Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Male Breast Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526036/

  Although breast cancer is typically synonymous as a disease that commonly occurs in women, it does occur in men as well. This is because although minimal in quantity, men do have breast tissue that has the potential to become malignant similarly to women, albeit much less commonly. While male breast cancer (MBC) is rare, only occurring in 1% of all breast cancers, it does occur, and it is important to be cognizant of its reality and potential. […] When discussing the etiology of breast cancer in men, one must uncover the potential genetic or environmental risk factors. Being mindful that the majority of males diagnosed with MBC have no identifiable risk other than increasing age (average age of diagnosis of 71) is important. […] Similar to women, men have a higher risk of breast cancer if they have a first- or second-degree relative with breast cancer.

• #2 Toward Understanding the Etiology of Male Breast Cancer: An Ongoing Research Challenge

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8536819/

  Male breast cancer is rare and accounts for less than 1% of all breast cancers, with an estimated 2650 new cases in the United States in 2021, compared with 281 550 cases for women. […] Despite increasing male breast cancer incidence rates worldwide over the past 3 decades, the etiology, prognosis, and treatment of male breast cancer is not well understood, as there are limited population-based studies and clinical trials focused on male breast cancer. […] Moreover, most treatment and clinical management guidelines for male breast cancer are based on studies of female breast cancer, even though men with breast cancer are older at diagnosis, are primarily diagnosed with hormone receptor-positive tumors, and have different hormonal profiles than females. […] Unlike female breast cancer risk factors that have been extensively studied, elucidating the role of different hormonal, genetic, and lifestyle factors for male breast cancer has been challenging, because of the rarity of the disease.

• #3 Male Breast Cancer: Signs, Symptoms, Treatment & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/male-breast-cancer/

  Male breast cancer is rare, accounting for less than 1% of all breast cancer diagnoses in the United States. The lifetime risk of male breast cancer is about 1 in 726, according to the American Cancer Society. The typical age range for male breast cancer diagnosis is between 60 and 70, with 67 as the average age of a male breast cancer diagnosis. […] While breast cancer in men is rare, men do carry a higher breast cancer mortality rate than women, primarily because men are less likely to assume a lump is breast cancer and are overall less aware of breast cancer, which can cause a delay in seeking treatment. […] Factors that increase a man’s risk of breast cancer include family history of breast cancer, age, genetic mutations (such as BRCA1 or BRCA2), and higher estrogen levels. […] Most research suggests the cause of male breast cancer is unclear. However, there are certain risk factors for male breast cancer.

• #4 Breast Cancer in Men | Susan G. Komen®

  https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/facts-statistics/male-breast-cancer/

  In the U.S., less than 1% of all breast cancer cases occur in men [222]. […] The risk of breast cancer is much lower in men than in women. The lifetime risk of getting breast cancer is about 1 in 1,000 for men in the U.S. compared to 1 in 8 for women in the U.S. [220]. […] Rates of breast cancer incidence (new cases) and mortality (death) are much lower among men than among women [187-188]. […] However, men are often diagnosed at a later stage of breast cancer than women [123]. One reason could be that men may be less likely than women to report signs and symptoms [124]. This can lead to delays in diagnosis [124]. […] Male breast cancer incidence rates in the U.S. vary by race and ethnicity. […] Non-Hispanic Black men have the highest breast cancer incidence rate overall [189]. Non-Hispanic Asian and Pacific Islander men have the lowest [189].

• #5 Male breast cancer: Symptoms, statistics, tests, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/179457

  Male breast cancer is a relatively rare cancer, but it is one that doctors often diagnose in the later stages. […] Male breast cancer accounts for fewer than 1% of all cancer diagnoses worldwide. […] A males lifetime risk of developing breast cancer is about 1 in 833, according to the American Cancer Society (ACS). […] One factor in diagnosis delay is a lack of awareness. […] Breast cancer can also affect males differently, as they have less breast tissue than females. […] For these and other reasons, around 40% of males with breast cancer receive a diagnosis in stage 3 or 4, when the condition has already spread to other parts of the body. […] Experts do not know exactly why cancer develops in the breast, but they have identified a number of possible risk factors. […] In males, a common factor appears to be a high level of the female hormone estrogen in relation to one of the male hormone groups, androgen.

• #6 Male Breast Cancer: Signs, Symptoms, Treatment & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/male-breast-cancer/

  Male breast cancer is rare, accounting for less than 1% of all breast cancer diagnoses in the United States. The lifetime risk of male breast cancer is about 1 in 726, according to the American Cancer Society. The typical age range for male breast cancer diagnosis is between 60 and 70, with 67 as the average age of a male breast cancer diagnosis. […] While breast cancer in men is rare, men do carry a higher breast cancer mortality rate than women, primarily because men are less likely to assume a lump is breast cancer and are overall less aware of breast cancer, which can cause a delay in seeking treatment. […] Factors that increase a man’s risk of breast cancer include family history of breast cancer, age, genetic mutations (such as BRCA1 or BRCA2), and higher estrogen levels. […] Most research suggests the cause of male breast cancer is unclear. However, there are certain risk factors for male breast cancer.

• #7 Male Breast Cancer – Breast Cancer Prevention Partners (BCPP)

  https://www.bcpp.org/resource/male-breast-cancer/

  Men can get breast cancer. […] Breast cancer is very uncommon in males compared to females. […] The tumor arises in the same organ and tissue in males as in females, although more commonly in ductal cells, and less commonly in lobular cells. […] For men, the risk of getting breast cancer is about 1 in 833 compared to 1 in 8 for women. […] Disparities exist in male breast cancer. […] BRCA1/2 also confers increased risk of male breast cancer.

• #8 What Causes Breast Cancer in Men? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer-in-men/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Although certain risk factors may increase a man’s chances of developing breast cancer, the cause of most breast cancers in men is unknown. […] Factors that unbalance the levels of female and male hormones in the body can therefore have an effect on breast cancer risk. […] Most DNA mutations related to male breast cancer occur during life rather than having been inherited from a parent before birth. It’s not clear what causes most of these mutations. […] Some acquired mutations of oncogenes and/or tumor suppressor genes may be the result of cancer-causing chemicals in our environment or diet, but so far studies have not identified any chemicals that are responsible for these mutations in male breast cancers. […] Certain inherited DNA changes can cause a high risk of developing certain cancers and are responsible for cancers that run in some families.

• #9 Male Breast Cancer Symptoms, Survival Rate, Lump, Treatment, Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/male_breast_cancer/article.htm

  Male breast cancer accounts for about 1% of all breast cancers. […] As with cancer of the female breast, the cause of cancer of the male breast has not been fully characterized, but both environmental influences and genetic (inherited) factors likely play a role in its development. […] Exposure to ionizing radiation has been associated with an increased risk of developing male breast cancer. […] Men normally produce small amounts of the female hormone estrogen, but certain conditions result in abnormally high levels of estrogen in men. […] Klinefelter syndrome is an inherited health condition affecting about one in 1,000 men. […] Cirrhosis can result from chronic alcohol abuse, chronic viral hepatitis, or rare genetic conditions that result in accumulation of toxic substances within the liver.

