Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Male Breast Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/patient/male-breast-treatment-pdq

  Male breast cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the breast. […] Male breast cancer is sometimes caused by inherited gene mutations (changes). […] Men with breast cancer usually have lumps that can be felt. […] Tests that examine the breasts are used to diagnose breast cancer in men. […] If cancer is found, tests are done to study the cancer cells. […] Survival for men with breast cancer is similar to survival for women with breast cancer. […] Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options. […] The treatment of male breast cancer depends partly on the stage of the disease. […] Treatment for men diagnosed with breast cancer is usually modified radical mastectomy. […] Breast-conserving surgery with lumpectomy followed by radiation therapy may be used for some men.

• #1 Male Breast Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/hp/male-breast-treatment-pdq

  Male breast cancer is rare. Fewer than 1% of all breast carcinomas occur in men. The mean age at diagnosis is between 60 and 70 years; however, men of all ages can be affected by the disease. […] Most breast cancers in men present with a retroareolar mass. Other signs include: nipple retraction, bleeding from the nipple, skin ulceration, peau d’orange, and palpable axillary adenopathy. Because of delays in diagnosis, breast cancer in men is more likely to present at an advanced stage. […] The approach to the treatment of men with breast cancer is similar to that for women. Because male breast cancer is rare, there is a lack of randomized data to support specific treatment modalities. Treatment options for men with breast cancer are described in Table 1. […] As in women, treatment options for men with early-stage breast cancer include surgery with or without radiation therapy (locoregional therapy) and adjuvant therapy (systemic therapy).

• #1 Breast Cancer in Men: Overview of Male Breast Cancer, Etiology, Diagnosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1954174-overview

  The etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of breast cancer in males is similar to that in females. Unlike breast cancer in females, however, breast cancer in men is rare. […] Unfortunately, this rarity has largely precluded prospective randomized clinical trials. Lack of awareness that men develop breast cancer may also contribute to the infrequency of early diagnosis. […] Male breast cancer usually presents as a painless lump. In 75% of cases, the lump is a hard and fixed nodule in the subareolar region, with nipple involvement more common than in women. […] Treatment of male breast cancer comprises surgery, radiation therapy, and systemic therapy. […] The general principles of surgical management of male breast cancer are similar to those of breast cancer in women. Simple mastectomy remains the usual choice for T1 and T2 breast tumors.

• #1 Male breast cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-breast-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374745

  Male breast cancer treatment usually starts with surgery. Other common treatments include chemotherapy, hormone therapy and radiation therapy. To create a treatment plan, your health care team looks at your cancer’s stage, your overall health and what you prefer. […] The goal of surgery is to remove the cancer and some of the healthy tissue around it. Operations used to treat male breast cancer include: […] A mastectomy involves removing all the breast tissue from one side of your chest. This includes removing the nipple and the skin around it, called the areola. This is the most common type of surgery for male breast cancer. […] A lumpectomy involves removing the cancer and some of the healthy tissue around it. The rest of the breast tissue isn’t removed. Sometimes doctors call this breast-conserving surgery. Often, radiation therapy is recommended after lumpectomy.

• #1 Male Breast Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/hp/male-breast-treatment-pdq

  Primary treatment is a mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection. Responses in men are generally similar to those seen in women with breast cancer. Breast conservation surgery with lumpectomy and radiation therapy has also been used and can be offered if standard criteria for breast conservation therapy are met. Results in men have been similar to those seen in women with breast cancer. […] The optimal systemic treatment in men with breast cancer has not been studied in randomized clinical trials. Adjuvant therapy should be administered according to the same criteria used for women. […] Treatment options for men with locally advanced breast cancer include neoadjuvant chemotherapy, surgical excision, and radiation therapy and endocrine therapy. […] Treatment options for men with metastatic breast cancer include aromatase inhibitor (AI) therapy in conjunction with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist. The management of metastatic hormone receptor-positive male breast cancer relies on the same treatment options used in women.

• #1 Managing Male Breast Cancer | BIDMC of Boston

  https://www.bidmc.org/about-bidmc/blogs/living-with-cancer/2020/05/managing-male-breast-cancer

  Male Breast Cancer PatientBreast cancer can happen to men. Although fewer than 1% of all breast cancers in the United States are in men, that still adds up to close to 3,000 cases per year. For men, the lifetime risk of getting breast cancer is about 1 in 833 certainly a great deal less than women’s risk of 1 in 8. […] The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) recently released updated guidelines for the care of male breast cancer. Men’s breast cancer care can include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and endocrine/hormonal treatments, just like for women. […] The initial staging and treatment plan decisions are the same: usually surgery coming first, followed by chemotherapy and/or endocrine therapy (Tamoxifen is generally recommended for men, regardless of their age). […] There is little information available about recommended survivorship care for men. Annual mammograms are suggested, and men continue to see their doctors on a standard schedule. […] In addition to ongoing medical follow up, my experience has been that psychosocial support is invaluable.

• #1 Male breast cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-breast-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374745

  In male breast cancer, radiation therapy may be used after surgery to kill any cancer cells that might be left behind. The radiation is often aimed at the chest and armpit. […] Most male breast cancers have cells that rely on hormones to grow, called hormone sensitive. If your cancer is hormone sensitive, hormone therapy might be an option. Hormone therapy can keep cancer from coming back after surgery. If the cancer spreads to other parts of the body, hormone therapy may help slow its growth. […] Chemotherapy might be used after surgery to kill any cancer cells that might be left in the body. Chemotherapy also may be an option for treating cancer that spreads to other parts of the body. […] Targeted therapy might be used after surgery to kill any cancer cells that might be left in the body. It also might be an option if the cancer spreads to other parts of the body.

• #1 Male Breast Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526036/

  Long-term monitoring is necessary because men are at very high risk for a second ipsilateral or contralateral breast lesion. […] To improve outcomes, an interprofessional team approach that consists of an oncologist, surgeon, radiation therapist, dietitian, and mental health counselor is recommended. The primary care providers should never assume that breast growth is simply benign gynecomastia. Men who are older than 50 should be worked up to rule out breast cancer if there is a lesion. […] Open communication between the interprofessional team should ensure that the patient is provided with the optimal standard of care. Long-term follow-up by the primary care provider and nurse practitioner is necessary as males are prone to developing recurrences in both breasts.

