Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Male breast cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male_breast_cancer

  Male breast cancer (MBC) is a cancer in males that originates in their breasts. Males account for less than 1% of new breast cancers with about 20,000 new cases being diagnosed worldwide every year. Its incidence rates in males vs. females are, respectively, 0.4 and 66.7 per 100,000 person-years. The worldwide incidences of male as well as female breast cancers have been increasing over the last few decades. Currently, one of every 800 men are estimated to develop this cancer during their lifetimes. […] Because it has a far lower incidence in males and because large-scale breast cancer studies have routinely excluded males, current knowledge of male breast cancer is far less than female breast cancer and often rests on small, retrospective, single-center studies. Consequently, the majority of strategies for evaluating and treating MBC have been adopted from those used for female breast cancer. However, MBC appears to have some features that warrant clinical approaches differing from those for female breast cancer.

• #2 Male Breast Cancer (MBC) – A Review

  https://ppch.pl/seo/article/163174/en

  Males account for 1% of all cases of breast cancer. With the aging of the world’s population, the disease has exhibited a rise in incidence in recent decades. […] Male breast cancer (MBC) is considered a relatively uncommon disorder, but its incidence has exhibited a substantial increase in recent decades. […] Although there is a great deal of epidemiologic information on female breast cancer, the etiology of MBC is still mostly unknown and the data applied to men is generally extrapolated from the results of studies conducted on women. […] This variation is explained by the rarity of MBC, which results in limitations: applying epidemiologic methodology to studies and attaining a sample size appropriate for observing an association between the risk factor and the disease. […] Furthermore, MBC tumors are small and leave little tissue for research purposes after the requisite pathology workup for molecular and genetic studies.

• #3 Male Breast Cancer: Signs, Symptoms, Treatment & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/male-breast-cancer/

  Male breast cancer is rare, accounting for less than 1% of all breast cancer diagnoses in the United States. The lifetime risk of male breast cancer is about 1 in 726, according to the American Cancer Society. The typical age range for male breast cancer diagnosis is between 60 and 70, with 67 as the average age of a male breast cancer diagnosis. […] While breast cancer in men is rare, men do carry a higher breast cancer mortality rate than women, primarily because men are less likely to assume a lump is breast cancer and are overall less aware of breast cancer, which can cause a delay in seeking treatment. […] Male breast cancer represents about 1% of all breast cancers diagnosed in the United States. […] In 2024, about 2,800 men will be diagnosed with breast cancer in the United States.

• #4 Male breast cancer – Turkish Journal of Surgery

  https://turkjsurg.com/articles/male-breast-cancer/doi/turkjsurg-119

  Carcinoma of the breast in male gender is rare, presents less than 1% of all breast cancers. […] Risk factors include these following characteristics: family history, genetic abnormalities, conditions associated with relative hyper estrogenism, prior chest wall irradiation and some drugs. […] The most common types of invasive carcinoma are infiltrating ductal adeno carcinoma and papillary carcinoma. […] Diagnostic tools are meticulous history and clinical examination. […] Surgery remains the most important and effective treatment modality for breast cancer in men. […] The role of adjuvant therapy in male breast cancer is less well established than those in female cancer and has not been evaluated in randomized clinical trials. […] Hormonal therapy is recommended in all receptor-positive patients. […] There is a clear indication for radiotherapy when it is impossible to lift the entire tumour burden from the axilla. […] Epidemiology of male breast cancer.

• #5 Male Breast Cancer: Signs, Symptoms, Treatment & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/male-breast-cancer/

  Male breast cancer is rare, accounting for less than 1% of all breast cancer diagnoses in the United States. The lifetime risk of male breast cancer is about 1 in 726, according to the American Cancer Society. The typical age range for male breast cancer diagnosis is between 60 and 70, with 67 as the average age of a male breast cancer diagnosis. […] While breast cancer in men is rare, men do carry a higher breast cancer mortality rate than women, primarily because men are less likely to assume a lump is breast cancer and are overall less aware of breast cancer, which can cause a delay in seeking treatment. […] Male breast cancer represents about 1% of all breast cancers diagnosed in the United States. […] In 2024, about 2,800 men will be diagnosed with breast cancer in the United States.

• #6 Breast Cancer Facts & Stats 2024 – Incidence, Age, Survival, & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-facts/

  1 in 8 women in the United States will be diagnosed with breast cancer in her lifetime. […] In 2025, an estimated 2,800 men will be diagnosed with invasive breast cancer in the United States. […] An estimated 510 U.S. men will die from breast cancer in 2025. […] The lifetime risk of a U.S. man developing breast cancer is about 1 in 726. […] Black men with breast cancer tend to have a worse prognosis, or outlook, than white men with breast cancer.

• #7 Male Breast Cancer | CancerIndex

  http://www.cancerindex.org/clinks3m.htm

  Male breast cancer is uncommon, men account for approximately 1% of all breast cancer cases. Incidence in Western populations is under 1 case per 100,000 men, though rates reported in some African countries are much higher. […] Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare disease that accounts for less than 1% of all cancers in men and less than 1% of all diagnosed breast cancers. […] Male breast cancer is a rare disease, accounting for only 1% of breast cancer diagnoses in the USA. The current literature suggests that genetic factors including BRCA2 mutations, family history, age, androgen/estrogen imbalance, and environmental exposures may predispose to male breast cancer. […] Male breast cancer (MBC) is an uncommon malignancy and accounts for only 1% of all diagnosed breast cancers. […] The epidemiology of male breast cancer is poorly understood, with significant differences in genetic aetiology compared to female breast cancer.

• #8 A 64-Year-Old Man With Germline BRCA2-Mutated Breast Cancer: Known and Unknown Aspects of Male Breast Cancer

  https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/a-64-year-old-man-with-germline-brca2-mutated-breast-cancer-known-and-unknown-aspects-of-male-breast-cancer

  This study presents a male breast cancer case with a germline BRCA2 mutation and discusses the epidemiologic, pathologic, and clinical characteristics along with treatment and follow-up recommendations in view of our recent understanding of the disease. […] Male breast cancer is a rare disease accounting for less than 1% of all breast cancers, and less than 1% of all cancers in men. Worldwide estimated incidence of male breast cancer has been reported to be 1 per 100,000 men per year, with a mean age at diagnosis of 60 to 70 years. […] Based on data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program, the age-adjusted incidence rate has increased from 0.85 cases per 100,000 in 1975 to 1.43 cases per 100,000 in 2011. […] Male breast cancer may be a unique tumor type with biological and clinicopathological features distinct from female breast cancer.

• #9 A 64-Year-Old Man With Germline BRCA2-Mutated Breast Cancer: Known and Unknown Aspects of Male Breast Cancer

  https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/a-64-year-old-man-with-germline-brca2-mutated-breast-cancer-known-and-unknown-aspects-of-male-breast-cancer

  This study presents a male breast cancer case with a germline BRCA2 mutation and discusses the epidemiologic, pathologic, and clinical characteristics along with treatment and follow-up recommendations in view of our recent understanding of the disease. […] Male breast cancer is a rare disease accounting for less than 1% of all breast cancers, and less than 1% of all cancers in men. Worldwide estimated incidence of male breast cancer has been reported to be 1 per 100,000 men per year, with a mean age at diagnosis of 60 to 70 years. […] Based on data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program, the age-adjusted incidence rate has increased from 0.85 cases per 100,000 in 1975 to 1.43 cases per 100,000 in 2011. […] Male breast cancer may be a unique tumor type with biological and clinicopathological features distinct from female breast cancer.

• #10 Time Trends in Male Breast Cancer in Austria 1983–2017 | CLEP

  https://www.dovepress.com/time-trends-in-male-breast-cancer-incidence-mortality-and-survival-in–peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CLEP

  Male breast cancer (MBC) comprises less than 1% of all breast cancer cases globally and remains understudied with persisting sex-specific survival disadvantages. […] We used Austrian National Cancer Registry data on 1648 cases of MBC cases diagnosed between 1983 and 2017 in Austria. Overall incidence, mortality, and survival rates, as well as age-, stage-, and period-specific incidence and survival rates were calculated. Joinpoint regression was performed to assess trends. […] MBC incidence rates increased throughout the whole observation period (1983 2017) with an annual percent change (APC) of 1.44% (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.77 to 2.11). During the same period, morality rates were stable (APC: 0.25, 95% CI: 0.53 to 0.60). […] Despite improvements in survival rates, MBC mortality rates remained largely stable between 1983 and 2017 in Austria, possibly resulting from a balance between increasing overall incidence and stable incidence rates of distant disease MBC.

• #11 Epidemiology of male breast cancer

  https://institutionalrepository.aah.org/onc/118/

  Background: Male breast cancer is relatively rare (less than 1% of all cases of breast cancer) and usually treated similarly to female breast cancer. […] The rate of incidence was 7.2% in 2004 and increased to 10.3% in 2014. […] This study with a large patient population showed that socioeconomic factors, cancer stage, tumor characteristics (size and grade), and higher Charlson-Dayo scores contributed to higher mortality among male patients diagnosed with breast cancer.

• #12 Epidemiology of male breast cancer

  https://institutionalrepository.aah.org/onc/128/

  BACKGROUND: Due to its rarity, few studies have characterized the epidemiology of male breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine survival and risk factors for male breast cancer in a large U.S. population. […] Over 10 years, the incidence of male breast cancer increased from 7.2% to 10.3%, while mortality decreased from 11% to 3.8%. […] Socioeconomic factors, cancer stage, tumor characteristics (size and grade), and high Charlson-Dayo score contributed to higher mortality among male patients diagnosed with breast cancer.

• #13

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12672-025-02140-y

  These findings highlight that male breast cancer patients are more likely to be diagnosed at an advanced stage compared to females, underscoring the need for improved awareness and early screening in men. […] The aforementioned analysis results are consistent with previous studies, that the incidence rate of male breast cancer shows significant variation across different regions and countries. It is notably higher in North America and East Asia, while being considerably lower in Europe. […] This variation can be attributed to differences in genetic predisposition, environmental exposures, lifestyle factors, and the availability of medical resources. […] According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, the age-standardized Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) rates of MBC have increased in several regions, particularly in some developing countries in Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania.

• #14 Genetic Landscape of Male Breast Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/14/3535

  Male breast cancer is a rare disease, representing around 0.5% of the malignances in men. […] The number of newly diagnosed MBC cases increased worldwide from 8500 in 1990 to 23,100 in 2017, according to data from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 database. […] In 2021, about 2650 men are expected to be diagnosed with BC in the US, with an estimated 530 deaths due to the disease. […] Its incidence, however, varies across the globe, with lower rates in Asia and higher in Africa, where the male-to-female BC ratio was found to be 0.042, while it is around 0.01 in other populations. […] Genetics plays an important role in predisposition to MBC. Pathogenic variants (PVs) in BRCA2 are one of the most remarkable risk factors. […] Currently, it is strongly recommended that every man with BC be offered genetic counseling followed by genetic testing for high-penetrance germline PVs in BC susceptibility genes, irrespective of family history of cancer.