• #10 Male breast cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-breast-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20374740

  Male breast cancer is a rare cancer that begins as a growth of cells in the breast tissue of men. […] It’s not clear what causes male breast cancer. […] Male breast cancer starts when cells in the breast tissue develop changes in their DNA. […] In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. […] The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. […] Factors that increase the risk of male breast cancer include: Older age. The risk of breast cancer increases with age. Male breast cancer is most often diagnosed in men in their 60s. […] Hormone therapy for prostate cancer or medicines containing estrogen. If you take estrogen-related medicines, such as those used for hormone therapy for prostate cancer, your risk of breast cancer rises. […] Family history of breast cancer. If you have a blood relative with breast cancer, you have a greater chance of getting the disease.

• #11 Breast Cancer in Men: Overview of Male Breast Cancer, Etiology, Diagnosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1954174-overview

  The etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of breast cancer in males is similar to that in females. […] Environmental and genetic risk factors for male breast cancer have been identified. Male breast cancers are reported to be associated with the following: Older age (mean age at diagnosis is 60-70 years, although young men may be affected), Carriage of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, Family history of breast cancer, Thoracic radiation therapy, Klinefelter syndrome, Gynecomastia, Cirrhosis, Overweight and obesity, History of testicular pathology. […] The family history is positive for breast cancer in approximately 30% of male breast cancer cases. A familial form of breast cancer is seen in which both sexes are at increased risk for breast cancer. […] A review of data from 3184 BRCA1 and 2157 BRCA2 families in the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 documented elevated risk of male breast cancer in carriers of pathogenic variants of BRCA1 (relative risk [RR] 4.30), and especially of pathogenic variants of BRCA2 (RR = 44.0).

• #12 Male breast cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-breast-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20374740

  Male breast cancer is a rare cancer that begins as a growth of cells in the breast tissue of men. […] It’s not clear what causes male breast cancer. […] Male breast cancer starts when cells in the breast tissue develop changes in their DNA. […] In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. […] The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. […] Factors that increase the risk of male breast cancer include: Older age. The risk of breast cancer increases with age. Male breast cancer is most often diagnosed in men in their 60s. […] Hormone therapy for prostate cancer or medicines containing estrogen. If you take estrogen-related medicines, such as those used for hormone therapy for prostate cancer, your risk of breast cancer rises. […] Family history of breast cancer. If you have a blood relative with breast cancer, you have a greater chance of getting the disease.

• #13 About Breast Cancer in Men | Breast Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/about/men.html

  Several factors can increase a man’s chance of getting breast cancer. […] The risk for breast cancer increases with age. Most breast cancers are found after age 50. […] Inherited changes (mutations) in certain genes, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, increase breast cancer risk. […] A man’s risk for breast cancer is higher if a close family member has had breast cancer. […] Men who had radiation therapy to the chest have a higher risk of getting breast cancer. […] Drugs containing estrogen (a hormone that helps develop and maintain female sex characteristics), which were used to treat prostate cancer in the past, increase men’s breast cancer risk. […] Klinefelter syndrome is a rare genetic condition in which a male has an extra X chromosome. This can lead to the body making higher levels of estrogen and lower levels of androgens (hormones that help develop and maintain male sex characteristics).

• #14 Male Breast Cancer: Signs, Symptoms, Treatment & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/male-breast-cancer/

  Age: The risk of male breast cancer increases as you age, with most diagnoses happening between ages 60 and 70. […] Family history: If you have a first-degree blood relative—male or female—with breast cancer, your risk of breast cancer increases. About 1 in 5 men with breast cancer have a close relative who has also faced breast cancer. […] BRCA gene mutations: Men with a gene mutation (change or defect) in a BRCA gene have a higher risk of developing breast cancer. A male with a BRCA1 gene mutation carries a 1 in 11 lifetime risk of developing breast cancer. A male with a BRCA2 gene mutation carries a 1 in 6 lifetime risk. […] Estrogen-related treatment: Men who use hormone therapy to treat prostate cancer or who take medicine containing estrogen have a greater risk of breast cancer. In general, men with higher estrogen levels have an increased risk of male breast cancer.

• #15 Breast cancer risk factors in men explained | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/breast-cancer/risk-factors-for-breast-cancer-in-men

  The exact cause of breast cancer is unknown. But certain things can increase the chance of developing it. These are called risk factors. […] Men with Klinefelter syndrome have a higher risk of breast cancer. For most men, the lifetime risk of developing breast cancer is less than 1 in 1,000 (0.1%). For men with Klinefelter syndrome, the risk is closer to 1 in 25 (4%). […] If you have close relatives with breast cancer, you may have an increased risk of developing breast cancer. About 1 in 5 men with breast cancer (20%) have a close relative who has had breast cancer. […] The increased risk may be caused by inherited gene changes. […] Men in families with the BRCA2 gene are more likely to develop breast cancer than men in families with the BRCA1 gene. It is thought that the BRCA2 gene may cause up to 1 in 10 breast cancers in men (10%).

• #16 About Breast Cancer in Men | Breast Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/about/men.html

  Several factors can increase a man’s chance of getting breast cancer. […] The risk for breast cancer increases with age. Most breast cancers are found after age 50. […] Inherited changes (mutations) in certain genes, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, increase breast cancer risk. […] A man’s risk for breast cancer is higher if a close family member has had breast cancer. […] Men who had radiation therapy to the chest have a higher risk of getting breast cancer. […] Drugs containing estrogen (a hormone that helps develop and maintain female sex characteristics), which were used to treat prostate cancer in the past, increase men’s breast cancer risk. […] Klinefelter syndrome is a rare genetic condition in which a male has an extra X chromosome. This can lead to the body making higher levels of estrogen and lower levels of androgens (hormones that help develop and maintain male sex characteristics).

• #17 Male Breast Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526036/

  Also, in addition to a family history of breast cancer, males with a BRCA mutation appear to have an increased risk for breast cancer as well. […] The alterations in estrogen-to-androgen ratios are important to note when discussing the etiology of male breast cancer. Estrogen, which stimulates ductal development in breasts, has also been implicated as a potential risk factor for MBC, similar to women. […] Lastly, environmental factors have also been implicated in the possibility of increasing the risk of male breast cancer. As with women, previous radiation therapy has been noted as a potential risk factor.

• #18 Breast Cancer in Men: Overview of Male Breast Cancer, Etiology, Diagnosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1954174-overview

  The etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of breast cancer in males is similar to that in females. […] Environmental and genetic risk factors for male breast cancer have been identified. Male breast cancers are reported to be associated with the following: Older age (mean age at diagnosis is 60-70 years, although young men may be affected), Carriage of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, Family history of breast cancer, Thoracic radiation therapy, Klinefelter syndrome, Gynecomastia, Cirrhosis, Overweight and obesity, History of testicular pathology. […] The family history is positive for breast cancer in approximately 30% of male breast cancer cases. A familial form of breast cancer is seen in which both sexes are at increased risk for breast cancer. […] A review of data from 3184 BRCA1 and 2157 BRCA2 families in the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 documented elevated risk of male breast cancer in carriers of pathogenic variants of BRCA1 (relative risk [RR] 4.30), and especially of pathogenic variants of BRCA2 (RR = 44.0).