• #1 Breast Cancer: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/breast-cancer-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Nurses can expect to encounter patients with breast cancer in a variety of settings. […] Nurses provide support and education to their patients before, during, and after treatment for breast cancer. […] Once the nurse identifies nursing diagnoses for breast cancer, nursing care plans help prioritize assessments and interventions for both short and long-term goals of care. […] Pain associated with breast cancer can be caused by tissue damage from the cancer. […] Patients being treated for breast cancer often require a combination of opioids and NSAIDs along with antiemetics for nausea caused by chemotherapy to relieve pain and discomfort. […] Fear and anxiety can be caused by the unknown that comes with a breast cancer diagnosis. […] The fear of the unknown can come from a lack of information regarding their diagnosis.

• #1 Identifying the Needs of Men With Breast Cancer

  https://www.oncnursingnews.com/view/identifying-the-needs-of-men-with-breast-cancer

  Breast cancer is often perceived as a woman’s disease, as most breast cancers that are diagnosed in the U.S. are in women. Diagnoses in men contribute to less than 1% of cases.1 Although male breast cancer is rare, health care providers must be well-informed of the psychosocial impacts of the disease. An understanding of the physical and emotional effects specific to men is crucial in the development of patient-centered cancer care. […] Men with breast cancer often face unique challenges. This diagnosis can be shocking, and may bring about feelings of isolation, shame, and emasculation. A lack of awareness of male breast cancer, along with responses from others, contribute to these emotions. As health care providers, actions can be taken to better understand the experiences of male breast cancer patients and ensure an inclusive and supportive environment.

• #1 Men with breast conditions: The role of the WHNP specializing in breast care – Women’s Healthcare

  https://www.npwomenshealthcare.com/men-breast-conditions/

  The National Association of Nurse Practitioners in Womens Health (NPWH) affirms the role of the womens health nurse practitioner (WHNP), as a member of a multidisciplinary breast care specialty team, in providing specialized breast care for women and men. Furthermore, NPWH supports the removal of any restrictions to the provision of male breast care that are based on the WHNP credential. […] WHNPs are educationally prepared to provide care for both women and men with benign and malignant breast conditions. The WHNP program curriculum includes breast pathophysiology, genomics/genetics, assessment and management of breast disorders, and risk assessment for hereditary breast cancersall applicable to men as well as women. […] WHNPs specializing in breast care are qualified to provide this care for all individuals.

• #1 Identifying the Needs of Men With Breast Cancer

  https://www.oncnursingnews.com/view/identifying-the-needs-of-men-with-breast-cancer

  Stigma is commonly expressed as one of the most stressful barriers to receiving care and support for men with breast cancer. This stigma can be experienced in many settings, including within the cancer care system and in existing social surroundings. […] In order to reduce the impact of these stressful events, studies have shown there are solutions to provide a more comprehensive approach in the health care setting. More awareness and equality of cancer care will decrease shock and shame. […] Health care providers play a significant role in the patients perception of the disease. Knowledge, attitude, and office atmosphere contribute to better psychological outcomes. […] Health care providers who can identify these factors will better be able to provide much-needed emotional support, improve quality of care and provide resources tailored to their patients needs.

• #1

  http://waocp.com/journal/index.php/apjcc/article/view/1040

  Male breast cancer is a rare disease, accounting for approximately 0.5-1% of all breast cancer cases. […] The disease typically presents in older men, often in their sixth or seventh decade of life, and is often diagnosed at an advanced stage with a poorer prognosis than female breast cancer. […] This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological, clinical, and pathological characteristics of male breast cancer patients. […] To promote early diagnosis and improve prognosis, educational efforts should include teaching self-breast examination to men, advocating for screening mammography in high-risk groups, and testing for familial predisposition. […] Increased public awareness programs are crucial to educate men about breast cancer and encourage early detection. […] Male breast cancer is usually presents as hard mass, ill-defined margins and which has poor mobility, mostly fixed to breast tissue.

• #1 Male Breast Cancer | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/breast-male

  The Rare Breast Cancer Program at MSK has that experience. We evaluate and treat about 200 people with early- or advanced-stage rare breast cancer, including male breast cancer, every year. […] We work with other MSK experts to ensure that you get the care you need beyond medical treatment. Experts in male sexual health, social work, integrative medicine, and other subspecialities can help you manage the stress of breast cancer treatment, as well as its potential side effects, such as chemotherapy-induced nausea, fatigue, loss of appetite, or lymphedema (buildup of fluid in the arm and hand). […] We know it is overwhelming to be diagnosed with male breast cancer, but we have the expertise and experience needed to give you the highest quality of care.

• #2 Male Breast Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526036/

  Although breast cancer is typically synonymous as a disease that commonly occurs in women, it does occur in men as well. This is because although minimal in quantity, men do have breast tissue that has the potential to become malignant similarly to women, albeit much less commonly. While male breast cancer (MBC) is rare, only occurring in 1% of all breast cancers, it does occur, and it is important to be cognizant of its reality and potential. This activity highlights the role of the interprofessional team in caring for patients with this condition. […] Treatment and management of male breast cancer typically follow the same rationale as breast cancer in women, which consists of resection followed by adjuvant endocrine therapy, chemotherapy (CT), or radiotherapy. Management is guided by prognostic factors and is further discussed in the oncology section.

• #2 Male Breast Cancer: Signs, Symptoms, Treatment & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/male-breast-cancer/

  Male breast cancer is rare, accounting for less than 1% of all breast cancer diagnoses in the United States. The lifetime risk of male breast cancer is about 1 in 726, according to the American Cancer Society. The typical age range for male breast cancer diagnosis is between 60 and 70, with 67 as the average age of a male breast cancer diagnosis. […] While breast cancer in men is rare, men do carry a higher breast cancer mortality rate than women, primarily because men are less likely to assume a lump is breast cancer and are overall less aware of breast cancer, which can cause a delay in seeking treatment. […] Treatment for male breast cancer often involves surgery to remove the cancerous tissue as well as chemotherapy and radiation. […] Nearly all breast cancer in men is estrogen receptor positive (ER+) with treatment including hormonal therapy, just as in 70% of female breast cancer cases.