• #15 Male Breast Cancer: Signs, Symptoms, Treatment & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/male-breast-cancer/

  About 530 U.S. men will die from breast cancer in 2024. […] Male breast cancer is typically diagnosed between ages 60 to 70. The average age of men diagnosed with breast cancer in the United States is 67. […] The average lifetime risk of male breast cancer is about 1 in 726. […] Male breast cancer is 100 times less common among white men than it is among white women. […] Male breast cancer is 70 times less common for Black men than Black women. […] Early detection of breast cancer increases treatment options and often reduces the risk of dying from breast cancer for men and women alike. […] Factors that increase a man’s risk of breast cancer include family history of breast cancer, age, genetic mutations (such as BRCA1 or BRCA2), and higher estrogen levels. […] If you have one or more of these risk factors present, talk with your doctor about monitoring for male breast cancer.

• #16 Breast Cancer in Men | Susan G. Komen®

  https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/facts-statistics/male-breast-cancer/

  Male breast cancer incidence rates in the U.S. vary by race and ethnicity. […] Non-Hispanic Black men have the highest breast cancer incidence rate overall [189]. Non-Hispanic Asian and Pacific Islander men have the lowest [189]. […] Non-Hispanic Black men have higher a breast cancer mortality rate than non-Hispanic white and Hispanic men [190]. […] From 2017 to 2021 (most recent data available), the overall median age of breast cancer diagnosis for men in the U.S. was 69 [191]. […] The median age of breast cancer diagnosis for men is older than for women (overall, the median age at diagnosis for women is 63) [191-192]. […] Some studies show gynecomastia may increase the risk of breast cancer in men [131-132,215]. […] Klinefelters syndrome increases the risk of breast cancer in men [123,131-132,215]. […] Men who are overweight or obese appear to have an increased risk of breast cancer [126,131-132,215]. […] Although there are some factors that increase the risk of male breast cancer, most men diagnosed have no known risk factors (except for older age).

• #17

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12672-025-02140-y

  Mortality rates for male breast cancer have remained relatively unchanged since 1990 to 2021, with the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021, which study reported a rate of 0.34 per 100,000 (95% UI: 0.230.41) in 2021, significantly lower than the 14.55 per 100,000 (95% UI: 13.4515.56) for female breast cancer. […] This notable disparity highlights the urgent need to raise awareness and implement early detection strategies for male breast cancer, which is often overlooked, as late-stage diagnoses continue to challenge patient outcomes. […] The incidence rate of male breast cancer increases significantly with age, rising sharply after 60 and peaking between 70 and 80. […] Moreover, a study by Ayca Gucalp et al. pointed out that in developed countries, two-thirds of invasive female breast cancers are localized at diagnosis, whereas in men, only half are localized and the other half are regional or distant disease.

• #18 Breast Cancer in Men | Susan G. Komen®

  https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/facts-statistics/male-breast-cancer/

  Male breast cancer incidence rates in the U.S. vary by race and ethnicity. […] Non-Hispanic Black men have the highest breast cancer incidence rate overall [189]. Non-Hispanic Asian and Pacific Islander men have the lowest [189]. […] Non-Hispanic Black men have higher a breast cancer mortality rate than non-Hispanic white and Hispanic men [190]. […] From 2017 to 2021 (most recent data available), the overall median age of breast cancer diagnosis for men in the U.S. was 69 [191]. […] The median age of breast cancer diagnosis for men is older than for women (overall, the median age at diagnosis for women is 63) [191-192]. […] Some studies show gynecomastia may increase the risk of breast cancer in men [131-132,215]. […] Klinefelters syndrome increases the risk of breast cancer in men [123,131-132,215]. […] Men who are overweight or obese appear to have an increased risk of breast cancer [126,131-132,215]. […] Although there are some factors that increase the risk of male breast cancer, most men diagnosed have no known risk factors (except for older age).

• #19 Breast Cancer in Men | Susan G. Komen®

  https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/facts-statistics/male-breast-cancer/

  Male breast cancer incidence rates in the U.S. vary by race and ethnicity. […] Non-Hispanic Black men have the highest breast cancer incidence rate overall [189]. Non-Hispanic Asian and Pacific Islander men have the lowest [189]. […] Non-Hispanic Black men have higher a breast cancer mortality rate than non-Hispanic white and Hispanic men [190]. […] From 2017 to 2021 (most recent data available), the overall median age of breast cancer diagnosis for men in the U.S. was 69 [191]. […] The median age of breast cancer diagnosis for men is older than for women (overall, the median age at diagnosis for women is 63) [191-192]. […] Some studies show gynecomastia may increase the risk of breast cancer in men [131-132,215]. […] Klinefelters syndrome increases the risk of breast cancer in men [123,131-132,215]. […] Men who are overweight or obese appear to have an increased risk of breast cancer [126,131-132,215]. […] Although there are some factors that increase the risk of male breast cancer, most men diagnosed have no known risk factors (except for older age).

• #20 Male Breast Cancer – Breast Cancer Prevention Partners (BCPP)

  https://www.bcpp.org/resource/male-breast-cancer/

  Men can get breast cancer. […] Breast cancer is very uncommon in males compared to females. […] The National Cancer Institute reports a male breast cancer incidence of 1.2 per 100,000. It is estimated that in 2020, 2,620 new cases of male breast cancer will be diagnosed. […] The age range is very broad and can include young adults all the way to those in their 90s. According to the National Cancer Institute data, the median age at breast cancer diagnosis in males is about five years older than in females. […] In males, the breast cancer mortality rate for the years 2013-2017 was 0.29 per 100,000 compared to 19.88 per 100,000 in females. […] For men, the risk of getting breast cancer is about 1 in 833 compared to 1 in 8 for women. […] Data released in 2020 showed Black men have an incidence rate of 1.9 per 100,000 and a mortality rate of 0.5 per 100,000, higher than any other ethnic or racial group in the United States. […] Overall, men are 43% more likely to die from breast cancer than women. […] Male breast cancer is most commonly of the ER+/PR+ type and tends to occur at older ages at diagnosis.

• #21 Time Trends in Male Breast Cancer in Austria 1983–2017 | CLEP

  https://www.dovepress.com/time-trends-in-male-breast-cancer-incidence-mortality-and-survival-in–peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CLEP

  Male breast cancer (MBC) comprises less than 1% of all breast cancer cases globally and remains understudied with persisting sex-specific survival disadvantages. […] We used Austrian National Cancer Registry data on 1648 cases of MBC cases diagnosed between 1983 and 2017 in Austria. Overall incidence, mortality, and survival rates, as well as age-, stage-, and period-specific incidence and survival rates were calculated. Joinpoint regression was performed to assess trends. […] MBC incidence rates increased throughout the whole observation period (1983 2017) with an annual percent change (APC) of 1.44% (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.77 to 2.11). During the same period, morality rates were stable (APC: 0.25, 95% CI: 0.53 to 0.60). […] Despite improvements in survival rates, MBC mortality rates remained largely stable between 1983 and 2017 in Austria, possibly resulting from a balance between increasing overall incidence and stable incidence rates of distant disease MBC.

• #22 Male Breast Cancer: Signs, Symptoms, Treatment & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/male-breast-cancer/

  About 530 U.S. men will die from breast cancer in 2024. […] Male breast cancer is typically diagnosed between ages 60 to 70. The average age of men diagnosed with breast cancer in the United States is 67. […] The average lifetime risk of male breast cancer is about 1 in 726. […] Male breast cancer is 100 times less common among white men than it is among white women. […] Male breast cancer is 70 times less common for Black men than Black women. […] Early detection of breast cancer increases treatment options and often reduces the risk of dying from breast cancer for men and women alike. […] Factors that increase a man’s risk of breast cancer include family history of breast cancer, age, genetic mutations (such as BRCA1 or BRCA2), and higher estrogen levels. […] If you have one or more of these risk factors present, talk with your doctor about monitoring for male breast cancer.

• #23 Breast Cancer Facts & Stats 2024 – Incidence, Age, Survival, & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-facts/

  1 in 8 women in the United States will be diagnosed with breast cancer in her lifetime. […] In 2025, an estimated 2,800 men will be diagnosed with invasive breast cancer in the United States. […] An estimated 510 U.S. men will die from breast cancer in 2025. […] The lifetime risk of a U.S. man developing breast cancer is about 1 in 726. […] Black men with breast cancer tend to have a worse prognosis, or outlook, than white men with breast cancer.

• #24 Breast Cancer in Men: Overview of Male Breast Cancer, Etiology, Diagnosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1954174-overview

  A study by Wang et al using the National Cancer Database reported higher breast cancer mortality in men than in women across all stages of the disease, with overall survival of 45.8% in men versus 60.4% in women, and 5-year survival of 77.6% versus 86.4%, respectively. Adjustment for clinical characteristics, treatment factors, age, race/ethnicity, and access to care did not eliminate those disparities; the authors suggested that other factors (eg, additional biological attributes, treatment compliance, lifestyle) might be responsible. […] Environmental and genetic risk factors for male breast cancer have been identified. Male breast cancers are reported to be associated with the following: Older age (mean age at diagnosis is 60-70 years, although young men may be affected), Carriage of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, Family history of breast cancer, Thoracic radiation therapy, Klinefelter syndrome, Gynecomastia, Cirrhosis, Overweight and obesity, History of testicular pathology.

• #25 Male Breast Cancer – Breast Cancer Prevention Partners (BCPP)

  https://www.bcpp.org/resource/male-breast-cancer/

  Men can get breast cancer. […] Breast cancer is very uncommon in males compared to females. […] The National Cancer Institute reports a male breast cancer incidence of 1.2 per 100,000. It is estimated that in 2020, 2,620 new cases of male breast cancer will be diagnosed. […] The age range is very broad and can include young adults all the way to those in their 90s. According to the National Cancer Institute data, the median age at breast cancer diagnosis in males is about five years older than in females. […] In males, the breast cancer mortality rate for the years 2013-2017 was 0.29 per 100,000 compared to 19.88 per 100,000 in females. […] For men, the risk of getting breast cancer is about 1 in 833 compared to 1 in 8 for women. […] Data released in 2020 showed Black men have an incidence rate of 1.9 per 100,000 and a mortality rate of 0.5 per 100,000, higher than any other ethnic or racial group in the United States. […] Overall, men are 43% more likely to die from breast cancer than women. […] Male breast cancer is most commonly of the ER+/PR+ type and tends to occur at older ages at diagnosis.

• #26 Breast Cancer Survival Among Males by Race, Ethnicity, Age, Geographic Region, and Stage — United States, 2007–2016 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6941a2.htm

  Breast cancer can occur in males; approximately 2,300 new male breast cancer diagnoses and 500 associated deaths occurred in the United States in 2017. […] During 20072016, relative 1- and 5-year survival for males with diagnosed breast cancer were 96.1% and 84.7%, respectively. Five-year survival was lowest among cancers diagnosed at a distant stage (25.9%) and highest among those diagnosed at a localized stage (98.7%). […] Using high-quality cancer surveillance data to evaluate 1-year and 5-year relative survival among males with breast cancer might help guide health care decisions regarding breast cancer testing and treatment among males and establishing programs to support survivors and men at high risk for developing breast cancer. […] Among males who received a diagnosis of breast cancer during 20072016, 1-year relative survival was 96.1%, and 5-year relative survival was 84.7%. Among characteristics examined, relative survival varied most by stage at diagnosis: the 5-year relative survival for males was higher for cancers diagnosed at localized stage (98.7%) than for those diagnosed at distant stage (25.9%).

