often treated. […] SCC in situ appears as reddish, scaly patches and is often treated because it can progress to SCC.

• #51 Non-melanoma skin cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4954336/

  Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) comprises basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma, together with a host of rare tumours. NMSC is the commonest malignancy among Caucasians and its incidence continues to rise annually. Exposure to UV radiation initiates approximately 90% of NMSC, causing malignant transformation of keratinocytes and suppression of the inflammatory response. Risk factors include sun exposure and immunosuppression. […] Risk factors for non-melanoma skin cancer are fair skin, genetic susceptibility, living in areas of high ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure, previous occurrence, age and male sex. […] Exposure to UV radiation initiates approximately 90% of NMSCs. Both BCC and SCC result from the malignant transformation of keratinocytes and suppression of the cutaneous inflammatory response. Iatrogenic immunosuppression following organ transplantation results in a greater incidence of NMSC, with reversal of the BCC: SCC ratio and occurrence of more aggressive SCC. Caucasian transplant recipients have an increased risk of 65250 times for SCC and 1016 times for BCC.

• #52 Skin Cancer Facts & Statistics

  https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/skin-cancer-facts/

  More than 5.4 million cases of nonmelanoma skin cancer were treated in over 3.3 million people in the U.S. in 2012, still considered the best estimate to date. […] About 90 percent of nonmelanoma skin cancers are associated with exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. […] The diagnosis and treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancers in the U.S. increased by 77 percent between 1994 and 2014. […] Organ transplant patients are approximately 100 times more likely than the general public to develop squamous cell carcinoma. […] More than 5,400 people worldwide die of nonmelanoma skin cancer every month.

• #53 Skin cancer (non-melanoma) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/skin-cancer-non-melanoma/

  Repeated sunburn, either by the sun or artificial sources of light, will make your skin more vulnerable to non-melanoma skin cancer. […] Research suggests that if you have 2 or more close relatives who have had non-melanoma skin cancer, your chances of developing the condition may be increased. […] Certain factors are believed to increase your chances of developing all types of skin cancer, including pale skin that does not tan easily, red or blonde hair, blue eyes, older age, a large number of moles, a large number of freckles, an area of skin previously damaged by burning or radiotherapy treatment, a condition that suppresses your immune system, such as HIV, medicines that suppress your immune system, commonly used after organ transplants, exposure to certain chemicals, such as creosote and arsenic, and a previous diagnosis of skin cancer.

• #54 Skin cancer

  https://www.cancervic.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/skin_cancers_non_melanoma/skin-cancer-overview.html

  Over 95% of skin cancers are caused by exposure to UV radiation. […] Non-melanoma skin cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in Australia. […] Many factors can increase your risk, including having: pale or freckled skin, especially if it burns easily and doesn’t tan; red or fair hair and light-coloured eyes (blue or green); unprotected exposure to UV radiation, particularly a pattern of short, intense periods of sun exposure and sunburn, such as on weekends and holidays; actively tanned, sunbaked or used solariums; worked outdoors or spent a lot of time outside (e.g. gardening or golfing); been exposed to arsenic; a weakened immune system this may be from having leukaemia or lymphoma or using immunosuppressive medicines (e.g. for rheumatoid arthritis, another autoimmune disease or for an organ transplant); lots of moles, or moles with an irregular shape and uneven colour; a previous skin cancer or a family history of skin cancer; certain skin conditions such as sunspots, because they show that you have had a lot of skin damage from exposure to the sun; smoked cigarettes, as smoking has been linked to a possible increase in skin cancer risk. […] People with brown, black, olive or very dark skin have more protection against UV radiation because their skin produces more melanin than fair skin does. However, they can still develop skin cancer.

• #55 Basal and Squamous Cell Skin Cancer Risk Factors | Skin Cancer Risks | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/basal-and-squamous-cell-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Scars from severe burns, areas of skin over serious bone infections, and skin damaged by some severe inflammatory skin diseases are more likely to develop skin cancers (mostly squamous cell cancers), although this risk is generally small. […] Psoralens and ultraviolet light (PUVA) treatments given to some people with psoriasis (a chronic inflammatory skin disease) can increase the risk of developing squamous cell skin cancer and probably other skin cancers. […] This very rare inherited condition reduces the ability of skin cells to repair DNA damage caused by sun exposure. […] In this rare congenital (present at birth) condition, people develop many basal cell cancers over their lifetime. […] Several other genetic syndromes have also been linked with an increased risk of skin cancer. […] The immune system helps the body fight cancers of the skin and other organs. […] Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a group of more than 150 viruses, many of which can cause papillomas, or warts. […] People who smoke are more likely to develop squamous cell skin cancer, especially on the lips.

