Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3339125/

  Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) represents the most common form of cancer in Caucasians, with continuing increase in incidence worldwide. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) accounts for 75% of cases of NMSC, and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) accounts for the remaining majority of NMSC cases. […] In this article, we review the aetiology, diagnosis and management of NMSC. […] The diagnosis of NMSC in classical cases can be made clinically. With the exception of BCC of the superficial subtype, the majority of NMSC arises over sun-exposed skin. SCC tends to present as rapidly growing pink or red nodules, which may be hyperkeratotic or ulcerated. […] Skin biopsy, in addition to confirmation of diagnosis, allows stratification of tumours into high- and low-risk malignancies. […] High-quality, well-designed, evidence-based studies with 5-year follow-up data are found infrequently for NMSC. Choice of treatment in NMSC is dependent on the risk stratification of the tumour, patient preference or suitability, and availability of local services. […] The gold standard treatment for high-risk BCC and SCC is Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS).

• #2 Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer: Diagnosis

  https://healthlibrary.harrishealth.org/library/diseasesconditions/adult/Liver/34,BMelD1

  Diagnosing skin cancer starts with checking out a bump, spot, sore, colored area, or other mark on your skin. Any area of skin that doesnt look normal and may have disease is called a lesion. Most lesions are not cancer, but some may be cancer. You may need to see a dermatologist. This is a healthcare provider with special training in diagnosing and treating skin problems. […] If your healthcare provider thinks you might have nonmelanoma skin cancer, you will need certain exams and tests to be sure. Diagnosing skin cancer starts with your healthcare provider asking you questions. They will ask you about your health history, symptoms, risk factors, and family history of disease. Your healthcare provider will also give you a physical exam and skin exam. […] Make sure to tell your healthcare provider if youve had skin cancer in the past. Also tell them if anyone in your family has had skin cancer.

• #3 Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer: Diagnosis

  https://myhealth.umassmemorial.org/Library/Wellness/YourBody/34,BMelD1

  Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer: Diagnosis […] How is nonmelanoma skin cancer diagnosed? Diagnosing skin cancer starts with checking out a bump, spot, sore, colored area, or other mark on your skin. Any area of skin that doesnt look normal and may have disease is called a lesion. Most lesions are not cancer, but some may be cancer. You may need to see a dermatologist. This is a healthcare provider with special training in diagnosing and treating skin problems. […] If your healthcare provider thinks you might have nonmelanoma skin cancer, you will need certain exams and tests to be sure. Diagnosing skin cancer starts with your healthcare provider asking you questions. They will ask you about your health history, symptoms, risk factors, and family history of disease. Your healthcare provider will also give you a physical exam and skin exam. […] Make sure to tell your healthcare provider if youve had skin cancer in the past. Also tell them if anyone in your family has had skin cancer. […] A biopsy is a small piece (sample) of tissue thats taken to be checked in a lab. Your healthcare provider will likely take a biopsy of any lesion that may look like cancer. […] If skin cancer is found, the pathologist will look at certain features of the lesion. These include the type of skin cancer, and the thickness of the lesion. This can help your healthcare provider figure out the extent (stage) of the skin cancer. The stage of skin cancer helps decide treatment choices. […] Your biopsy results will likely be ready in a few days to a week or so. Your healthcare provider will give you the results. They will talk with you about other tests that you may need if skin cancer is found. Make sure you understand the results and what follow-up you need.

• #4 Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer: Diagnosis

  http://healthlibrary.gradyhealth.org/HomeHealthyHolidays/34,BMelD1

  Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer: Diagnosis […] How is nonmelanoma skin cancer diagnosed? […] Diagnosing skin cancer starts with checking out a bump, spot, sore, colored area, or other mark on your skin. Any area of skin that doesnt look normal and may have disease is called a lesion. Most lesions are not cancer, but some may be cancer. You may need to see a dermatologist. This is a healthcare provider with special training in diagnosing and treating skin problems. […] If your healthcare provider thinks you might have nonmelanoma skin cancer, you will need certain exams and tests to be sure. Diagnosing skin cancer starts with your healthcare provider asking you questions. They will ask you about your health history, symptoms, risk factors, and family history of disease. Your healthcare provider will also give you a physical exam and skin exam.