• #19 What Causes Breast Cancer in Men? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer-in-men/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Some breast cancers are linked to inherited mutations of the BRCA1 or BRCA2 tumor suppressor genes. […] Men with inherited mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes have a higher lifetime risk for breast cancer, and possibly some other cancers such as prostate and pancreatic cancer. […] All men who have been diagnosed with breast cancer should consider genetic testing because they can be at risk for other cancers, such as prostate and pancreas cancer.

• #20 Breast Cancer in Men: Overview of Male Breast Cancer, Etiology, Diagnosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1954174-overview

  Other studies have found that men who carry BRCA2 mutations are at 80-fold higher risk of developing breast cancer compared with men in the general population, that breast cancer develops in up to 1 in 10 male BRCA2 carriers, and these cases may be more aggressive than sporadic cases. […] Klinefelter syndrome is the strongest risk factor, although rates in those with the syndrome are still far lower than rates in women. […] Overall, male breast cancer shares risk factors associated with female breast cancers, especially high estrogen levels. […] These epidemiologic factors, in addition to studies suggesting that men with breast cancer have elevated estriol production, indicate a relationship between male breast cancer and hormones in addition to the well-established relationship with genetics.

• #21 Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in Men | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer-in-men/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  A risk factor is anything that affects your chance of getting a disease, such as breast cancer. […] We don’t yet completely understand the causes of breast cancer in men, but researchers have found several factors that may increase the risk of getting it. […] Aging is an important risk factor for the development of breast cancer in men. The risk of breast cancer goes up as a man ages. […] Breast cancer risk is increased if other members of the family (blood relatives) have had breast cancer. […] Men with a mutation (defect) in the BRCA2 gene have an increased risk of breast cancer, with a lifetime risk of about 6 in 100. […] Men with Klinefelter syndrome are more likely to get breast cancer than other men. […] A man whose chest area has been treated with radiation (such as for the treatment of a cancer in the chest, like lymphoma) has an increased risk of developing breast cancer.

• #22 Male Breast Cancer Risk Factors | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/breast-male/male-breast-cancer-risk-factors

  In both women and men, inherited forms of breast cancer are linked to mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes, which are passed on from one generation to the next. […] There is some evidence that other mutations including those in genes called CHEK2, PTEN, and PALB2 may be associated with breast cancer in men.

• #23 Male Breast Cancer Symptoms, Survival Rate, Lump, Treatment, Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/male_breast_cancer/article.htm

  Epidemiologic studies have shown that men who have a family history that includes several female relatives with breast cancer also have an increased risk for development of the disease. […] Other genetic mutations have also been associated with an increase in risk for breast cancer in men, including mutations in the PTEN tumor suppressor gene (Cowdens syndrome), TP53 mutations (Li-Fraumeni syndrome), PALB2 mutations, and mutations associated with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome).

• #24 Breast Cancer in Males: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/male-breast-cancer-513617

  While it is rare, men can develop breast cancer. […] The following are known risk factors for male breast cancer. […] Those who have close family members (regardless of gender) with breast cancer are at increased risk of developing the condition. […] Inheriting the breast cancer variants of the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene increases the chance of developing breast cancer. […] Variants in the CHEK2, PTEN, and PALB2 genes (non-BRCA mutations that raise breast cancer risk) may also be associated with male breast cancer. […] Klinefelter’s syndrome is a rare genetic problem that is associated with a 20%30% increased risk in male breast cancer. […] Radiation therapy and chemotherapy are associated with an increased risk of cancer. […] Hormone imbalance, whether caused by disease or medication use, can increase the risk of breast cancer in those assigned male at birth.

• #25 Male Breast Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526036/

  Also, in addition to a family history of breast cancer, males with a BRCA mutation appear to have an increased risk for breast cancer as well. […] The alterations in estrogen-to-androgen ratios are important to note when discussing the etiology of male breast cancer. Estrogen, which stimulates ductal development in breasts, has also been implicated as a potential risk factor for MBC, similar to women. […] Lastly, environmental factors have also been implicated in the possibility of increasing the risk of male breast cancer. As with women, previous radiation therapy has been noted as a potential risk factor.

• #26 What Causes Breast Cancer in Men? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer-in-men/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Although certain risk factors may increase a man’s chances of developing breast cancer, the cause of most breast cancers in men is unknown. […] Factors that unbalance the levels of female and male hormones in the body can therefore have an effect on breast cancer risk. […] Most DNA mutations related to male breast cancer occur during life rather than having been inherited from a parent before birth. It’s not clear what causes most of these mutations. […] Some acquired mutations of oncogenes and/or tumor suppressor genes may be the result of cancer-causing chemicals in our environment or diet, but so far studies have not identified any chemicals that are responsible for these mutations in male breast cancers. […] Certain inherited DNA changes can cause a high risk of developing certain cancers and are responsible for cancers that run in some families.

• #27

  http://waocp.com/journal/index.php/apjcc/article/view/1040

  Other genetic disorders which have been implicated in increasing the risk of male breast cancer includes Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY), Cowden syndrome (PTEN tumour suppressor gene), Li-Fraumeni syndrome (TP53), Lynch syndrome (PALB2 and mismatch repair genes). […] The alterations in oestrogen to androgen ratios is important in etiology of male breast cancer and carries an important role. […] Same as female breast cancer oestrogen, which stimulates ductal development in breasts, has also been implicated as a potential risk factor for male breast cancer. […] Other potential triggers include obesity, marijuana use, hepatic dysfunction, thyroid disease, and oestrogen-containing medications. […] Similarly, a decrease in circulating androgens would result in elevations of the oestrogen, thus causing alteration in oestrogen and androgen ratios, and predisposing to male breast cancer.

• #28 Breast Cancer in Men: Overview of Male Breast Cancer, Etiology, Diagnosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1954174-overview

  Other studies have found that men who carry BRCA2 mutations are at 80-fold higher risk of developing breast cancer compared with men in the general population, that breast cancer develops in up to 1 in 10 male BRCA2 carriers, and these cases may be more aggressive than sporadic cases. […] Klinefelter syndrome is the strongest risk factor, although rates in those with the syndrome are still far lower than rates in women. […] Overall, male breast cancer shares risk factors associated with female breast cancers, especially high estrogen levels. […] These epidemiologic factors, in addition to studies suggesting that men with breast cancer have elevated estriol production, indicate a relationship between male breast cancer and hormones in addition to the well-established relationship with genetics.

• #29

  https://step2.medbullets.com/oncology/120431/male-breast-cancer

  breast cancer in males is similar to that in females with regards to the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment but is more rare […] family history of breast cancer […] positive in ~30% of cases […] Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) […] strongest risk factor […] environmental and genetic risk factors may be associated with the development of male breast cancers […] nearly all cases are ductal carcinoma.

• #30 Male Breast Cancer: Signs, Symptoms, Treatment & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/male-breast-cancer/

  Klinefelter syndrome: This congenital condition affects about 1 in every 1,000 men. While most men have one X and one Y chromosome, men with Klinefelter syndrome have at least two X chromosomes. It reduces male hormones, or androgens, and increases estrogen (female hormones) in the body. This syndrome can increase the risk of breast cancer in men by 20 to 60%. […] Radiation exposure: Men who have been treated with radiation on the chest area have an increased risk of developing breast cancer. […] Liver disease: Severe liver disease, such as cirrhosis, creates imbalances in male hormone levels and increases the risk of male breast cancer. Heavy alcohol consumption also fuels the risk of breast cancer. […] Obesity: Excessive weight is linked with increased estrogen, which in turn increases the risk of breast cancer. […] Smoking: Smoking or being exposed to secondhand smoke can increase the risk of developing breast and other types of cancer. […] Drinking alcohol: Frequent consumption of alcohol can increase the risk of developing breast cancer. The greater the consumption, the greater the risk.