• #56 A closer look at nonmelanoma forms of skin cancer | Parkview Health

  https://www.parkview.com/blog/a-closer-look-at-nonmelanoma-forms-of-skin-cancer

  Basal cell carcinoma is the most common form of nonmelanoma skin cancer. […] The most common cause of most skin cancer is far and away the result of ultraviolet radiation exposure from the sun or artificial sources. […] Generally, we look at sun exposure as the main culprit in causing basal cell skin cancer. […] Similar to BCC, SCC is caused by ultraviolet radiation, sun exposure, intermittent intense sunburns as well as chronic cumulative sun exposure. […] There are also rare genetic syndromes in which SCC becomes more prevalent. […] Immunosuppression, for example, can make you more susceptible. […] Chronic inflammation and nonhealing wounds can allow SCC to pop up in those locations. […] Certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) may also contribute to SCC.

• #57 Skin Cancer: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/skin-cancer

  Skin cancer occurs when the body does not repair damage to the DNA inside skin cells, allowing the cells to divide and grow uncontrollably. Skin cell damage may be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics and skin type. Most cases of skin cancer result from overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) light, including sunlight and tanning beds, with the risk growing with the amount of exposure. […] Besides UV light exposure, common skin cancer risk factors include: weakened immune system, from viruses, diseases or immune-suppression therapy associated with organ transplantation; moles; personal or family history of skin cancer; inherited conditions, such as xeroderma pigmentosum; smoking tobacco; chemical exposure to items such as arsenic, industrial tar, coal, paraffin and certain types of oil; basal cell nervous syndrome, also called Gorlin syndrome; human papillomavirus (HPV); Kaposi sarcoma associated herpesvirus; radiation therapy exposure; psoriasis treatment.

• #58 Advanced and Metastatic Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Clinical Features, and Treatment Options

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/7/1448

  In summary, due to the risk of local invasion or lymphatic spread, metastases, and recurrence, early detection is crucial. […] Skin cancers possess a heightened immunogenicity stemming from the presence of tumor-associated antigens, mutations, and/or expression of viral genes. Recent observations indicate a global surge in skin cancer rates, primarily attributed to several key factors, including climatic shifts, fair skin complexion, prolonged exposure to sunlight, advanced ages, and low social conditions. […] NMSC stems from epidermal cells and exhibits typical epidemiological patterns, such as a higher occurrence among Caucasian populations. Although the development of BCC and cSCC can be due to exposure to physical carcinogens, ultraviolet radiation (UVR) stands out as the predominant risk factor. UVR can directly induce the malignant transformation of precursor cells.

• #59 Risk factors for non-melanoma skin cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/skin-non-melanoma/risks

  People who have already had skin cancer (non-melanoma or melanoma) have a greater risk of developing another skin cancer, including BCC and SCC. […] People who had radiation therapy (a source of ionizing radiation) have a greater risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer in the treatment area. […] Coming into contact with arsenic increases the risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer. […] Working with certain products increases the risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer. […] PUVA therapy is a treatment used for skin conditions such as psoriasis. […] Xeroderma pigmentosum is a hereditary condition that affects the skin so it can’t repair sun damage. […] People with a weakened immune system have a higher risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer.

• #60 Risks and causes | Skin cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/skin-cancer/risks-causes

  Some treatments for psoriasis, such as psoralen ultraviolet light treatment (PUVA), increase your risk as they use ultraviolet light. […] One of the most common types of eczema is atopic dermatitis. It might be treated with ultraviolet light treatment and a drug called methoxsalen (a type of psoralen), which increases the risk of non melanoma skin cancer. […] You are more at risk of developing a non melanoma skin cancer in an area where you have had radiotherapy treatment. […] You also have a slightly increased risk of non melanoma skin cancer if you have been exposed to radiation through your job. […] Having a weakened immune system may increase your risk of skin cancer in the future if you have had an organ or a bone marrow transplant and are taking drugs to stop rejection. […] Human papilloma virus (HPV) is a common virus that has several different strains. It plays an important part in the development of skin cancer. […] Some occupations and working with particular chemicals can increase your risk of skin cancer.