• #2 Male Breast Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/hp/male-breast-treatment-pdq

  Male breast cancer is rare. Fewer than 1% of all breast carcinomas occur in men. The mean age at diagnosis is between 60 and 70 years; however, men of all ages can be affected by the disease. […] Most breast cancers in men present with a retroareolar mass. Other signs include: nipple retraction, bleeding from the nipple, skin ulceration, peau d’orange, and palpable axillary adenopathy. Because of delays in diagnosis, breast cancer in men is more likely to present at an advanced stage. […] The approach to the treatment of men with breast cancer is similar to that for women. Because male breast cancer is rare, there is a lack of randomized data to support specific treatment modalities. Treatment options for men with breast cancer are described in Table 1. […] As in women, treatment options for men with early-stage breast cancer include surgery with or without radiation therapy (locoregional therapy) and adjuvant therapy (systemic therapy).

• #2 Male Breast Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/patient/male-breast-treatment-pdq

  Male breast cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the breast. […] Male breast cancer is sometimes caused by inherited gene mutations (changes). […] Men with breast cancer usually have lumps that can be felt. […] Tests that examine the breasts are used to diagnose breast cancer in men. […] If cancer is found, tests are done to study the cancer cells. […] Survival for men with breast cancer is similar to survival for women with breast cancer. […] Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options. […] The treatment of male breast cancer depends partly on the stage of the disease. […] Treatment for men diagnosed with breast cancer is usually modified radical mastectomy. […] Breast-conserving surgery with lumpectomy followed by radiation therapy may be used for some men.

• #2

  http://waocp.com/journal/index.php/apjcc/article/view/1040

  Breast cancer in males should be treated with the same strategy in women. […] The most common surgical procedure is modified radical mastectomy with axillary node dissection. […] In our series, modified radical mastectomy was the common surgical procedure combined with adjuvant chemotherapy. […] Hormonal therapy has been proven to help in metastatic disease in females and males. […] Therefore concerted efforts including education of public and health professionals, in order to make earlier diagnosis and thereby improve prognosis. […] Efforts should be made to improve outcomes, an interprofessional team approach that consists of an oncologist, surgeon, radiation therapist, dietitian, and mental health counselor is recommended. […] Earlier diagnosis and wide use of adjuvant treatments (RT/HT/CT) widely decreased local recurrences and increased survival rates in male breast cancer.

• #2 Male Breast Cancer Treatment

  https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/treatment/by-diagnosis/male-breast-cancer/

  Breast cancer can occur in men. This may be called male breast cancer. In 2025, its estimated 2,800 new cases of male breast cancer will be diagnosed in the U.S. […] Most male breast cancers are hormone receptor-positive. […] Treatment for breast cancer in men is similar to treatment for women. […] Treatment for early and locally advanced breast cancers includes some combination of: Surgery, Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy, Hormone therapy, HER2-targeted therapy, CDK4/6 inhibitor therapy, Immunotherapy, PARP inhibitor therapy. […] Breast cancer surgery in men is usually a mastectomy because of the small size of the male breast. Some men may choose to have breast reconstruction. […] For men with hormone receptor-positive breast cancers, the hormone therapy drug tamoxifen, with or without the CDK4/6 inhibitor abemaciclib (Verzenio), is usually the first drug therapy used.

• #2 Male Breast Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/hp/male-breast-treatment-pdq

  Primary treatment is a mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection. Responses in men are generally similar to those seen in women with breast cancer. Breast conservation surgery with lumpectomy and radiation therapy has also been used and can be offered if standard criteria for breast conservation therapy are met. Results in men have been similar to those seen in women with breast cancer. […] The optimal systemic treatment in men with breast cancer has not been studied in randomized clinical trials. Adjuvant therapy should be administered according to the same criteria used for women. […] Treatment options for men with locally advanced breast cancer include neoadjuvant chemotherapy, surgical excision, and radiation therapy and endocrine therapy. […] Treatment options for men with metastatic breast cancer include aromatase inhibitor (AI) therapy in conjunction with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist. The management of metastatic hormone receptor-positive male breast cancer relies on the same treatment options used in women.

• #2 Breast Cancer: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/breast-cancer-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Nurses can expect to encounter patients with breast cancer in a variety of settings. […] Nurses provide support and education to their patients before, during, and after treatment for breast cancer. […] Once the nurse identifies nursing diagnoses for breast cancer, nursing care plans help prioritize assessments and interventions for both short and long-term goals of care. […] Pain associated with breast cancer can be caused by tissue damage from the cancer. […] Patients being treated for breast cancer often require a combination of opioids and NSAIDs along with antiemetics for nausea caused by chemotherapy to relieve pain and discomfort. […] Fear and anxiety can be caused by the unknown that comes with a breast cancer diagnosis. […] The fear of the unknown can come from a lack of information regarding their diagnosis.

• #2 Identifying the Needs of Men With Breast Cancer

  https://www.oncnursingnews.com/view/identifying-the-needs-of-men-with-breast-cancer

  Stigma is commonly expressed as one of the most stressful barriers to receiving care and support for men with breast cancer. This stigma can be experienced in many settings, including within the cancer care system and in existing social surroundings. […] In order to reduce the impact of these stressful events, studies have shown there are solutions to provide a more comprehensive approach in the health care setting. More awareness and equality of cancer care will decrease shock and shame. […] Health care providers play a significant role in the patients perception of the disease. Knowledge, attitude, and office atmosphere contribute to better psychological outcomes. […] Health care providers who can identify these factors will better be able to provide much-needed emotional support, improve quality of care and provide resources tailored to their patients needs.

• #2 Men with breast conditions: The role of the WHNP specializing in breast care – Women’s Healthcare

  https://www.npwomenshealthcare.com/men-breast-conditions/

  The care provided by healthcare professionals specializing in breast cancer goes beyond initial diagnosis and treatment. The needs of both male and female breast cancer survivors are multifaceted and ongoing. […] Management for treatment-related side effects and surveillance strategies for breast cancer survivors are similar for women and men. Holistic and individualized care is a cornerstone for all WHNPs. And those WHNPs who specialize in breast care are qualified to provide care for women and men.