• #31 About Breast Cancer in Men | Breast Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/about/men.html

  Several factors can increase a man’s chance of getting breast cancer. […] The risk for breast cancer increases with age. Most breast cancers are found after age 50. […] Inherited changes (mutations) in certain genes, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, increase breast cancer risk. […] A man’s risk for breast cancer is higher if a close family member has had breast cancer. […] Men who had radiation therapy to the chest have a higher risk of getting breast cancer. […] Drugs containing estrogen (a hormone that helps develop and maintain female sex characteristics), which were used to treat prostate cancer in the past, increase men’s breast cancer risk. […] Klinefelter syndrome is a rare genetic condition in which a male has an extra X chromosome. This can lead to the body making higher levels of estrogen and lower levels of androgens (hormones that help develop and maintain male sex characteristics).

• #32 Male Breast Cancer: Signs, Symptoms, Treatment & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/male-breast-cancer/

  Klinefelter syndrome: This congenital condition affects about 1 in every 1,000 men. While most men have one X and one Y chromosome, men with Klinefelter syndrome have at least two X chromosomes. It reduces male hormones, or androgens, and increases estrogen (female hormones) in the body. This syndrome can increase the risk of breast cancer in men by 20 to 60%. […] Radiation exposure: Men who have been treated with radiation on the chest area have an increased risk of developing breast cancer. […] Liver disease: Severe liver disease, such as cirrhosis, creates imbalances in male hormone levels and increases the risk of male breast cancer. Heavy alcohol consumption also fuels the risk of breast cancer. […] Obesity: Excessive weight is linked with increased estrogen, which in turn increases the risk of breast cancer. […] Smoking: Smoking or being exposed to secondhand smoke can increase the risk of developing breast and other types of cancer. […] Drinking alcohol: Frequent consumption of alcohol can increase the risk of developing breast cancer. The greater the consumption, the greater the risk.

• #33 Though rare, male breast cancer causes concern | KSL.com

  https://www.ksl.com/article/31207103/though-rare-male-breast-cancer-causes-concern

  „The genetic abnormality called Klinefelter’s Syndrome increases the risk of breast cancer to one in 30,” Burton said. […] „With Klinefelter you have two X chromosomes and a Y chromosome.” That increases estrogen levels, „one of the culprits” in the higher risk, he said. […] „Points to remember, Burton said, are 'One, a breast lump in a man is bad. Two, treatment is very effective, just as in women. Stage for stage, there is no difference in outcome. Take men as a group and women as a group, however, and men do a whole lot worse. They don’t get diagnosed early enough.'”

• #34 Breast cancer in men | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast/what-is-breast-cancer/breast-cancer-in-men

  BRCA gene mutations are changes to the breast cancer genes. Only a very small number of breast cancers in men are caused by an inherited gene mutation. BRCA2 mutations increase the risk of breast cancer in men more than they increase the risk in women. […] Klinefelter syndrome is a very rare inherited, or genetic, disorder. Men with Klinefelter syndrome have lower than normal levels of androgens and higher than normal levels of estrogen in their bodies. These changes in hormone levels are linked with a higher risk of developing breast cancer. […] Exposure to radiation, especially radiation to the chest, increases the risk of breast cancer in men. […] Cirrhosis is when scar tissue replaces healthy tissue in the liver. This scarring means that the liver doesn’t make enough of the proteins that normally carry hormones into the blood. This leads to high estrogen levels and low androgen levels in the body, which are linked with a greater risk of developing breast cancer.

• #35 Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in Men | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer-in-men/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Heavy drinking (of alcoholic beverages) increases the risk of breast cancer in men. […] The liver plays an important role in balancing the levels of sex hormones. […] Estrogen-related drugs were once used in hormonal therapy for men with prostate cancer. This treatment may slightly increase breast cancer risk. […] Studies have shown that women’s breast cancer risk is increased by excess body weight after menopause. Excess weight is a risk factor for male breast cancer as well. […] Certain conditions, such as having an undescended testicle, having mumps as an adult, or having one or both testicles surgically removed (orchiectomy) may increase male breast cancer risk.

• #36 About Breast Cancer in Men | Breast Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/about/men.html

  Certain conditions that affect the testicles can increase breast cancer risk. […] Cirrhosis (scarring) of the liver can lower androgen levels and raise estrogen levels in men, increasing the risk of breast cancer. […] Older men who are overweight or have obesity have a higher risk of getting breast cancer than men at a healthy weight.

• #37 Breast cancer in men | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast/what-is-breast-cancer/breast-cancer-in-men

  BRCA gene mutations are changes to the breast cancer genes. Only a very small number of breast cancers in men are caused by an inherited gene mutation. BRCA2 mutations increase the risk of breast cancer in men more than they increase the risk in women. […] Klinefelter syndrome is a very rare inherited, or genetic, disorder. Men with Klinefelter syndrome have lower than normal levels of androgens and higher than normal levels of estrogen in their bodies. These changes in hormone levels are linked with a higher risk of developing breast cancer. […] Exposure to radiation, especially radiation to the chest, increases the risk of breast cancer in men. […] Cirrhosis is when scar tissue replaces healthy tissue in the liver. This scarring means that the liver doesn’t make enough of the proteins that normally carry hormones into the blood. This leads to high estrogen levels and low androgen levels in the body, which are linked with a greater risk of developing breast cancer.

• #38 Male breast cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-breast-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20374740

  Inherited DNA changes that increase breast cancer risk. Some of the DNA changes that can lead to breast cancer are passed down from parents to children. […] Klinefelter syndrome. This genetic syndrome occurs when males are born with more than one copy of the X chromosome. […] Obesity. Obesity is linked with higher levels of estrogen in the body. This increases the risk of male breast cancer. […] Testicle disease or surgery. Having inflamed testicles, called orchitis, or surgery to remove a testicle, called orchiectomy, can increase the risk of male breast cancer.

• #39 Male Breast Cancer: Signs, Symptoms, Treatment & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/male-breast-cancer/

  Klinefelter syndrome: This congenital condition affects about 1 in every 1,000 men. While most men have one X and one Y chromosome, men with Klinefelter syndrome have at least two X chromosomes. It reduces male hormones, or androgens, and increases estrogen (female hormones) in the body. This syndrome can increase the risk of breast cancer in men by 20 to 60%. […] Radiation exposure: Men who have been treated with radiation on the chest area have an increased risk of developing breast cancer. […] Liver disease: Severe liver disease, such as cirrhosis, creates imbalances in male hormone levels and increases the risk of male breast cancer. Heavy alcohol consumption also fuels the risk of breast cancer. […] Obesity: Excessive weight is linked with increased estrogen, which in turn increases the risk of breast cancer. […] Smoking: Smoking or being exposed to secondhand smoke can increase the risk of developing breast and other types of cancer. […] Drinking alcohol: Frequent consumption of alcohol can increase the risk of developing breast cancer. The greater the consumption, the greater the risk.