• #61 Basal and Squamous Cell Skin Cancer Risk Factors | Skin Cancer Risks | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/basal-and-squamous-cell-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Scars from severe burns, areas of skin over serious bone infections, and skin damaged by some severe inflammatory skin diseases are more likely to develop skin cancers (mostly squamous cell cancers), although this risk is generally small. […] Psoralens and ultraviolet light (PUVA) treatments given to some people with psoriasis (a chronic inflammatory skin disease) can increase the risk of developing squamous cell skin cancer and probably other skin cancers. […] This very rare inherited condition reduces the ability of skin cells to repair DNA damage caused by sun exposure. […] In this rare congenital (present at birth) condition, people develop many basal cell cancers over their lifetime. […] Several other genetic syndromes have also been linked with an increased risk of skin cancer. […] The immune system helps the body fight cancers of the skin and other organs. […] Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a group of more than 150 viruses, many of which can cause papillomas, or warts. […] People who smoke are more likely to develop squamous cell skin cancer, especially on the lips.

• #62 Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer – Skin of Color Society

  https://skinofcolorsociety.org/discover-patients-public/patient-education/nonmelanoma-skin-cancer

  What is the cause of NMSC? NMSC has many causes. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight, chronic wounds or inflammation in the skin, human papillomavirus (HPV), and a decreased immune system (for example after organ transplantation) all contribute to the development of NMSC. UV radiation from the sun is the main cause of both SCC and BCC in Caucasians, Hispanics, and Asians. However, the most important factors for the development of SCC in African-Americans are chronic scarring, trauma, and inflammation (for example, burns, non-healing leg ulcers, or skin lupus), rather than sun exposure. The main risk factor for BCC in all races is UV radiation. […] Skin cancer is categorized as melanoma or non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). The two most common types of NMSC are squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Overall, skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in the United States and makes up approximately 35-45% of all cancers in Caucasians, 4-5% in Hispanics, and 1-4% in Asians, Asian Indians and African-Americans. Although skin cancer is less common in those with skin of color compared to those with light skin, it is often diagnosed at later stages and therefore can be more deadly. It is important for people of all races to be aware of the risks of both melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer.

• #63 Basal and Squamous Cell Skin Cancer Risk Factors | Skin Cancer Risks | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/basal-and-squamous-cell-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Scars from severe burns, areas of skin over serious bone infections, and skin damaged by some severe inflammatory skin diseases are more likely to develop skin cancers (mostly squamous cell cancers), although this risk is generally small. […] Psoralens and ultraviolet light (PUVA) treatments given to some people with psoriasis (a chronic inflammatory skin disease) can increase the risk of developing squamous cell skin cancer and probably other skin cancers. […] This very rare inherited condition reduces the ability of skin cells to repair DNA damage caused by sun exposure. […] In this rare congenital (present at birth) condition, people develop many basal cell cancers over their lifetime. […] Several other genetic syndromes have also been linked with an increased risk of skin cancer. […] The immune system helps the body fight cancers of the skin and other organs. […] Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a group of more than 150 viruses, many of which can cause papillomas, or warts. […] People who smoke are more likely to develop squamous cell skin cancer, especially on the lips.

• #64 Skin cancer | World Cancer Research Fund

  https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/skin-cancer/

  Medicines used to suppress the immune system after an organ transplant are associated with a higher risk of skin cancers, particularly squamous cell carcinoma. […] Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls chemicals – used in the plastic and chemical industries – is strongly associated with an increased risk of skin cancer. […] Some rare mutations in specific genes can lead to skin cancer. Having a family history of skin cancer also increases the risk. […] Being tall increases the risk of malignant melanoma skin cancer.

• #65 Advanced and Metastatic Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Clinical Features, and Treatment Options

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/7/1448

  Outside of sun exposure, a history of skin cancer (particularly cSCC or previous BCC), age over 50, fair skin, and male gender, for example, are all considerable risk factors for BCC. […] Interestingly, other factors include exposure to certain medications (e.g., Hydrochlorothiazide), arsenic, or immune suppression. Additionally, genetics plays a part in the development of BCC. Inherited syndromes particularly increase the risk of BCC. […] Beyond inherited syndromes and recent reports, a high proportion of BCCs showed modifications in the hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway. The HH signaling pathway is crucial for the proper development of bodily structures such as the axial skeleton, skin, or hair. […] Thus, inappropriate activation of HH has been linked to the development of BCC and other cancers, such as pancreatic cancer or medulloblastoma.