• #2 Male Breast Cancer Patients’ Perspectives on Their Health Care Situation: A Mixed-Methods Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7098323/

  Male breast cancer is rare. No information was available on how male breast cancer patients (MBCPs) experience the health care they receive in Germany in a setting that is tailored to women. The aim of this study was to explore the health care situation of MBCPs from their perspectives. […] Several men reported mainly positive experiences while others experienced shortcomings. These included delays in diagnosis, health care provider uncertainty about treatment (tamoxifen, radiation therapy), experiences of stigmatization, and issues of continuity of care including unclear responsibilities for aftercare and access challenges to breast-cancer-specific care in gynecology settings. […] The awareness of male breast cancer needs to be increased among the public, health care providers and researchers in order to avoid delays in diagnosis and reduce stigmatization and uncertainty about treatment. Health care structures ensuring access to gynecology care and clear responsibilities for aftercare need to be established.

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1245/s10434-024-16756-x

  For men with advanced or metastatic breast cancer, targeted therapies guided by human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) receptor status, programmed death ligand 1 expression, PIK3CA mutation, and germline BRCA pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants (PVs) should be administered per the same indications/combinations that are offered to women. […] Men should be educated about symptoms of recurrence. Continuity of care for patients with breast cancer is recommended and should be performed by providers experienced in the surveillance of breast cancer and the breast examination. Ipsilateral annual mammogram should be offered to men with a history of breast cancer treated with lumpectomy, if technically feasible, regardless of genetic predisposition. […] The 2020 ASCO guideline reflects a thoughtful approach for the management of male breast cancer, highlighting similarities and differences in management when compared with females. It is important to include men in ongoing and upcoming breast cancer trials, not only systemic therapy but also locoregional therapy trials, to continue to define optimal therapies for male breast cancer.

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1245/s10434-024-16756-x

  Male breast cancer is a rare clinical entity that makes up 1% of all breast cancers in the United States; however, the incidence of male breast cancer has been steadily increasing over the past few decades. Male breast cancer tends to present at a later age compared with female breast cancer (average age of 68 years vs. 62 years). Clinical examination often demonstrates a painless retroareolar mass nipple retraction, discharge/bleeding, or skin ulceration. Almost all tumors are invasive ductal in origin and estrogen receptor-positive. Even after accounting for other clinical differences, males often experience worse breast cancer outcomes than females. […] To date, there have been no randomized clinical trials specific to males with breast cancer, therefore data are often extrapolated from the treatment of female breast cancer. While there is general agreement that these treatment strategies are appropriate, there are important differences in the biology and management that require a thoughtful approach to breast cancer seen in males.

• #3 Male Breast Cancer: Signs, Symptoms, Treatment & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/male-breast-cancer/

  Male breast cancer is rare, accounting for less than 1% of all breast cancer diagnoses in the United States. The lifetime risk of male breast cancer is about 1 in 726, according to the American Cancer Society. The typical age range for male breast cancer diagnosis is between 60 and 70, with 67 as the average age of a male breast cancer diagnosis. […] While breast cancer in men is rare, men do carry a higher breast cancer mortality rate than women, primarily because men are less likely to assume a lump is breast cancer and are overall less aware of breast cancer, which can cause a delay in seeking treatment. […] Treatment for male breast cancer often involves surgery to remove the cancerous tissue as well as chemotherapy and radiation. […] Nearly all breast cancer in men is estrogen receptor positive (ER+) with treatment including hormonal therapy, just as in 70% of female breast cancer cases.

• #3 Male Breast Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/hp/male-breast-treatment-pdq

  Male breast cancer is rare. Fewer than 1% of all breast carcinomas occur in men. The mean age at diagnosis is between 60 and 70 years; however, men of all ages can be affected by the disease. […] Most breast cancers in men present with a retroareolar mass. Other signs include: nipple retraction, bleeding from the nipple, skin ulceration, peau d’orange, and palpable axillary adenopathy. Because of delays in diagnosis, breast cancer in men is more likely to present at an advanced stage. […] The approach to the treatment of men with breast cancer is similar to that for women. Because male breast cancer is rare, there is a lack of randomized data to support specific treatment modalities. Treatment options for men with breast cancer are described in Table 1. […] As in women, treatment options for men with early-stage breast cancer include surgery with or without radiation therapy (locoregional therapy) and adjuvant therapy (systemic therapy).

• #3 Male breast cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-breast-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374745

  Male breast cancer treatment usually starts with surgery. Other common treatments include chemotherapy, hormone therapy and radiation therapy. To create a treatment plan, your health care team looks at your cancer’s stage, your overall health and what you prefer. […] The goal of surgery is to remove the cancer and some of the healthy tissue around it. Operations used to treat male breast cancer include: […] A mastectomy involves removing all the breast tissue from one side of your chest. This includes removing the nipple and the skin around it, called the areola. This is the most common type of surgery for male breast cancer. […] A lumpectomy involves removing the cancer and some of the healthy tissue around it. The rest of the breast tissue isn’t removed. Sometimes doctors call this breast-conserving surgery. Often, radiation therapy is recommended after lumpectomy.

• #3

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1245/s10434-024-16756-x

  In 2020, ASCO convened an expert panel to develop recommendations for the management of male breast cancer. The ASCO Breast Cancer Advisory Group reported a high level of consensus in several areas where components of management were largely the same for men and women, including gene expression profile testing, primary surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and systemic therapy for advanced/metastatic disease. […] All males with breast cancer should be offered germline genetic testing and counseling. Men with early-stage hormone receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancer should be treated with tamoxifen for 5 years. If they are tolerating ET at 5 years and are still at high risk of recurrence, they should be offered 5 additional years. A gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist/antagonist and an aromatase inhibitor (AI) should be used if tamoxifen is contraindicated.