• #40 Male breast cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-breast-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20374740

  Male breast cancer is a rare cancer that begins as a growth of cells in the breast tissue of men. […] It’s not clear what causes male breast cancer. […] Male breast cancer starts when cells in the breast tissue develop changes in their DNA. […] In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. […] The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. […] Factors that increase the risk of male breast cancer include: Older age. The risk of breast cancer increases with age. Male breast cancer is most often diagnosed in men in their 60s. […] Hormone therapy for prostate cancer or medicines containing estrogen. If you take estrogen-related medicines, such as those used for hormone therapy for prostate cancer, your risk of breast cancer rises. […] Family history of breast cancer. If you have a blood relative with breast cancer, you have a greater chance of getting the disease.

• #41 About Breast Cancer in Men | Breast Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/about/men.html

  Several factors can increase a man’s chance of getting breast cancer. […] The risk for breast cancer increases with age. Most breast cancers are found after age 50. […] Inherited changes (mutations) in certain genes, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, increase breast cancer risk. […] A man’s risk for breast cancer is higher if a close family member has had breast cancer. […] Men who had radiation therapy to the chest have a higher risk of getting breast cancer. […] Drugs containing estrogen (a hormone that helps develop and maintain female sex characteristics), which were used to treat prostate cancer in the past, increase men’s breast cancer risk. […] Klinefelter syndrome is a rare genetic condition in which a male has an extra X chromosome. This can lead to the body making higher levels of estrogen and lower levels of androgens (hormones that help develop and maintain male sex characteristics).

• #42 Male Breast Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526036/

  Also, in addition to a family history of breast cancer, males with a BRCA mutation appear to have an increased risk for breast cancer as well. […] The alterations in estrogen-to-androgen ratios are important to note when discussing the etiology of male breast cancer. Estrogen, which stimulates ductal development in breasts, has also been implicated as a potential risk factor for MBC, similar to women. […] Lastly, environmental factors have also been implicated in the possibility of increasing the risk of male breast cancer. As with women, previous radiation therapy has been noted as a potential risk factor.

• #43 About Breast Cancer in Men | Breast Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/about/men.html

  Several factors can increase a man’s chance of getting breast cancer. […] The risk for breast cancer increases with age. Most breast cancers are found after age 50. […] Inherited changes (mutations) in certain genes, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, increase breast cancer risk. […] A man’s risk for breast cancer is higher if a close family member has had breast cancer. […] Men who had radiation therapy to the chest have a higher risk of getting breast cancer. […] Drugs containing estrogen (a hormone that helps develop and maintain female sex characteristics), which were used to treat prostate cancer in the past, increase men’s breast cancer risk. […] Klinefelter syndrome is a rare genetic condition in which a male has an extra X chromosome. This can lead to the body making higher levels of estrogen and lower levels of androgens (hormones that help develop and maintain male sex characteristics).

• #44 Male Breast Cancer: Signs, Symptoms, Treatment & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/male-breast-cancer/

  Klinefelter syndrome: This congenital condition affects about 1 in every 1,000 men. While most men have one X and one Y chromosome, men with Klinefelter syndrome have at least two X chromosomes. It reduces male hormones, or androgens, and increases estrogen (female hormones) in the body. This syndrome can increase the risk of breast cancer in men by 20 to 60%. […] Radiation exposure: Men who have been treated with radiation on the chest area have an increased risk of developing breast cancer. […] Liver disease: Severe liver disease, such as cirrhosis, creates imbalances in male hormone levels and increases the risk of male breast cancer. Heavy alcohol consumption also fuels the risk of breast cancer. […] Obesity: Excessive weight is linked with increased estrogen, which in turn increases the risk of breast cancer. […] Smoking: Smoking or being exposed to secondhand smoke can increase the risk of developing breast and other types of cancer. […] Drinking alcohol: Frequent consumption of alcohol can increase the risk of developing breast cancer. The greater the consumption, the greater the risk.

• #45

  http://waocp.com/journal/index.php/apjcc/article/view/1040

  Lastly, environmental factors have also been playing an important role for increasing the risk of male breast cancer. […] In males previous radiation therapy has been noted as a potential risk factor like females. […] Radiation therapy increases the risk of male breast cancer 7 times. […] In addition to all this, certain occupations have also been implicated to increase the risk of MBC, including steel and rolling mills, as well as occupations involved with organic solvents such as trichloroethylene.

• #46 Toward Understanding the Etiology of Male Breast Cancer: An Ongoing Research Challenge

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8536819/

  Obesity has been of particular interest in male breast cancer given its association with high estrogen levels, the hormonal activity of adipose tissue, and the established association of obesity with elevated risk of female postmenopausal breast cancer. […] Moreover, there is evidence that the rising rates of male obesity and increasing incidence of male breast cancer show parallel trends, although it is unclear if the two are linked. […] In contrast, the evidence for obesity and male breast cancer is very limited but, based on smaller studies that examined BMI, not central adiposity or the associations by tumor subtype. […] Overall, Swerdlow et al. make a unique contribution to the literature with this analysis by examining the associations with BMI and central obesity at different ages.

• #47 Male breast cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-breast-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20374740

  Inherited DNA changes that increase breast cancer risk. Some of the DNA changes that can lead to breast cancer are passed down from parents to children. […] Klinefelter syndrome. This genetic syndrome occurs when males are born with more than one copy of the X chromosome. […] Obesity. Obesity is linked with higher levels of estrogen in the body. This increases the risk of male breast cancer. […] Testicle disease or surgery. Having inflamed testicles, called orchitis, or surgery to remove a testicle, called orchiectomy, can increase the risk of male breast cancer.

• #48 Toward Understanding the Etiology of Male Breast Cancer: An Ongoing Research Challenge

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8536819/

  Obesity has been of particular interest in male breast cancer given its association with high estrogen levels, the hormonal activity of adipose tissue, and the established association of obesity with elevated risk of female postmenopausal breast cancer. […] Moreover, there is evidence that the rising rates of male obesity and increasing incidence of male breast cancer show parallel trends, although it is unclear if the two are linked. […] In contrast, the evidence for obesity and male breast cancer is very limited but, based on smaller studies that examined BMI, not central adiposity or the associations by tumor subtype. […] Overall, Swerdlow et al. make a unique contribution to the literature with this analysis by examining the associations with BMI and central obesity at different ages.

• #49 Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in Men | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer-in-men/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Heavy drinking (of alcoholic beverages) increases the risk of breast cancer in men. […] The liver plays an important role in balancing the levels of sex hormones. […] Estrogen-related drugs were once used in hormonal therapy for men with prostate cancer. This treatment may slightly increase breast cancer risk. […] Studies have shown that women’s breast cancer risk is increased by excess body weight after menopause. Excess weight is a risk factor for male breast cancer as well. […] Certain conditions, such as having an undescended testicle, having mumps as an adult, or having one or both testicles surgically removed (orchiectomy) may increase male breast cancer risk.