• #27 Genetic Landscape of Male Breast Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/14/3535

  The 5-year overall survival (OS) was 82.8% for men, which was lower than the 88.5% for women. […] Advanced stage at diagnosis does not solely explain the worse prognosis of MBC. […] A study including only patients with stages I and II BC showed 5- and 10-year OS rates of 82% and 61% for men, while it was 90% and 79% for FBC, respectively. […] The clinical impact of multiple gene testing in MBC is still not clear, and probably, international cooperative efforts will be necessary to clarify this issue due to the rarity of the disease. […] In contrast to women, for whom screening mammography has proved to play a role in reducing BC mortality, there is no recommendation for general screening in MBC detection due to the overall low prevalence of the disease.

• #28 Breast Cancer in Men: Overview of Male Breast Cancer, Etiology, Diagnosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1954174-overview

  The etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of breast cancer in males is similar to that in females. Unlike breast cancer in females, however, breast cancer in men is rare. Although its frequency has increased in recent decades particularly in the urban United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom, breast cancer in males accounts for only about 1% of breast cancers. In the United States, males are expected to account for only 2800 of the estimated 319,750 cases of breast cancer predicted to occur in 2025. […] Unfortunately, this rarity has largely precluded prospective randomized clinical trials. Lack of awareness that men develop breast cancer may also contribute to the infrequency of early diagnosis. Men tend to be diagnosed with breast cancer at an older age than women and with a more advanced stage of disease: more than 40% of patients have stage III or IV disease at diagnosis.

• #29 Experiences and perceptions of men following breast cancer diagnosis: a mixed method systematic review | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-024-11911-9

  Men with breast cancer experience unique physical and emotional challenges. […] Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare condition, accounting for less than 1% of all breast cancers. About 2,710 men are estimated to be diagnosed with breast cancer, with approximately 530 men projected to die from breast cancer in 2022 and have about 1 in 833 lifetime risk of being diagnosed with the disease in the United States. […] Data from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 database indicate that the incidence of MBC increased from 8.5 thousand in 1990 to 23.1 thousand in 2017 with 123 countries showing a significant increasing trend in MBC incidence rates. […] Evidence suggests that MBC is mostly diagnosed late (49%) when the disease is more advanced compared to women (33%) leading to relatively worse prognosis.

• #30 Experiences and perceptions of men following breast cancer diagnosis: a mixed method systematic review | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-024-11911-9

  This has been attributed to delayed presentation, lack of screening, reduced awareness by treating providers and a lack of awareness of the disease among men. […] Consequently, MBCs are mainly diagnosed with more severe clinical manifestations with relatively complex tumour characteristics (i.e., larger sizes and extensive lymph node involvement), associated with higher proportions of positive hormone receptors, which mostly results in prolonged treatment delay, and metastasis of the disease at diagnosis compared to female breast cancer. […] Treatment for MBC has mainly been informed by available evidence for female breast cancer, and no randomised data exists for optimal management strategies for men including surgery, systemic therapy, and radiation. […] Some guidelines have been published for the management of MBC; however, these guidelines are rarely based on clinical trials leading to a paucity of literature on the evaluation of outcomes for MBC.

• #31 Male Breast Cancer Statistics and Research | BCRF

  https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/male-breast-cancer-statistics-research/

  While breast cancer overwhelmingly affects women, men also have breast tissue and are at risk of developing breast cancer. […] Whats more, because breast cancer is primarily seen as a womans disease, men may ignore symptomsresulting in later-stage diagnoses and potentially worse outcomes. […] In 2025, about 2,800 men will be diagnosed with breast cancer and approximately 510 will die from the disease, according to the American Cancer Society. […] About one in 726 men will develop breast cancer in their lifetime. […] Because of a lack of research and awareness among men and clinicians, some disparities in breast cancer outcomes in men compared to women have been noted in recent studies. […] One 2019 study from Vanderbilt University researchers based on mortality data from 1.8 million women and 16,025 men who had breast cancer found that male breast cancer patients have a 19 percent higher mortality rate than women.

• #32 Genetic Landscape of Male Breast Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/14/3535

  The 5-year overall survival (OS) was 82.8% for men, which was lower than the 88.5% for women. […] Advanced stage at diagnosis does not solely explain the worse prognosis of MBC. […] A study including only patients with stages I and II BC showed 5- and 10-year OS rates of 82% and 61% for men, while it was 90% and 79% for FBC, respectively. […] The clinical impact of multiple gene testing in MBC is still not clear, and probably, international cooperative efforts will be necessary to clarify this issue due to the rarity of the disease. […] In contrast to women, for whom screening mammography has proved to play a role in reducing BC mortality, there is no recommendation for general screening in MBC detection due to the overall low prevalence of the disease.

• #33 Unveiling the comorbidity burden of male breast cancer | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-73032-4

  Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare condition with unique characteristics compared to female breast cancer (FBC). […] Despite its scarceness, there is growing evidence that MBC should not be studied and treated as FBC due to factors like later diagnosis stage and distinct genetic makeup. […] MBC patients had a high mean age at diagnosis and number of comorbidities. […] Paying attention to comorbidity prevalences in breast cancer patients, it was clear that MBC patients tended to be prone to cardio-metabolic coexisting diseases, while FBC patients were more prone to hormone-, bone- and mental diseases. […] After comparing associated comorbidities in FBC with those in MBC, it seems MBC patients share some of them, but they have their own particular set of coexisting diseases. […] These findings highlight the distinct characteristics of the MBC patient population and the need for a tailored approach of managing MBC.

• #34 Unveiling the comorbidity burden of male breast cancer | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-73032-4

  On the other hand, available data of survivability in MBC patients suggest they have worse results than FBC in general, most likely due to the older age of diagnosis, the higher burden of multimorbidity and the advance tumour stage. […] Remarkably, little is known about associated comorbidities to MBC, which may influence heavily survivability; and which ones differ from the general population or its female counterpart, information relevant enough to modulate the treatment itself of MBC patients. […] Bearing all above in mind, this study aimed to analyze the association of breast cancer with other comorbidities and to compare those associated comorbidities to those found in a general population of men without breast cancer and in a population of female breast cancer patients. […] The fact that they have a greater number of comorbidities is a factor to be taken into account, since a greater number of comorbidities has been related to a worse prognosis.

• #35 Breast Cancer Survival Among Males by Race, Ethnicity, Age, Geographic Region, and Stage — United States, 2007–2016 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6941a2.htm

  Evaluation of 1-year and 5-year relative survival among males with breast cancer might help guide health care decisions regarding early detection of male breast cancer and establishing programs to support men at high risk for breast cancer and male breast cancer survivors. […] Approximately one half of males with breast cancer received a diagnosis after it had already spread (i.e., regional or distant stage), when 5-year relative survival was lower than when diagnosed at a localized stage. It is critical that men notice any breast masses and related symptoms and seek immediate medical attention. […] Using high quality cancer surveillance to evaluate relative survival among males with breast cancer might help guide health care decisions regarding breast cancer testing and treatment among males and establishing programs to support men at high risk for breast cancer and male breast cancer survivors.

• #36 Breast Cancer Survival Among Males by Race, Ethnicity, Age, Geographic Region, and Stage — United States, 2007–2016 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6941a2.htm

  Breast cancer can occur in males; approximately 2,300 new male breast cancer diagnoses and 500 associated deaths occurred in the United States in 2017. […] During 20072016, relative 1- and 5-year survival for males with diagnosed breast cancer were 96.1% and 84.7%, respectively. Five-year survival was lowest among cancers diagnosed at a distant stage (25.9%) and highest among those diagnosed at a localized stage (98.7%). […] Using high-quality cancer surveillance data to evaluate 1-year and 5-year relative survival among males with breast cancer might help guide health care decisions regarding breast cancer testing and treatment among males and establishing programs to support survivors and men at high risk for developing breast cancer. […] Among males who received a diagnosis of breast cancer during 20072016, 1-year relative survival was 96.1%, and 5-year relative survival was 84.7%. Among characteristics examined, relative survival varied most by stage at diagnosis: the 5-year relative survival for males was higher for cancers diagnosed at localized stage (98.7%) than for those diagnosed at distant stage (25.9%).

• #37 Long-term trends in the incidence of male breast cancer and nomogram for predicting survival in male breast cancer patients: a population-based epidemiologic study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-85954-8

  Systematic investigation of long-term trends and prognostic factors in MBC patients is imperative to facilitate surveillance, treatment and management strategies MBC population. […] To address these gaps, we performed an age-period-cohort (APC) analysis and competing risk analysis for MBC patients by using the population-based Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. […] The age-adjusted incidence rate of FBC reaches a plateau in the sixth decade of life, whereas the rate in men continues to rise until the seventh decade. […] The incidence of MBC is rising due to population aging, and the lack of awareness usually results in MBC being diagnosed at advanced stages and associated with a poor prognosis. […] The Fine and Gray model found that advanced age, unmarried status, negative ER, negative PR, advanced grade, advanced AJCC stage and no surgery were associated with shorter survival in patients with MBC.

• #38 Time Trends in Male Breast Cancer in Austria 1983–2017 | CLEP

  https://www.dovepress.com/time-trends-in-male-breast-cancer-incidence-mortality-and-survival-in–peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CLEP

  Male breast cancer (MBC) comprises less than 1% of all breast cancer cases globally and remains understudied with persisting sex-specific survival disadvantages. […] We used Austrian National Cancer Registry data on 1648 cases of MBC cases diagnosed between 1983 and 2017 in Austria. Overall incidence, mortality, and survival rates, as well as age-, stage-, and period-specific incidence and survival rates were calculated. Joinpoint regression was performed to assess trends. […] MBC incidence rates increased throughout the whole observation period (1983 2017) with an annual percent change (APC) of 1.44% (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.77 to 2.11). During the same period, morality rates were stable (APC: 0.25, 95% CI: 0.53 to 0.60). […] Despite improvements in survival rates, MBC mortality rates remained largely stable between 1983 and 2017 in Austria, possibly resulting from a balance between increasing overall incidence and stable incidence rates of distant disease MBC.

• #39

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12672-025-02140-y

  Mortality rates for male breast cancer have remained relatively unchanged since 1990 to 2021, with the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021, which study reported a rate of 0.34 per 100,000 (95% UI: 0.230.41) in 2021, significantly lower than the 14.55 per 100,000 (95% UI: 13.4515.56) for female breast cancer. […] This notable disparity highlights the urgent need to raise awareness and implement early detection strategies for male breast cancer, which is often overlooked, as late-stage diagnoses continue to challenge patient outcomes. […] The incidence rate of male breast cancer increases significantly with age, rising sharply after 60 and peaking between 70 and 80. […] Moreover, a study by Ayca Gucalp et al. pointed out that in developed countries, two-thirds of invasive female breast cancers are localized at diagnosis, whereas in men, only half are localized and the other half are regional or distant disease.

• #40 Race and Medicine

  https://www.healio.com/news/hematology-oncology/20201110/cdc-surveillance-data-could-guide-screening-treatment-for-breast-cancer-among-men

  According to study results, the overall relative survival rate decreased from 96.1% at 1 year to 84.7% at 5 years. […] Currently, screening for breast cancer is recommended only for men with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. […] Future research should continue to monitor breast cancer survival among men in addition to examining trends in incidence and mortality for male breast cancer. These studies might help guide health care decisions regarding breast cancer testing and treatment among men and establish programs to support men at high risk for breast cancer and male breast cancer survivors.