• #66 Causes of non-melanoma skin cancer – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/non-melanoma-skin-cancer/causes/

  Ultraviolet (UV) light is the most common cause of non-melanoma skin cancer. […] Non-melanoma skin cancer is more common in older people, but younger people can also get it. […] You’re also more likely to get non-melanoma skin cancer if you have: pale skin that burns easily in the sun, red or fair hair, blue or green eyes, a large number of freckles or moles, had a lot of sun exposure and you’ve had sunburn a lot in the past, used sunbeds a lot, a history of skin cancer in your family or you’ve had skin cancer before. […] If you have brown or black skin, you have a lower chance of getting non-melanoma skin cancer, but you can still get it.

• #67 Causes of non-melanoma skin cancer – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/non-melanoma-skin-cancer/causes/

  Ultraviolet (UV) light is the most common cause of non-melanoma skin cancer. […] Non-melanoma skin cancer is more common in older people, but younger people can also get it. […] You’re also more likely to get non-melanoma skin cancer if you have: pale skin that burns easily in the sun, red or fair hair, blue or green eyes, a large number of freckles or moles, had a lot of sun exposure and you’ve had sunburn a lot in the past, used sunbeds a lot, a history of skin cancer in your family or you’ve had skin cancer before. […] If you have brown or black skin, you have a lower chance of getting non-melanoma skin cancer, but you can still get it.

• #68 Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer – Skin of Color Society

  https://skinofcolorsociety.org/discover-patients-public/patient-education/nonmelanoma-skin-cancer

  What is the cause of NMSC? NMSC has many causes. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight, chronic wounds or inflammation in the skin, human papillomavirus (HPV), and a decreased immune system (for example after organ transplantation) all contribute to the development of NMSC. UV radiation from the sun is the main cause of both SCC and BCC in Caucasians, Hispanics, and Asians. However, the most important factors for the development of SCC in African-Americans are chronic scarring, trauma, and inflammation (for example, burns, non-healing leg ulcers, or skin lupus), rather than sun exposure. The main risk factor for BCC in all races is UV radiation. […] Skin cancer is categorized as melanoma or non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). The two most common types of NMSC are squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Overall, skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in the United States and makes up approximately 35-45% of all cancers in Caucasians, 4-5% in Hispanics, and 1-4% in Asians, Asian Indians and African-Americans. Although skin cancer is less common in those with skin of color compared to those with light skin, it is often diagnosed at later stages and therefore can be more deadly. It is important for people of all races to be aware of the risks of both melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer.

• #69 Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer – Skin of Color Society

  https://skinofcolorsociety.org/discover-patients-public/patient-education/nonmelanoma-skin-cancer

  What is the cause of NMSC? NMSC has many causes. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight, chronic wounds or inflammation in the skin, human papillomavirus (HPV), and a decreased immune system (for example after organ transplantation) all contribute to the development of NMSC. UV radiation from the sun is the main cause of both SCC and BCC in Caucasians, Hispanics, and Asians. However, the most important factors for the development of SCC in African-Americans are chronic scarring, trauma, and inflammation (for example, burns, non-healing leg ulcers, or skin lupus), rather than sun exposure. The main risk factor for BCC in all races is UV radiation. […] Skin cancer is categorized as melanoma or non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). The two most common types of NMSC are squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Overall, skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in the United States and makes up approximately 35-45% of all cancers in Caucasians, 4-5% in Hispanics, and 1-4% in Asians, Asian Indians and African-Americans. Although skin cancer is less common in those with skin of color compared to those with light skin, it is often diagnosed at later stages and therefore can be more deadly. It is important for people of all races to be aware of the risks of both melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer.