• #50 Breast cancer in men | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/breast-cancer-in-men

  Some factors that can increase the risk of breast cancer in men include: […] high levels of oestrogen […] Klinefelter’s syndrome – a rare condition where men have two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome (XXY instead of XY) […] Lifestyle factors that slightly increase the risk of breast cancer in men and women include: drinking alcohol, being overweight, lack of physical activity.

• #51 Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in Men | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer-in-men/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Heavy drinking (of alcoholic beverages) increases the risk of breast cancer in men. […] The liver plays an important role in balancing the levels of sex hormones. […] Estrogen-related drugs were once used in hormonal therapy for men with prostate cancer. This treatment may slightly increase breast cancer risk. […] Studies have shown that women’s breast cancer risk is increased by excess body weight after menopause. Excess weight is a risk factor for male breast cancer as well. […] Certain conditions, such as having an undescended testicle, having mumps as an adult, or having one or both testicles surgically removed (orchiectomy) may increase male breast cancer risk.

• #52 Breast cancer in men | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/breast-cancer-male/

  Breast cancer in men can also cause nipple problems, such as the nipple turning in on itself (retraction) or nipple discharge. […] The cause of male breast cancer is unclear, but factors known to increase your chances of developing the condition include: age most cases affect men over the age of 60, having a family history of breast cancer (male or female), obesity a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or more. […] Its not clear exactly what causes breast cancer in men, although a number of things can increase your risk of developing the condition. […] Like many cancers, men have an increased risk of developing breast cancer as they get older. Most cases are diagnosed in men aged 60 to 70. Its rare for young men to develop the condition. […] Theres evidence that high levels of the hormone oestrogen, or prolonged exposure to it, can increase the risk of breast cancer in men. […] Theres some evidence men who work in hot environments are twice as likely to develop breast cancer compared with men who work in cooler environments. […] Exposure to radiation has been linked to an increased risk of developing breast cancer in men.

• #53 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-male-breast-cancer.aspx

  Men who work in hot environments are twice as likely to develop breast cancer compared with men who work in cooler environments. […] In addition, exposure to certain chemicals may increase the risk of developing breast cancer in men. Those men working with perfumes and soaps are seven times more likely to develop breast cancer than the male population at large. […] Men who have been exposed to radiation of the chest are at a higher risk. […] Chronic liver disease also leads to high levels of female hormones estrogen and increases the risk of male breast cancer. This is seen in men with chronic alcoholism. […] Those with pituitary tumors or Pituitary adenomas leading to increased levels of the hormone prolactin in blood are at a higher risk of developing breast cancer in both breasts.

• #54

  http://waocp.com/journal/index.php/apjcc/article/view/1040

  Lastly, environmental factors have also been playing an important role for increasing the risk of male breast cancer. […] In males previous radiation therapy has been noted as a potential risk factor like females. […] Radiation therapy increases the risk of male breast cancer 7 times. […] In addition to all this, certain occupations have also been implicated to increase the risk of MBC, including steel and rolling mills, as well as occupations involved with organic solvents such as trichloroethylene.

• #55 Male Breast Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526036/

  Although breast cancer is typically synonymous as a disease that commonly occurs in women, it does occur in men as well. This is because although minimal in quantity, men do have breast tissue that has the potential to become malignant similarly to women, albeit much less commonly. While male breast cancer (MBC) is rare, only occurring in 1% of all breast cancers, it does occur, and it is important to be cognizant of its reality and potential. […] When discussing the etiology of breast cancer in men, one must uncover the potential genetic or environmental risk factors. Being mindful that the majority of males diagnosed with MBC have no identifiable risk other than increasing age (average age of diagnosis of 71) is important. […] Similar to women, men have a higher risk of breast cancer if they have a first- or second-degree relative with breast cancer.

• #56 Breast cancer in men Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/breast-cancer-in-men

  Breast cancer in men is rare. Male breast cancer accounts for less than 1% of all breast cancers. […] The cause of breast cancer in men is not clear. But there are risk factors that make breast cancer more likely in men: Exposure to radiation, Higher estrogen levels due to factors such as heavy alcohol use, cirrhosis, and obesity, Heredity, such as a family history of breast cancer, having a variant BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene, and certain genetic disorders, such as Klinefelter syndrome, Excess breast tissue (gynecomastia), Older age — men are often diagnosed with breast cancer between ages 60 and 70.

• #57 Male Breast Cancer: Signs, Symptoms, Treatment & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/male-breast-cancer/

  Male breast cancer is rare, accounting for less than 1% of all breast cancer diagnoses in the United States. The lifetime risk of male breast cancer is about 1 in 726, according to the American Cancer Society. The typical age range for male breast cancer diagnosis is between 60 and 70, with 67 as the average age of a male breast cancer diagnosis. […] While breast cancer in men is rare, men do carry a higher breast cancer mortality rate than women, primarily because men are less likely to assume a lump is breast cancer and are overall less aware of breast cancer, which can cause a delay in seeking treatment. […] Factors that increase a man’s risk of breast cancer include family history of breast cancer, age, genetic mutations (such as BRCA1 or BRCA2), and higher estrogen levels. […] Most research suggests the cause of male breast cancer is unclear. However, there are certain risk factors for male breast cancer.

• #58 Male Breast Cancer: Signs, Symptoms, Treatment & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/male-breast-cancer/

  Age: The risk of male breast cancer increases as you age, with most diagnoses happening between ages 60 and 70. […] Family history: If you have a first-degree blood relative—male or female—with breast cancer, your risk of breast cancer increases. About 1 in 5 men with breast cancer have a close relative who has also faced breast cancer. […] BRCA gene mutations: Men with a gene mutation (change or defect) in a BRCA gene have a higher risk of developing breast cancer. A male with a BRCA1 gene mutation carries a 1 in 11 lifetime risk of developing breast cancer. A male with a BRCA2 gene mutation carries a 1 in 6 lifetime risk. […] Estrogen-related treatment: Men who use hormone therapy to treat prostate cancer or who take medicine containing estrogen have a greater risk of breast cancer. In general, men with higher estrogen levels have an increased risk of male breast cancer.

• #59 Male Breast Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526036/

  Although breast cancer is typically synonymous as a disease that commonly occurs in women, it does occur in men as well. This is because although minimal in quantity, men do have breast tissue that has the potential to become malignant similarly to women, albeit much less commonly. While male breast cancer (MBC) is rare, only occurring in 1% of all breast cancers, it does occur, and it is important to be cognizant of its reality and potential. […] When discussing the etiology of breast cancer in men, one must uncover the potential genetic or environmental risk factors. Being mindful that the majority of males diagnosed with MBC have no identifiable risk other than increasing age (average age of diagnosis of 71) is important. […] Similar to women, men have a higher risk of breast cancer if they have a first- or second-degree relative with breast cancer.

• #60 Male breast cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male_breast_cancer

  Male breast cancer (MBC) is a cancer in males that originates in their breasts. Males account for less than 1% of new breast cancers with about 20,000 new cases being diagnosed worldwide every year. […] Because it has a far lower incidence in males and because large-scale breast cancer studies have routinely excluded males, current knowledge of male breast cancer is far less than female breast cancer and often rests on small, retrospective, single-center studies. […] However, MBC appears to have some features that warrant clinical approaches differing from those for female breast cancer. […] Features of male breast cancers that differ from those in females include variations in their presentations, associations with other diseases, associations with non-medical predisposing conditions, expressions of key breast cancer-related hormones, causes (including frequency and forms of genetic alterations), tumor types, and treatments.