• #41 Male Breast Cancer Statistics and Research | BCRF

  https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/male-breast-cancer-statistics-research/

  In a 2023 study published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, several BCRF investigators and others found that, unlike breast cancer in women, survival rates for male breast cancer have not significantly improved in the last 30 years. […] Unfortunately, there has been little research in male breast cancer, especially in how best to treat it, in part because of the diseases rarity and lack of surveillance. […] Men are often excluded fromor at least not actively recruited tobreast cancer clinical trials. […] Pioneering work by Dr. Fatima Cardoso and the BCRF-supported International Male Breast Cancer Program suggests that men are frequently undertreated for breast cancer. […] In studies, Dr. Cardoso and her colleagues have also reported that male breast cancers are biologically and molecularly different compared to female breast cancersunderscoring the need for more research.

• #42 Male Breast Cancer (MBC) – A Review

  https://ppch.pl/seo/article/163174/en

  Males account for 1% of all cases of breast cancer. With the aging of the world’s population, the disease has exhibited a rise in incidence in recent decades. […] Male breast cancer (MBC) is considered a relatively uncommon disorder, but its incidence has exhibited a substantial increase in recent decades. […] Although there is a great deal of epidemiologic information on female breast cancer, the etiology of MBC is still mostly unknown and the data applied to men is generally extrapolated from the results of studies conducted on women. […] This variation is explained by the rarity of MBC, which results in limitations: applying epidemiologic methodology to studies and attaining a sample size appropriate for observing an association between the risk factor and the disease. […] Furthermore, MBC tumors are small and leave little tissue for research purposes after the requisite pathology workup for molecular and genetic studies.

• #43 Male Breast Cancer: Imaging Considerations for Diagnosis and Surveillance | Thomas | Journal of Clinical Medicine Research

  https://www.jocmr.org/index.php/JOCMR/article/view/5169/25893859

  The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines recommend that men with BRCA mutations get training for breast self-examination and start receiving yearly clinical breast examinations from 35 years of age. […] The absolute risk of second breast cancer in male breast cancer is less than 2%, and hence, in general, a follow-up mammogram is not routinely recommended for the early-stage disease. […] According to the literature to date, a routine mammogram is not recommended for follow-up in male breast cancer survivors due to the absolute low risk of second male breast cancer.

• #44 Male Breast Cancer Statistics and Research | BCRF

  https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/male-breast-cancer-statistics-research/

  In a 2023 study published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, several BCRF investigators and others found that, unlike breast cancer in women, survival rates for male breast cancer have not significantly improved in the last 30 years. […] Unfortunately, there has been little research in male breast cancer, especially in how best to treat it, in part because of the diseases rarity and lack of surveillance. […] Men are often excluded fromor at least not actively recruited tobreast cancer clinical trials. […] Pioneering work by Dr. Fatima Cardoso and the BCRF-supported International Male Breast Cancer Program suggests that men are frequently undertreated for breast cancer. […] In studies, Dr. Cardoso and her colleagues have also reported that male breast cancers are biologically and molecularly different compared to female breast cancersunderscoring the need for more research.

• #45 Male Breast Cancer Statistics and Research | BCRF

  https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/male-breast-cancer-statistics-research/

  In a 2023 study published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, several BCRF investigators and others found that, unlike breast cancer in women, survival rates for male breast cancer have not significantly improved in the last 30 years. […] Unfortunately, there has been little research in male breast cancer, especially in how best to treat it, in part because of the diseases rarity and lack of surveillance. […] Men are often excluded fromor at least not actively recruited tobreast cancer clinical trials. […] Pioneering work by Dr. Fatima Cardoso and the BCRF-supported International Male Breast Cancer Program suggests that men are frequently undertreated for breast cancer. […] In studies, Dr. Cardoso and her colleagues have also reported that male breast cancers are biologically and molecularly different compared to female breast cancersunderscoring the need for more research.

• #46 Male Breast Cancer Statistics and Research | BCRF

  https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/male-breast-cancer-statistics-research/

  In a 2023 study published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, several BCRF investigators and others found that, unlike breast cancer in women, survival rates for male breast cancer have not significantly improved in the last 30 years. […] Unfortunately, there has been little research in male breast cancer, especially in how best to treat it, in part because of the diseases rarity and lack of surveillance. […] Men are often excluded fromor at least not actively recruited tobreast cancer clinical trials. […] Pioneering work by Dr. Fatima Cardoso and the BCRF-supported International Male Breast Cancer Program suggests that men are frequently undertreated for breast cancer. […] In studies, Dr. Cardoso and her colleagues have also reported that male breast cancers are biologically and molecularly different compared to female breast cancersunderscoring the need for more research.

• #47 Breast Cancer Survival Among Males by Race, Ethnicity, Age, Geographic Region, and Stage — United States, 2007–2016 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6941a2.htm

  Evaluation of 1-year and 5-year relative survival among males with breast cancer might help guide health care decisions regarding early detection of male breast cancer and establishing programs to support men at high risk for breast cancer and male breast cancer survivors. […] Approximately one half of males with breast cancer received a diagnosis after it had already spread (i.e., regional or distant stage), when 5-year relative survival was lower than when diagnosed at a localized stage. It is critical that men notice any breast masses and related symptoms and seek immediate medical attention. […] Using high quality cancer surveillance to evaluate relative survival among males with breast cancer might help guide health care decisions regarding breast cancer testing and treatment among males and establishing programs to support men at high risk for breast cancer and male breast cancer survivors.

• #48

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12672-025-02140-y

  Despite the relatively low number of MBC cases, the treatment and management of MBC impose a significant economic burden on healthcare systems. […] According to recent studies, the average treatment cost for MBC in the United States ranges from $50,000 to $100,000, with advanced-stage treatment costs potentially reaching $200,000. […] These figures highlight the significant financial impact on both patients and healthcare systems, exacerbated by the often delayed diagnosis and the necessity for intensive treatment regimens. […] Male breast cancer shares some risk factors with female breast cancer, but also has unique characteristics specific to men. These risk factors contribute to the likelihood of developing MBC and highlight the importance of awareness and early detection. […] Like many cancers, the incidence of male breast cancer increases with age, typically peaking in the seventh decade of life.

• #49 Experiences and perceptions of men following breast cancer diagnosis: a mixed method systematic review | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-024-11911-9

  This has been attributed to delayed presentation, lack of screening, reduced awareness by treating providers and a lack of awareness of the disease among men. […] Consequently, MBCs are mainly diagnosed with more severe clinical manifestations with relatively complex tumour characteristics (i.e., larger sizes and extensive lymph node involvement), associated with higher proportions of positive hormone receptors, which mostly results in prolonged treatment delay, and metastasis of the disease at diagnosis compared to female breast cancer. […] Treatment for MBC has mainly been informed by available evidence for female breast cancer, and no randomised data exists for optimal management strategies for men including surgery, systemic therapy, and radiation. […] Some guidelines have been published for the management of MBC; however, these guidelines are rarely based on clinical trials leading to a paucity of literature on the evaluation of outcomes for MBC.

• #50 Male Breast Cancer (MBC) – A Review

  https://ppch.pl/seo/article/163174/en

  There are very few well-conducted randomized controlled trials for the treatment of MBC. The current treatment guidelines are therefore derived from research on female breast cancer. […] In order to report cases of MBC at the early stages of the disease and to reduce patient attrition before active management or during follow-up, there is a need to raise awareness of the condition.

• #51 Breast Cancer Survival Among Males by Race, Ethnicity, Age, Geographic Region, and Stage — United States, 2007–2016 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6941a2.htm

  Evaluation of 1-year and 5-year relative survival among males with breast cancer might help guide health care decisions regarding early detection of male breast cancer and establishing programs to support men at high risk for breast cancer and male breast cancer survivors. […] Approximately one half of males with breast cancer received a diagnosis after it had already spread (i.e., regional or distant stage), when 5-year relative survival was lower than when diagnosed at a localized stage. It is critical that men notice any breast masses and related symptoms and seek immediate medical attention. […] Using high quality cancer surveillance to evaluate relative survival among males with breast cancer might help guide health care decisions regarding breast cancer testing and treatment among males and establishing programs to support men at high risk for breast cancer and male breast cancer survivors.

• #52 Breast cancer in men | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/breast-cancer/types/male-breast-cancer

  Breast cancer can develop in men, but this is rare. There are around 390 men diagnosed each year in the UK. This compares to around 56,800 cases in women. Less than 1 in 100 (less than 1%) breast cancer cases in the UK are in males. […] The risk factors are similar to the risks factors for female breast cancer. They include: getting older, being exposed to x-rays and radiotherapy, having a family history of breast cancer or an inherited breast cancer gene. […] Other risk factors are specific to breast cancer in men. These include having high hormone oestrogen levels and a rare condition called Klinefelter’s syndrome. […] Men with Klinefelter have an increased risk of developing breast cancer. But this doesn’t mean that they will definitely get it. […] The most common symptoms for men with breast cancer include: lump in the breast that is nearly always painless, oozing from the nipple (a discharge), a nipple that is pulled into the breast (called nipple retraction), swelling of the breast (gynecomastia), a sore (ulcer) in the skin of the breast, lump or swelling under the arm, a rash on or around the nipple.

• #53 Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in Men | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer-in-men/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  A risk factor is anything that affects your chance of getting a disease, such as breast cancer. […] We don’t yet completely understand the causes of breast cancer in men, but researchers have found several factors that may increase the risk of getting it. […] Aging is an important risk factor for the development of breast cancer in men. The risk of breast cancer goes up as a man ages. On average, men with breast cancer are about 72 years old when they are diagnosed. […] Breast cancer risk is increased if other members of the family (blood relatives) have had breast cancer. About 1 out of 5 men with breast cancer have a close relative, male or female, with the disease. […] Men with a mutation (defect) in the BRCA2 gene have an increased risk of breast cancer, with a lifetime risk of about 6 in 100.

• #54 Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in Men | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer-in-men/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  A risk factor is anything that affects your chance of getting a disease, such as breast cancer. […] We don’t yet completely understand the causes of breast cancer in men, but researchers have found several factors that may increase the risk of getting it. […] Aging is an important risk factor for the development of breast cancer in men. The risk of breast cancer goes up as a man ages. On average, men with breast cancer are about 72 years old when they are diagnosed. […] Breast cancer risk is increased if other members of the family (blood relatives) have had breast cancer. About 1 out of 5 men with breast cancer have a close relative, male or female, with the disease. […] Men with a mutation (defect) in the BRCA2 gene have an increased risk of breast cancer, with a lifetime risk of about 6 in 100.

• #55 Breast Cancer in Men: Overview of Male Breast Cancer, Etiology, Diagnosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1954174-overview

  The family history is positive for breast cancer in approximately 30% of male breast cancer cases. A familial form of breast cancer is seen in which both sexes are at increased risk for breast cancer. A review of data from 3184 BRCA1 and 2157 BRCA2 families in the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 documented elevated risk of male breast cancer in carriers of pathogenic variants of BRCA1 (relative risk [RR] 4.30), and especially of pathogenic variants of BRCA2 (RR = 44.0). […] Overall, male breast cancer shares risk factors associated with female breast cancers, especially high estrogen levels. […] These epidemiologic factors, in addition to studies suggesting that men with breast cancer have elevated estriol production, indicate a relationship between male breast cancer and hormones in addition to the well-established relationship with genetics.