• #70 Let’s Get Real About Skin Cancer

  https://letsgetrealaboutskincancer.com/

  People with a history of skin cancer or precancerous skin lesions, and […] People who have been exposed to intense and extended sun exposure, such as those who work outside or have outdoor hobbies — especially people with light skin tones, though all skin tones are at risk. […] An advanced BCC or CSCC can become challenging to treat if left undiagnosed and untreated. […] The perception that skin cancers do not affect people of color is a myth. While NMSC, such as BCC or CSCC, occurs more frequently in Caucasians, clinical outcomes, specifically for CSCC, are worse in people of color as skin cancer is often diagnosed later and at more advanced stages.

• #71 Disease Management: Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/dermatology/nonmelanoma-skin-cancer/

  Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), is the most common malignancy in humans. The etiology of NMSC is strongly tied to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The most common causative factor of BCC is UV radiation. Cumulative UV exposure is the primary etiological factor for SCC in fair-skinned individuals. Although UVB is mainly responsible, UVA also plays a role. As in the pathogenesis of BCC, UV radiation leads to the formation of dipyrimidine dimers and mutagenesis of the p53 tumor-suppressor gene. The most significant risk factors for the development of SCC include sun exposure, fair skin, age, and immunosuppression. […] Factors such as excessive, chronic sun exposure, indoor tanning, fair complexion, prior exposure to ionizing radiation, exposure to chemical carcinogens such as arsenic, and genetic determinants are significant risks factors.

• #72 Skin cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_cancer

  Ultraviolet radiation from the Sun or tanning beds is a primary cause of nonmelanoma skin cancer. […] More than 90% of cases are caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. […] This exposure increases the risk of all three main types of skin cancer. […] Tanning beds are another common source of ultraviolet radiation. […] People with lighter skin are at higher risk as are those with poor immune function such as from medications or HIV/AIDS. […] Nonmelanoma skin cancer is usually curable. […] BCC and SCC often carry a UV-signature mutation indicating that these cancers are caused by UVB radiation via direct DNA damage. However, malignant melanoma is predominantly caused by UVA radiation via indirect DNA damage. […] The World Health Organization now places people who use artificial tanning beds in its highest risk category for skin cancer.

• #73 Advanced and Metastatic Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Clinical Features, and Treatment Options

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/7/1448

  Outside of sun exposure, a history of skin cancer (particularly cSCC or previous BCC), age over 50, fair skin, and male gender, for example, are all considerable risk factors for BCC. […] Interestingly, other factors include exposure to certain medications (e.g., Hydrochlorothiazide), arsenic, or immune suppression. Additionally, genetics plays a part in the development of BCC. Inherited syndromes particularly increase the risk of BCC. […] Beyond inherited syndromes and recent reports, a high proportion of BCCs showed modifications in the hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway. The HH signaling pathway is crucial for the proper development of bodily structures such as the axial skeleton, skin, or hair. […] Thus, inappropriate activation of HH has been linked to the development of BCC and other cancers, such as pancreatic cancer or medulloblastoma.

• #74 Skin Cancer – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com

  https://medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/skin-cancer

  Tumours generally grow when a normal cell suffers a mutation in its DNA, causing it to multiply without the usual restrictions. […] It’s now believed that in basal cell carcinoma, a gene called PTC is damaged by UV radiation. This gene normally causes the cell to produce a protein that prevents runaway growth. A similar scenario may occur in squamous cell carcinoma. […] Other causes of skin cancer include X-rays, skin contact with arsenic or radium, and possibly simple bad luck, in that an error can occur spontaneously in a dividing cell despite low sun exposure. A sexually transmitted cancer-causing virus called the human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause a rare subtype of squamous cell carcinoma.

• #75 Skin cancer: Causes, types, prevention and treatment | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/health/skin-cancer-causes-types-prevention-and-treatment

  UV rays damage genes. If UV causes mutations in genes that control the growth of skin cells or those involved in tumor suppression or DNA repair, it can lead to cancer, according to a 2010 review in the International Journal of Dermatology. […] Arsenic is another cause of skin cancer, according to a 2010 review published in the journal Cancers. […] Non-melanoma skin cancers don’t usually run in families, but people with a family history of melanoma face a higher-than-average risk of developing the disease themselves.