• #5 Skin cancer (nonmelanoma) | Diagnosis | UK Healthcare

  https://ukhealthcare.uky.edu/markey-cancer-center/cancer-types/skin-cancer/diagnosis

  If your healthcare provider believes you may have skin cancer, you will need certain exams and tests to be sure. You should expect to be asked questions about your health history, your symptoms, risk factors and family history of disease. Understanding your background will help your provider make a diagnosis. […] Your provider will also give you a physical exam, including an exam of your skin. You may have one or more of the following tests. […] A biopsy removes tissue or cells from the skin to be checked by a pathologist under a microscope. Results from a biopsy help determine if cells are cancerous. […] If your doctor suspects your cancer may have spread beyond your skin, you may need a biopsy of your lymph nodes. […] After a biopsy, patients will be contacted by a Markey team member to review results. Further management will be recommended at that time.

• #6 Nonmelanoma skin cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nonmelanoma-skin-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20579827

  Tests and procedures used to diagnose nonmelanoma skin cancer skin include: […] A member of your healthcare team asks about your health history and looks at your skin for signs of nonmelanoma skin cancer. […] A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing in a lab. A member of your healthcare team uses a tool to cut away, shave off, or punch out some or all of the area of skin that looks out of the ordinary. The sample is tested in a lab to see if it is cancer and, if so, what type it is. […] If a biopsy shows nonmelanoma skin cancer, other tests also may be needed to check if cancer has spread beyond the skin. […] If your healthcare professional suspects that you may have nonmelanoma skin cancer, you may be referred to a specialist. Often this is a doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin conditions, called a dermatologist.

• #7 Skin cancer (non-melanoma) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/skin-cancer-non-melanoma/

  Your GP can examine your skin for signs of skin cancer. They may refer you to a skin specialist (dermatologist) or a specialist plastic surgeon if they are unsure or suspect skin cancer. […] The specialist will examine your skin again and will perform a biopsy to confirm a diagnosis of skin cancer. […] A diagnosis of non-melanoma skin cancer will usually begin with a visit to your GP who will examine your skin and decide whether you need further assessment by a specialist. […] If skin cancer is suspected, you may be referred to a skin specialist (dermatologist) or specialist plastic surgeon. The specialist should be able to confirm the diagnosis by carrying out a physical examination. […] However, they will probably also perform a biopsy – a surgical procedure where either a part or all of the tumour is removed and studied under a microscope.

• #8 Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Diagnosis – Blue Ridge Cancer Care

  https://blueridgecancercare.com/disease-drug-information/types-of-cancer/nonmelanoma-skin-cancer/diagnosis/

  If you have a change on the skin, the doctor must find out whether it is due to cancer or to some other cause. Your doctor removes all or part of the area that does not look normal. The sample goes to a lab. A pathologist checks the sample under a microscope. This is a biopsy. A biopsy is the only sure way to diagnose skin cancer. […] You may have the biopsy in a doctors office or as an outpatient in a clinic or hospital. Where it is done depends on the size and place of the abnormal area on your skin. You probably will have local anesthesia. […] There are four common types of skin biopsies: Punch biopsy: The doctor uses a sharp, hollow tool to remove a circle of tissue from the abnormal area. Incisional biopsy: The doctor uses a scalpel to remove part of the growth. Excisional biopsy: The doctor uses a scalpel to remove the entire growth and some tissue around it. Shave biopsy: The doctor uses a thin, sharp blade to shave off the abnormal growth.

• #9 Skin Cancer Diagnosis in Northern Virginia | VCS

  https://www.virginiacancerspecialists.com/disease/non-melanoma-cancer/nonmelanoma-skin-cancer-diagnosis/

  Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Diagnosis […] If you have a change on the skin, the doctor must find out whether it is due to cancer or to some other cause. Your doctor removes all or part of the area that does not look normal. The sample goes to a lab. A pathologist checks the sample under a microscope. This is a biopsy. A biopsy is the only sure way to diagnose skin cancer. […] You may have the biopsy in a doctor’s office or as an outpatient in a clinic or hospital. Where it is done depends on the size and place of the abnormal area on your skin. You probably will have local anesthesia. […] There are four common types of skin biopsies: Punch biopsy: The doctor uses a sharp, hollow tool to remove a circle of tissue from the abnormal area. Incisional biopsy: The doctor uses a scalpel to remove part of the growth. Excisional biopsy: The doctor uses a scalpel to remove the entire growth and some tissue around it. Shave biopsy: The doctor uses a thin, sharp blade to shave off the abnormal growth.