• #3 Male breast cancer: a 30 year retrospective analysis from a tertiary cancer care centre – ecancer

  https://ecancer.org/en/journal/article/1551-male-breast-cancer-a-30-year-retrospective-analysis-from-a-tertiary-cancer-care-centre

  Male breast cancer (MBC) is one of the rare malignancies that account for less than 1% of all malignancies in males. However, the clinicopathological characteristics of MBC are not entirely similar to female breast cancer; but still, it is treated in line with the female breast cancer protocols. […] The MBC treatment is a combination of surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and hormonal therapy. The lack of breast tissue in men makes it challenging to achieve safe margins in MBC, especially in small tumors. In India, MBC patients present at a locally advanced stage and it is very difficult to achieve a negative margin. Thus, it mandates adjuvant treatment in MBC patients. […] Indications for postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) in MBC are in accordance with the guidelines for female breast cancer. PMRT seems to decrease locoregional recurrence (LRR) in MBC; in any case, the effect on overall survival (OS) is unknown.

• #3 Breast Cancer: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/breast-cancer-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Treatments for breast cancer can affect the patients skin integrity causing irritation, pain, and other complications as well as increasing the susceptibility to infection. […] Altered nutrition can cause skin breakdown and delayed wound healing. […] If the patient is receiving radiation for their breast cancer treatment, educate them on how radiation can affect their skin integrity.

• #3 Identifying the Needs of Men With Breast Cancer

  https://www.oncnursingnews.com/view/identifying-the-needs-of-men-with-breast-cancer

  In addition to a well-informed health care team, men with breast cancer would benefit from professional counseling and peer support. Support groups have long demonstrated improvements in quality of life to those with breast cancer, and that remains true for male breast cancer patients. […] Even though male breast cancer is rare, all providers can remain conscientious and promote awareness in their practice. Together, we can collectively aim to reduce experiences of stigma and shame and decrease feelings of isolation and fear. Overall, this will have positive effects for male breast cancer patients and generate the respect and support all patients deserve.

• #3 Male Patients With Breast Cancer: Addressing Needs Using an Educational Task Force | Oncology Nursing Society

  https://www.ons.org/publications-research/cjon/22/4/male-patients-breast-cancer-addressing-needs-using-educational-task

  Although breast cancer is most frequently diagnosed in women, it is also diagnosed in men in rare instances. […] The purpose of this project was to identify gaps in the educational and psychosocial needs of men with breast cancer and to implement appropriate interventions for practice. […] Based on the evidence, a Male Breast Cancer Educational Task Force was formed to evaluate existing resources for gender bias, and to develop additional resources targeted toward male patients with breast cancer. […] Following implementation, patients completed a survey to assess their satisfaction with the modified resources. Initial patient feedback demonstrated high satisfaction.

• #3 Male Breast Cancer Patients’ Perspectives on Their Health Care Situation: A Mixed-Methods Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7098323/

  MBCPs report experiences of stigmatization and problems regarding their sexual identity and body image. Many MBCPs perceive the health care situation as specialized to women, especially in terms of information provision. […] Several studies recommend adapting health care provision to the needs of MBCPs. […] MBCPs reported access difficulties to gynecology care in the diagnostic phase (and aftercare). […] Aftercare was also connected to negative experiences such as an unclear distribution of responsibilities: some HCPs did not know who was responsible for aftercare, e.g., the breast cancer center did not give any information about where aftercare could take place. […] In order to reduce negative experiences and thereby improve the health care situation for MBCPs, we recommend the following approaches: Awareness of MBC among the public as well as within the health care system should be increased in order to avoid delays in diagnosis and reduce stigmatization.

• #3 Experiences and perceptions of men following breast cancer diagnosis: a mixed method systematic review | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-024-11911-9

  Men with breast cancer experience unique physical and emotional challenges. However, a thorough understanding of these experiences including the psychosocial effects and supportive care needs have received less attention. […] This influences the level of professional support offered, consequently worsening their health and well-being outcomes. […] This review explored the variabilities in the experiences and treatment modalities of male breast cancer (MBC) across different contexts. […] Men experience a myriad of issues following a breast cancer diagnosis, especially with their masculinity. Awareness creation efforts of MBC among the public and healthcare practitioners are urgently required, which could change the perception of men in promoting early diagnosis, adherence to treatments, post-treatment monitoring, oncological results and a better quality of life. […] Considerations for training, education and development of specialised guidelines for healthcare practitioners on MBC would provide the necessary knowledge and skills to enhance their practice through the adoption of person-centred and male-specific care strategies.

• #3

  http://waocp.com/journal/index.php/apjcc/article/view/1040

  Breast cancer in males should be treated with the same strategy in women. […] The most common surgical procedure is modified radical mastectomy with axillary node dissection. […] In our series, modified radical mastectomy was the common surgical procedure combined with adjuvant chemotherapy. […] Hormonal therapy has been proven to help in metastatic disease in females and males. […] Therefore concerted efforts including education of public and health professionals, in order to make earlier diagnosis and thereby improve prognosis. […] Efforts should be made to improve outcomes, an interprofessional team approach that consists of an oncologist, surgeon, radiation therapist, dietitian, and mental health counselor is recommended. […] Earlier diagnosis and wide use of adjuvant treatments (RT/HT/CT) widely decreased local recurrences and increased survival rates in male breast cancer.

• #3 What Happens After Treatment for Breast Cancer in Men? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer-in-men/after-treatment/emotional-health.html

  For many men with breast cancer, treatment can remove or destroy the cancer. […] Even after you have completed breast cancer treatment, your doctors will want to watch you closely. Its very important to go to all of your follow-up appointments. […] Men who have had breast cancer can also still get other types of cancer. […] Talk with your doctor about developing a survivorship care plan for you. […] If you have had breast cancer, getting to and staying at a healthy weight might help lower your risk of the cancer coming back. […] Among female breast cancer survivors, studies have found a consistent link between physical activity and a lower risk of breast cancer coming back and of dying from breast cancer, as well as of dying from any cause. […] Most research on possible links between diet and the risk of breast cancer coming back has looked at broad dietary patterns, rather than specific foods.

• #3 PRESS RELEASE: 1 Out Of 3 Men With Breast Cancer Does Not Receive Adequate Treatment – EORTC

  https://www.eortc.org/blog/2018/02/02/1-out-of-3-men-with-breast-cancer-does-not-receive-adequate-treatment/

  1 out of 3 men affected by the disease is not treated optimally. […] The study also indicates that, while over 90% of male patients had oestrogen receptorpositive (ER+) breast cancer, only 77% of them received endocrine therapy after surgery, which would have been the adequate treatment. This confirms that the quality of care of male patients is inferior to that of the opposite gender. […] This needs to change. Further research is urgently needed to better understand this rare disease and find adequate treatments for men. […] With over 550 male breast cancer patients recruited in only 30 months, including 75% in Europe, 20% in the US and 5% in other countries, the investigators showed that, through an international collaborative effort, they were able to set up a well-structured and functional research network ready to run a clinical trial in this rare population.