• #76 Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer: Overview

  http://healthlibrary.gradyhealth.org/HomeHealthyHolidays/35,FAQSkinCancernonMelanoma

  There is no sure way to prevent nonmelanoma skin cancer. But there are some things that may help lower your risk for it, such as: Wearing sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher, Not using tanning beds, booths or sunlamps, Limiting your sun exposure when UV (ultraviolet) light is strongest, between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. […] Nonmelanoma skin cancer often develops in areas exposed to the sun, such as the head, face, neck, rim of your ear, arms, hands, trunk of your body (chest, abdomen, and back), and legs. […] Many of these may be caused by other health problems. But it is important to see a healthcare provider if you have these symptoms. Only a healthcare provider can tell if you have cancer. […] Diagnosing skin cancer starts with checking out a bump, spot, or other mark on your skin. If your healthcare provider thinks you may have nonmelanoma skin cancer, you will need certain exams and tests.

• #77 Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer: Overview

  http://healthlibrary.gradyhealth.org/HomeHealthyHolidays/35,FAQSkinCancernonMelanoma

  There is no sure way to prevent nonmelanoma skin cancer. But there are some things that may help lower your risk for it, such as: Wearing sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher, Not using tanning beds, booths or sunlamps, Limiting your sun exposure when UV (ultraviolet) light is strongest, between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. […] Nonmelanoma skin cancer often develops in areas exposed to the sun, such as the head, face, neck, rim of your ear, arms, hands, trunk of your body (chest, abdomen, and back), and legs. […] Many of these may be caused by other health problems. But it is important to see a healthcare provider if you have these symptoms. Only a healthcare provider can tell if you have cancer. […] Diagnosing skin cancer starts with checking out a bump, spot, or other mark on your skin. If your healthcare provider thinks you may have nonmelanoma skin cancer, you will need certain exams and tests.

• #78 Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer: Overview

  http://healthlibrary.gradyhealth.org/HomeHealthyHolidays/35,FAQSkinCancernonMelanoma

  There is no sure way to prevent nonmelanoma skin cancer. But there are some things that may help lower your risk for it, such as: Wearing sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher, Not using tanning beds, booths or sunlamps, Limiting your sun exposure when UV (ultraviolet) light is strongest, between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. […] Nonmelanoma skin cancer often develops in areas exposed to the sun, such as the head, face, neck, rim of your ear, arms, hands, trunk of your body (chest, abdomen, and back), and legs. […] Many of these may be caused by other health problems. But it is important to see a healthcare provider if you have these symptoms. Only a healthcare provider can tell if you have cancer. […] Diagnosing skin cancer starts with checking out a bump, spot, or other mark on your skin. If your healthcare provider thinks you may have nonmelanoma skin cancer, you will need certain exams and tests.

• #79 Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer: Overview

  https://healthlibrary.vidanthealth.com/Library/DiseasesConditions/Adult/Surgical/35,FAQSkinCancernonMelanoma

  There is no sure way to prevent nonmelanoma skin cancer. But there are some things that may help lower your risk for it, such as: Wearing sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher, Not using tanning beds, booths or sunlamps, Limiting your sun exposure when UV (ultraviolet) light is strongest, between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., Wearing sunglasses (100% UVA/UVB protection), Wearing clothing to shade your face, neck, and cover your body, Doing skin checks, Treating skin pre-cancers early. […] Nonmelanoma skin cancer often develops in areas exposed to the sun, such as the head, face, neck, rim of your ear, arms, hands, trunk of your body (chest, abdomen, and back), and legs. […] Nonmelanoma skin cancer may be treated with: Surgery, Creams applied to the affected area, Chemotherapy, Targeted therapy, Radiation therapy, Photodynamic therapy, Immunotherapy.

• #80 Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer: Overview

  https://healthlibrary.vidanthealth.com/Library/DiseasesConditions/Adult/Surgical/35,FAQSkinCancernonMelanoma

  There is no sure way to prevent nonmelanoma skin cancer. But there are some things that may help lower your risk for it, such as: Wearing sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher, Not using tanning beds, booths or sunlamps, Limiting your sun exposure when UV (ultraviolet) light is strongest, between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., Wearing sunglasses (100% UVA/UVB protection), Wearing clothing to shade your face, neck, and cover your body, Doing skin checks, Treating skin pre-cancers early. […] Nonmelanoma skin cancer often develops in areas exposed to the sun, such as the head, face, neck, rim of your ear, arms, hands, trunk of your body (chest, abdomen, and back), and legs. […] Nonmelanoma skin cancer may be treated with: Surgery, Creams applied to the affected area, Chemotherapy, Targeted therapy, Radiation therapy, Photodynamic therapy, Immunotherapy.