• #10 Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer: Diagnosis

  https://encyclopedia.nm.org/wellness/stress/34,BMelD1

  Diagnosing skin cancer starts with checking out a bump, spot, sore, colored area, or other mark on your skin. Any area of skin that doesnt look normal and may have disease is called a lesion. Most lesions are not cancer, but some may be cancer. You may need to see a dermatologist. This is a healthcare provider with special training in diagnosing and treating skin problems. […] If your healthcare provider thinks you might have nonmelanoma skin cancer, you will need certain exams and tests to be sure. Diagnosing skin cancer starts with your healthcare provider asking you questions. They will ask you about your health history, symptoms, risk factors, and family history of disease. Your healthcare provider will also give you a physical exam and skin exam. […] Some skin lesions may look suspicious for skin cancer and need to be removed. A biopsy is a small piece (sample) of tissue thats taken to be checked in a lab. Your healthcare provider will likely take a biopsy of any lesion that may look like cancer.

• #11 Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer: Diagnosis

  https://encyclopedia.nm.org/wellness/stress/34,BMelD1

  A biopsy sample is sent to a lab, where a physician called a pathologist looks at it under a microscope. […] If skin cancer is found, the pathologist will look at certain features of the lesion. These include the type of skin cancer, and the thickness of the lesion. This can help your healthcare provider figure out the extent (stage) of the skin cancer. The stage of skin cancer helps decide treatment choices. […] Your biopsy results will likely be ready in a few days to a week or so. Your healthcare provider will give you the results. They will talk with you about other tests that you may need if skin cancer is found. Make sure you understand the results and what follow-up you need.

• #12 Basal and Squamous Cell Skin Cancer Tests | Skin Cancer Biopsy | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/basal-and-squamous-cell-skin-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  If the doctor thinks that a suspicious area might be skin cancer, the area (or part of it) will be removed and sent to a lab to be looked at under a microscope. This is called a skin biopsy. […] If the biopsy removes the entire tumor, its often enough to cure basal and squamous cell skin cancers without further treatment. […] There are different types of skin biopsies. The doctor will choose which one is best for you based on the suspected type of skin cancer, where it is on your body, its size, and other factors. […] If your doctor feels lymph nodes under the skin near the tumor that are too large or too firm, a lymph node biopsy may be done to find out if cancer has spread to them. […] Its not common for squamous cell cancer to spread deeply below the skin or to other parts of the body, and even less common for basal cell cancers, so most people with these skin cancers dont need imaging tests. […] But if your doctor thinks you might be at risk for the cancer spreading outside the skin, imaging tests such as an MRI or CT scan might be done.

• #13 Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Diagnosis – Florida Cancer Affiliates

  https://floridacancer.com/cancers-blood-diseases-info/types-of-cancer/nonmelanoma-skin-cancer/diagnosis5/

  If you have a change on the skin, the doctor must find out whether it is due to cancer or to some other cause. Your doctor removes all or part of the area that does not look normal. The sample goes to a lab. A pathologist checks the sample under a microscope. This is a biopsy. A biopsy is the only sure way to diagnose skin cancer. […] You may have the biopsy in a doctors office or as an outpatient in a clinic or hospital. Where it is done depends on the size and place of the abnormal area on your skin. You probably will have local anesthesia. […] There are four common types of skin biopsies: […] Punch biopsy: The doctor uses a sharp, hollow tool to remove a circle of tissue from the abnormal area. […] Incisional biopsy: The doctor uses a scalpel to remove part of the growth. […] Excisional biopsy: The doctor uses a scalpel to remove the entire growth and some tissue around it. […] Shave biopsy: The doctor uses a thin, sharp blade to shave off the abnormal growth. […] Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer: Diagnosis.

• #14 Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer: Diagnosis

  https://healthlibrary.brighamandwomens.org/library/wellness/Safety/34,BMelD1

  What is a biopsy? Some skin lesions may look suspicious for skin cancer and need to be removed. A biopsy is a small piece (sample) of tissue thats taken to be checked in a lab. Your healthcare provider will likely take a biopsy of any lesion that may look like cancer. […] Types of biopsies The different types of biopsies include: […] Shave biopsy. This type of biopsy removes the top layers of skin of a lesion. This type of biopsy is often used for very flat skin lesions. Your healthcare provider will inject the area with numbing medicine and then shave off the lesion with a sharp blade. Sometimes part of the lesion may be left behind. You may need another procedure to remove it completely. […] Punch biopsy. This type uses a special tool to take a deep sample of skin. This may be done if the lesion is small, when just a part of a larger lesion needs more study. Or it may be done if your healthcare provider wants more information about the undersurface of the lesion. The tool is like a very small paper hole punch or apple corer. It removes a short cylinder of tissue. First, your healthcare provider uses a numbing medicine on the area. The punch tool is turned on the surface of the skin until it cuts through all the layers of skin. This includes the dermis, epidermis, and the most superficial parts of the skin fat (subcutis). The provider removes the biopsy sample and may then stitch together the edges of the wound. […] Excisional biopsy. This type of biopsy is often used when your healthcare provider needs a wider or deeper piece of the skin. The entire lesion and sometimes part of the surrounding skin is removed. First, your healthcare provider uses numbing medicine on the area. Then the provider uses a surgical knife (scalpel) to remove a full thickness wedge of skin. The wound is closed with surgical thread (stitches), staples, tape, or surgical glue. What the provider uses depends on how large the incision is and where it is. […] Incisional biopsy. This procedure is like an excisional biopsy. But only part of the lesion is removed.