• #61

  https://step2.medbullets.com/oncology/120431/male-breast-cancer

  breast cancer in males is similar to that in females with regards to the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment but is more rare […] family history of breast cancer […] positive in ~30% of cases […] Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) […] strongest risk factor […] environmental and genetic risk factors may be associated with the development of male breast cancers […] nearly all cases are ductal carcinoma.

• #62 Male breast cancer: Symptoms, statistics, tests, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/179457

  Male breast cancer is a relatively rare cancer, but it is one that doctors often diagnose in the later stages. […] Male breast cancer accounts for fewer than 1% of all cancer diagnoses worldwide. […] A males lifetime risk of developing breast cancer is about 1 in 833, according to the American Cancer Society (ACS). […] One factor in diagnosis delay is a lack of awareness. […] Breast cancer can also affect males differently, as they have less breast tissue than females. […] For these and other reasons, around 40% of males with breast cancer receive a diagnosis in stage 3 or 4, when the condition has already spread to other parts of the body. […] Experts do not know exactly why cancer develops in the breast, but they have identified a number of possible risk factors. […] In males, a common factor appears to be a high level of the female hormone estrogen in relation to one of the male hormone groups, androgen.

• #63 Breast Cancer in Men (Male Breast Cancer)

  https://www.cham.org/HealthwiseArticle.aspx?id=tv8420

  Breast cancer is the growth of abnormal cells in one or both breasts. Male breast cancer usually develops in the breast tissue found behind the nipple. Male breast cancer is often a type called invasive ductal carcinoma. […] The exact cause of male breast cancer isn’t known, but some things increase risk. These include radiation exposure, a family history of breast cancer, and inheriting gene changes such as BRCA. Having Klinefelter syndrome or cirrhosis also increases the risk of male breast cancer. It mostly affects those older than 65.

• #64 Male Breast Conditions: Cancer or Not Cancer? | Board Certified Radiation Oncologists located in Avondale, Chandler, Chandler, Gilbert, Mesa, Phoenix, Scottsdale, Surprise, Peoria, Fountain Hills, Apache Junction, Sun City, Goodyear, Glendale, Tempe, Wick

  https://www.arizonaccc.com/post/male-breast-conditions-cancer-or-not-cancer

  Several types of breast cancer affect men. These conditions are categorized according to how the cancer cells look under a microscope. One breast tumor may be a mix of several types. Or for some rare male breast cancer, the cancer does not form a tumor. […] DCIS is non-invasive or pre-invasive. This means the cells lining your breast ducts have changed and appear like cancer cells. These DCIS cancer cells have not spread into surrounding breast tissue or outside of the breast. This type of breast cancer affects ten percent of male breast cancer patients. It is usually curable through surgery. […] IDC begins in milk ducts, growing through the duct walls and into fatty tissue of your breast. It can spread to other parts of your body through your blood or lymph. About 80 percent of male breast cancers are IDCs.

• #65 Male Breast Cancer Statistics and Research | BCRF

  https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/male-breast-cancer-statistics-research/

  While men who carry a mutation in the BRCA2 gene have in increased risk of developing breast cancer, most breast cancers in men are not caused by inherited factors. […] Exposure to radiation treatment to the chest, as well as conditions that increase levels of estrogensuch as obesityare also factors that influence the risk of breast cancer in men. […] Most breast cancers in men are estrogen receptor (ER)positive invasive ductal carcinoma. […] Because of a lack of research and awareness among men and clinicians, some disparities in breast cancer outcomes in men compared to women have been noted in recent studies. […] In studies, Dr. Cardoso and her colleagues have also reported that male breast cancers are biologically and molecularly different compared to female breast cancersunderscoring the need for more research.

• #66 Male Breast Cancer Statistics and Research | BCRF

  https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/male-breast-cancer-statistics-research/

  While men who carry a mutation in the BRCA2 gene have in increased risk of developing breast cancer, most breast cancers in men are not caused by inherited factors. […] Exposure to radiation treatment to the chest, as well as conditions that increase levels of estrogensuch as obesityare also factors that influence the risk of breast cancer in men. […] Most breast cancers in men are estrogen receptor (ER)positive invasive ductal carcinoma. […] Because of a lack of research and awareness among men and clinicians, some disparities in breast cancer outcomes in men compared to women have been noted in recent studies. […] In studies, Dr. Cardoso and her colleagues have also reported that male breast cancers are biologically and molecularly different compared to female breast cancersunderscoring the need for more research.

• #67 Male breast cancer: Symptoms, statistics, tests, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/179457

  Male breast cancer is a relatively rare cancer, but it is one that doctors often diagnose in the later stages. […] Male breast cancer accounts for fewer than 1% of all cancer diagnoses worldwide. […] A males lifetime risk of developing breast cancer is about 1 in 833, according to the American Cancer Society (ACS). […] One factor in diagnosis delay is a lack of awareness. […] Breast cancer can also affect males differently, as they have less breast tissue than females. […] For these and other reasons, around 40% of males with breast cancer receive a diagnosis in stage 3 or 4, when the condition has already spread to other parts of the body. […] Experts do not know exactly why cancer develops in the breast, but they have identified a number of possible risk factors. […] In males, a common factor appears to be a high level of the female hormone estrogen in relation to one of the male hormone groups, androgen.

• #68 Male Breast Cancer: Signs, Symptoms, Treatment & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/male-breast-cancer/

  Male breast cancer is rare, accounting for less than 1% of all breast cancer diagnoses in the United States. The lifetime risk of male breast cancer is about 1 in 726, according to the American Cancer Society. The typical age range for male breast cancer diagnosis is between 60 and 70, with 67 as the average age of a male breast cancer diagnosis. […] While breast cancer in men is rare, men do carry a higher breast cancer mortality rate than women, primarily because men are less likely to assume a lump is breast cancer and are overall less aware of breast cancer, which can cause a delay in seeking treatment. […] Factors that increase a man’s risk of breast cancer include family history of breast cancer, age, genetic mutations (such as BRCA1 or BRCA2), and higher estrogen levels. […] Most research suggests the cause of male breast cancer is unclear. However, there are certain risk factors for male breast cancer.

• #69 Toward Understanding the Etiology of Male Breast Cancer: An Ongoing Research Challenge

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8536819/

  Male breast cancer is rare and accounts for less than 1% of all breast cancers, with an estimated 2650 new cases in the United States in 2021, compared with 281 550 cases for women. […] Despite increasing male breast cancer incidence rates worldwide over the past 3 decades, the etiology, prognosis, and treatment of male breast cancer is not well understood, as there are limited population-based studies and clinical trials focused on male breast cancer. […] Moreover, most treatment and clinical management guidelines for male breast cancer are based on studies of female breast cancer, even though men with breast cancer are older at diagnosis, are primarily diagnosed with hormone receptor-positive tumors, and have different hormonal profiles than females. […] Unlike female breast cancer risk factors that have been extensively studied, elucidating the role of different hormonal, genetic, and lifestyle factors for male breast cancer has been challenging, because of the rarity of the disease.