• #81 Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer: Overview

  https://healthlibrary.vidanthealth.com/Library/DiseasesConditions/Adult/Surgical/35,FAQSkinCancernonMelanoma

  There is no sure way to prevent nonmelanoma skin cancer. But there are some things that may help lower your risk for it, such as: Wearing sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher, Not using tanning beds, booths or sunlamps, Limiting your sun exposure when UV (ultraviolet) light is strongest, between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., Wearing sunglasses (100% UVA/UVB protection), Wearing clothing to shade your face, neck, and cover your body, Doing skin checks, Treating skin pre-cancers early. […] Nonmelanoma skin cancer often develops in areas exposed to the sun, such as the head, face, neck, rim of your ear, arms, hands, trunk of your body (chest, abdomen, and back), and legs. […] Nonmelanoma skin cancer may be treated with: Surgery, Creams applied to the affected area, Chemotherapy, Targeted therapy, Radiation therapy, Photodynamic therapy, Immunotherapy.

• #82 Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer: Overview

  https://healthlibrary.vidanthealth.com/Library/DiseasesConditions/Adult/Surgical/35,FAQSkinCancernonMelanoma

  There is no sure way to prevent nonmelanoma skin cancer. But there are some things that may help lower your risk for it, such as: Wearing sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher, Not using tanning beds, booths or sunlamps, Limiting your sun exposure when UV (ultraviolet) light is strongest, between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., Wearing sunglasses (100% UVA/UVB protection), Wearing clothing to shade your face, neck, and cover your body, Doing skin checks, Treating skin pre-cancers early. […] Nonmelanoma skin cancer often develops in areas exposed to the sun, such as the head, face, neck, rim of your ear, arms, hands, trunk of your body (chest, abdomen, and back), and legs. […] Nonmelanoma skin cancer may be treated with: Surgery, Creams applied to the affected area, Chemotherapy, Targeted therapy, Radiation therapy, Photodynamic therapy, Immunotherapy.

• #83 Facts About Skin Cancer | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center

  https://www.fredhutch.org/en/diseases/skin-cancer/facts-resources.html

  Skin cancers begin in cells that make up your skin. Different types start in different kinds of cells within the skin, such as basal cells, squamous cells or melanocytes. […] When detected and treated early, nonmelanoma skin cancers have a cure rate of more than 95 percent. But having one of these cancers increases your risk for developing other skin cancers. […] This disease is caused by sun exposure and is usually found on sun-exposed areas of the skin, like the scalp, forehead, face, nose, neck and back. […] Sun exposure is the most common cause. This cancer appears most often in areas exposed to the sun, including the face, neck, scalp, lower lip and rim of the ear. […] As for basal and squamous cell carcinoma, sun exposure is an important risk factor for melanoma. […] Many people have actinic keratosis (AK), also called solar keratosis, on their skin. It shows that you’ve had enough sun to develop skin cancer, and it is considered a precursor of cancer, or a precancerous condition. […] Melanoma skin cancer is much more serious than basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. It can spread quickly to other organs and causes the vast majority of skin cancer deaths in the United States.

• #84 Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer: Overview

  http://healthlibrary.gradyhealth.org/HomeHealthyHolidays/35,FAQSkinCancernonMelanoma

  There is no sure way to prevent nonmelanoma skin cancer. But there are some things that may help lower your risk for it, such as: Wearing sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher, Not using tanning beds, booths or sunlamps, Limiting your sun exposure when UV (ultraviolet) light is strongest, between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. […] Nonmelanoma skin cancer often develops in areas exposed to the sun, such as the head, face, neck, rim of your ear, arms, hands, trunk of your body (chest, abdomen, and back), and legs. […] Many of these may be caused by other health problems. But it is important to see a healthcare provider if you have these symptoms. Only a healthcare provider can tell if you have cancer. […] Diagnosing skin cancer starts with checking out a bump, spot, or other mark on your skin. If your healthcare provider thinks you may have nonmelanoma skin cancer, you will need certain exams and tests.