• #3 Experiences and perceptions of men following breast cancer diagnosis: a mixed method systematic review | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-024-11911-9

  Professional care intervention and support for MBC should not end after the diagnosis phase but should extend to the entire treatment continuum and aftercare including future research focusing on MBC specific clinical trials. […] Treatment for MBC has mainly been informed by available evidence for female breast cancer, and no randomised data exists for optimal management strategies for men including surgery, systemic therapy, and radiation. […] Male-specific psychosocial support and information were generally lacking across the studies. […] Despite the reality of breast cancer among males, the care pathways and healthcare payment frameworks across various healthcare systems are significantly tailored to the needs of females which reinforces the notion of the disease as a feminine in nature. […] Professional support should therefore not end after the diagnosis phase but should extend to the entire treatment continuum and aftercare.

• #4 Male Breast Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/hp/male-breast-treatment-pdq

  Male breast cancer is rare. Fewer than 1% of all breast carcinomas occur in men. The mean age at diagnosis is between 60 and 70 years; however, men of all ages can be affected by the disease. […] Most breast cancers in men present with a retroareolar mass. Other signs include: nipple retraction, bleeding from the nipple, skin ulceration, peau d’orange, and palpable axillary adenopathy. Because of delays in diagnosis, breast cancer in men is more likely to present at an advanced stage. […] The approach to the treatment of men with breast cancer is similar to that for women. Because male breast cancer is rare, there is a lack of randomized data to support specific treatment modalities. Treatment options for men with breast cancer are described in Table 1. […] As in women, treatment options for men with early-stage breast cancer include surgery with or without radiation therapy (locoregional therapy) and adjuvant therapy (systemic therapy).

• #4 Breast Cancer in Males: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/male-breast-cancer-513617

  While it is rare, men can develop breast cancer. […] People assigned male at birth do not usually have benign (noncancerous) breast lumps. Its best to notify your healthcare provider if you find a lump, have discomfort, or notice changes in the appearance of the breast. […] Signs and symptoms of breast cancer in this population include: Pain or tenderness in the breast or nipple, A lump in the breast, A lump in the lymph nodes (underneath the armpit), Lymph node tenderness, Dimpling or thickening of the skin of the breast, A sore on the nipple or breast, Nipple discharge, Change in nipple appearance, Discoloration of nipple. […] It is important not to ignore these problems. Report any breast lumps to your healthcare provider since benign lumps are not uncommon in women, but are rare in men.

• #4 Male Breast Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/hp/male-breast-treatment-pdq

  Primary treatment is a mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection. Responses in men are generally similar to those seen in women with breast cancer. Breast conservation surgery with lumpectomy and radiation therapy has also been used and can be offered if standard criteria for breast conservation therapy are met. Results in men have been similar to those seen in women with breast cancer. […] The optimal systemic treatment in men with breast cancer has not been studied in randomized clinical trials. Adjuvant therapy should be administered according to the same criteria used for women. […] Treatment options for men with locally advanced breast cancer include neoadjuvant chemotherapy, surgical excision, and radiation therapy and endocrine therapy. […] Treatment options for men with metastatic breast cancer include aromatase inhibitor (AI) therapy in conjunction with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist. The management of metastatic hormone receptor-positive male breast cancer relies on the same treatment options used in women.

• #4 Male breast cancer: a 30 year retrospective analysis from a tertiary cancer care centre – ecancer

  https://ecancer.org/en/journal/article/1551-male-breast-cancer-a-30-year-retrospective-analysis-from-a-tertiary-cancer-care-centre

  PMRT reduced LRR, and improved OS and DFS in low as well as high-risk patients. […] Hormonal therapy also significantly improved DFS and OS at 10 years. […] Radical surgery with chemotherapy and post-mastectomy radiation treatment remains the standard practice as in the females. […] PMRT and hormonal therapy significantly improved DFS and OS in MBC patients. However, ER/PR-positive patients might have been responded better to hormonal treatment. Chemotherapy had no impact on DFS and OS.

• #4 Male Breast Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526036/

  Long-term monitoring is necessary because men are at very high risk for a second ipsilateral or contralateral breast lesion. […] To improve outcomes, an interprofessional team approach that consists of an oncologist, surgeon, radiation therapist, dietitian, and mental health counselor is recommended. The primary care providers should never assume that breast growth is simply benign gynecomastia. Men who are older than 50 should be worked up to rule out breast cancer if there is a lesion. […] Open communication between the interprofessional team should ensure that the patient is provided with the optimal standard of care. Long-term follow-up by the primary care provider and nurse practitioner is necessary as males are prone to developing recurrences in both breasts.

• #4 Breast Cancer in Men: Overview of Male Breast Cancer, Etiology, Diagnosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1954174-overview

  Principles of radiation therapy are same as in breast cancer in women. […] Recommendations for use of systemic therapy in male breast cancer are generally the same as in female breast cancer, because the rarity of male breast cancer has precluded the performance of clinical studies. […] Men who have had breast cancer are at increased risk for a second ipsilateral or contralateral breast cancer, as well as for second primary colorectal, pancreatic and thyroid cancers. […] The risk of breast cancer recurrence continues beyond 15 years after primary treatment.

• #4 PRESS RELEASE: 1 Out Of 3 Men With Breast Cancer Does Not Receive Adequate Treatment – EORTC

  https://www.eortc.org/blog/2018/02/02/1-out-of-3-men-with-breast-cancer-does-not-receive-adequate-treatment/

  1 out of 3 men affected by the disease is not treated optimally. […] The study also indicates that, while over 90% of male patients had oestrogen receptorpositive (ER+) breast cancer, only 77% of them received endocrine therapy after surgery, which would have been the adequate treatment. This confirms that the quality of care of male patients is inferior to that of the opposite gender. […] This needs to change. Further research is urgently needed to better understand this rare disease and find adequate treatments for men. […] With over 550 male breast cancer patients recruited in only 30 months, including 75% in Europe, 20% in the US and 5% in other countries, the investigators showed that, through an international collaborative effort, they were able to set up a well-structured and functional research network ready to run a clinical trial in this rare population.