• #15 Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer: Diagnosis

  https://healthlibrary.harrishealth.org/library/diseasesconditions/adult/Liver/34,BMelD1

  A biopsy is a small piece (sample) of tissue thats taken to be checked in a lab. Your healthcare provider will likely take a biopsy of any lesion that may look like cancer. […] If skin cancer is found, the pathologist will look at certain features of the lesion. These include the type of skin cancer, and the thickness of the lesion. This can help your healthcare provider figure out the extent (stage) of the skin cancer. The stage of skin cancer helps decide treatment choices. […] Your biopsy results will likely be ready in a few days to a week or so. Your healthcare provider will give you the results. They will talk with you about other tests that you may need if skin cancer is found. Make sure you understand the results and what follow-up you need.

• #16 Non Melanoma Diagnostic Process | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/cancer/non-melanoma/patient-care-resources/diagnosis.html

  If needed, you may undergo further imaging tests, blood work, or a biopsy. […] After this testing, it typically takes a few days to 2 weeks to review the results and confirm your diagnosis. Getting your test results can take time because your care team is working hard to determine an accurate diagnosis for you. […] Many health care professionals collaborate in the process and provide expert analysis, including your oncologist (cancer doctor), radiologist, and pathologist. Years of experience studying lung cancer every day means your pathologist can accurately identify critical details, such as whether the cancer: […] Is invades into the skin or just involves the top layer of the skin (epidermis), including a measurement of the tumor thickness […] Shows ulceration, where tumor cells push through the epidermis

• #17 Non Melanoma Diagnostic Process | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/cancer/non-melanoma/patient-care-resources/diagnosis.html

  Is aggressive or slow growing, which can be determined by looking at the type and number of growing and dividing cells, called mitotic figures […] Contains particular types of molecules that indicate the cancer subtype […] Your care team will also determine the stage of your cancer. Staging describes the size of the cancer and whether (and how far) it has spread. Staging is the most important step in planning your treatment. […] At Stanford, we tailor the diagnostic phase of Non-melanoma care to each patient. If you need further testing to complete your diagnosis, your doctor and care team will work with you to determine which tests you need. Tests may include: […] Biopsy (Pathology) In a biopsy, doctors try to remove most or all of the non-melanoma on the skin so a dermatopathologist can fully examine it under a microscope.

• #18 Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer: Diagnosis

  http://healthlibrary.gradyhealth.org/HomeHealthyHolidays/34,BMelD1

  Getting your biopsy results […] Your biopsy results will likely be ready in a few days to a week or so. Your healthcare provider will give you the results. They will talk with you about other tests that you may need if skin cancer is found. Make sure you understand the results and what follow-up you need.

• #19 Overview of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer

  https://www.texasoncology.com/types-of-cancer/skin-cancer/overview-of-non-melanoma-skin-cancer

  A change to the skin is likely to be the first sign of skin cancer. This may be a sore that doesnt heal, a new growth, or a change in an old growth. […] When non-melanoma skin cancer is suspected, a patient will commonly undergo a complete skin examination. Information about medical history and history of sun exposure will also be collected. If the skin inspection identifies areas that are suspicious for cancer, a physician will conduct a biopsy to remove a sample of the tissue for further examination. A biopsy allows the physician to determine whether cancer is present. […] A physician may also examine lymph nodes, since squamous cell carcinoma sometimes spreads to lymph nodes.