• #56 Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in Men | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer-in-men/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  A risk factor is anything that affects your chance of getting a disease, such as breast cancer. […] We don’t yet completely understand the causes of breast cancer in men, but researchers have found several factors that may increase the risk of getting it. […] Aging is an important risk factor for the development of breast cancer in men. The risk of breast cancer goes up as a man ages. On average, men with breast cancer are about 72 years old when they are diagnosed. […] Breast cancer risk is increased if other members of the family (blood relatives) have had breast cancer. About 1 out of 5 men with breast cancer have a close relative, male or female, with the disease. […] Men with a mutation (defect) in the BRCA2 gene have an increased risk of breast cancer, with a lifetime risk of about 6 in 100.

• #57 A 64-Year-Old Man With Germline BRCA2-Mutated Breast Cancer: Known and Unknown Aspects of Male Breast Cancer

  https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/a-64-year-old-man-with-germline-brca2-mutated-breast-cancer-known-and-unknown-aspects-of-male-breast-cancer

  The risk of breast cancer doubles for men who have a first-degree relative with the disease. […] Population-based studies indicate that mutations in the 2 major high-penetrance breast cancer genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, account for approximately 10% of male breast cancers. […] The lifetime risk of developing male breast cancer has been estimated to be in the range of 1% to 5% for BRCA1 and 5% to 10 % for BRCA2 mutation carriers, compared with a risk of 0.1% in the general population. […] Genes other than BRCA1/2 may also be involved. […] The most common clinical presentation in men with breast cancer is a painless, retroareolar mass. […] Due to low public awareness and the lack of screening mammograms for men, male breast cancers are more frequently diagnosed as larger tumors with regional nodal metastases.

• #58 A 64-Year-Old Man With Germline BRCA2-Mutated Breast Cancer: Known and Unknown Aspects of Male Breast Cancer

  https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/a-64-year-old-man-with-germline-brca2-mutated-breast-cancer-known-and-unknown-aspects-of-male-breast-cancer

  The risk of breast cancer doubles for men who have a first-degree relative with the disease. […] Population-based studies indicate that mutations in the 2 major high-penetrance breast cancer genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, account for approximately 10% of male breast cancers. […] The lifetime risk of developing male breast cancer has been estimated to be in the range of 1% to 5% for BRCA1 and 5% to 10 % for BRCA2 mutation carriers, compared with a risk of 0.1% in the general population. […] Genes other than BRCA1/2 may also be involved. […] The most common clinical presentation in men with breast cancer is a painless, retroareolar mass. […] Due to low public awareness and the lack of screening mammograms for men, male breast cancers are more frequently diagnosed as larger tumors with regional nodal metastases.

• #59 Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in Men | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer-in-men/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Men with Klinefelter syndrome are more likely to get breast cancer than other men. Having this condition can increase the risk anywhere between 20 – 60 times the risk of a man in the general population. […] A man whose chest area has been treated with radiation (such as for the treatment of a cancer in the chest, like lymphoma) has an increased risk of developing breast cancer. […] Heavy drinking (of alcoholic beverages) increases the risk of breast cancer in men. […] Men with liver disease can also have a higher chance of developing benign male breast growth (gynecomastia) and also have an higher risk of developing breast cancer. […] Estrogen-related drugs were once used in hormonal therapy for men with prostate cancer. This treatment may slightly increase breast cancer risk. […] Studies have shown that women’s breast cancer risk is increased by excess body weight after menopause. Excess weight is a risk factor for male breast cancer as well. […] Certain conditions, such as having an undescended testicle, having mumps as an adult, or having one or both testicles surgically removed (orchiectomy) may increase male breast cancer risk.

• #60 Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in Men | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer-in-men/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Men with Klinefelter syndrome are more likely to get breast cancer than other men. Having this condition can increase the risk anywhere between 20 – 60 times the risk of a man in the general population. […] A man whose chest area has been treated with radiation (such as for the treatment of a cancer in the chest, like lymphoma) has an increased risk of developing breast cancer. […] Heavy drinking (of alcoholic beverages) increases the risk of breast cancer in men. […] Men with liver disease can also have a higher chance of developing benign male breast growth (gynecomastia) and also have an higher risk of developing breast cancer. […] Estrogen-related drugs were once used in hormonal therapy for men with prostate cancer. This treatment may slightly increase breast cancer risk. […] Studies have shown that women’s breast cancer risk is increased by excess body weight after menopause. Excess weight is a risk factor for male breast cancer as well. […] Certain conditions, such as having an undescended testicle, having mumps as an adult, or having one or both testicles surgically removed (orchiectomy) may increase male breast cancer risk.

• #61 Breast Cancer in Men | Susan G. Komen®

  https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/facts-statistics/male-breast-cancer/

  Male breast cancer incidence rates in the U.S. vary by race and ethnicity. […] Non-Hispanic Black men have the highest breast cancer incidence rate overall [189]. Non-Hispanic Asian and Pacific Islander men have the lowest [189]. […] Non-Hispanic Black men have higher a breast cancer mortality rate than non-Hispanic white and Hispanic men [190]. […] From 2017 to 2021 (most recent data available), the overall median age of breast cancer diagnosis for men in the U.S. was 69 [191]. […] The median age of breast cancer diagnosis for men is older than for women (overall, the median age at diagnosis for women is 63) [191-192]. […] Some studies show gynecomastia may increase the risk of breast cancer in men [131-132,215]. […] Klinefelters syndrome increases the risk of breast cancer in men [123,131-132,215]. […] Men who are overweight or obese appear to have an increased risk of breast cancer [126,131-132,215]. […] Although there are some factors that increase the risk of male breast cancer, most men diagnosed have no known risk factors (except for older age).

• #62 Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in Men | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer-in-men/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Men with Klinefelter syndrome are more likely to get breast cancer than other men. Having this condition can increase the risk anywhere between 20 – 60 times the risk of a man in the general population. […] A man whose chest area has been treated with radiation (such as for the treatment of a cancer in the chest, like lymphoma) has an increased risk of developing breast cancer. […] Heavy drinking (of alcoholic beverages) increases the risk of breast cancer in men. […] Men with liver disease can also have a higher chance of developing benign male breast growth (gynecomastia) and also have an higher risk of developing breast cancer. […] Estrogen-related drugs were once used in hormonal therapy for men with prostate cancer. This treatment may slightly increase breast cancer risk. […] Studies have shown that women’s breast cancer risk is increased by excess body weight after menopause. Excess weight is a risk factor for male breast cancer as well. […] Certain conditions, such as having an undescended testicle, having mumps as an adult, or having one or both testicles surgically removed (orchiectomy) may increase male breast cancer risk.

• #63 Male Breast Cancer (MBC) – A Review

  https://ppch.pl/seo/article/163174/en

  New research suggests that, with the likely contribution of hereditary and hormonal factors, the analytical epidemiology of male breast cancer is often comparable to that of female breast cancer. However, many aspects of the etiology and treatment of MBC do not fit the simplistic model that men usually have endocrine-sensitive tumors which behave like those in postmenopausal women. […] In the literature, a number of epidemiologic risk factors have been linked to MBC, including dietary variables, testicular disorders, benign breast abnormalities, occupational exposures, and conditions linked to high estrogen levels. […] Since estrogen-related risk factors have been significantly linked to the etiology of FBC, elevated estrogen levels in different diseases have been examined. […] A higher risk of MBC has been linked to a number of testicular anomalies, including cryptorchidism, post-mumps orchitis, testicular injury, post-orchidectomy, and congenital inguinal hernia.

• #64 Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in Men | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer-in-men/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  A risk factor is anything that affects your chance of getting a disease, such as breast cancer. […] We don’t yet completely understand the causes of breast cancer in men, but researchers have found several factors that may increase the risk of getting it. […] Aging is an important risk factor for the development of breast cancer in men. The risk of breast cancer goes up as a man ages. On average, men with breast cancer are about 72 years old when they are diagnosed. […] Breast cancer risk is increased if other members of the family (blood relatives) have had breast cancer. About 1 out of 5 men with breast cancer have a close relative, male or female, with the disease. […] Men with a mutation (defect) in the BRCA2 gene have an increased risk of breast cancer, with a lifetime risk of about 6 in 100.

• #65 Breast Cancer in Men | Susan G. Komen®

  https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/facts-statistics/male-breast-cancer/

  Male breast cancer incidence rates in the U.S. vary by race and ethnicity. […] Non-Hispanic Black men have the highest breast cancer incidence rate overall [189]. Non-Hispanic Asian and Pacific Islander men have the lowest [189]. […] Non-Hispanic Black men have higher a breast cancer mortality rate than non-Hispanic white and Hispanic men [190]. […] From 2017 to 2021 (most recent data available), the overall median age of breast cancer diagnosis for men in the U.S. was 69 [191]. […] The median age of breast cancer diagnosis for men is older than for women (overall, the median age at diagnosis for women is 63) [191-192]. […] Some studies show gynecomastia may increase the risk of breast cancer in men [131-132,215]. […] Klinefelters syndrome increases the risk of breast cancer in men [123,131-132,215]. […] Men who are overweight or obese appear to have an increased risk of breast cancer [126,131-132,215]. […] Although there are some factors that increase the risk of male breast cancer, most men diagnosed have no known risk factors (except for older age).

• #66 Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in Men | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer-in-men/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Men with Klinefelter syndrome are more likely to get breast cancer than other men. Having this condition can increase the risk anywhere between 20 – 60 times the risk of a man in the general population. […] A man whose chest area has been treated with radiation (such as for the treatment of a cancer in the chest, like lymphoma) has an increased risk of developing breast cancer. […] Heavy drinking (of alcoholic beverages) increases the risk of breast cancer in men. […] Men with liver disease can also have a higher chance of developing benign male breast growth (gynecomastia) and also have an higher risk of developing breast cancer. […] Estrogen-related drugs were once used in hormonal therapy for men with prostate cancer. This treatment may slightly increase breast cancer risk. […] Studies have shown that women’s breast cancer risk is increased by excess body weight after menopause. Excess weight is a risk factor for male breast cancer as well. […] Certain conditions, such as having an undescended testicle, having mumps as an adult, or having one or both testicles surgically removed (orchiectomy) may increase male breast cancer risk.

• #67 Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in Men | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer-in-men/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Men with Klinefelter syndrome are more likely to get breast cancer than other men. Having this condition can increase the risk anywhere between 20 – 60 times the risk of a man in the general population. […] A man whose chest area has been treated with radiation (such as for the treatment of a cancer in the chest, like lymphoma) has an increased risk of developing breast cancer. […] Heavy drinking (of alcoholic beverages) increases the risk of breast cancer in men. […] Men with liver disease can also have a higher chance of developing benign male breast growth (gynecomastia) and also have an higher risk of developing breast cancer. […] Estrogen-related drugs were once used in hormonal therapy for men with prostate cancer. This treatment may slightly increase breast cancer risk. […] Studies have shown that women’s breast cancer risk is increased by excess body weight after menopause. Excess weight is a risk factor for male breast cancer as well. […] Certain conditions, such as having an undescended testicle, having mumps as an adult, or having one or both testicles surgically removed (orchiectomy) may increase male breast cancer risk.