• #4 Identifying the Needs of Men With Breast Cancer

  https://www.oncnursingnews.com/view/identifying-the-needs-of-men-with-breast-cancer

  In addition to a well-informed health care team, men with breast cancer would benefit from professional counseling and peer support. Support groups have long demonstrated improvements in quality of life to those with breast cancer, and that remains true for male breast cancer patients. […] Even though male breast cancer is rare, all providers can remain conscientious and promote awareness in their practice. Together, we can collectively aim to reduce experiences of stigma and shame and decrease feelings of isolation and fear. Overall, this will have positive effects for male breast cancer patients and generate the respect and support all patients deserve.

• #5 Looking More Closely at Breast Cancer in Male Patients

  https://www.oncnursingnews.com/view/looking-more-closely-at-breast-cancer-in-male-patients

  Breast cancer has historically been associated with female patients, from the Susan G. Komen marketing with its pink ribbons to the No One Fights Alone campaign. Men with breast cancer are often left to fight the disease in silence. This silence has led to psychological and emotional distress in conjunction with illness-related stigmas. […] The American College of Radiology recommends ultrasonography for male patients younger than 25 years when breast cancer is suspected. For men older than 25 years who have a significant suspicion of cancer, physical exam and mammography are recommended. Once a tumor has been confirmed through a core biopsy, estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 levels should be evaluated for treatment options. […] Male patients who present with localized and operable breast cancer are treated with a mastectomy with an axillary lymph node dissection. A lumpectomy and radiation therapy can be considered for patients who meet the criteria for conservation of the breast tissue. Adjuvant chemotherapy includes docetaxel, cyclophosphamide, tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors, trastuzumab (Herceptin), and pertuzumab (Perjeta). Locally advanced breast cancer is treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, mastectomy, radiation therapy, and endocrine therapy. And finally, metastatic breast cancer is treated with aromatase inhibitor therapy with gonadotropin-releasing hormones.

• #5 Male Breast Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/patient/male-breast-treatment-pdq

  Therapy given after an operation when cancer cells can no longer be seen is called adjuvant therapy. […] Even if the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the operation, the patient may be given radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and/or targeted therapy after surgery, to try to kill any cancer cells that may be left. […] These treatments appear to increase survival in men as they do in women. […] Hormone therapy is usually recommended for male breast cancer patients, but it can have many side effects, including hot flashes and impotence (the inability to have an erection adequate for sexual intercourse). […] For men with locally recurrent disease (cancer that has come back in a limited area after treatment), treatment options include: Surgery.

• #5 Male Breast Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526036/

  Long-term monitoring is necessary because men are at very high risk for a second ipsilateral or contralateral breast lesion. […] To improve outcomes, an interprofessional team approach that consists of an oncologist, surgeon, radiation therapist, dietitian, and mental health counselor is recommended. The primary care providers should never assume that breast growth is simply benign gynecomastia. Men who are older than 50 should be worked up to rule out breast cancer if there is a lesion. […] Open communication between the interprofessional team should ensure that the patient is provided with the optimal standard of care. Long-term follow-up by the primary care provider and nurse practitioner is necessary as males are prone to developing recurrences in both breasts.

• #5 Experiences and perceptions of men following breast cancer diagnosis: a mixed method systematic review | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-024-11911-9

  Professional care intervention and support for MBC should not end after the diagnosis phase but should extend to the entire treatment continuum and aftercare including future research focusing on MBC specific clinical trials. […] Treatment for MBC has mainly been informed by available evidence for female breast cancer, and no randomised data exists for optimal management strategies for men including surgery, systemic therapy, and radiation. […] Male-specific psychosocial support and information were generally lacking across the studies. […] Despite the reality of breast cancer among males, the care pathways and healthcare payment frameworks across various healthcare systems are significantly tailored to the needs of females which reinforces the notion of the disease as a feminine in nature. […] Professional support should therefore not end after the diagnosis phase but should extend to the entire treatment continuum and aftercare.

• #6 Diagnosing Male Breast Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/male-breast-cancer/diagnosis

  NYU Langone doctors have extensive experience diagnosing male breast cancer, a rare condition. They use sophisticated imaging and other tests to determine what type of breast cancer is present. […] Symptoms of male breast cancer may include a painless lump in the breast; thickening, scaling, or redness around the nipple; or nipple discharge. […] After a physical exam, NYU Langone doctors may perform one or more diagnostic tests. […] Your NYU Langone doctor may use a mammogram, an X-ray of the breasts, to help diagnose male breast cancer. […] If a suspicious mass is found, your NYU Langone doctor may use a core needle biopsy to determine whether the growth is breast cancer. […] NYU Langone pathologists, specialists who study diseases in a laboratory, examine tumor tissue under a microscope to determine whether breast cancer is present and, if it is, what type it is.

• #6 Looking More Closely at Breast Cancer in Male Patients

  https://www.oncnursingnews.com/view/looking-more-closely-at-breast-cancer-in-male-patients

  Breast cancer has historically been associated with female patients, from the Susan G. Komen marketing with its pink ribbons to the No One Fights Alone campaign. Men with breast cancer are often left to fight the disease in silence. This silence has led to psychological and emotional distress in conjunction with illness-related stigmas. […] The American College of Radiology recommends ultrasonography for male patients younger than 25 years when breast cancer is suspected. For men older than 25 years who have a significant suspicion of cancer, physical exam and mammography are recommended. Once a tumor has been confirmed through a core biopsy, estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 levels should be evaluated for treatment options. […] Male patients who present with localized and operable breast cancer are treated with a mastectomy with an axillary lymph node dissection. A lumpectomy and radiation therapy can be considered for patients who meet the criteria for conservation of the breast tissue. Adjuvant chemotherapy includes docetaxel, cyclophosphamide, tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors, trastuzumab (Herceptin), and pertuzumab (Perjeta). Locally advanced breast cancer is treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, mastectomy, radiation therapy, and endocrine therapy. And finally, metastatic breast cancer is treated with aromatase inhibitor therapy with gonadotropin-releasing hormones.