• #20 Non Melanoma Diagnostic Process | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/cancer/non-melanoma/patient-care-resources/diagnosis.html

  Lab Tests (Blood Draws) Blood tests are not usually done for skin or lymph node non-melanoma, unless you are on specific (adjuvant therapy) for regional lymph node involvement. More advanced non-melanoma (involving others sites of the body) generally requires specific lab testing, especially if you are on systemic immunotherapy or targeted drugs. In this setting blood tests can provide a variety of information, helping to plan your course of non-melanoma treatment. […] Imaging Tests (Radiology) To obtain the most precise understanding of your non-melanoma, your doctor may schedule you for different types of imaging tests that show if the non-melanoma has spread. If you have been screened elsewhere and received abnormal results, we may perform additional imaging, if needed.

• #21 Management of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer: Radiologists Challenging and Risk Assessment

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/13/4/793

  Tumor margins and depth of invasion were evaluated based on diagnostic imaging, but “T” category staging assessment relies on imaging assessment besides recent imaging advancements in technology. Many NMSCs could be managed without additional information provided by imaging and are not required in low-risk patients (pT1a). However, in pT1b to pT4b stages, additional information is necessary to optimize management, so ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) scan, positron emission tomography (PET) studies, as well as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are optional imaging modalities before operation or sentinel node biopsy (SNB). In a very high-risk patient with other anatomic parts involvement, brain MRI and PET-CT/CT are anticipated modalities. […] High-frequency US (HFUS) utilizing 20 to 100 MHz frequencies could be a powerful tool for an accurate evaluation of the tumoral margins, diameters, and thickness, and provides information about deeper structures involvement as well as improves the performance of loco-regional staging. Accurate preoperative tumor assessment minimizes the extent of surgical defects and improves the cosmetic prognosis of patients. A retrospective study by Zhu et al. analyzed HFUS features of actinic keratosis (AK), SCC in situ, and SCC and suggested that HFUS has good diagnostic accuracy with 85.3–92.3% sensitivity and 73.6–88.0% specificity based on diagnostic features. The application of high-frequency US (HFUS) in nonmelanoma skin cancer facilitated high diagnostic accuracy in NMSC phase staging. However, biopsy and histopathological analysis are gold standards and compulsive for correct staging even if HFUS detects nodular features to confirm the diagnosis. As it lacks functional contrast and has low image resolution and quality, in addition, HFUS is highly operator-dependent and requires high expertise.

• #22 Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Detection in the Age of Advanced Technology: A Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/12/3094

  Non-melanoma skin cancer is one of the most common cancer diagnoses in the world, and cases are rising globally. […] Deep learning is one type of artificial intelligence that has shown promise in image analysis and is an attractive tool for application in non-melanoma skin cancer diagnosis. […] Artificial intelligence has gained substantial interest as a decision support tool in medicine, particularly in image analysis, where deep learning has proven to be an effective tool. […] Ultimately, the available data for the detection and diagnosis of skin cancer using deep learning technology are promising, revealing sensitivity and specificity that are not inferior to those of trained dermatologists. […] This study demonstrated non-inferiority to specialists and superiority to non-specialists, showing the potential of deep learning technology to increase access to specialist-level diagnostics.

• #23 AACR: Pretrained Machine Learning Models Help Diagnose Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/news/aacr-pretrained-machine-learning-models-help-diagnose-nonmelanoma-skin-cancer/

  Pretrained foundation models UNI, PRISM, and Prov-GigaPath outperformed the ResNet18 machine learning model in identifying nonmelanoma skin cancer, with PRISM showing the highest accuracy. […] Leveraging whole slide embedding from pretrained foundation models (FMs) improves nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) diagnosis, according to a study presented at the annual meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research, held from April 25 to 30 in Chicago. […] The researchers found that all three FMs significantly outperformed ResNet18 (mean area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC], 0.805). […] Our results demonstrate that pretrained machine learning models have the potential to aid diagnosis of NMSC, which might be particularly beneficial in resource-limited settings, coauthor Steven Song, from the Pritzker School of Medicine at the University of Chicago, said in a statement.

• #24 Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Detection in the Age of Advanced Technology: A Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/12/3094

  Several studies have explored deep learning technologies for the detection of melanoma and showed non-inferiority or even superiority to specialists. […] Although fewer studies have investigated deep learning as a tool for NMSC detection, some studies have created deep learning frameworks to detect NMSC. […] Recent research has demonstrated the potential of deep learning technology in the analysis of histopathological specimens, yielding high diagnostic accuracies for NMSC detection and classification. […] Ultimately, these findings highlight the potential of deep-learning-based technology to significantly transform NMSC screening and diagnosis—from dermoscopic analysis in the clinic to the pathological evaluation of biopsies in the lab. […] Although there are promising data regarding the use of deep learning and deep neural networks in skin cancer detection and diagnosis, there is still a long way to go before this technology can be widely implemented. […] The available data for the detection and diagnosis of NMSC using deep learning technology are promising, revealing sensitivity and specificity that are not inferior to those of trained dermatologists.