• #68 Male Breast Cancer (MBC) – A Review

  https://ppch.pl/seo/article/163174/en

  Dietary variables such as meat consumption and alcoholism have been receiving attention as possible risk factors for MBC in recent research. […] Tasks that expose workers to high temperatures, nighttime lighting, electromagnetic waves, chemicals (such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, nitrosamines, and metal fumes), and fuels (such as gasoline and combustion engine products) have all been linked to MBC, but there is still no conclusive evidence to support these claims. […] The staging protocol for MBC uses the tumor, node, and metastasis (TMN) staging approach; it is categorized similarly to that for FBC. Unfortunately, due to frequent delayed identification of male breast cancer, 40% of all cases are discovered to be in stage III or IV at the time of the initial diagnosis.

• #69 Breast Cancer in Men | Susan G. Komen®

  https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/facts-statistics/male-breast-cancer/

  Male breast cancer incidence rates in the U.S. vary by race and ethnicity. […] Non-Hispanic Black men have the highest breast cancer incidence rate overall [189]. Non-Hispanic Asian and Pacific Islander men have the lowest [189]. […] Non-Hispanic Black men have higher a breast cancer mortality rate than non-Hispanic white and Hispanic men [190]. […] From 2017 to 2021 (most recent data available), the overall median age of breast cancer diagnosis for men in the U.S. was 69 [191]. […] The median age of breast cancer diagnosis for men is older than for women (overall, the median age at diagnosis for women is 63) [191-192]. […] Some studies show gynecomastia may increase the risk of breast cancer in men [131-132,215]. […] Klinefelters syndrome increases the risk of breast cancer in men [123,131-132,215]. […] Men who are overweight or obese appear to have an increased risk of breast cancer [126,131-132,215]. […] Although there are some factors that increase the risk of male breast cancer, most men diagnosed have no known risk factors (except for older age).

• #70 Epidemiology of male breast cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7476060/

  Due to its rarity, few studies have characterized the epidemiology of male breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine survival and risk factors for male breast cancer in a large U.S. population. […] Over 10 years, the incidence of male breast cancer increased from 7.2% to 10.3%, while mortality decreased from 11% to 3.8%. […] Socioeconomic factors, cancer stage, tumor characteristics (size and grade), and high Charlson-Dayo score contributed to higher mortality among male patients diagnosed with breast cancer. […] The American Cancer Society estimated that in 2019, 2670 new cases of male breast cancer would be diagnosed in the United States, with 18% mortality. […] Male breast cancer is not well understood. […] There is an urgent need to understand the risk factors associated with the disease.

• #71 Long-term trends in the incidence of male breast cancer and nomogram for predicting survival in male breast cancer patients: a population-based epidemiologic study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-85954-8

  Systematic investigation of long-term trends and prognostic factors in MBC patients is imperative to facilitate surveillance, treatment and management strategies MBC population. […] To address these gaps, we performed an age-period-cohort (APC) analysis and competing risk analysis for MBC patients by using the population-based Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. […] The age-adjusted incidence rate of FBC reaches a plateau in the sixth decade of life, whereas the rate in men continues to rise until the seventh decade. […] The incidence of MBC is rising due to population aging, and the lack of awareness usually results in MBC being diagnosed at advanced stages and associated with a poor prognosis. […] The Fine and Gray model found that advanced age, unmarried status, negative ER, negative PR, advanced grade, advanced AJCC stage and no surgery were associated with shorter survival in patients with MBC.

• #72 Genetic Landscape of Male Breast Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/14/3535

  Male breast cancer is a rare disease, representing around 0.5% of the malignances in men. […] The number of newly diagnosed MBC cases increased worldwide from 8500 in 1990 to 23,100 in 2017, according to data from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 database. […] In 2021, about 2650 men are expected to be diagnosed with BC in the US, with an estimated 530 deaths due to the disease. […] Its incidence, however, varies across the globe, with lower rates in Asia and higher in Africa, where the male-to-female BC ratio was found to be 0.042, while it is around 0.01 in other populations. […] Genetics plays an important role in predisposition to MBC. Pathogenic variants (PVs) in BRCA2 are one of the most remarkable risk factors. […] Currently, it is strongly recommended that every man with BC be offered genetic counseling followed by genetic testing for high-penetrance germline PVs in BC susceptibility genes, irrespective of family history of cancer.

• #73 Breast Cancer in Men | Susan G. Komen®

  https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/facts-statistics/male-breast-cancer/

  In the U.S., less than 1% of all breast cancer cases occur in men [222]. […] The risk of breast cancer is much lower in men than in women. The lifetime risk of getting breast cancer is about 1 in 1,000 for men in the U.S. compared to 1 in 8 for women in the U.S. [220]. […] From 2017 to 2021 (most recent data available), the breast cancer incidence rate in men increased slightly (by less than 1% per year) [194]. […] Rates of breast cancer incidence (new cases) and mortality (death) are much lower among men than among women [187-188]. […] Survival rates for men are about the same as for women with the same stage of breast cancer at the time of diagnosis [123]. […] However, men are often diagnosed at a later stage of breast cancer than women [123]. One reason could be that men may be less likely than women to report signs and symptoms [124]. This can lead to delays in diagnosis [124].

• #74 Time Trends in Male Breast Cancer in Austria 1983–2017 | CLEP

  https://www.dovepress.com/time-trends-in-male-breast-cancer-incidence-mortality-and-survival-in–peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CLEP

  Male breast cancer (MBC) comprises less than 1% of all breast cancer cases globally and remains understudied with persisting sex-specific survival disadvantages. […] We used Austrian National Cancer Registry data on 1648 cases of MBC cases diagnosed between 1983 and 2017 in Austria. Overall incidence, mortality, and survival rates, as well as age-, stage-, and period-specific incidence and survival rates were calculated. Joinpoint regression was performed to assess trends. […] MBC incidence rates increased throughout the whole observation period (1983 2017) with an annual percent change (APC) of 1.44% (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.77 to 2.11). During the same period, morality rates were stable (APC: 0.25, 95% CI: 0.53 to 0.60). […] Despite improvements in survival rates, MBC mortality rates remained largely stable between 1983 and 2017 in Austria, possibly resulting from a balance between increasing overall incidence and stable incidence rates of distant disease MBC.

• #75 Experiences and perceptions of men following breast cancer diagnosis: a mixed method systematic review | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-024-11911-9

  Men with breast cancer experience unique physical and emotional challenges. […] Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare condition, accounting for less than 1% of all breast cancers. About 2,710 men are estimated to be diagnosed with breast cancer, with approximately 530 men projected to die from breast cancer in 2022 and have about 1 in 833 lifetime risk of being diagnosed with the disease in the United States. […] Data from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 database indicate that the incidence of MBC increased from 8.5 thousand in 1990 to 23.1 thousand in 2017 with 123 countries showing a significant increasing trend in MBC incidence rates. […] Evidence suggests that MBC is mostly diagnosed late (49%) when the disease is more advanced compared to women (33%) leading to relatively worse prognosis.

• #76 National and subnational burden of female and male breast cancer and risk factors in Iran from 1990 to 2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019 | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text

  https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-023-01633-4

  The highest age-standardized prevalence rates at the subnational level in 2019 were estimated at 383.7 (311.1470.1)/100,000 (Alborz) for females and 6.9 (5.010.0)/100,000 (Yazd) for males, while the lowest age-standardized prevalence rates for females and males were 179.6 (146.6223.7)/100,000 and 1.8 (1.32.4)/100,000, respectively (both in Sistan and Baluchistan). […] Decomposition analysis revealed that 133.0% and 44.0% of the total 417.6% change in incident cases from 1990 to 2019 were attributable to age structure change and population growth, respectively. […] The overall age-standardized DALYs rate of females was 368.7 (336.7404.3)/100,000 in 2019, 15.2% ( 11.742.5) higher than of 1990 (320.2 [265.4405.4]/100,000). […] The study revealed that BC incidence, deaths, and DALYs generally had upward trends in Iran from 1990 to 2019. […] This study also found that MIR was higher in males than in females. […] High FPG exerted the highest burden among risk factors, followed by secondhand smoke, low physical activity, diet high in red meat, smoking, and alcohol use.

• #77 Long-term trends in the incidence of male breast cancer and nomogram for predicting survival in male breast cancer patients: a population-based epidemiologic study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-85954-8

  Systematic investigation of long-term trends and prognostic factors in MBC patients is imperative to facilitate surveillance, treatment and management strategies MBC population. […] To address these gaps, we performed an age-period-cohort (APC) analysis and competing risk analysis for MBC patients by using the population-based Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. […] The age-adjusted incidence rate of FBC reaches a plateau in the sixth decade of life, whereas the rate in men continues to rise until the seventh decade. […] The incidence of MBC is rising due to population aging, and the lack of awareness usually results in MBC being diagnosed at advanced stages and associated with a poor prognosis. […] The Fine and Gray model found that advanced age, unmarried status, negative ER, negative PR, advanced grade, advanced AJCC stage and no surgery were associated with shorter survival in patients with MBC.

• #78 Long-term trends in the incidence of male breast cancer and nomogram for predicting survival in male breast cancer patients: a population-based epidemiologic study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-85954-8

  Systematic investigation of long-term trends and prognostic factors in MBC patients is imperative to facilitate surveillance, treatment and management strategies MBC population. […] To address these gaps, we performed an age-period-cohort (APC) analysis and competing risk analysis for MBC patients by using the population-based Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. […] The age-adjusted incidence rate of FBC reaches a plateau in the sixth decade of life, whereas the rate in men continues to rise until the seventh decade. […] The incidence of MBC is rising due to population aging, and the lack of awareness usually results in MBC being diagnosed at advanced stages and associated with a poor prognosis. […] The Fine and Gray model found that advanced age, unmarried status, negative ER, negative PR, advanced grade, advanced AJCC stage and no surgery were associated with shorter survival in patients with MBC.

• #79 Time Trends in Male Breast Cancer in Austria 1983–2017 | CLEP

  https://www.dovepress.com/time-trends-in-male-breast-cancer-incidence-mortality-and-survival-in–peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CLEP

  While incidence increased between 1983 and 2017, BC-specific mortality changed little, with a slight tendency of decrease and an APC of 0.25 (19832017, CI: 0.53 to 0.60), whereas BC-specific survival rates improved. […] Our stage-specific analyses show that the increases in incidence are driven by early stage and regional cancer. […] A strength of our study is the use of a full national sample of MBC cases recorded over four decades. The data likely reflects all MBC cases in Austria, as both information from death certificates and newly diagnosed cancer cases from statutory reporting were compiled.

• #80 Genetic Landscape of Male Breast Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/14/3535

  The 5-year overall survival (OS) was 82.8% for men, which was lower than the 88.5% for women. […] Advanced stage at diagnosis does not solely explain the worse prognosis of MBC. […] A study including only patients with stages I and II BC showed 5- and 10-year OS rates of 82% and 61% for men, while it was 90% and 79% for FBC, respectively. […] The clinical impact of multiple gene testing in MBC is still not clear, and probably, international cooperative efforts will be necessary to clarify this issue due to the rarity of the disease. […] In contrast to women, for whom screening mammography has proved to play a role in reducing BC mortality, there is no recommendation for general screening in MBC detection due to the overall low prevalence of the disease.