• #6 Male breast cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-breast-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374745

  In male breast cancer, radiation therapy may be used after surgery to kill any cancer cells that might be left behind. The radiation is often aimed at the chest and armpit. […] Most male breast cancers have cells that rely on hormones to grow, called hormone sensitive. If your cancer is hormone sensitive, hormone therapy might be an option. Hormone therapy can keep cancer from coming back after surgery. If the cancer spreads to other parts of the body, hormone therapy may help slow its growth. […] Chemotherapy might be used after surgery to kill any cancer cells that might be left in the body. Chemotherapy also may be an option for treating cancer that spreads to other parts of the body. […] Targeted therapy might be used after surgery to kill any cancer cells that might be left in the body. It also might be an option if the cancer spreads to other parts of the body.

• #7 Male Breast Cancer Treatment

  https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/treatment/by-diagnosis/male-breast-cancer/

  Breast cancer can occur in men. This may be called male breast cancer. In 2025, its estimated 2,800 new cases of male breast cancer will be diagnosed in the U.S. […] Most male breast cancers are hormone receptor-positive. […] Treatment for breast cancer in men is similar to treatment for women. […] Treatment for early and locally advanced breast cancers includes some combination of: Surgery, Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy, Hormone therapy, HER2-targeted therapy, CDK4/6 inhibitor therapy, Immunotherapy, PARP inhibitor therapy. […] Breast cancer surgery in men is usually a mastectomy because of the small size of the male breast. Some men may choose to have breast reconstruction. […] For men with hormone receptor-positive breast cancers, the hormone therapy drug tamoxifen, with or without the CDK4/6 inhibitor abemaciclib (Verzenio), is usually the first drug therapy used.

• #7 Looking More Closely at Breast Cancer in Male Patients

  https://www.oncnursingnews.com/view/looking-more-closely-at-breast-cancer-in-male-patients

  Breast cancer has historically been associated with female patients, from the Susan G. Komen marketing with its pink ribbons to the No One Fights Alone campaign. Men with breast cancer are often left to fight the disease in silence. This silence has led to psychological and emotional distress in conjunction with illness-related stigmas. […] The American College of Radiology recommends ultrasonography for male patients younger than 25 years when breast cancer is suspected. For men older than 25 years who have a significant suspicion of cancer, physical exam and mammography are recommended. Once a tumor has been confirmed through a core biopsy, estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 levels should be evaluated for treatment options. […] Male patients who present with localized and operable breast cancer are treated with a mastectomy with an axillary lymph node dissection. A lumpectomy and radiation therapy can be considered for patients who meet the criteria for conservation of the breast tissue. Adjuvant chemotherapy includes docetaxel, cyclophosphamide, tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors, trastuzumab (Herceptin), and pertuzumab (Perjeta). Locally advanced breast cancer is treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, mastectomy, radiation therapy, and endocrine therapy. And finally, metastatic breast cancer is treated with aromatase inhibitor therapy with gonadotropin-releasing hormones.

• #8 Looking More Closely at Breast Cancer in Male Patients

  https://www.oncnursingnews.com/view/looking-more-closely-at-breast-cancer-in-male-patients

  Breast cancer has historically been associated with female patients, from the Susan G. Komen marketing with its pink ribbons to the No One Fights Alone campaign. Men with breast cancer are often left to fight the disease in silence. This silence has led to psychological and emotional distress in conjunction with illness-related stigmas. […] The American College of Radiology recommends ultrasonography for male patients younger than 25 years when breast cancer is suspected. For men older than 25 years who have a significant suspicion of cancer, physical exam and mammography are recommended. Once a tumor has been confirmed through a core biopsy, estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 levels should be evaluated for treatment options. […] Male patients who present with localized and operable breast cancer are treated with a mastectomy with an axillary lymph node dissection. A lumpectomy and radiation therapy can be considered for patients who meet the criteria for conservation of the breast tissue. Adjuvant chemotherapy includes docetaxel, cyclophosphamide, tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors, trastuzumab (Herceptin), and pertuzumab (Perjeta). Locally advanced breast cancer is treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, mastectomy, radiation therapy, and endocrine therapy. And finally, metastatic breast cancer is treated with aromatase inhibitor therapy with gonadotropin-releasing hormones.

• #9 Male Breast Cancer Treatment

  https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/treatment/by-diagnosis/male-breast-cancer/

  Breast cancer can occur in men. This may be called male breast cancer. In 2025, its estimated 2,800 new cases of male breast cancer will be diagnosed in the U.S. […] Most male breast cancers are hormone receptor-positive. […] Treatment for breast cancer in men is similar to treatment for women. […] Treatment for early and locally advanced breast cancers includes some combination of: Surgery, Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy, Hormone therapy, HER2-targeted therapy, CDK4/6 inhibitor therapy, Immunotherapy, PARP inhibitor therapy. […] Breast cancer surgery in men is usually a mastectomy because of the small size of the male breast. Some men may choose to have breast reconstruction. […] For men with hormone receptor-positive breast cancers, the hormone therapy drug tamoxifen, with or without the CDK4/6 inhibitor abemaciclib (Verzenio), is usually the first drug therapy used.

• #10

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1245/s10434-024-16756-x

  For men with advanced or metastatic breast cancer, targeted therapies guided by human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) receptor status, programmed death ligand 1 expression, PIK3CA mutation, and germline BRCA pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants (PVs) should be administered per the same indications/combinations that are offered to women. […] Men should be educated about symptoms of recurrence. Continuity of care for patients with breast cancer is recommended and should be performed by providers experienced in the surveillance of breast cancer and the breast examination. Ipsilateral annual mammogram should be offered to men with a history of breast cancer treated with lumpectomy, if technically feasible, regardless of genetic predisposition. […] The 2020 ASCO guideline reflects a thoughtful approach for the management of male breast cancer, highlighting similarities and differences in management when compared with females. It is important to include men in ongoing and upcoming breast cancer trials, not only systemic therapy but also locoregional therapy trials, to continue to define optimal therapies for male breast cancer.

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