• #25 IN-VIVO NONMELANOMA SKIN CANCER DIAGNOSIS USING RAMAN MICROSPECTROSCOPY

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2782422/

  Nonmelanoma skin cancers, including basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), are the most common skin cancers, presenting nearly as many cases as all other cancers combined. The current gold-standard for clinical diagnosis of these lesions is histopathologic examination, an invasive, time-consuming procedure. There is thus considerable interest in developing a real-time, automated, noninvasive tool for nonmelanoma skin cancer diagnosis. In this study, we explored the capability of Raman microspectroscopy to provide differential diagnosis of BCC, SCC, inflamed scar tissue, and normal tissue in vivo. […] These findings reveal Raman microspectroscopy to be a viable tool for real-time diagnosis and guidance of nonmelanoma skin cancer resection. […] There is thus considerable interest in the development of an automated, non-invasive, real-time diagnostic technique for skin lesions.

• #26 IN-VIVO NONMELANOMA SKIN CANCER DIAGNOSIS USING RAMAN MICROSPECTROSCOPY

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2782422/

  The goal of this study is to evaluate the potential of Raman microspectroscopy to provide clinical diagnosis of nonmelanoma skin cancer (BCC and SCC), normal, and scarred skin tissue. […] This technique may therefore eventually provide clinicians an automated, rapid, noninvasive tool to streamline both diagnostic and therapeutic skin cancer procedures.

• #27

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00432-021-03809-x

  Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most frequent keratinocyte-origin skin tumor. It is confirmed that dermoscopy of NMSC confers a diagnostic advantage as compared to visual face-to-face assessment. […] This study evaluated by a dual convolutional neural network (CNN) performance metrics in dermoscopic (DI) versus smartphone-captured images (SI) and tested if artificial intelligence narrows the proclaimed gap in diagnostic accuracy. […] The use of dermoscopy, the standard of care by physicians, confers a diagnostic advantage for NMSC identification over visual inspection. A Cochrane review concluded that dermoscopy increases sensitivity of NMSC diagnostics by 14% over visual inspection. […] In another study with dermatologist raters, the sensitivity of NMSC diagnosis for BCC when using dermoscopy was 91%, which was 34% greater than when using close-up images; for SCC diagnosis, dermoscopic diagnosis sensitivity was 77%, which was 7% better than using close-up images.

• #28

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00432-021-03809-x

  Telemedicine use of smartphone images might result in a substantial decrease in diagnostic performance as compared to dermoscopy, which needs to be considered by both healthcare providers and patients. […] The accuracy of the system drops by about 13%, sensitivity is 20% lower and NPV subsides at 32%. […] We conclude that a proclaimed gap in diagnostic accuracy between dermoscopy and clinical examination, as exemplified by smartphone images, is not narrowed down by use of CNN algorithms and therefore, use of a dermoscope substantially improves diagnostic accuracy with or without a CNN. […] The use of CNN analytics does not close the already known gap in face-to-face diagnostic accuracy between dermoscopy and smartphone photos, which seems to be constitutional to the skin layer analyzed by the classifiers.

• #29 Skin Cancer: Diagnosis & Treatment | Orlando | UCF Health

  https://ucfhealth.com/our-services/dermatology/skin-cancer-diagnosis-treatment/

  Skin cancer is generally considered either melanoma or non-melanoma skin cancer. This differentiation is used because melanoma skin cancer is relatively more serious and spreads faster than non-melanoma types of skin cancer. […] Both squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma are characterized as non-melanoma skin cancer. […] The most effective ways to determine potential skin cancer growth are regular examinations. Receive annual skin cancer screenings from your dermatologist, and complete regular self examinations in between your visits. […] If skin cancer is suspected, a skin biopsy will be performed to assess the suspicious cells. Depending on the results of the skin biopsy, one treatment method may be more effective than another. […] Mohs surgery has proven effective for treating both melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. […] Early detection and treatment of skin cancer are essential for preventing the disease from progressing and spreading to other tissues and organs.