• #70

  https://www.cancerresearch.wales/cy/news-and-updates/mens-health-shining-a-light-on-male-breast-cancer

  Although male breast cancer is rare, it is no-less of a shock and worry for the men and their families who are affected by it. […] However, evidence suggests that the incidence of male breast cancer is on the rise across most parts of the world, for several different reasons. […] Like breast cancer in women, family history and presence of susceptibility genes such as mutations in the BRAC1/2 genes increases the risk of breast cancer in males. Other risk factors also include cirrhosis of the liver – which lowers the levels of circulating male hormones, called androgens, while raising the level of oestrogen – obesity, prior radiation exposure to the chest, undescended testis, and mumps orchitis, where the virus causes painful swelling and damage to one of the testicles. […] Klinefelter syndrome, a rare genetic condition where the male inherits an extra copy of the female X chromosome is also associated with male breast cancer as an imbalance of female and male sex hormones may result from the body producing more oestrogen and lower levels of androgens.

• #71 Breast Cancer in Men: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://share.upmc.com/2016/06/about-breast-cancer-in-men/

  Many men who develop breast cancer miss or ignore the early warning signs, said Shannon Puhalla, MD, assistant professor of medicine and director of the Breast Cancer Clinical Trials Program, UPMC Magee-Womens Hospital. […] Literature does suggest that the incidence in men is increasing. Its probably in part related to lifestyle. In particular, obesity and lack of exercise are emerging risk factors for male breast cancer, as well as female breast cancer. […] The important public service message is: If a man does feel something in his breast tissue or on his chest wall, he needs to bring it to the attention of his physician. […] Its relatively similar to the issues we see with female breast cancer, which is related to estrogen exposure. […] For instance, men can have something called Klinefelter syndrome, which is a genetic abnormality, a chromosomal issue that changes estrogen levels in men and predisposes them to breast cancer.

• #72 Breast Cancer in Men | Susan G. Komen®

  https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/facts-statistics/male-breast-cancer/

  In the U.S., less than 1% of all breast cancer cases occur in men [222]. […] The risk of breast cancer is much lower in men than in women. The lifetime risk of getting breast cancer is about 1 in 1,000 for men in the U.S. compared to 1 in 8 for women in the U.S. [220]. […] Rates of breast cancer incidence (new cases) and mortality (death) are much lower among men than among women [187-188]. […] However, men are often diagnosed at a later stage of breast cancer than women [123]. One reason could be that men may be less likely than women to report signs and symptoms [124]. This can lead to delays in diagnosis [124]. […] Male breast cancer incidence rates in the U.S. vary by race and ethnicity. […] Non-Hispanic Black men have the highest breast cancer incidence rate overall [189]. Non-Hispanic Asian and Pacific Islander men have the lowest [189].

• #73 Causes of Male Breast Pain and Swelling

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/understanding-causes-of-male-breast-pain-and-swelling-429847

  Male breast cancer does not affect all groups equally. Black males have the highest incidence of breast cancer incidence overall, while Latinx males have the lowest. […] Common risk factors for male breast cancer include: Family history of breast cancer, Obesity, Klinefelter’s syndrome, Radiation exposure. […] Males who have a mutated BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene have a higher risk of breast cancer than males who do not. […] There are also non-BRCA gene mutations associated with breast cancer. Some of these increase the risk of breast cancer in males. Knowing your family history of cancer is important, as it can prompt you to be proactive and get screened for these mutations. […] Symptoms of breast cancer in males and females are similar and include: A lump or swelling of the breast, Breast skin dimples or puckers that don’t go away, Red, scaly skin on the breast, areola, or nipple, Nipple retraction, Nipple discharge, Swollen lymph nodes, or glands, in the armpit.

• #74 Toward Understanding the Etiology of Male Breast Cancer: An Ongoing Research Challenge

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8536819/

  Male breast cancer is rare and accounts for less than 1% of all breast cancers, with an estimated 2650 new cases in the United States in 2021, compared with 281 550 cases for women. […] Despite increasing male breast cancer incidence rates worldwide over the past 3 decades, the etiology, prognosis, and treatment of male breast cancer is not well understood, as there are limited population-based studies and clinical trials focused on male breast cancer. […] Moreover, most treatment and clinical management guidelines for male breast cancer are based on studies of female breast cancer, even though men with breast cancer are older at diagnosis, are primarily diagnosed with hormone receptor-positive tumors, and have different hormonal profiles than females. […] Unlike female breast cancer risk factors that have been extensively studied, elucidating the role of different hormonal, genetic, and lifestyle factors for male breast cancer has been challenging, because of the rarity of the disease.

• #75 Toward Understanding the Etiology of Male Breast Cancer: An Ongoing Research Challenge

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8536819/

  Male breast cancer is rare and accounts for less than 1% of all breast cancers, with an estimated 2650 new cases in the United States in 2021, compared with 281 550 cases for women. […] Despite increasing male breast cancer incidence rates worldwide over the past 3 decades, the etiology, prognosis, and treatment of male breast cancer is not well understood, as there are limited population-based studies and clinical trials focused on male breast cancer. […] Moreover, most treatment and clinical management guidelines for male breast cancer are based on studies of female breast cancer, even though men with breast cancer are older at diagnosis, are primarily diagnosed with hormone receptor-positive tumors, and have different hormonal profiles than females. […] Unlike female breast cancer risk factors that have been extensively studied, elucidating the role of different hormonal, genetic, and lifestyle factors for male breast cancer has been challenging, because of the rarity of the disease.

• #76 Male Breast Cancer – know the facts and get checked

  https://www.check4cancer.com/advice-and-awareness/blog/1221-male-breast-cancer-facts

  Usually thought of as a disease seen only in women, male breast cancer is a rare but real risk, most often occurring in men over 60. […] The causes of male breast cancer are not clear. Doctors know that it occurs when some breast cells divide faster than healthy cells do. […] Factors that increase the risk of male breast cancer include: […] Obesity is associated with higher levels of oestrogen in the body, which increases the risk of male breast cancer. […] As with female breast cancer, if the cancer is caught in the early stages, a cure may be possible.

• #77 Breast Cancer in Men > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/male-breast-cancer

  Men may not realize that, for them too, any changes in their breasts, including lumps in the chest or underarm area or changes to the nipple could be a sign of breast cancer and should be checked out by a doctor. […] Although breast cancer is far more prevalent in women, it can occur in men as well. Breast cancer in men, however, is less frequent, making up around 1% of all breast cancer diagnoses. […] Since men are usually less familiar with its signs and symptoms and because many are unaware that they can be affected by it, their breast cancer is often not diagnosed until it’s in a later, more advanced stage. […] Greater awareness of male breast cancer is needed and we believe in an all-inclusive care model for all individuals diagnosed with breast cancer. […] Like women, men have breast tissue (though they have less of it). Breast cancer occurs when cells in the breast tissue begin to grow and divide in an abnormal and uncontrolled manner.

• #78 Toward Understanding the Etiology of Male Breast Cancer: An Ongoing Research Challenge

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8536819/

  In summary, findings from the study by Swerdlow and colleagues provide additional evidence of the detrimental role of obesity and central obesity on breast cancer risk and warrant further studies. […] Therefore, interventions aimed at obesity prevention and control will have broad public health implications in terms of reduced disease burden.

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