• #81 Race and Medicine

  https://www.healio.com/news/hematology-oncology/20201110/cdc-surveillance-data-could-guide-screening-treatment-for-breast-cancer-among-men

  According to study results, the overall relative survival rate decreased from 96.1% at 1 year to 84.7% at 5 years. […] Currently, screening for breast cancer is recommended only for men with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. […] Future research should continue to monitor breast cancer survival among men in addition to examining trends in incidence and mortality for male breast cancer. These studies might help guide health care decisions regarding breast cancer testing and treatment among men and establish programs to support men at high risk for breast cancer and male breast cancer survivors.

• #82

  http://waocp.com/journal/index.php/apjcc/article/view/1040

  Risk of male breast cancer increases if they have first or second degree relative with breast cancer which is similar to cancer seen in women. […] Studies have shown that the affected first or second degree relative of either gender may increase the risk of breast cancer in either the males or females in the family. […] In males previous radiation therapy has been noted as a potential risk factor like females. […] In conclusion, hence, concluding from the above discussion, Male breast carcinoma presents later in life (age 60 years) and it presents in advance stage of carcinoma (T4). […] Therefore concerted efforts including education of public and health professionals, in order to make earlier diagnosis and thereby improve prognosis.

• #83 Long-term trends in the incidence of male breast cancer and nomogram for predicting survival in male breast cancer patients: a population-based epidemiologic study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-85954-8

  Male breast cancer (MBC) is rare, and due to the absence of male-specific screening programs, many patients are diagnosed at advanced stages and older ages. […] The high incidence and poor prognosis of MBC in the elderly population emphasize the need for improved screening and early diagnosis in high-risk groups. […] The present treatment strategy for MBC is identical to the clinical guidelines established for female breast cancer (FBC), derived primarily from female-only clinical studies. […] Most MBCs are advanced and predominantly estrogen receptor (ER) positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) negative. […] There is a growing recognition of the distinct tumor biology between FBC and MBC, thereby emphasizing the necessity for studies focused on unique population.

• #84 Male Breast Cancer Statistics and Research | BCRF

  https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/male-breast-cancer-statistics-research/

  In a 2023 study published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, several BCRF investigators and others found that, unlike breast cancer in women, survival rates for male breast cancer have not significantly improved in the last 30 years. […] Unfortunately, there has been little research in male breast cancer, especially in how best to treat it, in part because of the diseases rarity and lack of surveillance. […] Men are often excluded fromor at least not actively recruited tobreast cancer clinical trials. […] Pioneering work by Dr. Fatima Cardoso and the BCRF-supported International Male Breast Cancer Program suggests that men are frequently undertreated for breast cancer. […] In studies, Dr. Cardoso and her colleagues have also reported that male breast cancers are biologically and molecularly different compared to female breast cancersunderscoring the need for more research.

• #85 Male Breast Cancer: Imaging Considerations for Diagnosis and Surveillance | Thomas | Journal of Clinical Medicine Research

  https://www.jocmr.org/index.php/JOCMR/article/view/5169/25893859

  The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines recommend that men with BRCA mutations get training for breast self-examination and start receiving yearly clinical breast examinations from 35 years of age. […] The absolute risk of second breast cancer in male breast cancer is less than 2%, and hence, in general, a follow-up mammogram is not routinely recommended for the early-stage disease. […] According to the literature to date, a routine mammogram is not recommended for follow-up in male breast cancer survivors due to the absolute low risk of second male breast cancer.

• #86 Race and Medicine

  https://www.healio.com/news/hematology-oncology/20201110/cdc-surveillance-data-could-guide-screening-treatment-for-breast-cancer-among-men

  According to study results, the overall relative survival rate decreased from 96.1% at 1 year to 84.7% at 5 years. […] Currently, screening for breast cancer is recommended only for men with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. […] Future research should continue to monitor breast cancer survival among men in addition to examining trends in incidence and mortality for male breast cancer. These studies might help guide health care decisions regarding breast cancer testing and treatment among men and establish programs to support men at high risk for breast cancer and male breast cancer survivors.

• #87 Male Breast Cancer Statistics and Research | BCRF

  https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/male-breast-cancer-statistics-research/

  In 2019, researchers at the Mayo Clinic analyzed data from more than 10,000 men in the National Cancer Database. […] Through research, well gain greater insight into the clinical and biological characteristics of breast cancer in men, and we will be able to provide male patients with better treatments and ultimately improve outcomes.

• #88 Long-term trends in the incidence of male breast cancer and nomogram for predicting survival in male breast cancer patients: a population-based epidemiologic study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-85954-8

  Systematic investigation of long-term trends and prognostic factors in MBC patients is imperative to facilitate surveillance, treatment and management strategies MBC population. […] To address these gaps, we performed an age-period-cohort (APC) analysis and competing risk analysis for MBC patients by using the population-based Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. […] The age-adjusted incidence rate of FBC reaches a plateau in the sixth decade of life, whereas the rate in men continues to rise until the seventh decade. […] The incidence of MBC is rising due to population aging, and the lack of awareness usually results in MBC being diagnosed at advanced stages and associated with a poor prognosis. […] The Fine and Gray model found that advanced age, unmarried status, negative ER, negative PR, advanced grade, advanced AJCC stage and no surgery were associated with shorter survival in patients with MBC.

• #89 Long-term trends in the incidence of male breast cancer and nomogram for predicting survival in male breast cancer patients: a population-based epidemiologic study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-85954-8

  Systematic investigation of long-term trends and prognostic factors in MBC patients is imperative to facilitate surveillance, treatment and management strategies MBC population. […] To address these gaps, we performed an age-period-cohort (APC) analysis and competing risk analysis for MBC patients by using the population-based Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. […] The age-adjusted incidence rate of FBC reaches a plateau in the sixth decade of life, whereas the rate in men continues to rise until the seventh decade. […] The incidence of MBC is rising due to population aging, and the lack of awareness usually results in MBC being diagnosed at advanced stages and associated with a poor prognosis. […] The Fine and Gray model found that advanced age, unmarried status, negative ER, negative PR, advanced grade, advanced AJCC stage and no surgery were associated with shorter survival in patients with MBC.

• #90 Long-term trends in the incidence of male breast cancer and nomogram for predicting survival in male breast cancer patients: a population-based epidemiologic study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-85954-8

  The competing risk nomogram we developed demonstrated excellent model discriminability, calibration, and clinical validation both in the train and test set. […] The findings of this study demonstrated the greater realism of the competing risk model compared to the Cox model, highlighting the importance of considering the influence of competing risk events on the endpoint event when exploring prognostic factors in cancer patients.

• #91 Long-term trends in the incidence of male breast cancer and nomogram for predicting survival in male breast cancer patients: a population-based epidemiologic study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-85954-8

  The competing risk nomogram we developed demonstrated excellent model discriminability, calibration, and clinical validation both in the train and test set. […] The findings of this study demonstrated the greater realism of the competing risk model compared to the Cox model, highlighting the importance of considering the influence of competing risk events on the endpoint event when exploring prognostic factors in cancer patients.

• #92 Long-term trends in the incidence of male breast cancer and nomogram for predicting survival in male breast cancer patients: a population-based epidemiologic study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-85954-8

  The competing risk nomogram we developed demonstrated excellent model discriminability, calibration, and clinical validation both in the train and test set. […] The findings of this study demonstrated the greater realism of the competing risk model compared to the Cox model, highlighting the importance of considering the influence of competing risk events on the endpoint event when exploring prognostic factors in cancer patients.

• #93 National and subnational burden of female and male breast cancer and risk factors in Iran from 1990 to 2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019 | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text

  https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-023-01633-4

  The highest age-standardized prevalence rates at the subnational level in 2019 were estimated at 383.7 (311.1470.1)/100,000 (Alborz) for females and 6.9 (5.010.0)/100,000 (Yazd) for males, while the lowest age-standardized prevalence rates for females and males were 179.6 (146.6223.7)/100,000 and 1.8 (1.32.4)/100,000, respectively (both in Sistan and Baluchistan). […] Decomposition analysis revealed that 133.0% and 44.0% of the total 417.6% change in incident cases from 1990 to 2019 were attributable to age structure change and population growth, respectively. […] The overall age-standardized DALYs rate of females was 368.7 (336.7404.3)/100,000 in 2019, 15.2% ( 11.742.5) higher than of 1990 (320.2 [265.4405.4]/100,000). […] The study revealed that BC incidence, deaths, and DALYs generally had upward trends in Iran from 1990 to 2019. […] This study also found that MIR was higher in males than in females. […] High FPG exerted the highest burden among risk factors, followed by secondhand smoke, low physical activity, diet high in red meat, smoking, and alcohol use.

• #94 Incidence and survival outcomes of early male breast cancer: a population-based comparison with early female breast cancer

  https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/30450/html

  This large population-based study is the first to describe the trends in incidence of early MBC from 2000 through 2015. […] In recent decades, we observed that early MBC incidence trends were stable. However, the incidence rates of early FBC changed significantly. […] Previous reports suggested that MBC patients were presented with older age at diagnosis, more aggressive tumor biology, and more comorbidities, and therefore poorer survival compared with FBC patients. […] In our study, we used the national cancer-registry database and confirmed the previous findings that MBC patients had worse survival outcomes in a real-world scenario. […] Since the sample size of MBC patients was significantly different from that of the FBC patients, we developed a 1:4 (MBC:FBC) propensity score-matched cohort, in which we still observed that MBC was associated with worse clinical outcomes. […] In conclusion, the incidence trends for early MBC were stable, whereas the trends changed significantly for early FBC from 2000 to 2015. Early MBC had worse survival outcomes when compared with female counterparts.

• #95 Male Breast Cancer Statistics and Research | BCRF

  https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/male-breast-cancer-statistics-research/

  In a 2023 study published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, several BCRF investigators and others found that, unlike breast cancer in women, survival rates for male breast cancer have not significantly improved in the last 30 years. […] Unfortunately, there has been little research in male breast cancer, especially in how best to treat it, in part because of the diseases rarity and lack of surveillance. […] Men are often excluded fromor at least not actively recruited tobreast cancer clinical trials. […] Pioneering work by Dr. Fatima Cardoso and the BCRF-supported International Male Breast Cancer Program suggests that men are frequently undertreated for breast cancer. […] In studies, Dr. Cardoso and her colleagues have also reported that male breast cancers are biologically and molecularly different compared to female breast cancersunderscoring the need for more research.

• #96 A 64-Year-Old Man With Germline BRCA2-Mutated Breast Cancer: Known and Unknown Aspects of Male Breast Cancer

  https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/a-64-year-old-man-with-germline-brca2-mutated-breast-cancer-known-and-unknown-aspects-of-male-breast-cancer

  Staging for breast cancer in men is the same as for women with no gender-specific recommendations. […] In a genomic profiling study of 59 male patients with breast cancer, 29% of samples were classified as luminal Alike and 71% as luminal Blike, with a heterogeneous repertoire of somatic genetic alterations. […] Due to the rarity of male breast cancer and lack of randomized trials, the role of radiotherapy after mastectomy in node-positive male breast cancer has not been well studied. […] The current estimates of the frequency of BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations in the population is approximately 1 in 500 individuals. […] Male carriers of BRCA1/2 mutations are at increased risk for development of several types of cancers, including breast (BRCA1, 1.2% lifetime; BRCA2, 7% to 8% lifetime).