• #30 Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer: Staging and Treatment | OncoLink

  https://www.oncolink.org/cancers/skin/non-melanoma-skin-cancers/non-melanoma-skin-cancer-staging-and-treatment

  There are two main types of non-melanoma skin cancer, named for the cells in which they start: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC): Starts in basal cells. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC): Starts in squamous cells. These non-melanoma skin cancers are found in the epidermis (the outermost layer of skin). […] Staging is the process of learning how much cancer is in your body, where it is, and if it has spread. Tests like a biopsy, chest x-ray, CT scan, MRI, and blood tests may be done to help stage your cancer. Your providers need to know about your cancer and your health so that they can plan the best treatment for you. […] Cancer staging looks at the size of the tumor and where it is, and if it has spread to other organs. The staging system for non-melanoma cancer is called the TNM system. It has three parts: T-Describes the size/extent of the tumor and if it has grown deeper into nearby structures or tissues, such as a bone. N-Describes if the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes. M-Describes if the cancer has spread to other organs (called metastases).

• #31 Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer: Staging and Treatment | OncoLink

  https://www.oncolink.org/cancers/skin/non-melanoma-skin-cancers/non-melanoma-skin-cancer-staging-and-treatment

  Most times, your provider will not need to know the staging of basal cell carcinoma. This is because these cancers are almost always cured before they can metastasize. […] The staging system is very complex. Below is a summary of the stages. Talk to your provider about the stage of your cancer. […] Treatment for non-melanoma cancer depends on many things, like your cancer stage, age, overall health, and testing results. Your treatment may include some or all of these: Surgery. Radiation therapy. Chemotherapy. Targeted therapy. Immunotherapy. Clinical trials. […] Surgery is often used in the treatment of basal cell and squamous cell skin cancer. Many different types of surgery may be used. The surgery you have depends on the type and stage of your cancer, how large it is, where it is on the body, and other things like your overall health, and age.

• #32 Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3339125/

  Imiquimod is a topical immunomodulator, activating cytotoxic T cell against tumour cells via binding to cell surface toll receptor 7 and/or 8. […] Topical imiquimod is not recommended for SCC as recurrence rates are too high. […] 5-fluorouracil (5FU) is a pyrimidine antimetabolite that inhibits DNA synthesis. […] However, strength of evidence is lacking and topical 5FU is not the recommended first-line treatment of sBCC. […] OTR or patients on long-term immunosuppression who develop NMSC have higher risk of tumour recurrence and must be monitored closely, ideally in dedicated renal transplant dermatology clinics. […] For OTR, transfer of immunosuppression from calcineurin inhibitors to mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors such as sirolimus may be of benefit, with single agent immunosuppression used in preference to multi-drug combined immunosuppression. […] Patient with BCC are at 10 times risk of developing a further BCC in comparison to the general population. […] 95% of recurrences for SCC occur within 5 years, with 70-80% of these recurrences occurring within the first 2 years.

• #33 Nonmelanoma skin cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nonmelanoma-skin-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20579827

  Below are some basic questions to ask your healthcare professional about nonmelanoma skin cancer. If you think of other questions during your appointment, be sure to ask those questions too. […] Do I have nonmelanoma skin cancer? What kind? […] How is this type of skin cancer different from other types? […] Has my cancer spread? […] What treatment do you recommend? […] What are the possible side effects of treatment? […] Will I have a scar after treatment? […] Am I at risk of this condition coming back after treatment? […] Am I at risk of other types of skin cancer? […] How often will I need follow-up visits after I finish treatment? […] Are my family members at risk of skin cancer? […] Are there brochures or other printed material that I can take with me? What websites do you recommend?

• #34 Basal and Squamous Cell Carcinoma | Non-melanoma skin cancer | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/non-melanoma-skin-cancer

  Non-melanoma skin cancers, now called keratinocyte cancers, are the most common cancers in Australia, however most are not life-threatening. […] It is estimated that 1,664 people were diagnosed with non-melanoma skin cancer in 2024. […] Diagnosis is by biopsy (removal of a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope). […] Usually a biopsy is sufficient to determine the stage of a non-melanoma skin cancer. […] There is no organised screening program for non-melanoma skin cancers. People should be aware of their skin and see a doctor if there are any significant changes, such as changes to moles, freckles and spots on the skin. […] An individual’s prognosis depends on the type and stage of cancer, as well as their age and general health at the time of diagnosis. The majority of basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas are successfully treated.

• #35 Skin cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/skin-cancer

  Non melanoma skin cancer includes basal cell skin cancer, squamous cell skin cancer and other rare types. […] The cure rates for non melanoma skin cancers are very high. […] The 2 main types of non melanoma skin cancer are basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). […] Researchers are looking at the causes, diagnosis and treatment of skin cancer.