• #85 Non Melanoma Skin Cancer Pathogenesis Overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5874663/

  It has been reported that several class I and class II HLA allele groups were associated with SCC in immunosuppressed patients, including HLA-B*27, HLA-A*03 and HLA-DQA1*01. […] Therefore, it could be concluded that all AK lesions are potentially invasive. […] The process of skin carcinogenesis is still not fully understood. However, several studies have been conducted to better explain the mechanisms that lead to malignancy. […] One shared characteristic of skin cancer is that, according to the current views, they all are caused by solar or artificial ultraviolet radiation (UVR). […] Although skin carcinogenesis is still not fully understood, several papers have demonstrated the presence of genetic and molecular alterations involved in this process. […] Improving knowledge on skin cancer pathogenesis will improve NMSC management with a focus on prevention, screening, diagnosis, and staging.

• #86 The incidence and clinical analysis of non-melanoma skin cancer | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-83502-8

  Moreover, since 1990 air travel has become widely available and affordable to the general population in Poland, allowing people to travel to sunny destinations, where the skin is exposed to higher than usual and acute doses of UV radiation. Another factor in raised incidence of NMSC has been a substantial increase in sunbed use, particularly in younger population, over the past two decades. […] The incidence of high-risk BCC, including the infiltrative, micronodular, and morpheaform subtypes, was higher in our study than in previously reported European and Australian data. […] The underlying cause is not clear. However, recently improved biopsy techniques could improve the diagnosis of high-risk subtypes. […] Environmental changes related to the ultraviolet light exposure, ozone depletion in various parts of the world and genetic predisposition could be also etiological factors for increase in the incidence of infiltrative BCC.

• #87 The incidence and clinical analysis of non-melanoma skin cancer | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-83502-8

  Moreover, since 1990 air travel has become widely available and affordable to the general population in Poland, allowing people to travel to sunny destinations, where the skin is exposed to higher than usual and acute doses of UV radiation. Another factor in raised incidence of NMSC has been a substantial increase in sunbed use, particularly in younger population, over the past two decades. […] The incidence of high-risk BCC, including the infiltrative, micronodular, and morpheaform subtypes, was higher in our study than in previously reported European and Australian data. […] The underlying cause is not clear. However, recently improved biopsy techniques could improve the diagnosis of high-risk subtypes. […] Environmental changes related to the ultraviolet light exposure, ozone depletion in various parts of the world and genetic predisposition could be also etiological factors for increase in the incidence of infiltrative BCC.

• #88 Non Melanoma Skin Cancer Pathogenesis Overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5874663/

  It has been reported that several class I and class II HLA allele groups were associated with SCC in immunosuppressed patients, including HLA-B*27, HLA-A*03 and HLA-DQA1*01. […] Therefore, it could be concluded that all AK lesions are potentially invasive. […] The process of skin carcinogenesis is still not fully understood. However, several studies have been conducted to better explain the mechanisms that lead to malignancy. […] One shared characteristic of skin cancer is that, according to the current views, they all are caused by solar or artificial ultraviolet radiation (UVR). […] Although skin carcinogenesis is still not fully understood, several papers have demonstrated the presence of genetic and molecular alterations involved in this process. […] Improving knowledge on skin cancer pathogenesis will improve NMSC management with a focus on prevention, screening, diagnosis, and staging.

• #89 Non-melanoma skin cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4954336/

  The British Association of Dermatologists has published guidelines for the management of both BCC and SCC, which are under regular review. Historically, surgery has been the mainstay (gold standard) of treatment. Other treatments can be broadly categorised as physical destruction, chemical destruction and immunomodulation. The last decade has witnessed the advent of novel systemic therapies for advanced BCC, which may herald a paradigm shift of NMSC treatment to a more medical approach. […] The burgeoning incidence of NMSC will continue to present a huge financial and logistical challenge to the NHS, particularly as our population ages.

• #90 Skin Cancer Facts & Statistics

  https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/skin-cancer-facts/

  More than 5.4 million cases of nonmelanoma skin cancer were treated in over 3.3 million people in the U.S. in 2012, still considered the best estimate to date. […] About 90 percent of nonmelanoma skin cancers are associated with exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. […] The diagnosis and treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancers in the U.S. increased by 77 percent between 1994 and 2014. […] Organ transplant patients are approximately 100 times more likely than the general public to develop squamous cell carcinoma. […] More than 5,400 people worldwide die of nonmelanoma skin cancer every month.

Zobacz więcej