• #97 Quality-of-Life and Oncological Outcomes in Male Breast Cancer: Insights from an Extensive 20-Year Experience

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/17/5/829

  Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare malignancy with a globally rising incidence. […] The quality of life (QoL) among MBC patients remains underexplored. […] The limited use of breast-conserving surgery (BCS) may be partly attributed to low radiotherapy (RT) adherence rates reported in the literature and the smaller breast tissue volume in men. […] The quality of life (QoL) among MBC patients has been poorly studied, with only limited available evidence. […] To address these significant gaps, we investigated the clinicopathological characteristics, therapeutic management, and follow-up of MBC patients who underwent surgery at our institution over a 20-year period. […] The median global QoL score was 28.5 out of 36, where scores above 24 indicated a low impact of BC treatments on QoL.

• #98 Experiences and perceptions of men following breast cancer diagnosis: a mixed method systematic review | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-024-11911-9

  This has been attributed to delayed presentation, lack of screening, reduced awareness by treating providers and a lack of awareness of the disease among men. […] Consequently, MBCs are mainly diagnosed with more severe clinical manifestations with relatively complex tumour characteristics (i.e., larger sizes and extensive lymph node involvement), associated with higher proportions of positive hormone receptors, which mostly results in prolonged treatment delay, and metastasis of the disease at diagnosis compared to female breast cancer. […] Treatment for MBC has mainly been informed by available evidence for female breast cancer, and no randomised data exists for optimal management strategies for men including surgery, systemic therapy, and radiation. […] Some guidelines have been published for the management of MBC; however, these guidelines are rarely based on clinical trials leading to a paucity of literature on the evaluation of outcomes for MBC.

• #99 Epidemiology of breast cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_breast_cancer

  Male breast cancer is a much less talked about issue due to its lower incidence with less than 1% of breast cancer in Sub Saharan Africa. […] A review of the disease found that male to female ratio was higher in Sub Saharan Countries than in developed countries and that onset of the disease occurred on average 7 years later in men than in women. […] There is still little understanding of the causes of the higher risk for male breast cancer in Sub Saharan Africa and on male breast cancer in general, leading to poor clinical management of the disease.

• #100 Male Breast Cancer Statistics and Research | BCRF

  https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/male-breast-cancer-statistics-research/

  In a 2023 study published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, several BCRF investigators and others found that, unlike breast cancer in women, survival rates for male breast cancer have not significantly improved in the last 30 years. […] Unfortunately, there has been little research in male breast cancer, especially in how best to treat it, in part because of the diseases rarity and lack of surveillance. […] Men are often excluded fromor at least not actively recruited tobreast cancer clinical trials. […] Pioneering work by Dr. Fatima Cardoso and the BCRF-supported International Male Breast Cancer Program suggests that men are frequently undertreated for breast cancer. […] In studies, Dr. Cardoso and her colleagues have also reported that male breast cancers are biologically and molecularly different compared to female breast cancersunderscoring the need for more research.

• #101 Unveiling the comorbidity burden of male breast cancer | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-73032-4

  The traditional approach of extrapolating treatment guidelines from FBC to MBC may not be optimal, given the differences in the associated comorbidity profiles. […] Our study underscores the need for a more tailored approach to managing MBC, considering the unique challenges posed by co-existing chronic conditions.

• #102

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12672-025-02140-y

  Given that most male breast cancers are hormone-receptor positive (HR+), endocrine therapy is one of the mainstays of treatment. Common endocrine therapy drugs include tamoxifen and gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) concurrent with an aromatase inhibitor. […] The future of male breast cancer diagnosis and treatment appears promising, driven by ongoing research and advancements in medical science. Genomic and molecular biology studies are anticipated to uncover more pathogenic mechanisms, which will provide novel therapeutic targets.

• #103 Male Breast Cancer Statistics and Research | BCRF

  https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/male-breast-cancer-statistics-research/

  While breast cancer overwhelmingly affects women, men also have breast tissue and are at risk of developing breast cancer. […] Whats more, because breast cancer is primarily seen as a womans disease, men may ignore symptomsresulting in later-stage diagnoses and potentially worse outcomes. […] In 2025, about 2,800 men will be diagnosed with breast cancer and approximately 510 will die from the disease, according to the American Cancer Society. […] About one in 726 men will develop breast cancer in their lifetime. […] Because of a lack of research and awareness among men and clinicians, some disparities in breast cancer outcomes in men compared to women have been noted in recent studies. […] One 2019 study from Vanderbilt University researchers based on mortality data from 1.8 million women and 16,025 men who had breast cancer found that male breast cancer patients have a 19 percent higher mortality rate than women.

• #104 Epidemiology of male breast cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7476060/

  Due to its rarity, few studies have characterized the epidemiology of male breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine survival and risk factors for male breast cancer in a large U.S. population. […] Over 10 years, the incidence of male breast cancer increased from 7.2% to 10.3%, while mortality decreased from 11% to 3.8%. […] Socioeconomic factors, cancer stage, tumor characteristics (size and grade), and high Charlson-Dayo score contributed to higher mortality among male patients diagnosed with breast cancer. […] The American Cancer Society estimated that in 2019, 2670 new cases of male breast cancer would be diagnosed in the United States, with 18% mortality. […] Male breast cancer is not well understood. […] There is an urgent need to understand the risk factors associated with the disease.

• #105 Genetic Landscape of Male Breast Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/14/3535

  Male breast cancer is a rare disease, representing around 0.5% of the malignances in men. […] The number of newly diagnosed MBC cases increased worldwide from 8500 in 1990 to 23,100 in 2017, according to data from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 database. […] In 2021, about 2650 men are expected to be diagnosed with BC in the US, with an estimated 530 deaths due to the disease. […] Its incidence, however, varies across the globe, with lower rates in Asia and higher in Africa, where the male-to-female BC ratio was found to be 0.042, while it is around 0.01 in other populations. […] Genetics plays an important role in predisposition to MBC. Pathogenic variants (PVs) in BRCA2 are one of the most remarkable risk factors. […] Currently, it is strongly recommended that every man with BC be offered genetic counseling followed by genetic testing for high-penetrance germline PVs in BC susceptibility genes, irrespective of family history of cancer.

• #106 Male Breast Cancer Statistics and Research | BCRF

  https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/male-breast-cancer-statistics-research/

  In a 2023 study published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, several BCRF investigators and others found that, unlike breast cancer in women, survival rates for male breast cancer have not significantly improved in the last 30 years. […] Unfortunately, there has been little research in male breast cancer, especially in how best to treat it, in part because of the diseases rarity and lack of surveillance. […] Men are often excluded fromor at least not actively recruited tobreast cancer clinical trials. […] Pioneering work by Dr. Fatima Cardoso and the BCRF-supported International Male Breast Cancer Program suggests that men are frequently undertreated for breast cancer. […] In studies, Dr. Cardoso and her colleagues have also reported that male breast cancers are biologically and molecularly different compared to female breast cancersunderscoring the need for more research.

• #107

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11912-015-0487-4

  Male breast cancer is a rare disease, accounting for only 1 % of breast cancer diagnoses in the USA. The current literature suggests that genetic factors including BRCA2 mutations, family history, age, androgen/estrogen imbalance, and environmental exposures may predispose to male breast cancer. […] This study is the largest collection of male breast cancer biologic samples and clinical characteristics to date. All clinical data and pathology were centrally reviewed for 1473 eligible patients who were treated from 1990 to 2010. The authors report on clinical characteristic and overall survival in male breast cancer patients. […] In this study, Masci et al. evaluated the cliniopathologic characteristics of 97 male breast cancer specimens and found substantial differences than what it typically seen in female breast cancer. Male breast cancer showed higher rates of hormone receptor positivity and lower rates of HER2 overexpression. Furthermore, higher proliferative index and higher grade were associated with shorter overall survival. […] A meta-analysis of male breast cancer in Africa. […] Review article: epidemiology of male breast cancer. A meta-analysis of published casecontrol studies and discussion of selected aetiological factors.

• #108 Experiences and perceptions of men following breast cancer diagnosis: a mixed method systematic review | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-024-11911-9

  Men with breast cancer experience unique physical and emotional challenges. […] Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare condition, accounting for less than 1% of all breast cancers. About 2,710 men are estimated to be diagnosed with breast cancer, with approximately 530 men projected to die from breast cancer in 2022 and have about 1 in 833 lifetime risk of being diagnosed with the disease in the United States. […] Data from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 database indicate that the incidence of MBC increased from 8.5 thousand in 1990 to 23.1 thousand in 2017 with 123 countries showing a significant increasing trend in MBC incidence rates. […] Evidence suggests that MBC is mostly diagnosed late (49%) when the disease is more advanced compared to women (33%) leading to relatively worse prognosis.

• #109 Male Breast Cancer: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/male-breast-cancer

  Male breast cancer remains underdiagnosed and, due to delays in diagnosis, is often also undertreated. […] At present there is a need for further research into male breast cancer. […] There are about 370 men diagnosed each year in the UK, compared with around 55,000 cases of breast cancer in women. […] Less than 1% of breast cancer cases in the UK are in males. 1 in 8 women and 1 in 870 men will be diagnosed with breast cancer during their lifetime. […] Male breast cancer is diagnosed in 1% of cases of male breast enlargement. The incidence of male breast cancer has increased over a period of 25 years. […] The peak age for presentation of male breast cancer is over 60 years. […] Men with breast cancer have a poorer disease-free survival and overall survival when compared with women.

• #110 Long-term trends in the incidence of male breast cancer and nomogram for predicting survival in male breast cancer patients: a population-based epidemiologic study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-85954-8

  Systematic investigation of long-term trends and prognostic factors in MBC patients is imperative to facilitate surveillance, treatment and management strategies MBC population. […] To address these gaps, we performed an age-period-cohort (APC) analysis and competing risk analysis for MBC patients by using the population-based Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. […] The age-adjusted incidence rate of FBC reaches a plateau in the sixth decade of life, whereas the rate in men continues to rise until the seventh decade. […] The incidence of MBC is rising due to population aging, and the lack of awareness usually results in MBC being diagnosed at advanced stages and associated with a poor prognosis. […] The Fine and Gray model found that advanced age, unmarried status, negative ER, negative PR, advanced grade, advanced AJCC stage and no surgery were associated with shorter survival in patients with MBC.

• #111 Male Breast Cancer: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/male-breast-cancer

  Male breast cancer remains underdiagnosed and, due to delays in diagnosis, is often also undertreated. […] At present there is a need for further research into male breast cancer. […] There are about 370 men diagnosed each year in the UK, compared with around 55,000 cases of breast cancer in women. […] Less than 1% of breast cancer cases in the UK are in males. 1 in 8 women and 1 in 870 men will be diagnosed with breast cancer during their lifetime. […] Male breast cancer is diagnosed in 1% of cases of male breast enlargement. The incidence of male breast cancer has increased over a period of 25 years. […] The peak age for presentation of male breast cancer is over 60 years. […] Men with breast cancer have a poorer disease-free survival and overall survival when compared with women.

• #112 Experiences and perceptions of men following breast cancer diagnosis: a mixed method systematic review | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-024-11911-9

  The breast is seen as a symbol of femininity, and as incongruent with being male, together with the significant public health emphasis on the prevention of breast cancer among females have further championed the perception that breast cancer is a feminine illness. […] The review findings highlight the embodiment of breast cancer as a feminine disease which is incongruent with what it means to be a man and hegemonic masculinity discourses. […] Male-specific treatment pathways, ongoing education, and professional support are also required.

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