• #36 Management of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer: Radiologists Challenging and Risk Assessment

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/13/4/793

  Lesion characterization, differentiation, and risk stratification are required for future clinical decision-making, surgical versus nonsurgical lesion management, and for prognostic evaluation, more, it is employed as a reporting tool in institutional, national, and international cancer registries that aid in understanding NMSC epidemiology. The staging and risk stratification of NMSCs is based on their clinical-pathological features that are defined by National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines (2014) to differentiate low and high-risk carcinomas recurrence and metastasis. NCCN guidelines are significant for basal cell carcinoma (BCC) risk stratification, management, and prognostic information as it often requires staging due to less incidence of metastasis. However, squamous cell carcinomas are malignant and have the potential for distant metastasis, so the American Joint Committee on Cancers (AJCC) Cancer Staging Manual 8th edition published in 2017 revised the tumor, nodal, and metastases (TNM) staging of SCC concerning high-risk clinicopathologic features. A whole-body skin physical examination or care inspection is required to evaluate and assess NMSC, suspicious lesions, satellites, regional lymph node (LN) in transit (ITM) and systemic metastases.

• #37 Management of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer: Radiologists Challenging and Risk Assessment

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/13/4/793

  Currently, a multidisciplinary approach is applied for the treatment and management of NMSC, including surgical excision, photodynamic therapy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. BCC and SCC are frequently treated with curative surgery and radiotherapy and usually appear as localized tumors but MCC is a rare aggressive NMSC, present with nodal and distant metastasis at advanced stage. The treatment of NMSCs is planned according to the patient’s stage of disease, but a patient with advanced stage disease has a relatively poor prognosis. Furthermore, patients with locally advanced lesions are not eligible for surgery or radiotherapy, which highlights the need for new treatment technologies. Different clinical trials demonstrate immunotherapy and targeted therapy as promising treatments for patients with locally advanced unresectable NMSCs.

• #38 Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3339125/

  MMS has been shown to have greater cure rate than any other treatment modality. […] Numerous subsequent studies have reported similar high cure rates for NMSC with MMS. […] For SCC, in a similar study, Brodland et al. reported 141 patients treated with MMS and found that tumours 2 cm diameter or less were completely excised with a 4-mm margin in greater than 95% of cases. […] For high-risk SCC, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines suggest in the absence of MMS or a pathology service able to provide examination of 100% of the excised margin, tumours should be excised with 1 cm margin of normal skin. […] Radiotherapy is an effective treatment modality for select patients with NMSC unable to undergo surgery, as efficacy is overall lower than with MMS or SE with predetermined margins. […] Adjuvant radiotherapy may be beneficial postoperatively for tumours with perineural invasion or as palliative treatment when complete margin excision is not attainable due to extensive disease.

• #39 Management of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer: Radiologists Challenging and Risk Assessment

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/13/4/793

  At present, in patients after treatment with nonmelanoma skin cancer, 6- to 12-month intervals of clinical follow-up are recommended according to NCCN guidelines for detecting recurrent carcinoma and new lesions. However, there is no clear evidence of time and diagnostic tool application in the follow-up. The surveillance proposal differs regarding risk assessment of patients after treatment as it does during the first 3 years, every 3 months visit, and 6–12 months in thereafter because the probability of recurrence for SCC is 95% within 5 years, with 70% of recurrence within the first 2 years. In addition, the recurrences rate for BCC is greater than 5 years and requires a long-term follow-up. A meta-analysis by McCusker et al. including 100 patients with metastatic BCC reported an average 54-month survival period, which greatly varies among patients with regional metastasis (87 months) and distant metastasis with a 24-month survival period.

• #40 Management of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer: Radiologists Challenging and Risk Assessment

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/13/4/793

  Routine imaging surveillance is not recommended in lower-risk patients with small-sized (thin) lesions. However, in high-risk patients, diagnostic imaging such as ultrasound, CT, or PET/CT scan is performed for early detection of recurrence and metastasis to improve the prognosis and patient survival rate. Patients with aggressive head and neck squamous cell carcinomas required close follow-up for early evaluation of recurrent disease. Postoperatively scarring, fibrosis, and altered local anatomy make it difficult to detect recurrences in CT and MRI. Thus, PET/CT facilitates and remains useful in the early detection of recurrent head and neck lesions, local skin recurrence, and distant spread after surgery. Shintani et al. studied the utility of early after surgical resection and demonstrated that nodes detected in PET/CT were histologically proven positive in 46% and early scans after surgery changes the treatment plan and management in 15% of patients. However, the efficiency of PET/CT is altered by tumor histology.

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